Texts

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Lowe, CLA 8 1113, Rosetta Stone, ...' autofocus> <a id="publication-i" class="info-link" href=#publication></a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="search-label">Editor(s):</td> <td class="search-input"> <input type="text" name="editor" placeholder='e.g. Willy Clarysse, Bagnall, Maehler, ...'> <a id="editor-i" class="info-link" href="#editor"></a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="search-label">Edition date:</td> <td class="search-input"> <input type="text" name="publ_date" placeholder='e.g. 1990-2000, 1955, from 1934 onwards, ...'> <a id="publ_date-i" class="info-link" href="#publ_date"></a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="search-label">Inventory:</td> <td class="search-input"> <input type="text" name="inventory" placeholder='e.g. Ann Arbor P. 1202; Louvre; BM EA 33127; ..., ...'> <a id="inventory-i" class="info-link" href="#inventory"></a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="search-label">Material:</td> <td class="search-input"> <input type="text" name="material" placeholder='e.g. papyrus, ostracon, ivory, sarcophagus...'> <a id="material-i" class="info-link" href="#material"></a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="search-label">Language (/ script):</td> <td class="search-input"> <input type="text" name="language" placeholder='e.g. Greek, Demotic, hieratic, Fayumic, ...'> <a id="language-i" class="info-link" href="#language"></a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="search-label">Provenance:</td> <td class="search-input"> <input type="text" name="provenance" placeholder='e.g. Egypt, Oxyrhynchites, Edfu, Mainz, ...'> <a id="provenance-i" class="info-link" href="#provenance"></a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="search-label">Date:</td> <td class="search-input"> <input type="text" name="date" placeholder='e.g. BC03, AD02, 55 BC to 25 AD, Ptolemaic, ...'> <a id="date-i" class="info-link" href="#date"></a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="search-label">Reuse:</td> <td class="search-input"> <input type="text" name="reuse" placeholder='e.g. palimpsest old, reuse of blank space of, ...'> <a id="reuse-i" class="info-link" href="#reuse"></a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="search-label">Ancient Author & Work:</td> <td class="search-input"> <input type="text" name="anc_author" placeholder='e.g. Homer, Augustinus, Old Testament, ...'> <a id="author-i" class="info-link" href="#author"></a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="search-label">Type:</td> <td class="search-input"> <input type="text" name="type" placeholder='e.g. contract, mummy label, list, ...'> <a id="purpose-i" class="info-link" href="#type"></a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="search-label">(Ancient) Archive:</td> <td class="search-input"> <input type="text" name="archive" placeholder='e.g. Zenon, Heroninus, ...'> <a id="archive-i" class="info-link" href="#archive"></a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><button>Search</button></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </form> </div>  <div id="ldab-search-info" class="flex-items"> <div id="publication" class="tab-panel"> E.g. BGU 3 802; P. Dryton 5; SB 22 15416; I. Fayoum 1 98; ... Click <a href="index_specific.php">here</a> for a complete alphabetical list of abbreviations. While we try to provide as many editions of the text as we can, the depth of Trismegistos' information varies quite a lot according to the genre of text and its language. For Greek and Latin inscriptions and papyri, we try to cover all editions used to identify the texts. For Demotic our coverage is also almost exhaustive, but for other languages we sometimes suffice with a link to a more specialized website. If you have doubts about abbreviation or title, you can try to the surname of the editor in the editor search field. The name of the editor is known to TM in about 95% of all editions. As a last resort, you can go through the (non-exhaustive!) <a href="/genbib/search.php">TM Bibliography</a> which in some cases has links to texts published in that reference. </div>  <div id="editor" class="tab-panel"> The name of the editor of the text. We use surname followed by a comma and first name, but other combinations may also