CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Hardiness zone - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a3f2301a-be0f-4278-b4c8-333de79dfea4","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Hardiness_zone","wgTitle":"Hardiness zone","wgCurRevisionId":1258675420,"wgRevisionId":1258675420,"wgArticleId":1720511,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Greek-language sources (el)","CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2019","Articles needing additional references from September 2020", "All articles needing additional references","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021","Agricultural terminology","Horticulture","Climate zones","Geographic classifications"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Hardiness_zone","wgRelevantArticleId":1720511,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000, "wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q925615","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Hardiness zone - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardiness_zone"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Hardiness_zone&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardiness_zone"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Hardiness_zone rootpage-Hardiness_zone skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hardiness+zone" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hardiness+zone" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hardiness+zone" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hardiness+zone" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_hardiness_zones_(USDA_scale)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_hardiness_zones_(USDA_scale)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 United States hardiness zones (USDA scale) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-United_States_hardiness_zones_(USDA_scale)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle United States hardiness zones (USDA scale) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-United_States_hardiness_zones_(USDA_scale)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Definitions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_U.S._cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_U.S._cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Selected U.S. cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_U.S._cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Limitations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Alternatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australian_hardiness_zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australian_hardiness_zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Australian hardiness zones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australian_hardiness_zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian_hardiness_zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_hardiness_zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Canadian hardiness zones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_hardiness_zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_hardiness_zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_hardiness_zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 European hardiness zones </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-European_hardiness_zones-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle European hardiness zones subsection </button> <ul id="toc-European_hardiness_zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Selected_European_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_European_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Selected European cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_European_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain_and_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain_and_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Britain and Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain_and_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scandinavia_and_Baltic_Sea_Region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scandinavia_and_Baltic_Sea_Region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Scandinavia and Baltic Sea Region </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scandinavia_and_Baltic_Sea_Region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Central Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Southern Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Macaronesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macaronesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Macaronesia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macaronesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Horticultural_Society_heat_zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Horticultural_Society_heat_zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 American Horticultural Society heat zones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Horticultural_Society_heat_zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 South Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Effects of climate change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hardiness zone</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" > 27 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="منطقة الصلابة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منطقة الصلابة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_clim%C3%A0tica_de_resist%C3%A8ncia" title="Zona climàtica de resistència – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zona climàtica de resistència" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%B3ny_odolnosti" title="Zóny odolnosti – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zóny odolnosti" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A5rdf%C3%B8rhedszone" title="Hårdførhedszone – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hårdførhedszone" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDA-Klimazonen" title="USDA-Klimazonen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="USDA-Klimazonen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_de_rusticidad" title="Zona de rusticidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zona de rusticidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDA-klimataj_zonoj" title="USDA-klimataj zonoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="USDA-klimataj zonoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="پهنه سرمایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پهنه سرمایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_de_rusticit%C3%A9" title="Zone de rusticité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zone de rusticité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA" title="אזור עמידות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אזור עמידות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salciet%C4%ABbas_zona" title="Salcietības zona – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Salcietības zona" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C5%A1iaurumo_zona" title="Atšiaurumo zona – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Atšiaurumo zona" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%B2nn_climatich_USDA" title="Zònn climatich USDA – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Zònn climatich USDA" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDA_kl%C3%ADmaz%C3%B3na" title="USDA klímazóna – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="USDA klímazóna" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardheidszone" title="Hardheidszone – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hardheidszone" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herdighetssone" title="Herdighetssone – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Herdighetssone" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardf%C3%B8rheitssone" title="Hardførheitssone – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hardførheitssone" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strefy_mrozoodporno%C5%9Bci" title="Strefy mrozoodporności – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Strefy mrozoodporności" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_de_rusticidade" title="Zona de rusticidade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zona de rusticidade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_climatice_de_rezisten%C8%9B%C4%83_a_plantelor_la_frig" title="Zone climatice de rezistență a plantelor la frig – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Zone climatice de rezistență a plantelor la frig" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Зоны морозостойкости – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зоны морозостойкости" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="Hardiness zone – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hardiness zone" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%B3ny_odolnosti" title="Zóny odolnosti – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zóny odolnosti" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Зона отпорности биљака на ниске температуре – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Зона отпорности биљака на ниске температуре" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puuvartisten_kasvien_menestymisvy%C3%B6hykkeet" title="Puuvartisten kasvien menestymisvyöhykkeet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puuvartisten kasvien menestymisvyöhykkeet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odlingszon" title="Odlingszon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Odlingszon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%C4%9Fu%C4%9Fa_dayan%C4%B1kl%C4%B1l%C4%B1k_haritas%C4%B1" title="Soğuğa dayanıklılık haritası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Soğuğa dayanıklılık haritası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q925615#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Hardiness_zone" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardiness_zone&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardiness_zone&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardiness_zone&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardiness_zone&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Hardiness_zone" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Hardiness_zone" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardiness_zone&oldid=1258675420" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardiness_zone&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Hardiness_zone&id=1258675420&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHardiness_zone">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHardiness_zone">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Hardiness_zone&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardiness_zone&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hardiness_zone_maps" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q925615" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region defined by minimum temperature relevant to the plant survival</div> A hardiness zone is a geographic area defined as having a certain average annual minimum temperature, a factor relevant to the survival of many plants. In some systems other statistics are included in the calculations. The original and most widely used system, developed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> (USDA) as a rough guide for landscaping and gardening, defines 13 zones by long-term average annual extreme minimum temperatures. It has been adapted by and to other countries (such as Canada) in various forms. A plant may be described as "hardy to zone 10": this means that the plant can withstand a minimum temperature of 30 to 40 °F (−1.1 to 4.4 °C). Unless otherwise specified, in American contexts "hardiness zone" or simply "zone" usually refers to the USDA scale. However, some confusion can exist in discussing buildings and <a href="/wiki/HVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVAC">HVAC</a>, where "climate zone" can refer to the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Conservation_Code" title="International