Evaluation of a Piezoelectric System as an Alternative to Electroencephalogram/ Electromyogram Recordings in Mouse Sleep Studies | SLEEP

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head>  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>Evaluation of a Piezoelectric System as an Alternative to Electroencephalogram/ Electromyogram Recordings in Mouse Sleep Studies | SLEEP | Oxford Academic</title> <script type='text/javascript' defer src='//js.trendmd.com/trendmd.min.js' data-trendmdconfig='{"element":"#trendmd-suggestions"}' class='optanon-category-C0002'></script> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.7.1/jquery.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script>window.jQuery || document.write('<script src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/Themes/Silver/app/js/jquery.3.7.1.min.js" type="text/javascript">\x3C/script>')</script> <script src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/Themes/Silver/app/vendor/v-638654880267142888/jquery-migrate-1.4.1.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://platform-api.sharethis.com/js/sharethis.js#property=643701de45aa460012e1032e&product=sop' async='async' class='optanon-category-C0004'></script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=10" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" />  <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no" />  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/img/v-638654879241847311/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/img/v-638654879242047735/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/img/v-638654879241997236/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/img/v-638654879242697268/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#001C54"> <link rel="icon" href="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/img/v-638654879242147229/favicon.ico"> <link rel="manifest" href="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/img/v-638654879242447968/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-config" content="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/img/v-638654879241847311/browserconfig.xml"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#002f65"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/fonts/icons.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/Themes/Client/app/css/v-638669719594245124/site.min.css" /> <link rel="preload" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Merriweather:300,400,400italic,700,700italic|Source+Sans+Pro:400,400italic,700,700italic" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'"> <link href="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/data/SiteBuilderAssetsOriginals/Live/CSS/journals/v-638647548564311250/global.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/data/SiteBuilderAssets/Live/CSS/sleep/v-638130866319770846/Site.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <script> var dataLayer = [{"full_title":"Evaluation of a Piezoelectric System as an Alternative to Electroencephalogram/ Electromyogram Recordings in Mouse Sleep Studies","short_title":"Evaluation of a Piezoelectric System as an Alternative to Electroencephalogram/ Electromyogram Recordings in Mouse Sleep Studies","authors":"Géraldine M. Mang,Jérôme Nicod,Yann Emmenegger,Kevin D. Donohue,Bruce F. O\u0027Hara,Paul Franken","issue_and_volume":"Volume 37 | Issue 8","type":"research-article","online_publication_date":"2014-08-01","access_type":"Paid","license_type":"free","event_type":"Login-full-text","discipline_ot_level_1":"Basic Science","supplier_tag":"SC_Journals","object_type":"Article","taxonomy":"taxId%3a50%7ctaxLabel%3asleep%7cnodeId%3a12%7cnodeLabel%3aBasic+Science%7cnodeLevel%3a1%3btaxId%3a39%7ctaxLabel%3aAcademicSubjects%7cnodeId%3aMED00370%7cnodeLabel%3aSleep+Medicine%7cnodeLevel%3a3%3btaxId%3a39%7ctaxLabel%3aAcademicSubjects%7cnodeId%3aMED00385%7cnodeLabel%3aClinical+Neuroscience%7cnodeLevel%3a2%3btaxId%3a39%7ctaxLabel%3aAcademicSubjects%7cnodeId%3aSCI01870%7cnodeLabel%3aNeuroscience%7cnodeLevel%3a2","siteid":"sleep","authzrequired":"true","turnaway_id":"SUB_NONE","doi":"10.5665/sleep.3936"}]; </script> <script> (function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({ 'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js' }); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-W6DD7HV'); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var App = App || {}; App.LoginUserInfo = { isInstLoggedIn: 0, isIndividualLoggedIn: 0 }; App.CurrentSubdomain = 'sleep'; App.SiteURL = 'academic.oup.com/sleep'; </script> <link href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/chartist.js/latest/chartist.min.css" media="print" onload="this.onload=null;this.removeAttribute('media');" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","@id":"https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article/37/8/1383/2416928","name":"Evaluation of a Piezoelectric System as an Alternative to Electroencephalogram/ Electromyogram Recordings in Mouse Sleep Studies","about":["electroencephalography","electromyography","polysomnography","rem sleep","wakefulness","mice","sleep","Basic Science"],"datePublished":"2014-08-01","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://academic.oup.com/sleep/issue/37/8","@type":"PublicationIssue","issueNumber":"8","datePublished":"2014-08-01","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://academic.oup.com/sleep/sleep","@type":"Periodical","name":"Sleep","issn":["1550-9109"]}},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5665/sleep.3936","keywords":["electroencephalography","electromyography","polysomnography","rem sleep","wakefulness","mice","sleep","automated","EEG/EMG","noninvasive","outbred mice","piezoelectric system","sleep"],"inLanguage":"en","copyrightHolder":"Sleep Research Society","copyrightYear":"2024","publisher":"Oxford University Press","author":[{"name":"Mang, Géraldine M.","affiliation":"1 Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland","@type":"Person"},{"name":"Nicod, Jérôme","affiliation":"2 The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK","@type":"Person"},{"name":"Emmenegger, Yann","affiliation":"1 Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland","@type":"Person"},{"name":"Donohue, Kevin D.","affiliation":"3 Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 4 Signal Solutions, LLC, Lexington, KY","@type":"Person"},{"name":"O'Hara, Bruce F.","affiliation":"4 Signal Solutions, LLC, Lexington, KY 5 Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY","@type":"Person"},{"name":"Franken, Paul","affiliation":"1 Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland","@type":"Person"}],"description":"AbstractStudy Objectives:. Traditionally, sleep studies in mammals are performed using electroencephalogram/electromyogram (EEG/EMG) recordings to determin","pageStart":"1383","pageEnd":"1392","siteName":"OUP Academic","thumbnailURL":"https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/sleep/37/8/10.5665_sleep.3936/3/m_aasm.37.8.1383a.jpeg?Expires=1794612757&Signature=u6hsVLMkcCnSK4csMe8bh85h1znfYldIZcILdAYwZE50B80K5n-m6wga3jrG49D~Ed0y7e48Hv0xvREQlcGAt08L9tlb2hv3l0vbZ8Vjx8NadMR4COjGhxhI-bnxiNboLQCjJFxF5oZXIm7Gk6Cj~dZaRDhL701RQK1DGwJwz0NiXCMmHHxyAVzvQq1JRtWYCit-K2Oxz-BOZqakTrVT7-ABhUT1j3~g3PY7QHMSH7lvqgAThg4MUgNoxnkyoJ-6bxsGCwea5Ag49BZuw31phFLMirNz09sgEE3AINgYz35XS2z18XqryxJ0nu7xoQn~DC0b5iUDe3bPe7PLFFcP0g__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA","headline":"Evaluation of a Piezoelectric System as an Alternative to Electroencephalogram/ Electromyogram Recordings in Mouse Sleep Studies","image":"https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/sleep/37/8/10.5665_sleep.3936/3/m_aasm.37.8.1383a.jpeg?Expires=1794612757&Signature=u6hsVLMkcCnSK4csMe8bh85h1znfYldIZcILdAYwZE50B80K5n-m6wga3jrG49D~Ed0y7e48Hv0xvREQlcGAt08L9tlb2hv3l0vbZ8Vjx8NadMR4COjGhxhI-bnxiNboLQCjJFxF5oZXIm7Gk6Cj~dZaRDhL701RQK1DGwJwz0NiXCMmHHxyAVzvQq1JRtWYCit-K2Oxz-BOZqakTrVT7-ABhUT1j3~g3PY7QHMSH7lvqgAThg4MUgNoxnkyoJ-6bxsGCwea5Ag49BZuw31phFLMirNz09sgEE3AINgYz35XS2z18XqryxJ0nu7xoQn~DC0b5iUDe3bPe7PLFFcP0g__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA","image:alt":"Two-day recording of electroencephalogram/electromyogram (EEG/EMG)- and piezo-determined sleep in one individual male mouse (#CFW01). Each panel represents one 12-h segment of the 48-h recording (12 h dark periods with gray background). Within each panel blue and black horizontal bars represent piezo- and EEG/EMG-determined sleep episodes, respectively. EEG/EMG-determined sleep is further divided into non rapid eye movement and rapid eye movement (the lowered black bars) sleep. Horizontal red line represents the individually determined threshold that separates wake from sleep (S/W threshold). When, in a given 4-sec epoch, both the 4-sec decision statistic (thin gray line) and its 4-min moving average (thicker dark gray line) surpass the S/W threshold, sleep is called. Because of resolution of graphics, sleep interruptions < 1 min are not visible. Note that over the 48-h recording period no drift in the decision statistic was observed, permitting the reliable separation of sleep and wakefulness using a single, constant S/W threshold."} </script> <meta property="og:site_name" content="OUP Academic" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Evaluation of a Piezoelectric System as an Alternative to Electroencephalogram/ Electromyogram Recordings in Mouse Sleep Studies" /> <meta property="og:description" content="AbstractStudy Objectives:. Traditionally, sleep studies in mammals are performed using electroencephalogram/electromyogram (EEG/EMG) recordings to determin" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://dx.doi.org/10.5665/sleep.3936" /> <meta property="og:updated_time" content="" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/sleep/37/8/10.5665_sleep.3936/3/m_aasm.37.8.1383a.jpeg?Expires=1794612757&Signature=u6hsVLMkcCnSK4csMe8bh85h1znfYldIZcILdAYwZE50B80K5n-m6wga3jrG49D~Ed0y7e48Hv0xvREQlcGAt08L9tlb2hv3l0vbZ8Vjx8NadMR4COjGhxhI-bnxiNboLQCjJFxF5oZXIm7Gk6Cj~dZaRDhL701RQK1DGwJwz0NiXCMmHHxyAVzvQq1JRtWYCit-K2Oxz-BOZqakTrVT7-ABhUT1j3~g3PY7QHMSH7lvqgAThg4MUgNoxnkyoJ-6bxsGCwea5Ag49BZuw31phFLMirNz09sgEE3AINgYz35XS2z18XqryxJ0nu7xoQn~DC0b5iUDe3bPe7PLFFcP0g__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA" /> <meta property="og:image:url" content="https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/sleep/37/8/10.5665_sleep.3936/3/m_aasm.37.8.1383a.jpeg?Expires=1794612757&Signature=u6hsVLMkcCnSK4csMe8bh85h1znfYldIZcILdAYwZE50B80K5n-m6wga3jrG49D~Ed0y7e48Hv0xvREQlcGAt08L9tlb2hv3l0vbZ8Vjx8NadMR4COjGhxhI-bnxiNboLQCjJFxF5oZXIm7Gk6Cj~dZaRDhL701RQK1DGwJwz0NiXCMmHHxyAVzvQq1JRtWYCit-K2Oxz-BOZqakTrVT7-ABhUT1j3~g3PY7QHMSH7lvqgAThg4MUgNoxnkyoJ-6bxsGCwea5Ag49BZuw31phFLMirNz09sgEE3AINgYz35XS2z18XqryxJ0nu7xoQn~DC0b5iUDe3bPe7PLFFcP0g__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA" /> <meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/sleep/37/8/10.5665_sleep.3936/3/m_aasm.37.8.1383a.jpeg?Expires=1794612757&Signature=u6hsVLMkcCnSK4csMe8bh85h1znfYldIZcILdAYwZE50B80K5n-m6wga3jrG49D~Ed0y7e48Hv0xvREQlcGAt08L9tlb2hv3l0vbZ8Vjx8NadMR4COjGhxhI-bnxiNboLQCjJFxF5oZXIm7Gk6Cj~dZaRDhL701RQK1DGwJwz0NiXCMmHHxyAVzvQq1JRtWYCit-K2Oxz-BOZqakTrVT7-ABhUT1j3~g3PY7QHMSH7lvqgAThg4MUgNoxnkyoJ-6bxsGCwea5Ag49BZuw31phFLMirNz09sgEE3AINgYz35XS2z18XqryxJ0nu7xoQn~DC0b5iUDe3bPe7PLFFcP0g__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA" /> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="Two-day recording of electroencephalogram/electromyogram (EEG/EMG)- and piezo-determined sleep in one individual male mouse (#CFW01). Each panel represents one 12-h segment of the 48-h recording (12 h dark periods with gray background). Within each panel blue and black horizontal bars represent piezo- and EEG/EMG-determined sleep episodes, respectively. EEG/EMG-determined sleep is further divided into non rapid eye movement and rapid eye movement (the lowered black bars) sleep. Horizontal red line represents the individually determined threshold that separates wake from sleep (S/W threshold). When, in a given 4-sec epoch, both the 4-sec decision statistic (thin gray line) and its 4-min moving average (thicker dark gray line) surpass the S/W threshold, sleep is called. Because of resolution of graphics, sleep interruptions < 1 min are not visible. Note that over the 48-h recording period no drift in the decision statistic was observed, permitting the reliable separation of sleep and wakefulness using a single, constant S/W threshold." /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Mang, Géraldine M." /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Nicod, Jérôme" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Emmenegger, Yann" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Donohue, Kevin D." /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Signal Solutions, LLC, Lexington, KY" /><meta name="citation_author" content="O'Hara, Bruce F." /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Signal Solutions, LLC, Lexington, KY" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Franken, Paul" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Evaluation of a Piezoelectric System as an Alternative to Electroencephalogram/ Electromyogram Recordings in Mouse Sleep Studies" /><meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1383" /><meta name="citation_lastpage" content="1392" /><meta name="citation_doi" content="10.5665/sleep.3936" /><meta name="citation_keyword" content="electroencephalography" /><meta name="citation_keyword" content="electromyography" /><meta name="citation_keyword" content="polysomnography" /><meta name="citation_keyword" content="mice" /><meta name="citation_keyword" content="sleep" /><meta name="citation_keyword" content="rem sleep" /><meta name="citation_keyword" content="wakefulness" /><meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Sleep" /><meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Sleep" /><meta name="citation_volume" content="37" /><meta name="citation_issue" content="8" /><meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2014/08/01" /><meta name="citation_issn" content="0161-8105" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="Oxford Academic" /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=The neurobiology of sleep: genetics, cellular physiology and subcortical networks; Nat Rev Neurosci; citation_year=2002; citation_volume=3; citation_pages=591-605; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=EEG recording and analysis for sleep research; citation_text=Chapter 10:Unit10.2; Curr Protoc Neurosci; citation_year=2009; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Technologies of sleep research; Cell Mol Life Sci; citation_year=2007; citation_volume=64; citation_pages=1227-35; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Sleep and EEG phenotyping in mice; Curr Protoc Mouse Biol; citation_year=2012; citation_volume=2; citation_pages=1-20; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Timing of human sleep: recovery process gated by a circadian pacemaker; Am J Physiol; citation_year=1984; citation_volume=246; citation_pages=R161-83; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Sleep as a fundamental property of neuronal assemblies; Nat Rev Neurosci; citation_year=2008; citation_volume=9; citation_pages=910-9; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Sleep function and synaptic homeostasis; Sleep Med Rev; citation_year=2006; citation_volume=10; citation_pages=49-62; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=About sleep's role in memory; Physiol Rev; citation_year=2013; citation_volume=93; citation_pages=681-766; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Telemetric recording of sleep and home cage activity in mice; Sleep; citation_year=2002; citation_volume=25; citation_pages=691-9; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Novel method for high-throughput phenotyping of sleep in mice; Physiol Genomics; citation_year=2007; citation_volume=28; citation_pages=232-8; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Rapid assessment of sleep-wake behavior in mice; J Biol Rhythms; citation_year=2012; citation_volume=27; citation_pages=48-58; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Assessing REM sleep in mice using video data; Sleep; citation_year=2012; citation_volume=35; citation_pages=433-42; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_publisher=Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York; Piezoelectric sensorics: force, strain, pressure, acceleration and acoustic emission sensors, materials and amplifiers; citation_year=2002; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Behavioral activity of rats measured by a new method based on the piezo-electric principle; Psychopharmacology (Berl); citation_year=1987; citation_volume=93; citation_pages=382-8; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=A system for monitoring heart pulse, respiration and posture in bed; Biomed Sci Instrum; citation_year=2002; citation_volume=38; citation_pages=135-8; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=System for simultaneously monitoring heart and breathing rate in mice using a piezoelectric transducer; Med Biol Eng Comput; citation_year=2006; citation_volume=44; citation_pages=353-62; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Pattern recognition of sleep in rodents using piezoelectric signals generated by gross body movements; IEEE Trans Biomed Eng; citation_year=2007; citation_volume=54; citation_pages=225-33; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Cardiac