work. Editors in Trismegistos: <div id="listEditor"> <div class="flex-end"></div> </div> If editors are at the core of your interest, visit <a href="/edit">TM Editors</a>. </div>  <div id="publ_date" class="tab-panel"> The year of an edition. A search for 1972 will find all texts edited in 1972, although very likely this will not be their only edition. Ranges are also possible, e.g. 1914-1918 for texts edited in the WWI. If you are searching for editions from a specific year or range (rather than for texts), your better option is <a href="/tm/index_specific.php?list_editions_discipline=LDAB&list_editions=1&list_editions_country=&list_editions_language=&list_editions_from=2017&list_editions_to=2020">here</a>. Keep in mind that we have most papyrological editions and those dealing with Demotic, but only a selection of most other categories. </div>  <div id="inventory" class="tab-panel"> The place where the text is (or has been) preserved. We normally use the English name of the city followed by a comma and the local name of the collection. You may also just use the placename and a number if you looking for a specific text, e.g. Paris 10594. Below is a list of our collections: <div id="listInventory"> <div class="flex-end"> </div> </div> If collections are at the core of your interest, visit <a href="/coll">TM Collections</a>. </div>  <div id="search-info-default" class="tab-panel active"> Click on an info button to the right of a search field for more information about its contents. If you want to exclude texts according to criteria, please use 'NOT' (in capitals) before the search term, e.g. 'ostracon NOT pottery' to search for ostraca that are not written on pottery. If you want to search for multiple criteria, please use 'OR' (in capitals) to separate criteria, e.g. 'gold OR silver' to search for texts written on gold or silver. Use the <a href="../ldab/index.php">LDAB</a> search mask with more criteria if your interest is in literary texts. Always write your searchterm in full, as if you were using Google. </div>  <div id="material" class="tab-panel"> The material on which the text is written (limestone, papyrus, wood, ...) or the shape of the object on which the texts is written (stele, ring, ostracon, ...). These two types of material can be combined in a single search, e.g. 'lead tablet'. Below is a list of raw materials: <div id="listMaterial1"> <div class="flex-end"> bone bone (animal unclear, horn?) bone (animal unclear, horn) bone (antler) bone (boar) bone (camel) bone (cow) bone (deer, horn) bone (fallow deer, horn) bone (goat?) bone (human, rib) bone / metal (gold) bone or metal (bronze) bone? clay clay (argil) clay (mud) clay (mudbrick) clay? cloth cloth (cotton) cloth (linen, embroidered) cloth (linen) cloth? (linen) faience faience / metal (bronze) faience / metal (gold) faience / stone (calcite) faience / stone (limestone) faience / stone (steatite?) faience / stone (steatite) faience? glass glass (frit) glass (paste) glass (red) glass / metal (gold) glass / metal (lead) glass? ivory ivory / bone ivory? metal metal (brass) metal (bronze or copper) metal (bronze?) metal (bronze) metal (copper oxide) metal (copper) metal (electrum) metal (gold or silver) metal (gold, leaf) metal (gold) metal (iron) metal (lead?) metal (lead) metal (messing) metal (ore) metal (pewter) metal (silver?) metal (silver) metal (tin) metal (zinc) metal / stone (limestone) metal? metal? (orichalcum) paper paper (rag paper) paper? papyrus papyrus (double thickness) papyrus / paper (repair) papyrus / parchment papyrus? parchment parchment (from book binding) parchment (gold letters) parchment (leather, calf) parchment (leather, crocodile) parchment (leather, sheep) parchment (leather?) parchment (leather) parchment (partly purpureus) parchment (purpureus aureus) parchment (purpureus) parchment / paper (some pages) parchment? plaster plaster (cartonnage) plaster (gypsum) plaster (painted) plaster (stucco) plaster (tectorium) plaster / clay / cloth (linen) plaster / stone (limestone) plaster? plaster? (cartonnage) plaster? (tectorium) pottery pottery (black figure) pottery (black slip) pottery (bucchero, black) pottery (bucchero) pottery (ceramic) pottery (coarse ware) pottery (red slip) pottery (red-figure) pottery (terra sigillata) pottery (terracotta) pottery (white slip) pottery or stone pottery or stone (limestone) pottery? pottery? or stone (limestone?) stone stone (agate?) stone (agate) stone (alabaster) stone (albite) stone (amber) stone (amethyst) stone (amphibolite) stone (andesite) stone (aplite) stone (arkose) stone (asfalt) stone (banded-agate) stone (basalt or diorite) stone (basalt, green) stone (basalt?) stone (basalt) stone (basanite) stone (besimaudite) stone (black) stone (bloodstone) stone (breccia, green) stone (breccia, grey) stone (breccia?) stone (breccia) stone (brick) stone (bucchero) stone (calcite) stone (carnelian) stone (carneole) stone (carniole) stone (cement, opus arenatum) stone (chalcedony, green) stone (chalcedony) stone (chalk) stone (chrysoprase?) stone (chrysoprase) stone (clay-slate) stone (conglomerate) stone (coral) stone (cornelian) stone (crystal) stone (diabase) stone (diorite or siliceous stone) stone (diorite, black) stone (diorite) stone (dolerite) stone (dolomite) stone (feldspar) stone (flint) stone (gabbro) stone (gem) stone (gneiss, serizzo) stone (gneiss) stone (granite, Baveno) stone (granite, black) stone (granite, dark) stone (granite, grey) stone (granite, pink) stone (granite, red) stone (granite, white) stone (granite?) stone (granite) stone (granitoid) stone (granodiorite or diorite) stone (granodiorite) stone (greywacke or schist) stone (greywacke) stone (grit) stone (gritstone) stone (gypsum) stone (haematite) stone (hard green stone) stone (hard white stone) stone (hard yellow-orange stone) stone (heliotrope) stone (hematite) stone (jasper) stone (jaspis) stone (jet) stone (kurkar) stone (lapis albanus) stone (lapis lazuli) stone (lava) stone (leucitite) stone (lime clay) stone (limestone or chalk) stone (limestone or gypsum plaster?) stone (limestone, hard crystalline) stone (limestone, Istrian stone) stone (limestone, Muschelkalk) stone (limestone?) stone (limestone) stone (Lybian stone) stone (macco?) stone (macco) stone (magmatic) stone (magnetite) stone (marble or mosaic) stone (marble, African) stone (marble, Angera) stone (marble, bardiglio) stone (marble, black) stone (marble, blue) stone (marble, Candoglia) stone (marble, Carrara) stone (marble, Castracane) stone (marble, Chium) stone (marble, Cipollino) stone (marble, Grechetto) stone (marble, Greek) stone (marble, green) stone (marble, grey, bardiglio) stone (marble, grey) stone (marble, Hymettian) stone (marble, Italian) stone (marble, Luni) stone (marble, Marmara) stone (marble, Musso) stone (marble, Naxos) stone (marble, Numidian) stone (marble, oriental) stone (marble, palombino) stone (marble, Parian?) stone (marble, Pavonazzo) stone (marble, Pentelican) stone (marble, pink) stone (marble, porta santa) stone (marble, Proconnesian) stone (marble, red) stone (marble, shell) stone (marble, Thasos) stone (marble, Veronese, red) stone (marble, versicolour) stone (marble, white, Luni) stone (marble, white) stone (marble, yellow) stone (marble?) stone (marble) stone (marl) stone (mica) stone (millstone grit) stone (molasse) stone (mosaic?) stone (mosaic) stone (mudstone) stone (nepheline) stone (nicolo) stone (obsidian) stone (onyx) stone (oolite) stone (opale) stone (pebble) stone (peperino) stone (plasma) stone (plaster) stone (poros) stone (porphyric marble) stone (porphyric tuff) stone (porphyric) stone (porphyry, red) stone (porphyry) stone (prase) stone (pyrite) stone (pyroclastic rock) stone (quarry-stone) stone (quartz) stone (quartzite) stone (rock?) stone (rock) stone (sand mortar, arenatum?) stone (sand mortar, arenatum) stone (sandstone or quartzite) stone (sandstone, arkose) stone (sandstone, gritstone) stone (sandstone, pietra serena) stone (sandstone, red) stone (sandstone, yellow) stone (sandstone?, red) stone (sandstone?) stone (sandstone) stone (sard) stone (sardius) stone (sardonyx) stone (schist) stone (semiprecious) stone (serpentine, green) stone (serpentine) stone (serpentinite) stone (shale) stone (shell, egg) stone (shell) stone (shinstone) stone (silex) stone (siltstone) stone (slate or schist) stone (slate, black) stone (slate, green) stone (slate?) stone (slate) stone (soapstone) stone (soft-stone) stone (steatite or serpentine) stone (steatite) stone (sulphur) stone (syenite) stone (tafl) stone (tesserae) stone (Tiburtinus) stone (tonalite) stone (trachyte) stone (travertine?) stone (travertine) stone (tuff, Alban stone) stone (tuff, Gabine stone) stone (tuff, nenfro) stone (tuff, peperino) stone (tuff?, Alban stone) stone (tuff?, nenfro) stone (tuff?) stone (tuff) stone (vicentine) stone (volcanic, 'domite') stone (volcanic?) stone (volcanic) stone / plaster stone / wood stone? stone? (marble) wood wood (acacia bark) wood (acacia) wood (bamboo) wood (bark) wood (birch) wood (cedar) wood (fig) wood (glass) wood (larch) wood (oak) wood (olive) wood (painted white) wood (palm branch or papyrus bark) wood (palm branch) wood (palm leaf) wood (plant remains) wood (reed) wood (silicified) wood (silver fir) wood (sycamore) wood (sycomore) wood (tamarisk) wood (whitewashed) wood (yew) wood / cartonnage wood / plaster wood / plaster (stucco) wood? </div> </div> For an overview of the main categories with charts, visit <a href="/mat">TM Material</a>. It is also possible to search for the type of object on which a text is written. This information is far from standardized, as the list list below with all current entries shows: <div id="listMaterial"> <div class="flex-end"></div> </div> The information is occasionally still in the original language of the database with we cooperated with to get the information. </div>  <div id="language" class="tab-panel"> The language in which a text was written. For Egyptian the names of the various scripts are used: hieroglyphic, hieratic, Demotic, Coptic. Dialects of Coptic are normally also specified. You can also search for "bilingual" texts in general, or just search for a combination of two languages, e.g. "Demotic Greek". The standard boolean operator is 'AND', but you can add ' OR ' (in capitals) A list of attested languages and combinations: <div id="listLanguages"> <div class="flex-end"> </div> </div> For an overview of languages in TM, visit <a href="/lang">TM Languages</a>. Very soon you will also be able to search for texts in specific scripts (other than Egyptian, where you always have to search for the script for the time being). Here is an overview: <div id="listScripts"> <div class="flex-end"> Arabic script Aramaic script Aramaic-Palestinian script Armenian script Brahmi script Camunic script Coptic script cuneiform script demotic script East Turkic Runic script Elder Futhark (Runic) script Futhorc (Runic) script Etruscan script Faliscan script Greek script Hebrew script hieratic script Latin script Linear B script Nocera script North Etruscan script North Italic script Ogham script Oscan script Hebrew script Runic script Sabine script South Picene script Umbrian script unclear script unidentified script unknown script </div> </div> If your interest is in unusual combinations of language and script in general, you can also search for 'allographic' and get a list of examples. If you are looking for a specific subset, e.g. the Graeco-Babyloniaca, combine this with a search for language and script, in this case 'Akkadian Greek script allographic' (without adding the 'allographic' bilingual texts are also included). </div>  <div id="provenance" class="tab-panel"> The place where a text was found or written. You can use modern countries, ancient regions and provinces (see lists below), or names of ancient or modern cities (no list available because too numerous, but we should have plenty of variants for each toponym). It is currently not possible to distinguish place of writing from find place in searches. Egyptian nomes (and regions outside the nome system; roughly 3rd cent. BC): <div id="listProv1"> <div class="flex-end"> Alexandria Egypt, Arsinoite nome (Fayum) Egypt, Arsinoite nome (Fayum), meris of Herakleides Egypt, Arsinoite nome (Fayum), meris of Themistos Egypt, Arsinoite nome (Fayum), meris of Polemon Egypt, Arsinoite nome (Fayum), city area of Arsinoe Eastern desert Lower Egypt (L) 1st Lower Egyptian nome, Memphites (Memphis) 2nd Lower Egyptian nome, Letopolites (Ausim) 3rd Lower Egyptian nome, Gynaikopolites (Kom el-Hisn, Damanhur) 4th Lower Egyptian nome, Prosopites 5th Lower Egyptian nome, Saites (Sa el-Hagar) 6th Lower Egyptian nome, Xoites (Sakha) 7th Lower Egyptian nome, Menelaites 8th Lower Egyptian nome, Heroopolites (Tell el-Maskhuta) 9th Lower Egyptian nome, Bousirites (Abusir) 10th Lower Egyptian nome, Athribites (Tell Athrib) 11th Lower Egyptian nome, Leontopolites (Tell el-Muqdam) 12th Lower Egyptian nome, Sebennytes (Samanud) 13th Lower Egyptian nome, Heliopolites (Tell Hisn) 