Energy Conservation Code">International Energy Conservation Code</a> zones, where Zone 1 is warm and Zone 8 is cold. Other hardiness rating schemes have been developed as well, such as the UK <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a> and US Sunset Western Garden Book systems. A heat zone (see below) is instead defined by annual high temperatures; the <a href="/wiki/American_Horticultural_Society" title="American Horticultural Society">American Horticultural Society</a> (AHS) heat zones use the average number of days per year when the temperature exceeds 30 °C (86 °F). <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States_hardiness_zones_(USDA_scale)">United States hardiness zones (USDA scale)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardiness_zone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: United States hardiness zones (USDA scale)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USDAHardiness_2012-2015_Scale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="(See table below)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/USDAHardiness_2012-2015_Scale.jpg/220px-USDAHardiness_2012-2015_Scale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/USDAHardiness_2012-2015_Scale.jpg/330px-USDAHardiness_2012-2015_Scale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/USDAHardiness_2012-2015_Scale.jpg/440px-USDAHardiness_2012-2015_Scale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption>Temperature scale used to define USDA hardiness zones. These are annual extreme minima (an area is assigned to a zone by taking the lowest temperature recorded there in a given year). As shown, the USDA uses a GIS dataset averaged over 1976 to 2005 for its United States maps.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Hardiness_Zones.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/World_Hardiness_Zones.png/400px-World_Hardiness_Zones.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/World_Hardiness_Zones.png/600px-World_Hardiness_Zones.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/World_Hardiness_Zones.png/800px-World_Hardiness_Zones.png 2x" data-file-width="2729" data-file-height="2213" /></a><figcaption>Global Plant Hardiness Zones (approximate). <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> is not shown; most of it except the peninsula is zone 0 or 1,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and is almost completely covered by the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_ice_sheet" title="Antarctic ice sheet">Antarctic ice sheet</a>.</figcaption></figure> The USDA system was originally developed to aid gardeners and landscapers in the United States. In the United States, most of the warmer zones (zones 9, 10, and 11) are located in the deep southern half of the country and on the southern coastal margins. Higher zones can be found in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> (up to 12) and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> (up to 13). The southern middle portion of the mainland and central coastal areas are in the middle zones (zones 8, 7, and 6). The far northern portion on the central interior of the mainland have some of the coldest zones (zones 5, 4, and small area of zone 3) and often have much less consistent range of temperatures in winter due to being more continental, especially further west with higher diurnal temperature variations, and thus the zone map has its limitations in these areas. Lower zones can be found in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> (down to 1). The low latitude and often stable weather in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast">Gulf Coast</a>, and southern <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, are responsible for the rarity of episodes of severe cold relative to normal in those areas. The warmest zone in the <a href="/wiki/48_contiguous_states" class="mw-redirect" title="48 contiguous states">48 contiguous states</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Keys" title="Florida Keys">Florida Keys</a> (11b) and the coldest is in north-central <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> (2b). A couple of locations on the northern coast of Puerto Rico have the warmest hardiness zone in the United States at 13b. Conversely, isolated inland areas of Alaska have the coldest hardiness zone in the United States at 1a. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definitions">Definitions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardiness_zone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definitions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2023_USDA_Plant_Hardiness_Zone_Map_(USA).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/2023_USDA_Plant_Hardiness_Zone_Map_%28USA%29.jpg/220px-2023_USDA_Plant_Hardiness_Zone_Map_%28USA%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/2023_USDA_Plant_Hardiness_Zone_Map_%28USA%29.jpg/330px-2023_USDA_Plant_Hardiness_Zone_Map_%28USA%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/2023_USDA_Plant_Hardiness_Zone_Map_%28USA%29.jpg/440px-2023_USDA_Plant_Hardiness_Zone_Map_%28USA%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10800" data-file-height="7200" /></a><figcaption>2023 update of the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Zone</th> <th>From</th> <th>To </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">0</td> <td>a</td> <td colspan="2">< −65 °F (−53.9 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td>b</td> <td>−65 °F (−53.9 °C)</td> <td>−60 °F (−51.1 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1</td> <td>a</td> <td>−60 °F (−51.1 °C)</td> <td>−55 °F (−48.3 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td>b</td> <td>−55 °F (−48.3 °C)</td> <td>−50 °F (−45.6 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2</td> <td>a</td> <td>−50 °F (−45.6 °C)</td> <td>−45 °F (−42.8 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td>b</td> <td>−45 °F (−42.8 °C)</td> <td>−40 °F (−40 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">3</td> <td>a</td> <td>−40 °F (−40 °C)</td> <td>−35 °F (−37.2 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td>b</td> <td>−35 °F (−37.2 °C)</td> <td>−30 °F (−34.4 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">4</td> <td>a</td> <td>−30 °F (−34.4 °C)</td> <td>−25 °F (−31.7 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td>b</td> <td>−25 °F (−31.7 °C)</td> <td>−20 °F (−28.9 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">5</td> <td>a</td> <td>−20 °F (−28.9 °C)</td> <td>−15 °F (−26.1 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td>b</td> <td>−15 °F (−26.1 °C)</td> <td>−10 °F (−23.3 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">6</td> <td>a</td> <td>−10 °F (−23.3 °C)</td> <td>−5 °F (−20.6 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td>b</td> <td>−5 °F (−20.6 °C)</td> <td>0 °F (−17.8 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">7</td> <td>a</td> <td>0 °F (−17.8 °C)</td> <td>5 °F (−15 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td>b</td> <td>5 °F (−15 °C)</td> <td>10 °F (−12.2 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">8</td> <td>a</td> <td>10 °F (−12.2 °C)</td> <td>15 °F (−9.4 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td>b</td> <td>15 °F (−9.4 °C)</td> <td>20 °F (−6.7 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">9</td> <td>a</td> <td>20 °F (−6.7 °C)</td> <td>25 °F (−3.9 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td>b</td> <td>25 °F (−3.9 °C)</td> <td>30 °F (−1.1 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">10</td> <td>a</td> <td>30 °F (−1.1 °C)</td> <td>35 °F (1.7 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td>b</td> <td>35 °F (1.7 °C)</td> <td>40 °F (4.4 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">11</td> <td>a</td> <td>40 °F (4.4 °C)</td> <td>45 °F (7.2 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td>b</td> <td>45 °F (7.2 °C)</td> <td>50 °F (10 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">12</td> <td>a</td> <td>50 °F (10 °C)</td> <td>55 °F (12.8 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td>b</td> <td>55 °F (12.8 °C) </td> <td>60 °F (15.6 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">13 </td> <td>a </td> <td>60 °F (15.6 °C) </td> <td>65 °F (18.3 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td>b </td> <td colspan="2">> 65 °F (18.3 °C) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardiness_zone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The first attempts to create a geographical hardiness zone system were undertaken by two researchers at the <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Arboretum" title="Arnold Arboretum">Arnold Arboretum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>; the first was published in 1927 by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rehder" title="Alfred Rehder">Alfred Rehder</a>,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> and the second by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Wyman" title="Donald Wyman">Donald Wyman</a> in 1938.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The Arnold map was subsequently updated in 1951, 1967, and finally 1971, but eventually fell out of use completely. The modern USDA system began at the <a href="/wiki/US_National_Arboretum" class="mw-redirect" title="US National Arboretum">US National Arboretum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington</a>. The first map was issued in 1960, and revised in 1965. It used uniform 10 °F (5.6 °C) ranges, and gradually became widespread among American gardeners.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The USDA map was revised and reissued in 1990 with freshly available climate data, this time with five-degree distinctions dividing each zone into new "a" and "b" subdivisions. In 2003, the <a href="/wiki/American_Horticultural_Society" title="American Horticultural Society">American Horticultural Society</a> (AHS) produced a draft revised map, using temperature data collected from July 1986 to March 2002. The 2003 map placed many areas approximately a half-zone higher (warmer) than the USDA's 1990 map. Reviewers noted the map zones appeared to be closer to the original USDA 1960 map in its overall zone delineations. Their map purported to show finer detail, for example, reflecting <a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">urban heat islands</a> by showing the downtown areas of several cities (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, Maryland; <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey" title="Atlantic City, New Jersey">Atlantic City, New Jersey</a>) as a full zone warmer than outlying areas. The map excluded the detailed a/b half-zones introduced in the USDA's 1990 map, an omission widely criticized by horticulturists and gardeners due to the coarseness of the resulting map. The USDA rejected the AHS 2003 draft map and created its own map in an interactive computer format, which the American Horticultural Society now uses.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Arbor_Day_Foundation" title="Arbor Day Foundation">Arbor Day Foundation</a> released an update of U.S. hardiness zones, using mostly the same data as the AHS. It revised hardiness zones, reflecting generally warmer recent temperatures in many parts of the country, and appeared similar to the AHS 2003 draft. The Foundation also did away with the more detailed a/b half-zone delineations.<a href="#cite_note-Arbor_Day_Foundation-6">[6]</a> In 2012 the USDA updated their plant hardiness map based on 1976–2005 weather data, using a longer period of data to smooth out year-to-year weather fluctuations.<a href="#cite_note-USDA-7">[7]</a> Two new zones (12 and 13) were added to better define and improve information sharing on tropical and semitropical plants, they also appear on the maps of Hawaii and Puerto Rico. There is a very small spot east of <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a>, Puerto Rico, that includes the airport in coastal <a href="/wiki/Carolina,_Puerto_Rico" title="Carolina, Puerto Rico">Carolina</a>, where the mean minimum is 67 degrees F (19 C), which is classified as hardiness Zone 13b, the highest category, with temperatures rarely below 65 °F (18 °C). The map has a higher resolution than previous editions, and is able to show local variations due to factors such as elevation or large bodies of water. Many zone boundaries were changed as a result of the more recent data, as well as new mapping methods and additional information gathered. Many areas were a half-zone warmer than the previous 1990 map.