autonomic regulation during sleep in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder; Sleep; citation_year=2007; citation_volume=30; citation_pages=1019-25; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=REM sleep estimation only using respiratory dynamics; Physiol Meas; citation_year=2009; citation_volume=30; citation_pages=1327-40; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Contactless respiratory and heart rate monitoring: validation of an innovative tool; J Med Eng Technol; citation_year=2010; citation_volume=34; citation_pages=393-8; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Nonconstrained sleep monitoring system and algorithms using air-mattress with balancing tube method; IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed; citation_year=2010; citation_volume=14; citation_pages=147-56; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Genetic variation in EEG activity during sleep in inbred mice; Am J Physiol; citation_year=1998; citation_volume=275; citation_pages=R1127-37; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Genetic determinants of sleep regulation in inbred mice; Sleep; citation_year=1999; citation_volume=22; citation_pages=155-69; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Assessment of a noninvasive high-throughput classifier for behaviours associated with sleep and wake in mice; Biomed Eng Online; citation_year=2008; citation_volume=7; citation_pages=14" /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Breathing during sleep and wakefulness in the cat; Respir Physiol; citation_year=1977; citation_volume=30; citation_pages=265-89; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Hypercapnic ventilatory response in sleeping adults; Am Rev Respir Dis; citation_year=1982; citation_volume=126; citation_pages=758-62; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Ventilatory behavior during sleep among A/J and C57BL/6J mouse strains; J Appl Physiol; citation_year=2004; citation_volume=97; citation_pages=1787-95; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Sleep deprivation in rats: effects on EEG power spectra, vigilance states, and cortical temperature; Am J Physiol; citation_year=1991; citation_volume=261; citation_pages=R198-208; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Sleep homeostasis; citation_publisher=Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York; Encyclopedia of neuroscience; citation_year=2008; citation_pages=3721-25; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Genetic Dissection of Sleep Homeostasis; citation_text=[Epub ahead of print]; Curr Top Behav Neurosci; citation_year=2013; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Pulmonary reflexes and breathing pattern during sleep in the opossum; Respir Physiol; citation_year=1976; citation_volume=27; citation_pages=73-86; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Respiratory and body movements as indicators of sleep stage and wakefulness in infants and young children; J Sleep Res; citation_year=1996; citation_volume=5; citation_pages=186-94; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Modulation of the sympatho-vagal balance during sleep: frequency domain study of heart rate variability and respiration; Front Physiol; citation_year=2012; citation_volume=3; citation_pages=45" /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Activity patterns as a correlate for sleep-wake behaviour in mice; J Neurosci Methods; citation_year=2004; citation_volume=133; citation_pages=173-9; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Unobtrusive online monitoring of sleep at home; Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2012; citation_year=2012; citation_pages=3784-8; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=The intermediate stage and paradoxical sleep in the rat: influence of three generations of hypnotics; Eur J Neurosci; citation_year=1998; citation_volume=10; citation_pages=409-14; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=NPAS2 as a transcriptional regulator of non-rapid eye movement sleep: genotype and sex interactions; Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A; citation_year=2006; citation_volume=103; citation_pages=7118-23; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=A massive but short lasting forebrain deafferentation during sleep in the rat and cat; Arch Ital Biol; citation_year=1986; citation_volume=124; citation_pages=257-69; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=The origins and uses of mouse outbred stocks; Nat Genet; citation_year=2005; citation_volume=37; citation_pages=1181-6; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Commercially available outbred mice for genome-wide association studies; PLoS Genet; citation_year=2010; citation_volume=6; citation_pages=e1001085" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_world_readable" content="" /><meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article-pdf/37/8/1383/26670285/aasm.37.8.1383.pdf" /><meta name="description" content="AbstractStudy Objectives:. Traditionally, sleep studies in mammals are performed using electroencephalogram/electromyogram (EEG/EMG) recordings to determin" /><meta name="citation_xml_url" content="https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article-xml/37/8/1383/2416928" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article-abstract/37/8/1383/2416928" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2003_01_204" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2004_01_180" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2003_01_192" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2006_01_108" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2005_01_156" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2014_01_36" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2006_01_144" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2006_01_132" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2006_01_120" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2007_01_108" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2006_01_168" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_1996_01_276" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_sleep_1996_01_312" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_sleep_1996_01_252" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2004_01_144" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2011_01_72" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2004_01_132" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2011_01_60" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2011_01_48" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2003_01_180" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2004_01_204" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2004_01_192" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2004_01_156" /> <meta name="product_code" content="COMP_RetainedFBI" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2012_01_48" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2012_01_36" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2005_01_144" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2014_01_12" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2005_01_132" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2013_01_48" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2005_01_120" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2013_01_24" /> <meta name="product_code" content="j_ALLJOURNALS" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2012_01_60" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_sleep_1996_01_288" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2011_01_84" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2010_01_96" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2007_01_132" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2005_01_180" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2003_01_144" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2004_01_168" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2010_01_108" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2014_01_48" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2013_01_60" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2009_01_84" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2009_01_72" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2009_01_96" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2003_01_168" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2003_01_156" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2010_01_84" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2010_01_72" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2010_01_60" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_sleep_1996_01_300" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2007_01_96" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2007_01_120" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_1996_01_9999" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2008_01_120" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2008_01_108" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2008_01_156" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2014_01_24" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2009_01_108" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2008_01_84" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2008_01_96" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2012_01_72" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_2013_01_36" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_sleep_1996_01_336" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_SLEEP_1996_01_264" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_2416928" /> <meta name="product_code" content="I_82854" /> <script> var SCM = SCM || {}; SCM.pubGradeAdsEnabled = true; SCM.pubGradeJSLibrary = 'https://cdn.pbgrd.com/core-oup-new.js'; </script> <script async="async" src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script> <script> var googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type='text/javascript'> var gptAdSlots = []; googletag.cmd.push(function() { var mapping_ad1 = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([1024, 0], [[970, 90], [728, 90]]) .addSize([768, 0], [728, 90]) .addSize([0, 0], [320, 50]) .build(); gptAdSlots["ad1"] = googletag.defineSlot('/116097782/sleep_InFront_Ad1', [[970, 90], [728, 90], [320, 50]], 'adBlockHeader') .defineSizeMapping(mapping_ad1) .addService(googletag.pubads()); var mapping_ad2 = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([768, 0], [[300, 250], [300, 600], [160, 600]]) .build(); gptAdSlots["ad2"] = googletag.defineSlot('/116097782/sleep_InFront_Ad2', [[300, 250], [160, 600], [300, 600]], 'adBlockMainBodyTop') .defineSizeMapping(mapping_ad2) .addService(googletag.pubads()); var mapping_ad3 = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([768, 0], [[300, 250], [300, 600], [160, 600]]) .build(); gptAdSlots["ad3"] = googletag.defineSlot('/116097782/sleep_InFront_Ad3', [[300, 250], [160, 600], [300, 600]], 'adBlockMainBodyBottom') .defineSizeMapping(mapping_ad3) .addService(googletag.pubads()); var mapping_ad4 = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([0,0], [320, 50]) .addSize([768, 0], [728, 90]) .build(); gptAdSlots["ad4"] = googletag.defineSlot('/116097782/sleep_InFront_Ad4', [728, 90], 'adBlockFooter') .defineSizeMapping(mapping_ad4) .addService(googletag.pubads()); var mapping_ad6 = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([1024, 0], [[970, 90], [728, 90]]) .addSize([768, 0], [728, 90]) .addSize([0, 0], [320, 50]) .build(); gptAdSlots["ad6"] = googletag.defineSlot('/116097782/sleep_InFront_Ad6', [[728, 90], [970, 90]], 'adBlockStickyFooter') .defineSizeMapping(mapping_ad6) .addService(googletag.pubads()); gptAdSlots["adInterstitial"] = googletag.defineOutOfPageSlot('/116097782/sleep_Interstitial_Ad', googletag.enums.OutOfPageFormat.INTERSTITIAL) .addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotRenderEnded', function (event) { if (!event.isEmpty) { $('.js-' + event.slot.getSlotElementId()).each(function () { if ($(this).find('iframe').length) { $(this).removeClass('hide'); } }); } }); googletag.pubads().addEventListener('impressionViewable', function (event) { if (!event.isEmpty) { $('.js-' + event.slot.getSlotElementId()).each(function () { var $adblockDiv = $(this).find('.js-adblock'); var $adText = $(this).find('.js-adblock-advertisement-text'); if ($adblockDiv && $adblockDiv.is(':visible') && $adblockDiv.find('*').length > 1) { $adText.removeClass('hide'); App.CenterAdBlock.Init($adblockDiv, $adText); } else { $adText.addClass('hide'); } //Initialize logic for Sticky Footer Ad var $stickyFooterDiv = $(this).parents('.js-sticky-footer-ad'); if ($stickyFooterDiv && $stickyFooterDiv.is(':visible') && $stickyFooterDiv.find('*').length > 1) { App.StickyFooterAd.Init(); } }); } }); googletag.pubads().setTargeting("jnlspage", "article-abstract"); googletag.pubads().setTargeting("jnlsurl", "sleep/article-abstract/37/8/1383/2416928"); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.pubads().disableInitialLoad(); googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(); }); </script> <input type="hidden" class="hfInterstitial" data-interstitiallinks="sleep/issue,sleep/advance-articles,sleep/advance-article,sleep/supplements,sleep/article,sleep/article-abstract,sleep/pages" data-subdomain="sleep" /> <script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.pubads().setTargeting("jnlsdoi", "10.5665/sleep.3936"); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var NTPT_PGEXTRA= 'event_type=Login-full-text&discipline_ot_level_1=Basic Science&supplier_tag=SC_Journals&object_type=Article&taxonomy=taxId%3a50%7ctaxLabel%3asleep%7cnodeId%3a12%7cnodeLabel%3aBasic+Science%7cnodeLevel%3a1%3btaxId%3a39%7ctaxLabel%3aAcademicSubjects%7cnodeId%3aMED00370%7cnodeLabel%3aSleep+Medicine%7cnodeLevel%3a3%3btaxId%3a39%7ctaxLabel%3aAcademicSubjects%7cnodeId%3aMED00385%7cnodeLabel%3aClinical+Neuroscience%7cnodeLevel%3a2%3btaxId%3a39%7ctaxLabel%3aAcademicSubjects%7cnodeId%3aSCI01870%7cnodeLabel%3aNeuroscience%7cnodeLevel%3a2&siteid=sleep&authzrequired=true&turnaway_id=SUB_NONE&doi=10.5665/sleep.3936'; </script> <script src="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_js/casa.js" async></script> </head> <body data-sitename="sleep" class="off-canvas pg_Article pg_article " theme-sleep data-sitestyletemplate="Journal" > <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-W6DD7HV" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript> <a href="#skipNav" class="skipnav">Skip to Main Content</a> <input id="hdnSiteID" name="hdnSiteID" type="hidden" value="5573" /><input id="hdnAdDelaySeconds" name="hdnAdDelaySeconds" type="hidden" value="8000" /><input id="hdnAdConfigurationTop" name="hdnAdConfigurationTop" type="hidden" value="scrolldelay" /><input id="hdnAdConfigurationRightRail" name="hdnAdConfigurationRightRail" type="hidden" value="sticky" /> <div class="master-container js-master-container"> <section class="master-header row js-master-header vt-site-page-header"> <div class="widget widget-SitePageHeader widget-instance-SitePageHeader"> <div class="ad-banner js-ad-banner-header"> <div class="widget widget-AdBlock widget-instance-HeaderAd"> <div class="js-adBlock-parent-wrap adblock-parent-wrap"> <div class="adBlockHeader-wrap js-adBlockHeader hide"> <div id="adBlockHeader" class="js-adblock at-adblock" data-lazy-load-margin="150"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('adBlockHeader'); }); </script> </div> <div class="advertisement-text at-adblock js-adblock-advertisement-text hide">Advertisement</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="oup-header sigma "> <div class="center-inner-row"> <div class="oup-header-logo"> <a href="/"> <img src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/umbrella/oxford-academic-logo.svg" alt="Oxford Academic" class="oup-header-image at-oup-header-image " /> </a> </div> <div class="widget widget-CustomNavLinks widget-instance-CustomNavLinksDeskTop"> <div class="custom-nav-links-box"> <div class="custom-nav-link"> <a href="/journals">Journals</a> </div> <div class="custom-nav-link"> <a href="/books">Books</a> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="oup-header-menu account-menu sigma-account-menu "> <li class="oup-header-menu-item mobile"> <a href="javascript:;" class="mobile-dropdown-toggle mobile-search-toggle"> <i class="icon-menu_search"><span class="screenreader-text">Search Menu</span></i> </a> </li> <li class="oup-header-menu-item mobile info-icon-menu-item"> <a href="/pages/information" target="_blank" class="at-info-button sigma-info-wrapper" role="button"> <img class="sigma-info-icon" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/i.svg" alt="Information" /> </a> </li> <li class="oup-header-menu-item mobile account-icon-menu-item"> <a href="javascript:;" class="account-button js-account-button at-account-button " role="button" data-turnawayparams="journal%3dsleep"> <img class="sigma-account-icon" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/account.svg" alt="Account" /> </a> </li> <li class="oup-header-menu-item mobile"> <a href="javascript:;" class="mobile-dropdown-toggle mobile-nav-toggle"> <i class="icon-menu_hamburger"><span class="screenreader-text">Menu</span></i> </a> </li> <li class="oup-header-menu-item desktop info-icon-menu-item"> <a href="/pages/information" target="_blank" class="at-info-button sigma-info-wrapper" role="button"> <img