14th Lower Egyptian nome, Sethroites 16th Lower Egyptian nome, Mendesios (Tell el-Rub'a) 18th Lower Egyptian nome, Boubastites (Tell Basta) 19th Lower Egyptian nome, Tanites (San el-Hagar) 20th Lower Egyptian nome, Arabia (Faqus) 21st Lower Egyptian nome, Phthemphouth Northern Sinai Sinai Upper Egypt (U) 1st Upper Egyptian nome (Elephantine, Kom Ombo) 2nd Upper Egyptian nome, Apollonopolites (Edfu) 3rd Upper Egyptian nome, Latopolites (Esna, Kom el-Ahmar) 4th Upper Egyptian nome, Pathyrites (Gebelein) 4th Upper Egyptian nome, Peri Thebas (Theban area) 5th Upper Egyptian nome, Koptites (Qift) 6th Upper Egyptian nome, Tentyrites (Dendera) 7th Upper Egyptian nome, Diospolites Mikros (Hou) 8th Upper Egyptian nome, Thinites (Abydos, Girga) 9th Upper Egyptian nome, Panopolites (Akhmim) 10th Upper Egyptian nome, Antaiopolites (Qaw el-Kebir) 10th Upper Egyptian nome, Apollonopolites (Kom Isfaht) 12th Upper Egyptian nome (El-Atawla) 13th Upper Egyptian nome, Lykopolites (Assiut) 15th Upper Egyptian nome, Hermopolites (El-Ashmunein) 17th Upper Egyptian nome, Kynopolites (El-Qeis) 19th Upper Egyptian nome, Oxyrynchites (El-Bahnasa) 20th Upper Egyptian nome, Herakleopolites (Inhnasya el-Medina) 22nd Upper Egyptian nome, Aphroditopolites (Atfih) Western coast Western desert Western desert, Ammoniake Western desert, Oasis Magna Western desert, Oasis Parva </div> </div> Roman regiones and provinciae (2nd century AD). <div id="listProv2"> <div class="flex-end"> the regio Roma Latium et Campania (Regio I) Apulia et Calabria (Regio II) Bruttium et Lucania (Regio III) Samnium (Regio IV) Picenum (Regio V) Umbria (Regio VI) Etruria (Regio VII) Aemilia (Regio VIII) Liguria (Regio IX) Venetia et Histria (Regio X) Transpadana (Regio XI) * * * the provincia Achaia the provincia Aegyptus the provincia Africa Proconsularis the provincia Alpes Cottiae the provincia Alpes Graiae the provincia Alpes Maritimae the provincia Alpes Poeninae the provincia Aquitania the provincia Arabia the provincia Armenia the provincia Asia the provincia Baetica the provincia Belgica the provincia Bithynia et Pontus the provincia Britannia the provincia Cappadocia the provincia Cilicia the provincia Corsica the provincia Creta the provincia Cyprus the provincia Cyrenaica the provincia Dacia the provincia Dalmatia the provincia Epirus the provincia Galatia the provincia Germania Inferior the provincia Germania Superior the provincia Hispania Citerior the provincia Iudaea the provincia Lugdunensis the provincia Lusitania the provincia Lycia et Pamphylia the provincia Macedonia the provincia Mauretania Caesariensis the provincia Mauretania Tingitana the provincia Mesopotamia the provincia Moesia Inferior the provincia Moesia Superior the provincia Narbonensis the provincia Noricum the provincia Numidia the provincia Pannonia Inferior the provincia Pannonia Superior the provincia Raetia the provincia Sardinia the provincia Sicilia, Melita the provincia Syria the provincia Thracia </div> </div> Ancient regions (3rd century BC): <div id="listProv3"> <div class="flex-end"> the region Acarnania the region Achaia the region Achaia Phthiotis the region Aemilia the region Aeolis the region Aethiopia the region Aetolia the region Africa the region Ainis the region Albania the region Apulia the region Arabia the region Arachosia the region Arcadia the region Argolis the region Armenia the region Attica the region Bactria the region Bithynia the region Boeotia the region Bosporus Cimmerius the region Britannia the region Bruttium the region Calabria the region Campania the region Cappadocia the region Caria the region Cataonia the region Caucasus the region Cilicia the region Corsica the region Creta the region Cyclades the region Cyrenaica the region Dacia the region Elam the region Elis the region Epirus the region Etruria the region Euboea the region Galatia the region Gallia the region Gedrosia the region Germania the region Hibernia the region Hispania the region Histria the region Hyrcania the region Iberia the region Illyricum the region India the region Ionia the region Isauria the region Isthmos the region Italia the region Kolchis the region Kommagene the region Laconia the region Latium the region Lemnos the region Lesbos the region Liguria the region Locris the region Lucania the region Lycaonia the region Lycia the region Lydia the region