<a href="#cite_note-USDAWhatsNew-8">[8]</a> The 2012 map was created <a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">digitally</a> for the internet, and includes a <a href="/wiki/ZIP_Code" title="ZIP Code">ZIP Code</a> zone finder and an interactive map.<a href="#cite_note-planthardiness.ars.usda.gov-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In 2015, the Arbor Day Foundation revised another map, also with no a and b subdivisions, showing many areas having zones even warmer, with the most notable changes in the Mid Atlantic and Northeast, showing cities like Philadelphia, New York City and Washington D.C. in zone 8, due to their urban heat islands.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In November 2023, the USDA released another updated version of their plant hardiness map, based on 1991–2020 weather data across the United States. The updated map shows continued northward movement of hardiness zones, reflecting a continued warming trend in the United States' climate.<a href="#cite_note-USDA_Unveils_Updated_Plant_Hardiness_Zone_Map-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_U.S._cities">Selected U.S. cities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardiness_zone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Selected U.S. cities">edit</a>]</div> The USDA plant hardiness zones for selected U.S. cities as based on the 2023 map are the following: <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccc;"> <th style="width:250px;">City </th> <th width="125">Zone<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a></td> <td>6a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque, New Mexico</a></td> <td>7b/8a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown, Pennsylvania</a></td> <td>7a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas" title="Amarillo, Texas">Amarillo, Texas</a></td> <td>7a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage, Alaska</a></td> <td>5a/5b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina" title="Asheville, North Carolina">Asheville, North Carolina</a></td> <td>7b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta, Georgia">Atlanta, Georgia</a></td> <td>8a/8b<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey" title="Atlantic City, New Jersey">Atlantic City, New Jersey</a></td> <td>7b/8a<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a></td> <td>9a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield, California</a></td> <td>9b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland</a></td> <td>7b/8a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham, Alabama</a></td> <td>8a/8b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boise,_Idaho" title="Boise, Idaho">Boise, Idaho</a></td> <td>7a/7b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a></td> <td>6b/7a<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville, Texas</a></td> <td>10a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a></td> <td>6a/6b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a></td> <td>9a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston, West Virginia</a></td> <td>7a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte, North Carolina</a></td> <td>8a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a></td> <td>6a/6b<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cincinnati, Ohio">Cincinnati, Ohio</a></td> <td>6b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland, Ohio</a></td> <td>6b/7a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs, Colorado</a></td> <td>5b/6a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a></td> <td>6b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dallas,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas, Texas">Dallas, Texas</a></td> <td>8b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Denver,_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Denver, Colorado">Denver, Colorado</a></td> <td>6a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa">Des Moines, Iowa</a></td> <td>5b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit, Michigan">Detroit, Michigan</a></td> <td>6b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso, Texas</a></td> <td>8b/9a<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie, Pennsylvania</a></td> <td>6b/7a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eureka,_California" title="Eureka, California">Eureka, California</a></td> <td>9b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fairbanks,_Alaska" title="Fairbanks, Alaska">Fairbanks, Alaska</a></td> <td>2a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flagstaff,_Arizona" title="Flagstaff, Arizona">Flagstaff, Arizona</a></td> <td>6a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno, California</a></td> <td>9b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a></td> <td>6a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina" title="Greensboro, North Carolina">Greensboro, North Carolina</a></td> <td>8a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greenville,_South_Carolina" title="Greenville, South Carolina">Greenville, South Carolina</a></td> <td>8a/8b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg, Pennsylvania</a></td> <td>7a<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford, Connecticut</a></td> <td>6b/7a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Honolulu,_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Honolulu, Hawaii">Honolulu, Hawaii</a></td> <td>12b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Houston,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston, Texas">Houston, Texas</a></td> <td>9b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianapolis, Indiana">Indianapolis, Indiana</a></td> <td>6a/6b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville, Florida</a></td> <td>9a/9b<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Juneau,_Alaska" title="Juneau, Alaska">Juneau, Alaska</a></td> <td>6b/7a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a></td> <td>6b/7a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Key_West" title="Key