class="sigma-info-icon" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/i.svg" alt="Information" /> </a> </li> <li class="oup-header-menu-item desktop account-icon-menu-item"> <a href="javascript:;" class="account-button js-account-button at-account-button sigma-logo-wrapper" role="button" data-turnawayparams="journal%3dsleep"> <img class="sigma-account-icon" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/account.svg" alt="Account" /> </a> </li> <li class="oup-header-menu-item desktop account-icon-menu-item"> <div class="widget widget-SeamlessAccess widget-instance-SitePageHeader"> <a href="javascript:;" class="js-shibboleth-action seamless-access-button seamless-button-header button-call-to-action at-institutional-sign-in" rel="nofollow" data-action-type="" data-entity-id=""> <span class="seamless-access-text">Sign in through your institution</span> </a> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="login-box-placeholder js-login-box-placeholder hide"> <div class="spinner"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="dropdown-panel-wrap"> <div class="dropdown-panel mobile-search-dropdown"> <div class="mobile-search-inner-wrap"> <div class="navbar-search"> <div class="mobile-microsite-search"> <label for="SitePageHeader-mobile-navbar-search-filter" class="screenreader-text js-mobile-navbar-search-filter-label"> Navbar Search Filter </label> <select class="mobile-navbar-search-filter js-mobile-navbar-search-filter at-navbar-search-filter" id="SitePageHeader-mobile-navbar-search-filter"> <option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="">SLEEP</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Issue">This issue</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="sleep/12">Basic Science</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Parent">SRS Journals</option> <optgroup class="navbar-search-optgroup" label="Search across Oxford Academic"> <option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="AcademicSubjects/MED00385">Clinical Neuroscience</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="AcademicSubjects/SCI01870">Neuroscience</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="AcademicSubjects/MED00370">Sleep Medicine</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Books">Books</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Journals">Journals</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Umbrella">Oxford Academic</option> </optgroup> </select> <label for="SitePageHeader-mobile-microsite-search-term" class="screenreader-text js-mobile-microsite-search-term-label"> Mobile Enter search term </label> <input class="mobile-search-input mobile-microsite-search-term js-mobile-microsite-search-term at-microsite-search-term" type="text" maxlength="255" placeholder="Search" id="SitePageHeader-mobile-microsite-search-term"> <a href="javascript:;" class="mobile-microsite-search-icon mobile-search-submit icon-menu_search"> <span class="screenreader-text">Search</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="dropdown-panel mobile-nav-dropdown"> <ul class="site-menu site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu"> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715405"> <a href="/sleep/issue" class="nav-link"> Issues </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715402"> <a href="javascript:;" class="nav-link js-nav-dropdown at-nav-dropdown" role="button" aria-expanded="false"> More Content <i class="desktop-nav-arrow icon-general-arrow-filled-down arrow-icon"></i> </a> <i class="mobile-nav-arrow icon-general_arrow-down"></i> <ul class="site-menu site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu"> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715406"> <a href="/sleep/advance-articles" class="nav-link"> Advance Articles </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715407"> <a href="/sleep/supplements" class="nav-link"> Supplements </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715408"> <a href="http://academic.oup.com/sleep/search-results?f_OUPSeries=Editor%27s+Choice" class="nav-link"> Editor's Choice </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715409"> <a href="/sleep/pages/virtual_issues" class="nav-link"> Virtual Issues </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715410"> <a href="/sleep/pages/virtual-roundtables" class="nav-link"> Virtual Roundtables </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715411"> <a href="/sleep/pages/abstract_supplements" class="nav-link"> Abstract Supplements </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715412"> <a href="javascript:;" class="nav-link js-nav-dropdown at-nav-dropdown" role="button" aria-expanded="false">Subject</a> <i class="mobile-nav-arrow icon-general_arrow-down"></i> <ul class="site-menu site-menu-lvl-1"> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 "> <a href="/sleep/search-results?q=&tax=sleep/12" class="nav-link">Basic Science</a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 "> <a href="/sleep/search-results?q=&tax=sleep/2" class="nav-link">Circadian Disorders</a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 "> <a href="/sleep/search-results?q=&tax=sleep/13" class="nav-link">Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience of Sleep</a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 "> <a href="/sleep/search-results?q=&tax=sleep/4" class="nav-link">Insomnia</a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 "> <a href="/sleep/search-results?q=&tax=sleep/11" class="nav-link">Neurological Disorders</a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 "> <a href="/sleep/search-results?q=&tax=sleep/14" class="nav-link">Sleep Across the Lifespan</a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 "> <a href="/sleep/search-results?q=&tax=sleep/8" class="nav-link">Sleep and Metabolism</a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 "> <a href="/sleep/search-results?q=&tax=sleep/10" class="nav-link">Sleep Disordered Breathing</a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 "> <a href="/sleep/search-results?q=&tax=sleep/1" class="nav-link">Sleep Health and Safety</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715403"> <a href="javascript:;" class="nav-link js-nav-dropdown at-nav-dropdown" role="button" aria-expanded="false"> Submit <i class="desktop-nav-arrow icon-general-arrow-filled-down arrow-icon"></i> </a> <i class="mobile-nav-arrow icon-general_arrow-down"></i> <ul class="site-menu site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu"> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715413"> <a href="/sleep/pages/General_Instructions" class="nav-link"> Author Guidelines </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715414"> <a href="/sleep/pages/instructions_for_reviewers" class="nav-link"> Instructions for Reviewers </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715415"> <a href="https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/jsleep" class="nav-link"> Submission Site </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715416"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/sleep/pages/General_Instructions#OpenAccess" class="nav-link"> Open Access Options </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715417"> <a href="/sleep/pages/additional_resources" class="nav-link"> Additional Resources </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715418"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/access_purchase/rights_and_permissions/self_archiving_policy_b" class="nav-link"> Self-Archiving Policy </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715419"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/sleep/pages/why-publish" class="nav-link"> Why publish with this journal? </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715420"> <a href="/sleep/subscribe" class="nav-link"> Purchase </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715404"> <a href="javascript:;" class="nav-link js-nav-dropdown at-nav-dropdown" role="button" aria-expanded="false"> About <i class="desktop-nav-arrow icon-general-arrow-filled-down arrow-icon"></i> </a> <i class="mobile-nav-arrow icon-general_arrow-down"></i> <ul class="site-menu site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu"> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715421"> <a href="/sleep/pages/About" class="nav-link"> About SLEEP </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715422"> <a href="/sleep/pages/Editorial_Board" class="nav-link"> Editorial Board </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715423"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/help/journal_alerts" class="nav-link"> Alerts </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715424"> <a href="http://www.oxfordjournals.org/en/access-purchase/dispatch-dates.html" class="nav-link"> Dispatch Dates </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715425"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/access_purchase/rights_and_permissions" class="nav-link"> Permissions </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715426"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/advertising-and-corporate-services/pages/sleep-media-kit" class="nav-link"> Advertising & Corporate Services </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715427"> <a href="https://medicine-and-health-careernetwork.oxfordjournals.org/jobseeker/search/results/?max=25&t732=589993&msessid=G03Mq" class="nav-link"> Journals Career Network </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715428"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/advertising-and-corporate-services/pages/reprints" class="nav-link"> Reprints and ePrints </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715429"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/advertising-and-corporate-services/pages/supplements" class="nav-link"> Sponsored Supplements </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715430"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/advertising-and-corporate-services/pages/sleep-media-kit" class="nav-link"> Media Kit </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-custom"> <a href="/journals" class="nav-link">Journals on Oxford Academic</a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-custom"> <a href="/books" class="nav-link">Books on Oxford Academic</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="journal-header journal-bg"> <div class="center-inner-row"> <div class="site-parent-link-wrap"> <a href="//academic.oup.com/srsjournals" class="site-parent-link">SRS Journals</a> </div> <a href="/sleep" class="journal-logo-container"> <img id="logo-SLEEP" class="journal-logo" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/data/SiteBuilderAssets/Live/Images/sleep/sleep_title-213915662.svg" alt="SLEEP" /> </a> <div class="society-logo-block"> <div class="society-block-inner-wrap"> <a href="http://www.sleepresearchsociety.org/" target="" class="society-logo-container"> <img id="logo-SleepResearchSociety" class="society-logo" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/data/SiteBuilderAssets/Live/Images/sleep/sleep_h11973736146.png" alt="Sleep Research Society" /> </a> <a href="https://www.sleep.org.au/" target="" class="society-logo-container"> <img id="logo-AustralasianSleepAssociation" class="society-logo" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/data/SiteBuilderAssets/Live/Images/sleep/sleep_h2-1158850156.png" alt="Australasian Sleep Association" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="navbar"> <div class="center-inner-row"> <nav class="navbar-menu"> <ul class="site-menu site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu"> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715405"> <a href="/sleep/issue" class="nav-link"> Issues </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715402"> <a href="javascript:;" class="nav-link js-nav-dropdown at-nav-dropdown" role="button" aria-expanded="false"> More Content <i class="desktop-nav-arrow icon-general-arrow-filled-down arrow-icon"></i> </a> <i class="mobile-nav-arrow icon-general_arrow-down"></i> <ul class="site-menu site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu"> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715406"> <a href="/sleep/advance-articles" class="nav-link"> Advance Articles </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715407"> <a href="/sleep/supplements" class="nav-link"> Supplements </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715408"> <a href="http://academic.oup.com/sleep/search-results?f_OUPSeries=Editor%27s+Choice" class="nav-link"> Editor's Choice </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715409"> <a href="/sleep/pages/virtual_issues" class="nav-link"> Virtual Issues </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715410"> <a href="/sleep/pages/virtual-roundtables" class="nav-link"> Virtual Roundtables </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715411"> <a href="/sleep/pages/abstract_supplements" class="nav-link"> Abstract Supplements </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715412"> <a href="javascript:;" class="nav-link js-nav-dropdown at-nav-dropdown" role="button" aria-expanded="false"> Subject <i class="desktop-nav-arrow icon-general-arrow-filled-down arrow-icon"></i> </a> <i class="mobile-nav-arrow icon-general_arrow-down"></i> <div class="site-menu site-menu-lvl-1 tree-browse-wrap js-tree-browse-wrap"> <input id="hfMaxRelativeDepth" name="hfMaxRelativeDepth" type="hidden" value="2" /> <input id="hfBrowseContentInLinkText" name="hfBrowseContentInLinkText" type="hidden" value="Browse content in " /> <div class="animate js-tree-browse-breadcrumb-wrap"> <nav class="tree-browse-breadcrumbs js-breadcrumbs"> <a href="javascript:;" class="tree-browse-breadcrumb-link js-tree-browse-breadcrumb-link js-root-breadcrumb" data-id="sleep/0"> All Subject </a> <a href="javascript:;" class="tree-browse-breadcrumb-link js-tree-browse-breadcrumb-link hide" data-id=""> <span class="screenreader-text">Expand </span> </a> <a href="javascript:;" class="tree-browse-breadcrumb-link js-tree-browse-breadcrumb-link hide" data-id=""> <span class="screenreader-text">Expand </span> </a> </nav> </div> <div class="animate js-tree-browse-nodes-wrap"> <nav class="tree-browse js-tree-browse-nodes display-columns"> <div class="tree-node-item js-tree-node-item animate active fade" data-id="sleep/12" data-parent-id="sleep/0" data-level="1"> <a href="/sleep/search-results?q=&tax=sleep/12" class="tree-node-link">Basic Science</a> </div> <div class="children js-children"> </div> <div class="tree-node-item js-tree-node-item animate active fade" data-id="sleep/2" data-parent-id="sleep/0" data-level="1"> <a href="/sleep/search-results?q=&tax=sleep/2" class="tree-node-link">Circadian Disorders</a> </div> <div class="children js-children"> </div> <div class="tree-node-item js-tree-node-item animate active fade" data-id="sleep/13" data-parent-id="sleep/0" data-level="1"> <a href="/sleep/search-results?q=&tax=sleep/13" class="tree-node-link">Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience of Sleep</a> </div> <div class="children js-children"> </div> <div class="tree-node-item js-tree-node-item animate active fade" data-id="sleep/4" data-parent-id="sleep/0" data-level="1"> <a href="/sleep/search-results?q=&tax=sleep/4" class="tree-node-link">Insomnia</a> </div> <div class="children js-children"> </div> <div class="tree-node-item js-tree-node-item animate active fade" data-id="sleep/11" data-parent-id="sleep/0" data-level="1"> <a href="/sleep/search-results?q=&tax=sleep/11" class="tree-node-link">Neurological Disorders</a> </div> <div class="children js-children"> </div> <div class="tree-node-item js-tree-node-item animate active fade" data-id="sleep/14" data-parent-id="sleep/0" data-level="1"> <a href="/sleep/search-results?q=&tax=sleep/14" class="tree-node-link">Sleep Across the Lifespan</a> </div> <div class="children js-children"> </div> <div class="tree-node-item js-tree-node-item animate active fade" data-id="sleep/8" data-parent-id="sleep/0" data-level="1"> <a href="/sleep/search-results?q=&tax=sleep/8" class="tree-node-link">Sleep and Metabolism</a> </div> <div class="children js-children"> </div> <div class="tree-node-item js-tree-node-item animate active fade" data-id="sleep/10" data-parent-id="sleep/0" data-level="1"> <a href="/sleep/search-results?q=&tax=sleep/10" class="tree-node-link">Sleep Disordered Breathing</a> </div> <div class="children js-children"> </div> <div class="tree-node-item js-tree-node-item animate active fade" data-id="sleep/1" data-parent-id="sleep/0" data-level="1"> <a href="/sleep/search-results?q=&tax=sleep/1" class="tree-node-link">Sleep Health and Safety</a> </div> <div class="children js-children"> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="tree-browse-link-wrap"> <a href="/sleep/search-results" class="tree-browse-link js-tree-browse-link-all">Browse all content</a> <a href="/sleep/search-results?q=&tax=" class="tree-browse-link js-tree-browse-link-narrowed hide" data-href-template="/sleep/search-results?q=&tax=">Browse content in </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715403"> <a href="javascript:;" class="nav-link js-nav-dropdown at-nav-dropdown" role="button" aria-expanded="false"> Submit <i class="desktop-nav-arrow icon-general-arrow-filled-down arrow-icon"></i> </a> <i class="mobile-nav-arrow icon-general_arrow-down"></i> <ul class="site-menu site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu"> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715413"> <a href="/sleep/pages/General_Instructions" class="nav-link"> Author Guidelines </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715414"> <a href="/sleep/pages/instructions_for_reviewers" class="nav-link"> Instructions for Reviewers </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715415"> <a href="https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/jsleep" class="nav-link"> Submission Site </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715416"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/sleep/pages/General_Instructions#OpenAccess" class="nav-link"> Open Access Options </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715417"> <a href="/sleep/pages/additional_resources" class="nav-link"> Additional Resources </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715418"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/access_purchase/rights_and_permissions/self_archiving_policy_b" class="nav-link"> Self-Archiving Policy </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715419"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/sleep/pages/why-publish" class="nav-link"> Why publish with this journal? </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715420"> <a href="/sleep/subscribe" class="nav-link"> Purchase </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-0 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715404"> <a href="javascript:;" class="nav-link js-nav-dropdown at-nav-dropdown" role="button" aria-expanded="false"> About <i class="desktop-nav-arrow icon-general-arrow-filled-down arrow-icon"></i> </a> <i class="mobile-nav-arrow icon-general_arrow-down"></i> <ul class="site-menu site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu"> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715421"> <a href="/sleep/pages/About" class="nav-link"> About SLEEP </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715422"> <a href="/sleep/pages/Editorial_Board" class="nav-link"> Editorial Board </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715423"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/help/journal_alerts" class="nav-link"> Alerts </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715424"> <a href="http://www.oxfordjournals.org/en/access-purchase/dispatch-dates.html" class="nav-link"> Dispatch Dates </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715425"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/access_purchase/rights_and_permissions" class="nav-link"> Permissions </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715426"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/advertising-and-corporate-services/pages/sleep-media-kit" class="nav-link"> Advertising & Corporate Services </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715427"> <a href="https://medicine-and-health-careernetwork.oxfordjournals.org/jobseeker/search/results/?max=25&t732=589993&msessid=G03Mq" class="nav-link"> Journals Career Network </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715428"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/advertising-and-corporate-services/pages/reprints" class="nav-link"> Reprints and ePrints </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715429"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/advertising-and-corporate-services/pages/supplements" class="nav-link"> Sponsored Supplements </a> </li> <li class="site-menu-item site-menu-lvl-1 at-site-menu-item" id="site-menu-item-1715430"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/advertising-and-corporate-services/pages/sleep-media-kit" class="nav-link"> Media Kit </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="navbar-search-container js-navbar-search-container"> <a href="javascript:;" class="navbar-search-close js_close-navsearch">Close</a> <div class="navbar-search"> <div class="microsite-search"> <label for="SitePageHeader-navbar-search-filter" class="screenreader-text js-navbar-search-filter-label"> Navbar Search Filter </label> <select class="navbar-search-filter js-navbar-search-filter at-navbar-search-filter" id="SitePageHeader-navbar-search-filter"> <option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="">SLEEP</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Issue">This issue</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="sleep/12">Basic Science</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Parent">SRS Journals</option> <optgroup class="navbar-search-optgroup" label="Search across Oxford Academic"> <option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="AcademicSubjects/MED00385">Clinical Neuroscience</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="AcademicSubjects/SCI01870">Neuroscience</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="AcademicSubjects/MED00370">Sleep Medicine</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Books">Books</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Journals">Journals</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Umbrella">Oxford Academic</option> </optgroup> </select> <label for="SitePageHeader-microsite-search-term" class="screenreader-text js-microsite-search-term-label"> Enter search term </label> <input class="navbar-search-input microsite-search-term js-microsite-search-term at-microsite-search-term" type="text" maxlength="255" placeholder="Search" id="SitePageHeader-microsite-search-term"> <a href="javascript:;" class="microsite-search-icon navbar-search-submit icon-menu_search"> <span class="screenreader-text">Search</span> </a> </div> </div> <input id="hfCurrentBookSearch" name="hfCurrentBookSearch" type="hidden" value="" /><input id="hfCurrentBookScope" name="hfCurrentBookScope" type="hidden" value="CurrentBook" /><input id="hfBookSiteScope" name="hfBookSiteScope" type="hidden" value="Books" /><input id="hfSeriesScope" name="hfSeriesScope" type="hidden" value="taxWithOr" /><input id="hfParentSiteName" name="hfParentSiteName" type="hidden" value="SRS Journals" /><input id="hfParentSiteUrl" name="hfParentSiteUrl" type="hidden" value="academic.oup.com/srsjournals" /><input id="hfSiteID" name="hfSiteID" type="hidden" value="5573" /><input id="hfParentSiteID" name="hfParentSiteID" type="hidden" value="6279" /><input id="hfJournalSiteScope" name="hfJournalSiteScope" type="hidden" value="Journals" /><input id="hfParentSiteScope" name="hfParentSiteScope" type="hidden" value="Parent" /><input id="hfDefaultSearchURL" name="hfDefaultSearchURL" type="hidden" value="search-results?page=1&q=" /><input id="hfIssueSearch" name="hfIssueSearch" type="hidden" value="&fl_IssueID=82854" /><input id="hfIssueSiteScope" name="hfIssueSiteScope" type="hidden" value="Issue" /><input id="hfUmbrellaScope" name="hfUmbrellaScope" type="hidden" value="Umbrella" /><input id="hfUmbrellaSiteUrl" name="hfUmbrellaSiteUrl" type="hidden" value="academic.oup.com" /><input id="hfUmbrellaSiteId" name="hfUmbrellaSiteId" type="hidden" value="191" /><input id="hfDefaultAdvancedSearchUrl" name="hfDefaultAdvancedSearchUrl" type="hidden" value="advanced-search?page=1&q=" /><input id="hfTaggedCollectionScope" name="hfTaggedCollectionScope" type="hidden" value="" /> <div class="navbar-search-advanced"><a href="/sleep/advanced-search" class="advanced-search js-advanced-search">Advanced Search</a></div> </div> <div class="navbar-search-collapsed"><a href="javascript:;" class="icon-menu_search js_expand-navsearch"><span class="screenreader-text">Search Menu</span></a></div> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" name="searchScope" id="hfSolrJournalID" value="" /> <input type="hidden" id="hfSolrJournalName" value="" /> <input type="hidden" id="hfSolrMaxAllowSearchChar" value="100" /> <input type="hidden" id="hfJournalShortName" value="" /> <input type="hidden" id="hfSearchPlaceholder" value="" /> <input type="hidden" name="hfGlobalSearchSiteURL" id="hfGlobalSearchSiteURL" value="" /> <input type="hidden" name="hfSearchSiteURL" id="hfSiteURL" value="academic.oup.com/sleep" /> <input type="hidden" name="RedirectSiteUrl" id="RedirectSiteUrl" value="httpszazjzjacademiczwoupzwcom" /> <script type="text/javascript"> (function () { var hfSiteUrl = document.getElementById('hfSiteURL'); var siteUrl = hfSiteUrl.value; var subdomainIndex = siteUrl.indexOf('/'); hfSiteUrl.value = location.host + (subdomainIndex >= 0 ? siteUrl.substring(subdomainIndex) : ''); })(); </script> <input id="routename" name="RouteName" type="hidden" value="sleep" /> </div> </section> <div class="widget widget-SitewideBanner widget-instance-"> </div> <div id="main" class="content-main js-main ui-base"> <section class="master-main row"> <div class="center-inner-row no-overflow"> <div id="skipNav" tabindex="-1"></div> <div class="page-column-wrap"> <div id="InfoColumn" class="page-column page-column--left js-left-nav-col"> <div class="mobile-content-topbar hide"> <button class="toggle-left-col toggle-left-col__article">Article Navigation</button> </div> <div class="info-inner-wrap js-left-nav"> <button class="toggle-left-col__close btn-as-icon icon-general-close"> <span class="screenreader-text">Close mobile search navigation</span> </button> <div class="responsive-nav-title">Article Navigation</div> <div class="info-widget-wrap"> <div class="widget widget-IssueInfo widget-instance-OUP_IssueInfo_Article"> <div id="issueInfo-OUP_IssueInfo_Article" class="article-info-wrap clearfix"> <i class="icon-general-close mobile-nav-btn nav-open"></i> <a class="article-issue-link" href="/sleep/issue/37/8"> <div class="article-issue-img"> <img id="issueImage" class="fb-featured-image" src="https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/sleep/Issue/37/8/1/m_cover.jpeg?Expires=1735415951&Signature=0VJiSR3Qd8BIUzoQecvAMcqiemuOgq~Rv3gVEK-gpYkRRj2-EcXskAVmW7xiV7U2SZQSj32EgkfOv43rGD~Eyxw5u7svO3DNg1rKxeKvdkDMbOkRXKBgNJggaj6hJGwN0fOB9a3oITyGJt603tBpiG9zBH-EhVuvdGkqnCcWfg8JzqHQ8ZfAZjtthBU2ucMgHsZrl~yJdo83gNh5yM04YL7hzlcAXU1pJO6XvFL3Ql9uLCwIaLC6uO20VNzrJqDtGwTJYUzh~40gqN5NOjrUhTMFCZJFg1hWQ2VnPag~h4aQ21g0833wgwnCv9Mn8kQz86qGSpaOLB6qa-~NC2uQEQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA" alt="Issue Cover" /> </div> <div class="article-issue-info"> <div class="volume-issue__wrap"> <div class="volume trailing-comma">Volume 37</div> <div class="issue">Issue 8</div> </div> <div class="ii-pub-date"> 1 August 2014 </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="content-nav"> </div> <div class="widget widget-ArticleNavLinks widget-instance-OUP_ArticleNavLinks_Article"> <ul class="inline-list"> <li class="prev arrow"> <a href="/sleep/article/37/8/1375/2416920">< Previous</a> </li> <li class="next arrow"> <a href="/sleep/article/37/8/1393/2416938">Next ></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sticky-toolbar js-sticky-toolbar"></div> <div id="ContentColumn" class="page-column page-column--center"> <div class="article-browse-top article-browse-mobile-nav js-mobile-nav"> <div class="article-browse-mobile-nav-inner js-mobile-nav-inner"> <button class="toggle-left-col toggle-left-col__article btn-as-link"> Article Navigation </button> </div> </div> <div class="article-browse-top article-browse-mobile-nav mobile-sticky-toolbar js-mobile-nav-sticky"> <div class="article-browse-mobile-nav-inner"> <button class="toggle-left-col toggle-left-col__article btn-as-link"> Article Navigation </button> </div> </div> <div class="content-inner-wrap"> <div class="widget widget-ArticleTopInfo widget-instance-OUP_Abstract_ArticleTop_Info_Widget"> <div class="module-widget article-top-widget"> <div class="access-state-logos all-viewports"> <span class="journal-info__format-label">Journal Article</span> </div> <div class="widget-items"> <div class="title-wrap"> <h1 class="wi-article-title article-title-main accessible-content-title at-articleTitle"> Evaluation of a Piezoelectric System as an Alternative to Electroencephalogram/ Electromyogram Recordings in Mouse Sleep Studies <i class='' title='' ></i> </h1> <a href="#no-access-message" class="get-access get-access-jumplink at-get-access-jumplink js-no-access-jumplink"> <span class="get-access-text">Get access</span> <img class='get-access-icon' src='/UI/app/svg/chevron-right-white.svg' alt='Arrow' aria-hidden='true'> </a> </div> <div class="wi-authors at-ArticleAuthors"> <div class="al-authors-list"> <span class="al-author-name-more js-flyout-wrap"> <button type="button" class="linked-name js-linked-name-trigger btn-as-link">Géraldine M. Mang, MSc</button><span class='delimiter'>, </span> <span class="al-author-info-wrap arrow-up"> <div class="info-card-author authorInfo_OUP_Abstract_ArticleTop_Info_Widget"> <div class="name-role-wrap"> <div class="info-card-name"> Géraldine M. Mang, MSc </div> </div> <div class="info-card-affilitation"> <div class="aff"><span class="label title-label">1</span>Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland</div> </div> <div class="info-card-search-label"> Search for other works by this author on: </div> <div class="info-card-search info-card-search-internal"> <a href="/sleep/search-results?f_Authors=G%c3%a9raldine+M.+Mang" rel="nofollow">Oxford Academic</a> </div> <div class="info-card-search info-card-search-google"> <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=author:%22Mang Géraldine M.%22">Google Scholar</a> </div> </div> </span> </span> <span class="al-author-name-more js-flyout-wrap"> <button type="button" class="linked-name js-linked-name-trigger btn-as-link">Jérôme Nicod, PhD</button><span class='delimiter'>, </span> <span class="al-author-info-wrap arrow-up"> <div class="info-card-author authorInfo_OUP_Abstract_ArticleTop_Info_Widget"> <div class="name-role-wrap"> <div class="info-card-name"> Jérôme Nicod, PhD </div> </div> <div class="info-card-affilitation"> <div class="aff"><span class="label title-label">2</span>The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK</div> </div> <div class="info-card-search-label"> Search for other works by this author on: </div> <div class="info-card-search info-card-search-internal"> <a href="/sleep/search-results?f_Authors=J%c3%a9r%c3%b4me+Nicod" rel="nofollow">Oxford Academic</a> </div> <div class="info-card-search info-card-search-google"> <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=author:%22Nicod Jérôme%22">Google Scholar</a> </div> </div> </span> </span> <span class="al-author-name-more js-flyout-wrap"> <button type="button" class="linked-name js-linked-name-trigger btn-as-link">Yann Emmenegger</button><span class='delimiter'>, </span> <span class="al-author-info-wrap arrow-up"> <div class="info-card-author authorInfo_OUP_Abstract_ArticleTop_Info_Widget"> <div class="name-role-wrap"> <div class="info-card-name"> Yann Emmenegger </div> </div> <div class="info-card-affilitation"> <div class="aff"><span class="label title-label">1</span>Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland</div> </div> <div class="info-card-search-label"> Search for other works by this author on: </div> <div class="info-card-search info-card-search-internal"> <a href="/sleep/search-results?f_Authors=Yann+Emmenegger" rel="nofollow">Oxford Academic</a> </div> <div class="info-card-search info-card-search-google"> <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=author:%22Emmenegger Yann%22">Google Scholar</a> </div> </div> </span> </span> <span class="al-author-name-more js-flyout-wrap"> <button type="button" class="linked-name js-linked-name-trigger btn-as-link">Kevin D. Donohue, PhD</button><span class='delimiter'>, </span> <span class="al-author-info-wrap arrow-up"> <div class="info-card-author authorInfo_OUP_Abstract_ArticleTop_Info_Widget"> <div class="name-role-wrap"> <div class="info-card-name"> Kevin D. Donohue, PhD </div> </div> <div class="info-card-affilitation"> <div class="aff"><span class="label title-label">3</span>Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY</div><div class="aff"><span class="label title-label">4</span>Signal Solutions, LLC, Lexington, KY</div> </div> <div class="info-card-search-label"> Search for other works by this author on: </div> <div class="info-card-search info-card-search-internal"> <a href="/sleep/search-results?f_Authors=Kevin+D.+Donohue" rel="nofollow">Oxford Academic</a> </div> <div class="info-card-search info-card-search-google"> <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=author:%22Donohue Kevin D.%22">Google Scholar</a> </div> </div> </span> </span> <span class="al-author-name-more js-flyout-wrap"> <button type="button" class="linked-name js-linked-name-trigger btn-as-link">Bruce F. O'Hara, PhD</button><span class='delimiter'>, </span> <span class="al-author-info-wrap arrow-up"> <div class="info-card-author authorInfo_OUP_Abstract_ArticleTop_Info_Widget"> <div class="name-role-wrap"> <div class="info-card-name"> Bruce F. O'Hara, PhD </div> </div> <div class="info-card-affilitation"> <div class="aff"><span class="label title-label">4</span>Signal Solutions, LLC, Lexington, KY</div><div class="aff"><span class="label title-label">5</span>Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY</div> </div> <div class="info-card-search-label"> Search for other works by this author on: </div> <div class="info-card-search info-card-search-internal"> <a href="/sleep/search-results?f_Authors=Bruce+F.+O%27Hara" rel="nofollow">Oxford Academic</a> </div> <div class="info-card-search info-card-search-google"> <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=author:%22O'Hara Bruce F.