Macedonia the region Malis the region Malta the region Margiana the region Marmarica the region Mauretania the region Media the region Mesopotamia the region Messenia the region Moesia the region Mysia the region Noricum the region Numidia the region Paeonia the region Palestina the region Pamphylia the region Pannonia the region Paphlagonia the region Parthia the region Persis the region Phocis the region Phoenicia the region Phrygia the region Picenum the region Pisidia the region Pontus the region Raetia the region Rhodos the region Samnium the region Sardinia the region Sarmatia the region Scythia the region Sicilia the region Sogdiana the region Sporades the region Syria the region Thasos the region Thessalia the region Thracia the region Transpadana the region Troas the region Umbria the region Venetia </div> </div> Modern countries: <div id="listProv3"> <div class="flex-end"> the country Afghanistan the country Albania the country Algeria the country Armenia the country Austria the country Azerbaijan the country Bahrain the country Belgium the country Bosnia and Herzegovina the country Bulgaria the country China the country Congo the country Croatia the country Cyprus the country Czech Republic the country Denmark the country Djibouti the country Egypt the country Eritrea the country Ethiopia the country France the country Georgia the country Germany the country Greece the country Hungary the country Iceland the country India the country Iran the country Iraq the country Ireland the country Israel the country Italy the country Jordan the country Kenya the country Kuwait the country Kyrgyzstan the country Lebanon the country Libya the country Liechtenstein the country Luxemburg the country Malta the country Moldova the country Monaco the country Montenegro the country Morocco the country Mozambique the country Nepal the country Netherlands the country Norway the country Oman the country Pakistan the country Poland the country Portugal the country Qatar the country Republic of Macedonia the country Romania the country Russia the country Saudi Arabia the country Serbia the country Slovakia the country Slovenia the country Somalia the country South Sudan the country Spain the country Sudan the country Sweden the country Switzerland the country Syria the country Tajikistan the country Tanzania the country Tunisia the country Turkey the country Turkmenistan the country Ukraine the country United Arab Emirates the country United Kingdom the country United Kingdom (Guernsey) the country United Kingdom (Island of Man) the country United Kingdom (Jersey) the country Uzbekistan the country Vatican the country Yemen </div> </div> If your interest is in toponymy and places, please visit <a href="/geo">TM Places</a>. </div>  <div id="date" class="tab-panel"> In principle any dated expression, but in the LDAB most texts are only dated by century. You can use '1st century BC', 'early third century AD', the former LDAB standard 'AD04 - AD05', or even 'Ptolemaic period'. Do NOT try to convert centuries to their numeric equivalents yourself, e.g. by using anything like 101-126 for early second century or 1-100 for the first century. When a more precise date is known, you can enter it as '100 - 110 AD'. Other possibilities include 'reign of Augustus', 'early Ptolemaic', 'VI AD' (for the sixth century), 'Dyn. 26', '55 - 10 BC', ...' A list with working examples: <div id="listTime1"> <div class="flex-end"> CE 155 Mesore 2 Mesore 2 155 AD 2 Mesore 155 AD Mesore 155 AD BCE 155 Mesore BC 155 2 Mesore BC 15 15 CE 155 9 Nov 1 AD 9 Nov 1 => 1 November 9 AD 18/3/-167 22.03.167 12/15/782 9/11/99 => 9 November 99 AD Claudius year 2 year 2 Trajan year 12 of Tiberius Caligula Ptolemy V 2nd year of Augustus regnal year 2 of Emperor Augustus Augustus second year year 2 2nd year year 2 Mesore Mesore year 2 Tubi of year 5 Mecheir, Mechir, Mekheir, ... year 3 Tubi day 5 year 3, Tubi, day 5 year 12, day 30 of Mesore ḥsb.t 2.t ibd-3 Ꜣḫ.t sw 5 ḥsb.t 2.t ibd-3 Ꜣḫ.t sw 5 Ptolemaic period ỉbd 3 šmw ḥȝ.t-sp 7 II Shemou year 2 2nd century BC 2nd c. BC Mesore Tiberius January Tiberius 15 Jan Augustus 15 January Augustus Mesore Pharaoh Amasis Mesore 6th century CE early 2nd century beginning of the fifth century CE late 3rd c. BC end of the 2nd century BCE mid 3rd c. BC middle of the 3rd c. BC Thoth in the third century B.C. BC03 