West">Key West</a>, Florida</td> <td>11b/12a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville, Tennessee</a></td> <td>7b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Vegas, Nevada">Las Vegas, Nevada</a></td> <td>9a/9b<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock, Arkansas</a></td> <td>8a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles, California">Los Angeles, California</a></td> <td>10a/10b<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a></td> <td>7a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a></td> <td>5a/5b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a></td> <td>8a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Miami,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami, Florida">Miami, Florida</a></td> <td>11a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee,_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Milwaukee, Wisconsin">Milwaukee, Wisconsin</a></td> <td>5b/6a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis, Minnesota">Minneapolis, Minnesota</a></td> <td>5a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile, Alabama</a></td> <td>9a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a></td> <td>7a/7b<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a></td> <td>7a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans, Louisiana">New Orleans, Louisiana</a></td> <td>9b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="New York, New York">New York, New York</a></td> <td>7b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City,_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma City, Oklahoma">Oklahoma City, Oklahoma</a></td> <td>7b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></td> <td>5b/6a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando, Florida</a></td> <td>10a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a></td> <td>7b<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a></td> <td>9b/10a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</a></td> <td>6b/7a<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Maine" title="Portland, Maine">Portland, Maine</a></td> <td>6a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a></td> <td>8b/9a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence, Rhode Island</a></td> <td>7a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Provincetown,_Massachusetts" title="Provincetown, Massachusetts">Provincetown, Massachusetts</a></td> <td>7b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh, North Carolina</a></td> <td>8a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reno,_Nevada" title="Reno, Nevada">Reno, Nevada</a></td> <td>7a/7b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a></td> <td>7b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a></td> <td>6b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento, California</a></td> <td>9b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City,_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt Lake City, Utah">Salt Lake City, Utah</a></td> <td>7b<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="San Antonio, Texas">San Antonio, Texas</a></td> <td>9a. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Diego,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego, California">San Diego, California</a></td> <td>10b/11a<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, California">San Francisco, California</a></td> <td>10a/10b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose, California</a></td> <td>9b/10a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan, Puerto Rico</a></td> <td>13a/13b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe, New Mexico</a></td> <td>6b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania">Scranton, Pennsylvania</a></td> <td>6b/7a<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seattle,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle, Washington">Seattle, Washington</a></td> <td>9a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sitka,_Alaska" title="Sitka, Alaska">Sitka, Alaska</a></td> <td>7b/8a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Washington" title="Spokane, Washington">Spokane, Washington</a></td> <td>7a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St._George,_Utah" title="St. George, Utah">St. George, Utah</a></td> <td>8b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a></td> <td>7a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse, New York</a></td> <td>6a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa, Florida</a></td> <td>10a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton, New Jersey</a></td> <td>7a/7b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson, Arizona</a></td> <td>9a/9b<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa, Oklahoma</a></td> <td>7b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unalaska,_Alaska" title="Unalaska, Alaska">Unalaska, Alaska</a></td> <td>8a<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach, Virginia</a></td> <td>8a/8b<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></td> <td>7b/8a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita, Kansas</a></td> <td>7a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona" title="Yuma, Arizona">Yuma, Arizona</a></td> <td>10a<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limitations">Limitations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardiness_zone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Limitations">edit</a>]</div> As the USDA system is based entirely on average annual extreme minimum temperature in an area, it is limited in its ability to describe the climatic conditions a gardener may have to account for in a particular area: there are many other factors that determine whether or not a given plant can survive in a given zone. Zone information alone is often not adequate for predicting winter survival, since factors such as frost dates and frequency of snow cover can vary widely