%22">Google Scholar</a> </div> </div> </span> </span> <span class="al-author-name-more js-flyout-wrap"> <button type="button" class="linked-name js-linked-name-trigger btn-as-link">Paul Franken, PhD</button><span class='delimiter'></span> <span class="al-author-info-wrap arrow-up"> <div class="info-card-author authorInfo_OUP_Abstract_ArticleTop_Info_Widget"> <div class="name-role-wrap"> <div class="info-card-name"> Paul Franken, PhD <span class="info-card-footnote"><span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-cor1"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="cor1" data-open="cor1" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-default"></a></span> </div> </div> <div class="info-card-affilitation"> <div class="aff"><span class="label title-label">1</span>Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland</div> </div> <div class="info-card-note"> <div class="title">DISCLOSURE STATEMENT</div><p class="chapter-para">This was not an industry supported study. This study was performed at the University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland, and supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF n°130825 and 136201 to Dr. Franken) and the state of Vaud supporting Ms. Mang, Mr. Emmenegger, and Dr. Franken. Dr. Donohue and Dr. O'Hara own Signal Solution LCC, a company producing and selling similar equipment as evaluated in this manuscript. However, no aspects of the research presented here were sponsored by Signal Solution.</p> </div> <div class="info-author-correspondence"> <div content-id="cor1"><span class="label title-label">*</span>Address correspondence to: Paul Franken, PhD, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Tel/Fax: +41 21 6923972 / -65; E-mail: <a href="mailto:Paul.Franken@unil.ch" target="_blank">Paul.Franken@unil.ch</a></div> </div> <div class="info-card-search-label"> Search for other works by this author on: </div> <div class="info-card-search info-card-search-internal"> <a href="/sleep/search-results?f_Authors=Paul+Franken" rel="nofollow">Oxford Academic</a> </div> <div class="info-card-search info-card-search-google"> <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=author:%22Franken Paul%22">Google Scholar</a> </div> </div> </span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="pub-history-wrap clearfix js-history-dropdown-wrap"> <div class="pub-history-row clearfix"> <div class="ww-citation-primary"><em>Sleep</em>, Volume 37, Issue 8, 1 August 2014, Pages 1383–1392, <a href='https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.3936'>https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.3936</a></div> </div> <div class="pub-history-row clearfix"> <div class="ww-citation-date-wrap"> <div class="citation-label">Published:</div> <div class="citation-date">01 August 2014</div> </div> <a href="javascript:;" class="history-label js-history-dropdown-trigger st-article-history at-ArticleHistory"> <span>Article history</span><i class="icon-general-arrow-filled-down arrow-icon"></i> </a> </div> <div class="ww-history js-history-entries-wrap at-history-entries-wrap"> <div class="history-entry at-history-entry"> <div class="wi-state">Received:</div> <div class="wi-date">01 December 2013</div> </div> <div class="history-entry at-history-entry"> <div class="wi-state">Revision received:</div> <div class="wi-date">01 February 2014</div> </div> <div class="history-entry at-history-entry"> <div class="wi-state">Accepted:</div> <div class="wi-date">01 February 2014</div> </div> <div class="history-entry at-history-entry"> <div class="wi-state">Published:</div> <div class="wi-date">01 August 2014</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script> $(document).ready(function () { $('.article-top-widget').on('click', '.ati-toggle-trigger', function () { $(this).find('.icon-general-add, .icon-minus').toggleClass('icon-minus icon-general-add'); $(this).siblings('.ati-toggle-content').toggleClass('hide'); }); // In Chrome, an anchor tag with target="_blank" and a "mailto:" href opens a new tab/window as well as the email client // I suspect this behavior will be corrected in the future // Remove the target="_blank" $('ul.wi-affiliationList').find('a[href^="mailto:"]').each(function () { $(this).removeAttr('target'); }); }); </script> </div> <div class="widget widget-ArticleLinks widget-instance-OUP_Article_Links_Widget"> </div> <div class="article-body js-content-body"> <div class="toolbar-wrap js-toolbar-wrap"> <div class="toolbar-inner-wrap"> <ul id="Toolbar" role="navigation"> <li class="toolbar-item item-with-dropdown item-views"> <a class="at-views-dropdown drop-trigger" href="javascript:;" data-dropdown="FilterDrop" aria-haspopup="true"> <i class="icon-menu_views"></i> <div class="toolbar-label"> <div class="toolbar-text">Views</div> <i class="icon-general-arrow-filled-down arrow-icon"></i> </div> </a> <ul id="ViewsDrop" class="f-dropdown js-dropdown-content" data-dropdown-content aria-label="submenu"> <div class="arrow-up"></div> <li class="article-content-filter js-article-content-filter" data-content-filter="article-content"> <a href="javascript:;"><span>Article contents</span></a> </li> <li class="at-figures-tables article-content-filter js-article-content-filter" data-content-filter="figures-tables"> <a href="javascript:;"><span>Figures & tables</span></a> </li> <li class="article-content-filter js-article-content-filter" data-content-filter="video"> <a href="javascript:;"><span>Video</span></a> </li> <li class="article-content-filter js-article-content-filter" data-content-filter="audio"> <a href="javascript:;"><span>Audio</span></a> </li> <li class="article-content-filter js-article-content-filter" data-content-filter="supplementary-data"> <a href="javascript:;"><span>Supplementary Data</span></a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toolbar-item item-cite js-item-cite"> <div class="widget widget-ToolboxGetCitation widget-instance-OUP_Get_Citation"> <a href="#" class="js-cite-button at-CiteButton" data-reveal-id="getCitation" data-reveal> <i class="icon-read-more"></i> <span>Cite</span> </a> <div id="getCitation" class="reveal-modal js-citation-modal" data-reveal> <h3 class="modal-title">Cite</h3> <div class="oxford-citation-text"> <p>Géraldine M. Mang, Jérôme Nicod, Yann Emmenegger, Kevin D. Donohue, Bruce F. O'Hara, Paul Franken, Evaluation of a Piezoelectric System as an Alternative to Electroencephalogram/ Electromyogram Recordings in Mouse Sleep Studies, <em>Sleep</em>, Volume 37, Issue 8, 1 August 2014, Pages 1383–1392, <a href="https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.3936">https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.3936</a></p> </div> <div class="citation-download-wrap"> <form action="/Citation/Download" method="get" id="citationModal"> <input type="hidden" name="resourceId" value="2416928" /> <input type="hidden" name="resourceType" value="3" /> <label for="selectFormat" class="hide js-citation-format-label">Select Format</label> <select required name="citationFormat" class="citation-download-format js-citation-format" id="selectFormat"> <option selected disabled >Select format</option> <option value="0" >.ris (Mendeley, Papers, Zotero)</option> <option value="1" >.enw (EndNote)</option> <option value="2" >.bibtex (BibTex)</option> <option value="3" >.txt (Medlars, RefWorks)</option> </select> <button class="btn citation-download-link disabled" type="submit">Download citation</button> </form> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" href="javascript:;"><i class="icon-general-close"></i><span class="screenreader-text">Close</span></a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="toolbar-item item-tools"> <div class="widget widget-ToolboxPermissions widget-instance-OUP_Get_Permissions"> <div class="module-widget"> <a href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?publisherName=OUP&publication=1550-9109&title=Evaluation%20of%20a%20Piezoelectric%20System%20as%20an%20Alternative%20to%20Electroencephalogram%2F%20Electromyogram%20Recordings%20in%20Mouse%20Sleep%20Studies&publicationDate=2014-08-01&volumeNum=37&issueNum=8&author=Mang%2C%20G%C3%A9raldine%20M.%3B%20Nicod%2C%20J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me&startPage=1383&endPage=1392&contentId=10.5665%2Fsleep.3936&oa=&copyright=%C2%A9%202014%20Associated%20Professional%20Sleep%20Societies%2C%20LLC.&orderBeanReset=True" id="PermissionsLink" class="" target="_blank"> <i class="icon-menu_permissions"> <span class="screenreader-text">Permissions Icon</span> </i> Permissions </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="toolbar-item item-with-dropdown item-share"> <a href="javascript:;" class="drop-trigger js-toolbar-dropdown at-ShareButton" data-dropdown="ShareDrop"> <i class="icon-menu_share"><span class="screenreader-text">Share Icon</span></i> <span class="toolbar-label"> <span class="toolbar-text">Share</span> <i class="arrow-icon icon-general-arrow-filled-down js-toolbar-arrow-icon"></i> </span> </a> <ul id="ShareDrop" class="addthis_toolbox addthis_default_style addthis_20x20_style f-dropdown js-dropdown-content" data-dropdown-content> <li> <a class="st-custom-button addthis_button_facebook js-share-link" data-network="facebook" data-title="Evaluation of a Piezoelectric System as an Alternative to Electroencephalogram/ Electromyogram Recordings in Mouse Sleep Studies" data-url="https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article-abstract/37/8/1383/2416928" data-email-subject="Evaluation of a Piezoelectric System as an Alternative to Electroencephalogram/ Electromyogram Recordings in Mouse Sleep Studies" href="javascript:;"><span>Facebook</span></a> </li> <li> <a class="st-custom-button addthis_button_twitter js-share-link" data-network="twitter" data-title="Evaluation of a Piezoelectric System as an Alternative to Electroencephalogram/ Electromyogram Recordings in Mouse Sleep Studies" data-url="https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article-abstract/37/8/1383/2416928" data-email-subject="Evaluation of a Piezoelectric System as an Alternative to Electroencephalogram/ Electromyogram Recordings in Mouse Sleep Studies" href="javascript:;"><span>Twitter</span></a> </li> <li> <a class="st-custom-button addthis_button_linkedin js-share-link" data-network="linkedin" data-title="Evaluation of a Piezoelectric System as an Alternative to Electroencephalogram/ Electromyogram Recordings in Mouse Sleep Studies" data-url="https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article-abstract/37/8/1383/2416928" data-email-subject="Evaluation of a Piezoelectric System as an Alternative to Electroencephalogram/ Electromyogram Recordings in Mouse Sleep Studies" href="javascript:;"><span>LinkedIn</span></a> </li> <li> <a class="st-custom-button addthis_button_email js-share-link" data-network="email" data-title="Evaluation of a Piezoelectric System as an Alternative to Electroencephalogram/ Electromyogram Recordings in Mouse Sleep Studies" data-url="https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article-abstract/37/8/1383/2416928" data-email-subject="Evaluation of a Piezoelectric System as an Alternative to Electroencephalogram/ Electromyogram Recordings in Mouse Sleep Studies" href="javascript:;"><span>Email</span></a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <div class="toolbar-search"> <div class="widget widget-SitePageHeader widget-instance-OUP_ArticleToolbarSearchBox"> <div class="dropdown-panel-wrap"> <div class="dropdown-panel mobile-search-dropdown"> <div class="mobile-search-inner-wrap"> <div class="navbar-search"> <div class="mobile-microsite-search"> <label for="OUP_ArticleToolbarSearchBox-mobile-navbar-search-filter" class="screenreader-text js-mobile-navbar-search-filter-label"> Navbar Search Filter </label> <select class="mobile-navbar-search-filter js-mobile-navbar-search-filter at-navbar-search-filter" id="OUP_ArticleToolbarSearchBox-mobile-navbar-search-filter"> <option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="">SLEEP</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Issue">This issue</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="sleep/12">Basic Science</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Parent">SRS Journals</option> <optgroup class="navbar-search-optgroup" label="Search across Oxford Academic"> <option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="AcademicSubjects/MED00385">Clinical Neuroscience</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="AcademicSubjects/SCI01870">Neuroscience</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="AcademicSubjects/MED00370">Sleep Medicine</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Books">Books</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Journals">Journals</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Umbrella">Oxford Academic</option> </optgroup> </select> <label for="OUP_ArticleToolbarSearchBox-mobile-microsite-search-term" class="screenreader-text js-mobile-microsite-search-term-label"> Mobile Enter search term </label> <input class="mobile-search-input mobile-microsite-search-term js-mobile-microsite-search-term at-microsite-search-term" type="text" maxlength="255" placeholder="Search" id="OUP_ArticleToolbarSearchBox-mobile-microsite-search-term"> <a href="javascript:;" class="mobile-microsite-search-icon mobile-search-submit icon-menu_search"> <span class="screenreader-text">Search</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="dropdown-panel mobile-nav-dropdown"> </div> </div> <div class="navbar"> <div class="center-inner-row"> <nav class="navbar-menu"> </nav> <div class="navbar-search-container js-navbar-search-container"> <a href="javascript:;" class="navbar-search-close js_close-navsearch">Close</a> <div class="navbar-search"> <div class="microsite-search"> <label for="OUP_ArticleToolbarSearchBox-navbar-search-filter" class="screenreader-text js-navbar-search-filter-label"> Navbar Search Filter </label> <select class="navbar-search-filter js-navbar-search-filter at-navbar-search-filter" id="OUP_ArticleToolbarSearchBox-navbar-search-filter"> <option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="">SLEEP</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Issue">This issue</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="sleep/12">Basic Science</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Parent">SRS Journals</option> <optgroup class="navbar-search-optgroup" label="Search across Oxford Academic"> <option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="AcademicSubjects/MED00385">Clinical Neuroscience</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="AcademicSubjects/SCI01870">Neuroscience</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="AcademicSubjects/MED00370">Sleep Medicine</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Books">Books</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Journals">Journals</option><option class="navbar-search-filter-option at-navbar-search-filter-option" value="Umbrella">Oxford Academic</option> </optgroup> </select> <label for="OUP_ArticleToolbarSearchBox-microsite-search-term" class="screenreader-text js-microsite-search-term-label"> Enter search term </label> <input class="navbar-search-input microsite-search-term js-microsite-search-term at-microsite-search-term" type="text" maxlength="255" placeholder="Search" id="OUP_ArticleToolbarSearchBox-microsite-search-term"> <a href="javascript:;" class="microsite-search-icon navbar-search-submit icon-menu_search"> <span class="screenreader-text">Search</span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="navbar-search-advanced"><a href="/sleep/advanced-search" class="advanced-search js-advanced-search">Advanced Search</a></div> </div> <div class="navbar-search-collapsed"><a href="javascript:;" class="icon-menu_search js_expand-navsearch"><span class="screenreader-text">Search Menu</span></a></div> </div> </div> <input id="routename" name="RouteName" type="hidden" value="sleep" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="ContentTab" class="content active"> <div class="widget widget-ArticleFulltext widget-instance-OUP_Abstract_Article_FullText_Widget"> <div class="module-widget"> <div class="widget-items" data-widgetname="ArticleFulltext"> <h2 scrollto-destination=125075793 id="125075793" class="abstract-title js-splitscreen-abstract-title" >Abstract</h2> <section class="abstract"><div class=" sec"><div class="title">Study Objectives:</div><p class="chapter-para">Traditionally, sleep studies in mammals are performed using electroencephalogram/electromyogram (EEG/EMG) recordings to determine sleep-wake state. In laboratory animals, this requires surgery and recovery time and causes discomfort to the animal. In this study, we evaluated the performance of an alternative, noninvasive approach utilizing piezoelectric films to determine sleep and wakefulness in mice by simultaneous EEG/EMG recordings. The piezoelectric films detect the animal's movements with high sensitivity and the regularity of the piezo output signal, related to the regular breathing movements characteristic of sleep, serves to automatically determine sleep. Although the system is commercially available (Signal Solutions LLC, Lexington, KY), this is the first statistical validation of various aspects of sleep.</p></div><div class=" sec"><div class="title">Design:</div><p class="chapter-para">EEG/EMG and piezo signals were recorded simultaneously during 48 h.</p></div><div class=" sec"><div class="title">Setting:</div><p class="chapter-para">Mouse sleep laboratory.</p></div><div class=" sec"><div class="title">Participants:</div><p class="chapter-para">Nine male and nine female CFW outbred mice.</p></div><div class=" sec"><div class="title">Interventions:</div><p class="chapter-para">EEG/EMG surgery.