AD08 VI AD VI century AD year 2 3rd century AD 3rd century AD year 13 Tubi reign of Claudius Tubi rule of Augustus Tubi during the reign of Augustus Claudius Tubi Mesore 5 Ptolemaic period year 2 in the Flavian dynasty Dyn. 25 Mesore 4 Dyn. 25 Mesore 27th Dynasty 4 Mesore Twenty-seventh Dynasty 25th Dynasty early Ptolemaic year 4 early Ptolemaic Roman year 5 Roman period 5 Mesore early third cent. BC Mesore January Ptolemaic period Sunday January 4th century CE era Diocletian year 67 67th year of the era of Diocletian 67th year era Diocletian 67th year era Diocletianus Era of the Martyrs anno Diocletiani 56 anno martyrum 56 Indiction 5 5th Ind. year 5 of the indiction Indictio 1 second year of the Indiction 6th century 2nd Indiction Leonid Dynasty Created ranges: limited to ranges of modern or ancient years, NOT YET days, months, rulers, centuries, dynasties BC 95 - 91 15 - 7 BC CE 45 - 56 7 - 24 AD 15 to 10 BC from 15 until 10 BC 15 till 10 BC BC 95 - 91 Mesore Mesore BC 95 - 91 BC 95 - 91 Mesore 2 Caligula year 3 to 4 Claudius year 2-5 year 5 to 10 of the reign of Claudius year 2 to 3 of Caligula Augustus year 1-10 Mesore Mesore 2 reign of Augustus year 2 to 12 Do not yet work: consular dates early 26th Dyn. year 12 to 13 Mesore 4: the range itself has to be specific, not with several possibilities 5th to 6th century 5th to 6th century AD Mesore 7th to 2nd century BC Dynasty 25 - 27 25th to 27th Dynasty </div> </div> If your interest is in chronology, please visit <a href="/time">TM Time</a>. </div>  <div id="reuse" class="tab-panel"> Sometimes more than a single text occurs on a single object. According to our criteria, texts are part of the same document (and thus constitute a single entry in TM Texts) when they are intentionally related, i.e. when the scribe of a secondary text - whether or not the same person as the writer of the primary text - wanted this to be on the same object or writing surface because there was in his mind a connection with the contents of the primary text. For more details about our criteria to decide whether texts are part of the same record, click <a href="../about_identifiers.php">here</a>. We use the following terms: <div id="listReuse"><div class="flex-end"> </div></div> If two texts occur on the same writing surface, but are not intentionally related, the object or writing surface has been reused as 'old paper', 'old stone' or whatever the material used. This can be done in many different ways: one is to erase the primary text and to inscribe it with a new one. In that case the original, effaced text is a '<a href="../tm/list_reuse.php?reuse=palimpsest old">palimpsest old</a>', while the text that is written above it is a '<a href="../tm/list_reuse.php?reuse=palimpsest new">palimpsest new</a>'. Another possibility is that the blank side of an object, e.g. the verso of a papyrus or the back of a marble plate, is reused. In that case the primary text is marked as '<a href="../tm/list_reuse.php?reuse=blank side reused">blank side reused by</a>', the secondary as '<a href="../tm/list_reuse.php?reuse=reuse of blank side">reuse of blank side of</a>'. Finally, blank space can be reused. Examples of this are described as '<a href="../tm/list_reuse.php?reuse=blank space reused">blank space reused by</a>' or <a href="../tm/list_reuse.php?reuse=reuse of blank space">'reuse of blank space of</a>'. In Trismegistos, each text written on what was originally a separate object or writing surface constitutes an individual record. Sometimes, however, two or more documents (often papyri) were in a second stage joined for their users' convenience, often because their complementary contents. This type of connection is also recorded, as '<a href="../tm/list_reuse.php?reuse=codex">in the codex joined with</a>' for manuscripts bound together, or as '<a href="../tm/list_reuse.php?reuse=tomos">in the tomos synkollesimos joined with</a>' for texts made into a roll (click <a href="../arch/tomos.php">here</a> for more information). The history of reuse can at times be very complicated (for some complex cases, click <a href="../tm/list_reuse.php?reuse=complicated">here</a>). As a result if can be time-consuming to figure out the exact relation between various texts constituting a single document. In many cases therefore users will find the general '<a href="../tm/list_reuse.php?reuse=other text(s)">other texts on the same object</a>'. We would welcome your help in changing this into something more specific. Finally, please note that reuse has not been the focus of Trismegistos Texts so far, and no doubt many examples are not recorded by us. Because of the expansion of TM and collaboration with partners, we also have not monitored closely whether new entries are conform with what we consider to be a single document to be recorded. Please use the information to explore and illustrate only! </div>  <div id="author" class="tab-panel"> For authors we use the Latin form as standard, but also Greek forms (Homeros) or English equivalents (Homer) should work. For their works we again use Latin titles, although occasionally a transliteration of the Greek is used. Below is a list of works attested in the LDAB (for other literary works see <a href="../authors">TM Authors</a>), in the alphabetical order of their authors. Note that you can also search for the title only, e.g. Ilias. For searches for passages of authors, use the <a href="../ldab">LDAB</a> interface. <div id="listAuthorworks"> <div class="flex-end"> </div> </div> We are trying to implement English equivalents, but these will at this stage not always work. Abbreviations such as 'Aesch.' or 'Il.', however, should be well covered. It is also possible to search for Bible books, independent of the language in which they are written, e.g. 'Marcus', or for biblical texts in general ('Bible'). Quotes are dealt with very selectively, and if the work is a commentary on another work it is not specifically referenced as such, e.g. an entry for Epicurus has not been added for an attestation of the commentary on that philosopher by Philodemus. If your interest is specifically in quotes, you can finetune your searches on the <a href="../authors">TM Authors</a> detail page. </div>  <div id="archive" class="tab-panel"> The ancient collection of texts to which a papyrus or ostracon belongs, e.g. 'Zenon archive'. TM has information about the following archives: <div id="listArchives"> <div class="flex-end"> </div> </div> For an overview of archives in TM, visit <a href="/arch">TM Archives</a>. </div>  <div id="type" class="tab-panel"> This field was until recently marked with a ☠️️UNDER DEVELOPMENT. This is still true, and a search for the type of text is probably for experimentation purposes at best. The user should not expect results to be even remotely exhaustive, as the terminology is not standardized, not even within a single language and genre. The situation is probably best for Greek papyrology and for Demotic, but even there much work remains to be done. <div id="listTypes"> <div class="flex-end"> </div> </div> </div>  </div>  </div>  </div>  </div>    <footer> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="flex"> <section class="footer-col"> <a href="../about">About Trismegistos</a> </section> <section class="footer-col"> <a href="../about_how_to_cite.php">How to cite</a> </section> <section class="footer-col"> <a href="../terms-of-use.html">Terms & conditions</a> </section> <section class="footer-col"> Contact: <script language="JavaScript"> var username = "mark.depauw"; var hostname = "kuleuven.be"; var linktext = ""; document.write("<a class='social' href='" + "mail" + "to:" + username + "@" + hostname + "'>" + linktext + "</a>"); </script> <a class="social" href="http://www.facebook.com/TrismegistosTM" target="_blank"></a> <a class="social" href="https://bsky.app/profile/TrismegistosTM.bsky.social" target="_blank"><img id="bluesky-logo" src="/img/bluesky.png"/></a> </section> <section class="footer-col"> Last update: <div id='updateplaceholder'></div> </section> <script> var xmlhttp = new XMLHttpRequest(); xmlhttp.open("GET", '/lastupdate.txt', false); xmlhttp.send(); if (xmlhttp.status==200) { result = xmlhttp.responseText; document.getElementById('updateplaceholder').innerHTML = result; } </script> <section class="footer-col"> <img id="kul-logo" src="/img/KUL_logo.png"/> </section> <section id="cc-license" class="footer-col"> <a rel="license" target="blank" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-sa/4.0/88x31.png" /></a> </section> </div> </div>  </footer>  <div id='cookie_warning_box'> This site uses cookies to provide you with the best user experience. 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