</p></div><div class=" sec"><div class="title">Measurements and Results:</div><p class="chapter-para">The results showed a high correspondence between EEG/EMG-determined and piezo-determined total sleep time and the distribution of sleep over a 48-h baseline recording with 18 mice. Moreover, the piezo system was capable of assessing sleep quality (i.e., sleep consolidation) and interesting observations at transitions to and from rapid eye movement sleep were made that could be exploited in the future to also distinguish the two sleep states.</p></div><div class=" sec"><div class="title">Conclusions:</div><p class="chapter-para">The piezo system proved to be a reliable alternative to electroencephalogram/electromyogram recording in the mouse and will be useful for first-pass, large-scale sleep screens for genetic or pharmacological studies.</p></div></section> <div class="article-metadata-panel clearfix at-ArticleMetadata"></div> <div class="kwd-group"><a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" data-keyword="automated">automated</a>, <a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" data-keyword="EEG/EMG">EEG/EMG</a>, <a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" data-keyword="noninvasive">noninvasive</a>, <a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" data-keyword=""outbred mice"">outbred mice</a>, <a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" data-keyword=""piezoelectric system"">piezoelectric system</a>, <a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" data-keyword="sleep">sleep</a></div>  <div class="widget widget-ArticlePubStateInfo widget-instance-OUP_ArticlePubStateInfo"> </div> <div class="article-metadata-standalone-panel clearfix"></div> <div class="copyright copyright-statement">© 2014 Associated Professional Sleep Societies, LLC.</div> <span id="UserHasAccess" data-userHasAccess="False"></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget widget-RelatedTags widget-instance-OUP_Article_RelatedTags_Widget"> <div class="related-topic-tags"> <div class="related-topic-tag-label">Topic:</div> <ul class="related-topic-tag-list"> <li> <a class="js-qb-topic-keyword-search" href="javascript:;" data-topic="electroencephalography"><span>electroencephalography</span></a> </li> <li> <a class="js-qb-topic-keyword-search" href="javascript:;" data-topic="electromyography"><span>electromyography</span></a> </li> <li> <a class="js-qb-topic-keyword-search" href="javascript:;" data-topic="polysomnography"><span>polysomnography</span></a> </li> <li> <a class="js-qb-topic-keyword-search" href="javascript:;" data-topic="rem sleep"><span>rem sleep</span></a> </li> <li> <a class="js-qb-topic-keyword-search" href="javascript:;" data-topic="wakefulness"><span>wakefulness</span></a> </li> <li> <a class="js-qb-topic-keyword-search" href="javascript:;" data-topic="mice"><span>mice</span></a> </li> <li> <a class="js-qb-topic-keyword-search" href="javascript:;" data-topic="sleep"><span>sleep</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="widget widget-SolrResourceMetadata widget-instance-OUP_Article_ResourceMetadata_Widget"> <div class="article-metadata-panel solr-resource-metadata js-metadata-panel at-ContentMetadata"> <div class="article-metadata-taxonomies"> <div class="article-metadata"> <div class="article-metadata-taxonomies-title">Subject</div> <a href="/sleep/search-results?page=1&tax=sleep/12">Basic Science</a> </div> </div> <div class="article-metadata-tocSections"> <div class="article-metadata-tocSections-title">Issue Section:</div> <a href="/sleep/search-results?f_TocHeadingTitleList=Piezoelectric+System+Alternative+to+EEG%2fEMG+in+Mouse+Sleep+Studies">Piezoelectric System Alternative to EEG/EMG in Mouse Sleep Studies</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget widget-EditorInformation widget-instance-OUP_Article_EditorInformation_Widget"> </div> <div id="no-access-message" class="article-top-info-user-restricted-options"> You do not currently have access to this article. </div> <div id="ContentTabFilteredView"></div> <div class="downloadImagesppt js-download-images-ppt st-download-images-ppt"> <a id="lnkDownloadAllImages" class="js-download-all-images-link btn" href="/DownloadFile/DownloadImage.aspx?image=&PPTtype=SlideSet&ar=2416928&xsltPath=~/UI/app/XSLT&siteId=5573">Download all slides</a> </div> <div class="widget widget-ArticleDataRepositories widget-instance-Article_DryadLink"> </div> <div class="comments"> <div class="widget widget-UserCommentBody widget-instance-UserCommentBody_Article"> <div class="comment-body__wrap"> <div id="usercomments" class="comment-body__title"> <h2>Comments</h2> </div> <div class="comment-body__number"> 0 Comments </div> <div class="submitCommentPlaceHolder"></div> <div class="comments-jumplink"> <a class="js-jumplink scrollTo" href="#usercomments"><i class="icon-menu_comments"></i>Comments (0)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget widget-UserComment widget-instance-OUP_UserComment_Article"> <button id="comment-modal-opener" class="btn comment-body__button" data-reveal>Add comment</button> <div id="divCommentModal" class="comment-form__modal medium reveal-modal" data-reveal> <button class="comment-form__close btn-as-icon icon-general-close"> <span class="screenreader-text">Close comment form modal</span> </button> <div class="preloader-wrap hide"> <div class="preloader"> <div class="spinner"></div> </div> </div> <div id="TermsAndConditionsContainer" tabindex="0" class="comment-form__wrap" data-reveal></div> <div id="termsAgreeRow" class="comment-form__row--last terms-conditions"> <input id="termsAndConditionsCheckbox" class="comment-form__input comment-form__checkbox" type="checkbox" title="Terms and Conditions" required="required" /> <label class="comment-form__required-statement required" for="termsAndConditionsCheckbox">I agree to the terms and conditions.</label> <label class="lblTermsAndConditions errors comment-form__error-label" for="termsAndConditionsCheckbox"> You must accept the terms and conditions. </label> </div> <div id="termsButtonRow" class="termsButtonRow comment-form__row"> <button id="btnUserAgreeTerms" class="btnUserAgreeTerms btn btn-grey">Add comment</button> <button href="#" class="btnModalCancel btn btn-grey">Cancel</button> </div> <div id="divUserCommentForm" class="comment-form__wrap"> <div class="comment-form__title">Submit a comment</div> <div class="comment-form__row"> <label class="comment-form__input-label required" for="Author">Name</label> <input Class="comment-form__input comment-form__textbox required" Value="" dataAuthorValue="" id="Author" maxlength="2000" name="Author" required="required" type="text" value="" /> </div> <div class="comment-form__row"> <label class="comment-form__input-label required" for="AffInstitution">Affiliations</label> <input Class="comment-form__input comment-form__textbox required" id="AffInstitution" maxlength="200" name="AffInstitution" required="required" type="text" value="" /> </div> <div class="comment-form__row"> <label class="comment-form__input-label required" for="Title">Comment title</label> <input Class="comment-form__input comment-form__textbox required" id="Title" maxlength="250" name="Title" required="required" type="text" value="" /> </div> <div class="comment-form__row"> <label class="comment-form__input-label required" for="Comment">Comment</label> <textarea Class="comment-form__input comment-form__textarea required" cols="20" id="Comment" maxlength="@Model.Config.CommentBodyCharLimit" name="Comment" required="required" rows="2"> </textarea> </div> <div class="captchaAlert comment-form__error-label"> You have entered an invalid code </div> <div class="submitRow comment-form__row"> <button id="btnUserCommentSubmit" class="btnUserCommentSubmit btn btn-grey">Submit</button> <button href="#" class="btnModalCancel btn btn-grey">Cancel</button> </div> </div> <div class="content-form__response comment-form__row"> <div class="content-form__response--success"> <div class="alertmsg content-form__response-text" id="displayAlert"> Thank you for submitting a comment on this article. Your comment will be reviewed and published at the journal's discretion. Please check for further notifications by email. </div> </div> <div id="divError" class="errors content-form__response--error"></div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> /******************************************************************************* * JS here is only being used to assign variables from values in the model * logic should be implemented in external JS files, like client.script.js *******************************************************************************/ var SCM = SCM || {}; SCM.UserCommentView = SCM.UserCommentView || {}; SCM.UserCommentView.resourceId = 2416928; SCM.UserCommentView.resourceType = 3; SCM.UserCommentView.isUserLoggedIn = 'False'; SCM.UserCommentView.divId = 'WidgetNoAccessModalSmallOUP_UserComment_Article'; SCM.UserCommentView.bShowDisclosure = 'false'; SCM.UserCommentView.isNotModerated = 'false'; SCM.UserCommentView.showAffiliations = 'true'; SCM.UserCommentView.InstanceName = 'OUP_UserComment_Article'; </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="login-purchase-wrap"> <div id="article-purchase" class="unauth-row clearfix"> <div id="unauth" class="unauth-wrap"> <div class="widget widget-LoginBox widget-instance-LoginBox_UnAuthorizedLoginAndPaywall"> <div class="login-box" data-google-interstitial="false"> <div class="login-box__main-section-wrap"> <div class="login-box__section-wrap login-box_heading"> <div class="login-box__main-heading-wrap"> <h2>Sign in</h2> <a href="javascript:;" class="login-box__help js-login-help at-access-help"> <img class="login-box__help-icon" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/i.svg" alt="Information" /> <span>Get help with access</span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="login-box__section-wrap login-box-society"> <div class="widget widget-SocietyLinks widget-instance-SocietyLinks"> <div class="login-form__section login-form__row--lower"> <ul class="society-links "> <li class="society-links-listing"> <a href="https://go.sleepresearchsociety.org/journalsleep/redirect.ashx?origurl=%node:current_encoded_url" class="society-links-logo"> <img src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/data/SiteBuilderAssetsOriginals/Live/Images/sleep/sleep_soc_auth1.png" alt="Sleep Research Society"/> </a> <div class="society-links-text"> <h3 class="login-form__heading">Sleep Research Society members</h3> <a class="society-links-url button-call-to-action at-society-sign-in js-society-sign-in" href="https://go.sleepresearchsociety.org/journalsleep/redirect.ashx?origurl=%node:current_encoded_url"> <span>Sign in through society site</span> <img class="society-link-icon" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/chevron-right-white.svg" alt="Arrow" aria-hidden="true"/> </a> </div> </li> <li class="society-links-listing"> <a href="https://go.aasm.org/journalsleep/redirect.ashx?origurl=%node:current_encoded_url" class="society-links-logo"> <img src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/data/SiteBuilderAssetsOriginals/Live/Images/sleep/sleep_soc_auth2.png" alt="American Academy of Sleep Medicine"/> </a> <div class="society-links-text"> <h3 class="login-form__heading">American Academy of Sleep Medicine members</h3> <a class="society-links-url button-call-to-action at-society-sign-in js-society-sign-in" href="https://go.aasm.org/journalsleep/redirect.ashx?origurl=%node:current_encoded_url"> <span>Sign in through society site</span> <img class="society-link-icon" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/chevron-right-white.svg" alt="Arrow" aria-hidden="true"/> </a> </div> </li> <li class="society-links-listing"> <a href="https://www.sleep.org.au/Public/Members-Area/Public/Members-Area/Member-home.aspx?origurl=%node:current_encoded_url" class="society-links-logo"> <img src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/data/SiteBuilderAssetsOriginals/Live/Images/sleep/sleep_soc_auth3.png" alt="Australasian Sleep Association"/> </a> <div class="society-links-text"> <h3 class="login-form__heading">Australasian Sleep Association members</h3> <a class="society-links-url button-call-to-action at-society-sign-in js-society-sign-in" href="https://www.sleep.org.au/Public/Members-Area/Public/Members-Area/Member-home.aspx?origurl=%node:current_encoded_url"> <span>Sign in through society site</span> <img class="society-link-icon" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/chevron-right-white.svg" alt="Arrow" aria-hidden="true"/> </a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <input id="hfPlaceholderReturnUrlValue" name="hfPlaceholderReturnUrlValue" type="hidden" value="%node:current_encoded_url" /> </div> </div> <div class="login-box__section-wrap cols login-box_sign-in-accounts"> <div class="login-box__section column-border login-box_personal-account"> <h3 class="login-box__heading">Personal account</h3> <ul class="bullets"> <li>Sign in with email/username & password</li> <li>Get email alerts</li> <li>Save searches</li> <li>Purchase content</li> <li>Activate your purchase/trial code</li> <li>Add your ORCID iD</li> </ul> <div class="login-box__button-row"> <a rel="nofollow" class="button-call-to-action at-personal-sign-in js-sign-in-link" data-linkType="user-pass" href="javascript:;"> <span>Sign in</span> <img class="society-link-icon" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/chevron-right-white.svg" alt="Arrow" aria-hidden="true"/> </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="at-personal-register-link js-register-link" href="/my-account/register?siteId=5573&returnUrl=http%3a%2f%2facademic.oup.com%2fsleep%2farticle-abstract%2f37%2f8%2f1383%2f2416928%3fredirectedFrom%3dfulltext">Register</a> </div> </div> <div class="login-box__section column-border login-box_institution"> <h3 class="login-box__heading">Institutional access</h3> <ol> <div class="widget widget-SeamlessAccess widget-instance-LoginBoxInstitutionalAccount"> <a href="javascript:;" class="login-box__sign-in-link js-shibboleth-action seamless-access-button seamless-button-login-box button-call-to-action at-institutional-sign-in" rel="nofollow" data-action-type="" data-entity-id=""> <span class="seamless-access-text">Sign in through your institution</span> </a> <div> <a href="javascript:;" class="login-box__sign-in-link js-shibboleth-action change-institution" rel="nofollow" data-action-type=""> Sign in through your institution </a> </div> </div> <li class="login-box__button-row"> <a rel="nofollow" class="login-box__sign-in-link js-sign-in-link" data-linkType="library-card" href="javascript:;">Sign in with a library card</a> </li> <li class="login-box__button-row"> <a rel="nofollow" class="login-box__sign-in-link js-sign-in-link at-institutional-sign-in-username" data-linkType="user-pass" href="javascript:;">Sign in with username/password</a> </li> <li class="login-box__button-row"> <a rel="nofollow" class="login-box__sign-in-link js-sign-in-link at-institutional-recommend" href="/pages/get-help-with-access/recommend-to-your-librarian?journal=sleep">Recommend to your librarian</a> </li> </ol> <h3 class="login-box__heading login-box__administrator_heading at-administrator-heading">Institutional account management</h3> <a rel="nofollow" class="login-box__sign-in-link js-sign-in-link" href="javascript:" data-linkType="user-pass">Sign in as administrator</a> </div> </div> <div id="divAccessHelp" class="accessHelp-modal small reveal-modal" data-reveal> <div tabindex="0" id="AccessHelpContainer" class="comment-form__wrap" data-reveal> <h2>Get help with access</h2> <h3>Institutional access</h3> <p> Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: </p> <h4>IP based access</h4> <p> Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account. </p> <h4>Sign in through your institution</h4> <p> Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Shibboleth/Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutionâ€™s website and Oxford Academic. </p> <ol class="order"> <li>Click Sign in through your institution.</li> <li>Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in.</li> <li>When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account.</li> <li>Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic.</li> </ol> <p> If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutionâ€™s website, please contact your librarian or administrator. </p> <h4>Sign in with a library card</h4> <p> Enter your library card number to sign in. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. </p> <h3>Society Members</h3> <p> Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways: </p> <h4>Sign in through society site</h4> <p> Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. If you see â€˜Sign in through society siteâ€™ in the sign in pane within a journal: </p> <ol class="order"> <li>Click Sign in through society site.</li> <li>When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account.</li> <li>Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic.</li> </ol> <p> If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society. </p> <h4>Sign in using a personal account</h4> <p> Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. See below. </p> <h3>Personal account</h3> <p> A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. </p> <p> Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. </p> <h3>Viewing your signed in accounts</h3> <p> Click the account icon in the top right to: </p> <ul> <li>View your signed in personal account and access account management features.</li> <li>View the institutional accounts that are providing access.</li> </ul> <h3>Signed in but can't access content</h3> <p> Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. </p> <h3>Institutional account management</h3> <p> For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more. </p> </div> <button class="accessHelp__close btn-as-icon icon-general-close js-access-help-close"> <span class="screenreader-text">Close access help modal</span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget widget-PurchaseOptions widget-instance-OUP_ArticlePage_PurchaseOptions"> <div class="purchase-wrap"> <h2 class="purchase-title">Purchase</h2> <div> <a class="purchase-subscription-links" href="/sleep/Subscribe/CurrentYear">Subscription prices and ordering for this journal</a> </div> <div> <a class="purchase-subscription-link" href="/pages/purchasing">Purchasing options for books and journals across Oxford Academic</a> </div> <div class="purchase-ppv-wrap-article clearfix"> <h3>Short-term Access</h3> <div class="register-ribbon-wrap"> <p> To purchase short-term access, please sign in to your personal account above. </p> <p> Don't already have a personal account? <a class="at-ShortTermAccess-Register" href="https://academic.oup.com/my-account/register?siteId=5573&returnUrl=https://academic.oup.com%2fsleep%2farticle-abstract%2f37%2f8%2f1383%2f2416928">Register</a> </p> </div> Evaluation of a Piezoelectric System as an Alternative to Electroencephalogram/ Electromyogram Recordings in Mouse Sleep Studies - 24 Hours access <div class="purchase-currency-wrap"> <div class="purchase-currency"> EUR €38.00 </div> <div class="purchase-currency"> GBP £33.00 </div> <div class="purchase-currency"> USD $41.00 </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="divDeepDive" class="deep-dive-wrap js-deepdyve-link" data-issn="01618105" data-eissn="15509109" data-doi="10.5665/sleep.3936" data-fieldname="journal_doi" data-affiliate="OUP"> <h3 class="deep-dive-title">Rental</h3> <div class="deep-dive-box"> <div class="deep-dive-img"> <a class="deepDiveLink" href="https://www.deepdyve.com/doc-view?docId=10.5665/sleep.3936&fieldName=journal_doi&affiliateId=OUP" target="_blank"><img src="https://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/deepdyve-link-button.svg" style="border:none" alt="Read this now at DeepDyve" /></a> </div> <div class="deep-dive-text"> This article is also available for rental through DeepDyve. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="Sidebar" class="page-column page-column--right"> <div class="widget widget-AdBlock widget-instance-ArticlePageTopSidebar"> <div class="js-adBlock-parent-wrap adblock-parent-wrap"> <div class="adBlockMainBodyTop-wrap js-adBlockMainBodyTop hide"> <div id="adBlockMainBodyTop" class="js-adblock at-adblock" data-lazy-load-margin="150"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('adBlockMainBodyTop'); }); </script> </div> <div class="advertisement-text at-adblock js-adblock-advertisement-text hide">Advertisement</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget widget-dynamic " data-count="1"> <div class="widget-dynamic-inner-wrap"> <div class="widget widget-dynamic " data-count="9"> <div class="widget-dynamic-inner-wrap"> <div class="widget widget-ArticleLevelMetrics widget-instance-Article_RightRailB0Article_RightRail_ArticleLevelMetrics"> <div class="artmet-wrapper horizontal-artmet"> <div class="contentmet-border"> <div class="contentmet-wrapper horizontal-contentmet"> <div class="contentmet-citations contentmet-badges-wrap js-contentmet-citations hide"> <h3 class="contentmet-text">Citations</h3> <div class="contentmet-item contentmet-dimensions"> <div class="widget widget-DimensionsBadge widget-instance-ArticleLevelMetrics_DimensionsBadge"> <span class="__dimensions_badge_embed__" data-doi="10.5665/sleep.3936" data-legend="never" data-style="small_circle" data-hide-zero-citations="false"></span> <script async src="https://badge.dimensions.ai/badge.js" charset="utf-8"></script> </div> </div> </div> <div class="contentmet-views contentmet-badges-wrap js-contentmet-views"> <h3 class="contentmet-text">Views</h3> <div class="contentmet-item circle-text circle-text-views"> <div class="contentmet-number">3,438</div> </div> </div> <div class="contentmet-item contentmet-badges-wrap"> <h3 class="contentmet-text">Altmetric</h3> <div class="contentmet-item contentmet-altmetric"> <div class="widget widget-AltmetricLink widget-instance-ArticleLevelMetrics_AltmetricLinkSummary">  <div id="altmetricEmbedId" runat="server" class='altmetric-embed' data-badge-type="donut" data-hide-no-mentions="false" data-doi="10.5665/sleep.3936" ></div> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://d1bxh8uas1mnw7.cloudfront.net/assets/embed.js'></script> </div> </div> </div> <div class="contentmet-modal-trigger-wrap clearfix"> <a href="javascript:;" class="artmet-modal-trigger js-artmet-modal-trigger at-alm-metrics-modal-trigger" data-resource-id="2416928" data-resource-type="3"> <img class="contentmet-info-icon" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/i.svg" alt="Information"> <span class="contentmet-more-info">More metrics information</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="artmet-modal js-artmet-modal" id="MetricsModal"> <div class="artmet-modal-contents js-metric-modal-contents at-alm-modal-contents"> <div class="artmet-full-wrap clearfix js-metric-full-wrap hide"> <div class="widget-title-1 artmet-widget-title-1">Metrics</div> <div class="artmet-item artmet-views-wrap"> <div class="artmet-views clearfix"> <div class="artmet-total-views"> <span class="artmet-text">Total Views</span> <span class="artmet-number">3,438</span> </div> <div class="artmet-breakdown-views-wrap"> <div class="artmet-breakdown-view breakdown-border"> <span class="artmet-number">2,302</span> <span class="artmet-text">Pageviews</span> </div> <div class="artmet-breakdown-view"> <span class="artmet-number">1,136</span> <span class="artmet-text">PDF Downloads</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="artmet-views-since">Since 2/1/2017</div> </div> <script> var ChartistData = ChartistData || {}; ChartistData.data = { labels: ['Feb 2017', 'Mar 2017', 'May 2017', 'Jun 2017', 'Jul 2017', 'Aug 2017', 'Oct 2017', 'Nov 2017', 'Dec 2017', 'Jan 2018', 'Feb 2018', 'Mar 2018', 'Apr 2018', 'May 2018', 'Jun 2018', 'Jul 2018', 'Aug 2018', 'Sep 2018', 'Oct 2018', 'Nov 2018', 'Dec 2018', 'Jan 2019', 'Feb 2019', 'Mar 2019', 'Apr 2019', 'May 2019', 'Jun 2019', 'Jul 2019', 'Aug 2019', 'Sep 2019', 'Oct 2019', 'Nov 2019', 'Dec 2019', 'Jan 2020', 'Feb 2020', 'Mar 2020', 'Apr 2020', 'May 2020', 'Jun 2020', 'Jul 2020', 'Aug 2020', 'Sep 2020', 'Oct 2020', 'Nov 2020', 'Dec 2020', 'Jan 2021', 'Feb 2021', 'Mar 2021', 'Apr 2021', 'May 2021', 'Jun 2021', 'Jul 2021', 'Aug 2021', 'Sep 2021', 'Oct 2021', 'Nov 2021', 'Dec 2021', 'Jan 2022', 'Feb 2022', 'Mar 2022', 'Apr 2022', 'May 2022', 'Jun 2022', 'Jul 2022', 'Aug 2022', 'Sep 2022', 'Oct 2022', 'Nov 2022', 'Dec 2022', 'Jan 2023', 'Feb 2023', 'Mar 2023', 'Apr 2023', 'May 2023', 'Jun 2023', 'Jul 2023', 'Aug 2023', 'Sep 2023', 'Oct 2023', 'Nov 2023', 'Dec 2023', 'Jan 2024', 'Feb 2024', 'Mar 2024', 'Apr 2024', 'May 2024', 'Jun 2024', 'Jul 2024', 'Aug 2024', 'Sep 2024', 'Oct 2024', 'Nov 2024'], series: [[6, 2, 6, 4, 1, 4, 2, 10, 26, 14, 30, 22, 15, 31, 25, 20, 36, 29, 23, 27, 39, 31, 31, 56, 46, 36, 35, 39, 42, 33, 48, 28, 10, 37, 23, 20, 50, 39, 29, 30, 20, 40, 26, 32, 46, 37, 36, 36, 40, 58, 93, 45, 22, 47, 62, 46, 27, 35, 39, 56, 42, 60, 43, 49, 33, 57, 67, 39, 64, 48, 65, 62, 50, 46, 22, 56, 55, 37, 52, 49, 47, 68, 45, 71, 65, 46, 57, 69, 31, 37, 17, 11]] }; </script> <div class="artmet-item artmet-chart"> <div class="ct-chart ct-octave js-ct-chart"></div> <div class="artmet-table"> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Month:</th> <th>Total Views:</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>February 2017</td> <td>6</td> </tr> <tr> <td>March 2017</td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>May 2017</td> <td>6</td> </tr> <tr> <td>June 2017</td> <td>4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>July 2017</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>August 2017</td> <td>4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>October 2017</td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>November 2017</td> <td>10</td> </tr> <tr> <td>December 2017</td> <td>26</td> </tr> <tr> <td>January 2018</td> <td>14</td> </tr> <tr> <td>February 2018</td> <td>30</td> </tr> <tr> <td>March 2018</td> <td>22</td> </tr> <tr> <td>April 2018</td> <td>15</td> </tr> <tr> <td>May 2018</td> <td>31</td> </tr> <tr> <td>June 2018</td> <td>25</td> </tr> <tr> <td>July 2018</td> <td>20</td> </tr> <tr> <td>August 2018</td> <td>36</td> </tr> <tr> <td>September 2018</td> <td>29</td> </tr> <tr> <td>October 2018</td> <td>23</td> </tr> <tr> <td>November 2018</td> <td>27</td> </tr> <tr> <td>December 2018</td> <td>39</td> </tr> <tr> <td>January 2019</td> <td>31</td> </tr> <tr> <td>February 2019</td> <td>31</td> </tr> <tr> <td>March 2019</td> <td>56</td> </tr> <tr> <td>April 2019</td> <td>46</td> </tr> <tr> <td>May 2019</td> <td>36</td> </tr> <tr> <td>June 2019</td> <td>35</td> </tr> <tr> <td>July 2019</td> <td>39</td> </tr> <tr> <td>August 2019</td> <td>42</td> </tr> <tr> <td>September 2019</td> <td>33</td> </tr> <tr> <td>October 2019</td> <td>48</td> </tr> <tr> <td>November 2019</td> <td>28</td> </tr> <tr> <td>December 2019</td> <td>10</td> </tr> <tr> <td>January 2020</td> <td>37</td> </tr> <tr> <td>February 2020</td> <td>23</td> </tr> <tr> <td>March 2020</td> <td>20</td> </tr> <tr> <td>April 2020</td> <td>50</td> </tr> <tr> <td>May 2020</td> <td>39</td> </tr> <tr> <td>June 2020</td> <td>29</td> </tr> <tr> <td>July 2020</td> <td>30</td> </tr> <tr> <td>August 2020</td> <td>20</td> </tr> <tr> <td>September 2020</td> <td>40</td> </tr> <tr> <td>October 2020</td> <td>26</td> </tr> <tr> <td>November 2020</td> <td>32</td> </tr> <tr> <td>December 2020</td> <td>46</td> </tr> <tr> <td>January 2021</td> <td>37</td> </tr> <tr> <td>February 2021</td> <td>36</td> </tr> <tr> <td>March 2021</td> <td>36</td> </tr> <tr> <td>April 2021</td> <td>40</td> </tr> <tr> <td>May 2021</td> <td>58</td> </tr> <tr> <td>June 2021</td> <td>93</td> </tr> <tr> <td>July 2021</td> <td>45</td> </tr> <tr> <td>August 2021</td> <td>22</td> </tr> <tr> <td>September 2021</td> <td>47</td> </tr> <tr> <td>October 2021</td> <td>62</td> </tr> <tr> <td>November 2021</td> <td>46</td> </tr> <tr> <td>December 2021</td> <td>27</td> </tr> <tr> <td>January 2022</td> <td>35</td> </tr> <tr> <td>February 2022</td> <td>39</td> </tr> <tr> <td>March 2022</td> <td>56</td> </tr> <tr> <td>April 2022</td> <td>42</td> </tr> <tr> <td>May 2022</td> <td>60</td> </tr> <tr> <td>June 2022</td> <td>43</td> </tr> <tr> <td>July 2022</td> <td>49</td> </tr> <tr> <td>August 2022</td> <td>33</td> </tr> <tr> <td>September 2022</td> <td>57</td> </tr> <tr> <td>October 2022</td> <td>67</td> </tr> <tr> <td>November 2022</td> <td>39</td> </tr> <tr> <td>December 2022</td> <td>64</td> </tr> <tr> <td>January 2023</td> <td>48</td> </tr> <tr> <td>February 2023</td> <td>65</td> </tr> <tr> <td>March 2023</td> <td>62</td> </tr> <tr> <td>April 2023</td> <td>50</td> </tr> <tr> <td>May 2023</td> <td>46</td> </tr> <tr> <td>June 2023</td> <td>22</td> </tr> <tr> <td>July 2023</td> <td>56</td> </tr> <tr> <td>August 2023</td> <td>55</td> </tr> <tr> <td>September 2023</td> <td>37</td> </tr> <tr> <td>October 2023</td> <td>52</td> </tr> <tr> <td>November 2023</td> <td>49</td> </tr> <tr> <td>December 2023</td> <td>47</td> </tr> <tr> <td>January 2024</td> <td>68</td> </tr> <tr> <td>February 2024</td> <td>45</td> </tr> <tr> <td>March 2024</td> <td>71</td> </tr> <tr> <td>April 2024</td> <td>65</td> </tr> <tr> <td>May 2024</td> <td>46</td> </tr> <tr> <td>June 2024</td> <td>57</td> </tr> <tr> <td>July 2024</td> <td>69</td> </tr> <tr> <td>August 2024</td> <td>31</td> </tr> <tr> <td>September 2024</td> <td>37</td> </tr> <tr> <td>October 2024</td> <td>17</td> </tr> <tr> <td>November 2024</td> <td>11</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <div class="artmet-stats-wrap clearfix"> <div class="artmet-item artmet-citations hide"> <div class="widget-title-2 artmet-widget-title-2">Citations</div> <div class="artmet-badges-wrap artmet-dimensions"> <div class="widget widget-DimensionsBadge widget-instance-ArticleLevelMetrics_DimensionsBadgeDetails"> <span class="__dimensions_badge_embed__" data-doi="10.5665/sleep.3936" data-legend="always" data-style="" data-hide-zero-citations="false"></span> <script async src="https://badge.dimensions.ai/badge.js" charset="utf-8"></script> </div> <span class="artmet-dimensions-text">Powered by Dimensions</span> </div> <div class="artmet-wos"> <span class="artmet-number"> <a href="https://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=silverchair&SrcAuth=WosAPI&KeyUT=WOS:000341512100016&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL" target="_blank">72</a> </span> <span class="artmet-text">Web of Science</span> </div> </div> <div class="artmet-item artmet-altmetric js-show-if-unknown"> <div class="widget-title-2 artmet-widget-title-2">Altmetrics</div> <div class="artmet-badges-wrap js-artmet-badges"> <div class="widget widget-AltmetricLink widget-instance-ArticleLevelMetrics_AltmetricLinkDetails">  <div id="altmetricEmbedId" runat="server" class='altmetric-embed' data-badge-type="donut" data-hide-no-mentions="false" data-doi="10.5665/sleep.3936" data-badge-details = "right" ></div> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://d1bxh8uas1mnw7.cloudfront.net/assets/embed.js'></script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a class="artmet-close-modal js-artmet-close-modal">×</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget widget-Alerts widget-instance-Article_RightRailB0Article_RightRail_Alerts"> <div class="alertsWidget"> <h3>Email alerts</h3> <div class="userAlert alertType-1"> <a href="javascript:;" class="js-user-alert" role="button" data-userLoggedIn="False" data-alertType="1" href="javascript:;">Article activity alert</a> </div> <div class="userAlert alertType-3"> <a href="javascript:;" class="js-user-alert" role="button" data-userLoggedIn="False" data-alertType="3" href="javascript:;">Advance article alerts</a> </div> <div class="userAlert alertType-5"> <a href="javascript:;" class="js-user-alert" role="button" data-userLoggedIn="False" data-alertType="5" href="javascript:;">New issue alert</a> </div> <div class="userAlert alertType-33"> <a href="javascript:;" class="js-user-alert" role="button" data-userLoggedIn="False" data-alertType="33" href="javascript:;">Subject alert</a> </div> <div class="userAlert alertType-MarketingLink"> <a href="javascript:;" class="js-user-alert" role="button" data-userLoggedIn="False" data-additionalUrl="/my-account/communication-preferences" href="javascript:;">Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic</a> </div> <div class="userAlertSignUpModal reveal-modal small" data-reveal> <div class="userAlertSignUp at-userAlertSignUp"></div> <a href="javascript:;" role="button" aria-label="Close" class="close-reveal-modal" href="javascript:;"> <i class="icon-general-close"></i> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget widget-TrendMD widget-instance-Article_RightRailB0trendmd"> <div id="trendmd-suggestions"></div> <div class="options" data-suppress-if-hum-is-present="True"></div> </div> <div class="widget widget-ArticleCitedBy widget-instance-Article_RightRailB0Article_RightRail_ArticleCitedBy"> <div class="rail-widget_wrap vt-articles-cited-by"> <h3 class="article-cited-title">Citing articles via</h3> <div class="widget-links_wrap"> <div class="article-cited-link-wrap web-of-science"> <a href="https://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=silverchair&SrcAuth=WosAPI&KeyUT=WOS:000341512100016&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL" target="_blank">Web of Science (72)</a> </div> <div class="article-cited-link-wrap google-scholar-url"> <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=link:https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fsleep%2Farticle%2F37%2F8%2F1383%2F2416928" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget widget-ArticleListNewAndPopular widget-instance-Article_RightRailB0Article_RightRail_ArticleNewPopularCombined"> <ul class="articleListNewAndPopularCombinedView"> <li> <h3> <a href="javascript:;" class="articleListNewAndPopular-mode active" data-mode="MostRecent">Latest</a> </h3> </li> <li> <h3> <a href="javascript:;" class="articleListNewAndPopular-mode " data-mode="MostRead">Most Read</a> </h3> </li> <li> <h3> <a href="javascript:;" class="articleListNewAndPopular-mode " data-mode="MostCited">Most Cited</a> </h3> </li> </ul> <section class="articleListNewPopContent articleListNewAndPopular-ContentView-MostRecent hasContent"> <div id="newPopularList-Article_RightRailB0Article_RightRail_ArticleNewPopularCombined" class="fb"> <div class="widget-layout widget-layout--vert "> <div class="widget-columns widget-col-1"> <div class="col"> <div class="widget-dynamic-entry journalArticleItem at-widget-entry-SCL"> <span class="hfDoi" data-attribute="10.1093/sleep/zsae275" aria-hidden="true"></span> <a class="journal-link" href="/sleep/advance-article/doi/10.1093/sleep/zsae275/7907787?searchresult=1"> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-title"> Tired and out of control? Effects of total and partial sleep deprivation on response inhibition under threat and no-threat conditions </div> </a> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-image-synopsis"> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-synopsis"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget-dynamic-entry journalArticleItem at-widget-entry-SCL"> <span class="hfDoi" data-attribute="10.1093/sleep/zsae274" aria-hidden="true"></span> <a class="journal-link" href="/sleep/advance-article/doi/10.1093/sleep/zsae274/7906736?searchresult=1"> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-title"> Inferring Causality: Mendelian Randomization in Biomarker Studies in Obstructive Sleep Apnea </div> </a> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-image-synopsis"> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-synopsis"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget-dynamic-entry journalArticleItem at-widget-entry-SCL"> <span class="hfDoi" data-attribute="10.1093/sleep/zsae269" aria-hidden="true"></span> <a class="journal-link" href="/sleep/advance-article/doi/10.1093/sleep/zsae269/7906553?searchresult=1"> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-title"> The association between hypoxic burden and the risk of cognitive impairment in patients with obstructive sleep apnea </div> </a> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-image-synopsis"> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-synopsis"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget-dynamic-entry journalArticleItem at-widget-entry-SCL"> <span class="hfDoi" data-attribute="10.1093/sleep/zsae272" aria-hidden="true"></span> <a class="journal-link" href="/sleep/advance-article/doi/10.1093/sleep/zsae272/7906247?searchresult=1"> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-title"> Talking to sleepwalkers? Response to communication efforts in Disorders of Arousals </div> </a> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-image-synopsis"> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-synopsis"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget-dynamic-entry journalArticleItem at-widget-entry-SCL"> <span class="hfDoi" data-attribute="10.1093/sleep/zsae271" aria-hidden="true"></span> <a class="journal-link" href="/sleep/advance-article/doi/10.1093/sleep/zsae271/7905472?searchresult=1"> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-title"> Association of OSA with Soluble Biomarkers of Lung and Vascular Injury: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis </div> </a> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-image-synopsis"> <div class="widget-dynamic-journal-synopsis"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </section> <section class="articleListNewPopContent articleListNewAndPopular-ContentView-MostRead hide"> </section> <section class="articleListNewPopContent articleListNewAndPopular-ContentView-MostCited hide"> </section> </div> <div class="widget widget-RelatedTaxonomies widget-instance-Article_RightRailB0Article_RightRail_RelatedTaxonomies"> <div class="widget-related-taxonomies-wrap vt-related-taxonomies"> <div class="widget-related-taxonomies_title">More from Oxford Academic</div> <div class="widget-related-taxonomies"> <a id="more-from-oa-AcademicSubjects_MED00160" class="related-taxonomies-link" href="/search-results?tax=AcademicSubjects/MED00160">Clinical Medicine</a> </div> <div class="widget-related-taxonomies"> <a id="more-from-oa-AcademicSubjects_MED00385" class="related-taxonomies-link" href="/search-results?tax=AcademicSubjects/MED00385">Clinical Neuroscience</a> </div> <div class="widget-related-taxonomies"> <a id="more-from-oa-AcademicSubjects_MED00010" class="related-taxonomies-link" href="/search-results?tax=AcademicSubjects/MED00010">Medicine and Health</a> </div> <div class="widget-related-taxonomies"> <a id="more-from-oa-AcademicSubjects_SCI01870" class="related-taxonomies-link" href="/search-results?tax=AcademicSubjects/SCI01870">Neuroscience</a> </div> <div class="widget-related-taxonomies"> <a id="more-from-oa-AcademicSubjects_SCI00010" class="related-taxonomies-link" href="/search-results?tax=AcademicSubjects/SCI00010">Science and Mathematics</a> </div> <div class="widget-related-taxonomies"> <a id="more-from-oa-AcademicSubjects_MED00370" class="related-taxonomies-link" href="/search-results?tax=AcademicSubjects/MED00370">Sleep Medicine</a> </div> <div class="widget-related-taxonomies"> <a id="more-from-oa-format-Books" class="related-taxonomies-link" href="/books">Books</a> </div> <div class="widget-related-taxonomies"> <a id="more-from-oa-format-Journals" class="related-taxonomies-link" href="/journals">Journals</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget widget-JobTarget widget-instance-Article_RightRailB0Article_RightRail_JobTarget"> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="header"> <h3> <a href="http://medicine-and-health-careernetwork.oxfordjournals.org/jobseeker/search/results/">Looking for your next opportunity?</a> </h3> </div> <div id="jobs" class="jobs-list"> <div class="job"> <div class="job-position"><a href="https://Medicine-and-health-careernetwork.oxfordjournals.org/job/quality-assurance-specialist-core-laboratory/75926341/20102/">Quality Assurance Specialist-Core Laboratory</a></div> <div class="job-location"> Baltimore, Maryland </div> </div> <div class="job"> <div class="job-position"><a href="https://Medicine-and-health-careernetwork.oxfordjournals.org/job/postdoctoral-fellowship/75778822/20102/">POSTDOCTORAL FELLOWSHIP</a></div> <div class="job-location"> Houston, Texas </div> </div> <div class="job"> <div class="job-position"><a href="https://Medicine-and-health-careernetwork.oxfordjournals.org/job/academic-gastroenterologist-3-309-1197/72105638/20102/">Academic Gastroenterologist (3-309-1197)</a></div> <div class="job-location"> Baltimore, Maryland </div> </div> <div class="job"> <div class="job-position"><a href="https://Medicine-and-health-careernetwork.oxfordjournals.org/job/transplant-infectious-diseases-specialist/72259950/20102/">Transplant Infectious Diseases Specialist</a></div> <div class="job-location"> Long Island, New York </div> </div> </div> <div class="all-jobs"><a href="http://medicine-and-health-careernetwork.oxfordjournals.org/jobseeker/search/results/">View all jobs</a></div> <div class="sponsor-and-jobnetwork-links"> <div class="job-sponsor"><a href="http://global.oup.com/"><img src="https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/data/Multimedia/oup-logo.svg" alt="Oxford University Press"/></a></div> <div class="job-network"><a href="http://globaljobs-careernetwork.oxfordjournals.org/home/index.cfm?site_id=20101"><img src="https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/data/Multimedia/journals-careers-network.svg" alt="Journals Career Network"/></a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget widget-AdBlock widget-instance-ArticlePageTopMainBodyBottom"> <div class="js-adBlock-parent-wrap adblock-parent-wrap"> <div class="adBlockMainBodyBottom-wrap js-adBlockMainBodyBottom hide"> <div id="adBlockMainBodyBottom" class="js-adblock at-adblock js-adblock-lazy-loading" data-lazy-load-margin="150"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('adBlockMainBodyBottom'); }); </script> </div> <div class="advertisement-text at-adblock js-adblock-advertisement-text hide">Advertisement</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <input id="hfArticleTitle" name="hfArticleTitle" type="hidden" value="Evaluation of a Piezoelectric System as an Alternative to Electroencephalogram/ Electromyogram Recordings in Mouse Sleep Studies | SLEEP | Oxford Academic" /> <input id="hfLeftNavStickyOffset" name="hfLeftNavStickyOffset" type="hidden" value="29" /> </div> </section> </div> <div class="mobile-mask"> </div> <section class="footer_wrap vt-site-footer"> <div class="ad-banner-footer sticky-footer-ad js-sticky-footer-ad"> <div class="widget widget-AdBlock widget-instance-StickyFooterAd"> <div class="js-adBlock-parent-wrap adblock-parent-wrap"> <div class="adBlockStickyFooter-wrap js-adBlockStickyFooter hide"> <div id="adBlockStickyFooter" class="js-adblock at-adblock" data-lazy-load-margin="150"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('adBlockStickyFooter'); }); </script> </div> <div class="advertisement-text at-adblock js-adblock-advertisement-text hide">Advertisement</div> <button type="button" class="close-footer-ad js-close-footer-ad"> <span class="screenreader-text">close advertisement</span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget widget-SitePageFooter widget-instance-SitePageFooter"> <div class="ad-banner ad-banner-footer"> <div class="widget widget-AdBlock widget-instance-FooterAd"> <div class="js-adBlock-parent-wrap adblock-parent-wrap"> <div class="adBlockFooter-wrap js-adBlockFooter hide"> <div id="adBlockFooter" class="js-adblock at-adblock js-adblock-lazy-loading" data-lazy-load-margin="150"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('adBlockFooter'); }); </script> </div> <div class="advertisement-text at-adblock js-adblock-advertisement-text hide">Advertisement</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="journal-footer journal-bg"> <div class="center-inner-row"> <div class="journal-footer-menu"> <ul> <li class="link-1"> <a href="/sleep/pages/About">About SLEEP</a> </li> <li class="link-2"> <a href="/sleep/pages/Editorial_Board">Editorial Board</a> </li> <li class="link-3"> <a href="/sleep/pages/General_Instructions">Author Guidelines</a> </li> <li class="link-4"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sleepresearchsociety/">Facebook</a> </li> <li class="link-5"> <a href="https://twitter.com/researchsleep">X (formerly Twitter)</a> </li> </ul><ul><li class="link-1"> <a href="https://sleepresearchsociety.org/about/contact-us">Contact Us</a> </li> <li class="link-2"> <a href="/sleep/subscribe">Purchase</a> </li> <li class="link-3"> <a href="http://www.oxfordjournals.org/en/library-recommendation-form.html">Recommend to Your Librarian</a> </li> <li class="link-4"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/advertising-and-corporate-services/pages/sleep-media-kit">Advertising and Corporate Services</a> </li> <li class="link-5"> <a href="https://medicine-and-health-careernetwork.oxfordjournals.org/jobseeker/search/results/?max=25&t732=589993&msessid=G03Mq">Journals Career Network</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="journal-footer-affiliations">  <a href="http://academic.oup.com/sleep" target=""> <img id="footer-logo-SLEEP" class="journal-footer-affiliations-logo" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/data/SiteBuilderAssets/Live/Images/sleep/sleep_f12040448276.svg" alt="SLEEP" /> </a> </div> <div class="journal-footer-colophon"> <ul> <li>Online ISSN 1550-9109</li> <li>Print ISSN 0161-8105</li> <li>Copyright © 2024 Sleep Research Society</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="oup-footer"> <div class="center-inner-row"> <div class="widget widget-SelfServeContent widget-instance-OupUmbrellaFooterSelfServe"> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeContentId" value="GlobalFooter_Links" /> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeVersionId" value="0" /> <div class="oup-footer-row journal-links"> <div class="global-footer selfservelinks"> <ul> <li><a href="/pages/about-oxford-academic">About Oxford Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/about-oxford-academic/publish-journals-with-us">Publish journals with us</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/about-oxford-academic/our-university-press-partners">University press partners</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/what-we-publish">What we publish</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/new-features">New features</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="global-footer selfservelinks"> <ul> <li><a href="/pages/authoring">Authoring</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/open-research/open-access">Open access</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/purchasing">Purchasing</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/institutional-account-management">Institutional account management</a></li> <li><a href="https://academic.oup.com/pages/purchasing/rights-and-permissions">Rights and permissions</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="global-footer selfservelinks"> <ul> <li><a href="/pages/get-help-with-access">Get help with access</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/about-oxford-academic/accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/contact-us">Contact us</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/media-enquiries">Media enquiries</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="global-footer selfservelinks global-footer-external"> <ul> <li><a href="https://global.oup.com/">Oxford University Press</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.mynewsdesk.com/uk/oxford-university-press">News</a></li> <li><a href="https://languages.oup.com/">Oxford Languages</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/">University of Oxford</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="OUP-mission"> <p>Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide</p> <img class="journal-footer-logo" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/umbrella/oup-logo.svg" alt="Oxford University Press" width="150" height="42" /> </div> </div> <div class="oup-footer-row"> <div class="oup-footer-row-links"> <ul> <li>Copyright © 2024 Oxford University Press</li> <li><button id="Change-Preferences" type="button" onclick="window.top.document.dispatchEvent(new Event('changeConsent'))">Cookie settings</button></li> <li><a href="https://global.oup.com/cookiepolicy">Cookie policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://global.oup.com/privacy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/legal-and-policy/legal-notice">Legal notice</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <style type="text/css"> /* Issue right column fix for tablet/mobile */ @media (max-width: 1200px) { .pg_issue .widget-instance-OUP_Issue { width: 100%; } } .sf-facet-list .sf-facet label, .sf-facet-list .taxonomy-label-wrap label { font-size: 0.9375rem; } .issue-pagination-wrap .pagination-container { float: right; } </style> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ss-ui-only"> </div> </section> </div> <div class="widget widget-SiteWideModals widget-instance-SiteWideModals"> <div id="revealModal" class="reveal-modal" data-reveal> <div id="revealContent"></div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" href="javascript:;"><i class="icon-general-close"></i><span class="screenreader-text">Close</span></a> </div> <div id="globalModalContainer" class="modal-global-container"> <div id="globalModalContent"> <div class="js-globalModalPlaceholder"></div> </div> <a class="close-modal js-close-modal" href="javascript:;"><i class="icon-general-close"><span class="screenreader-text">Close</span></i></a> </div> <div id="globalModalOverlay" class="modal-overlay js-modal-overlay"></div> <div id="NeedSubscription" class="reveal-modal small" data-reveal> <div class="subscription-needed"> <h5>This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only</h5> <p><a href="/sign-in">Sign In</a> or <a href="/my-account/register?siteId=5573&returnUrl=%2fsleep%2farticle-abstract%2f37%2f8%2f1383%2f2416928%3fredirectedFrom%3dfulltext">Create an Account</a></p> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" href="javascript:;"><i class="icon-general-close"></i><span class="screenreader-text">Close</span></a> </div> <div id="noAccessReveal" class="reveal-modal tiny" data-reveal> <p>This PDF is available to Subscribers Only</p> <a class="hide-for-article-page" id="articleLinkToPurchase" data-reveal><span>View Article Abstract & Purchase Options</span></a> <div class="issue-purchase-modal"> <p>For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.</p> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" href="javascript:;"><i class="icon-general-close"></i><span class="screenreader-text">Close</span></a> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> MathJax = { tex: { inlineMath: [['|$', '$|'], ['\$', '\$']] } }; </script> <script id="MathJax-script" async src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/tex-mml-chtml.js"></script>   <script> var NTPT_PGEXTRA = 'event_type=Login-full-text\u0026discipline_ot_level_1=Basic Science\u0026supplier_tag=SC_Journals\u0026object_type=Article\u0026taxonomy=taxId%3a50%7ctaxLabel%3asleep%7cnodeId%3a12%7cnodeLabel%3aBasic+Science%7cnodeLevel%3a1%3btaxId%3a39%7ctaxLabel%3aAcademicSubjects%7cnodeId%3aMED00370%7cnodeLabel%3aSleep+Medicine%7cnodeLevel%3a3%3btaxId%3a39%7ctaxLabel%3aAcademicSubjects%7cnodeId%3aMED00385%7cnodeLabel%3aClinical+Neuroscience%7cnodeLevel%3a2%3btaxId%3a39%7ctaxLabel%3aAcademicSubjects%7cnodeId%3aSCI01870%7cnodeLabel%3aNeuroscience%7cnodeLevel%3a2\u0026siteid=sleep\u0026authzrequired=true\u0026turnaway_id=SUB_NONE\u0026doi=10.5665/sleep.3936'; </script>  <script type="text/javascript" src="//ouptag.scholarlyiq.com/ntpagetag.js" class="optanon-category-C0002"></script> <noscript> <img src="//ouptag.scholarlyiq.com/ntpagetag.gif?js=0" height="1" width="1" border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" alt="Scholarly IQ" /> </noscript> <script type="text/javascript" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/Themes/Client/app/jsdist/v-638669719712896271/site.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/chartist.js/latest/chartist.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/Themes/Client/app/jsdist/v-638669719629345371/article-page.min.js"></script> <div class="ad-banner js-ad-riser ad-banner-riser"> <div class="widget widget-AdBlock widget-instance-RiserAd"> </div> </div> <script src="//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/scm.proxylogging.js"></script> <div class="end-of-page-js"></div> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Evaluation of a Piezoelectric System as an Alternative to Electroencephalogram/ Electromyogram Recordings in Mouse Sleep Studies | SLEEP | Oxford Academic