between regions. Even the extreme minimum itself may not be useful when comparing regions in widely different <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">climate zones</a>. As an extreme example, due to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a> most of the United Kingdom is in zones 8–9, while in the US, zones 8–9 include regions such as the subtropical coastal areas of the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_US" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern US">southeastern US</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chihuahuan_Desert" title="Chihuahuan Desert">Chihuahuan</a> inland deserts, thus an American gardener in such an area may only have to plan for several nights of cold temperatures per year, while their British counterpart may have to plan for several months. In addition, the zones do not incorporate any information about duration of cold temperatures, summer temperatures, or sun intensity <a href="/wiki/Insolation" class="mw-redirect" title="Insolation">insolation</a>; thus sites which may have the same mean winter minima on the few coldest nights and be in the same garden zone, but have markedly different climates. For example, zone 8 covers coastal, high latitude, cool summer locations like <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, as well as lower latitude, hot-summer climates like <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>. Farmers, gardeners, and landscapers in the former two must plan for entirely different growing conditions from those in the latter, in terms of length of hot weather and sun intensity. Coastal <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Florida" title="Central Florida">central Florida</a> are both Zone 10, but have radically different climates. The hardiness scales do not take into account the reliability of snow cover in the colder zones. Snow acts as an insulator against extreme cold, protecting the root system of hibernating plants. If the snow cover is reliable, the actual temperature to which the roots are exposed will not be as low as the hardiness zone number would indicate. As an example, <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a> in Canada is located in zone 4, but can rely on a significant snow cover every year, making it possible to cultivate plants normally rated for zones 5 or 6. But, in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, located to the southwest in zone 5, it is sometimes difficult to cultivate plants adapted to the zone because of the unreliable snow cover.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Many plants may survive in a locality but will not flower if the day length is insufficient or if they require <a href="/wiki/Vernalization" title="Vernalization">vernalization</a> (a particular duration of low temperature). There are many other climate parameters that a farmer, gardener, or landscaper may need to take into account as well, such as humidity, precipitation, storms, rainy-dry cycles or monsoons, and site considerations such as soil type, soil drainage and water retention, water table, tilt towards or away from the sun, natural or humanmade protection from excessive sun, snow, frost, and wind, etc. The annual extreme minimum temperature is a useful indicator, but ultimately only one factor among many for plant growth and survival.<a href="#cite_note-planthardiness.ars.usda.gov-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternatives">Alternatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardiness_zone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Alternatives">edit</a>]</div> An alternative means of describing plant hardiness is to use "indicator plants". In this method, common plants with known limits to their range are used.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Sunset_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunset Magazine">Sunset</a> publishes a series that breaks up climate zones more finely than the USDA zones, identifying 45 distinct zones in the US, incorporating ranges of temperatures in all seasons, precipitation, wind patterns, elevation, and length and structure of the growing season.<a href="#cite_note-sunset-34">[34]</a> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Köppen climate classification system">Köppen climate classification system</a> can be used as a more general guide to growing conditions when considering large areas of the Earth's surface or attempting to make comparisons between different continents.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Trewartha_climate_classification" title="Trewartha climate classification">Trewartha climate classification</a> is often a good "real world" concept of climates and their relation to plants and their average growing conditions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Australian_hardiness_zones">Australian hardiness zones</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardiness_zone&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Australian hardiness zones">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_Botanic_Gardens" title="Australian National Botanic Gardens">Australian National Botanic Gardens</a> have devised another system keeping with Australian conditions. The zones are defined by steps of 5 degrees Celsius, from −15–−10 °C for zone 1 to 15–20 °C for zone 7.<a href="#cite_note-Australian_National_Botanic_Gardens-36">[36]</a> They are numerically about 6 lower than the USDA system. For example, Australian zone 3 is roughly equivalent to USDA zone 9. The higher Australian zone numbers had no US equivalents prior to the 2012 addition by USDA of zones 12 and 13. The spread of weather stations may be insufficient and too many places with different climates are lumped together. Only 738 Australian stations have records of more than ten years (one station per 98,491 hectares or 243,380 acres), though more populated areas have relatively fewer hectares per station. <a href="/wiki/Mount_Isa" title="Mount Isa">Mount Isa</a> has three climatic stations with more than a ten-year record. One is in zone 4a, one in zone 4b, and the other is in zone 5a. Sydney residents are split between zones 3a and 4b. Different locations in the same city are suitable for different plants. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canadian_hardiness_zones">Canadian hardiness zones</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardiness_zone&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Canadian hardiness zones">edit</a>]</div> Climate variables that reflect the capacity and detriments to plant growth are used to develop an index that is mapped to Canada's Plant Hardiness Zones.<a href="#cite_note-Natural_Resources_Canada_Plant_Hardiness-37">[37]</a> This index comes from a formula originally developed by Ouellet and Sherk in the mid-1960s.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The formula used is: Y = -67.62 + 1.734X1 + 0.1868X2 + 69.77X3 + 1.256X4+ 0.006119X5 + 22.37X6 - 0.01832X7 where: <ul><li>Y = estimated index of suitability</li> <li>X1 = monthly mean of the daily minimum temperatures (°C) of the coldest month</li> <li>X2 = mean frost free period above 0 °C in days</li> <li>X3 = amount of rainfall (R) from June to November, inclusive, in terms of R/(R+a) where a=25.4 if R is in millimeters and a=1 if R is in inches</li> <li>X4 = monthly mean of the daily maximum temperatures (°C) of the warmest month</li> <li>X5 = winter factor expressed in terms of (0 °C – X1)Rjan where Rjan represents the rainfall in January expressed in mm</li> <li>X6 = mean maximum snow depth in terms of S/(S+a) where a=25.4 if S is in millimeters and a=1 if S is in inches</li> <li>X7 = maximum wind gust in (km/h) in 30 years.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="border-color:rgb(0%, 60%, 0%); text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>City </th> <th>Canadian Zone<a href="#cite_note-Natural_Resources_Canada_Plant_Hardiness-37">[37]</a> </th> <th>USDA Zone<a href="#cite_note-Natural_Resources_Canada_Plant_Hardiness-37">[37]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a></td> <td>4a</td> <td>4a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a></td> <td>4a</td> <td>3b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a></td> <td>6b</td> <td>6a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a></td> <td>6a</td> <td>4b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a></td> <td>5b</td> <td>4b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saskatoon" title="Saskatoon">Saskatoon</a></td> <td>3b</td> <td>3a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">St. John's</a></td> <td>6a</td> <td>7a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a></td> <td>7a</td> <td>5b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a></td> <td>8b</td> <td>8b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a></td> <td>9a</td> <td>9a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a></td> <td>4a</td> <td>3b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yellowknife" title="Yellowknife">Yellowknife</a></td> <td>0a</td> <td>2a </td></tr></tbody></table> For practical purposes, Canada has adopted the American hardiness zone classification system. The 1990 version of the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map included Canada and Mexico, but they were removed with the 2012 update to focus on the United States and Puerto Rico.<a href="#cite_note-USDAWhatsNew-8">[8]</a> The Canadian government publishes both Canadian and USDA-style zone maps.<a href="#cite_note-Natural_Resources_Canada_Plant_Hardiness-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_hardiness_zones">European hardiness zones</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardiness_zone&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: European hardiness zones">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Unless specifically noted, all zones in this section are USDA zones.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_European_cities">Selected European cities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardiness_zone&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Selected European cities">edit</a>]</div> The table below provides USDA hardiness zone data for selected European cities: <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccc;"> <th style="width:250px;">City </th> <th width="125">Zone </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam,_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam, Netherlands">Amsterdam, Netherlands</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></td> <td>8b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Barcelona,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona, Spain">Barcelona, Spain</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-42">[42]</a></td> <td>10a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgrade,_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgrade, Serbia">Belgrade, Serbia</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></td> <td>7b/8a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bratislava,_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bratislava, Slovakia">Bratislava, Slovakia</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></td> <td>7a/7b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bucharest,_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Bucharest, Romania">Bucharest, Romania</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></td> <td>7a/7b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Catania,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Catania, Italy">Catania, Italy</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-46">[46]</a></td> <td>9b/10a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dublin,_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin, Ireland">Dublin, Ireland</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-47">[47]</a></td> <td>8b/9a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh, Scotland, UK</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-47">[47]</a></td> <td>8a/8b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow, Scotland, UK</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-47">[47]</a></td> <td>8b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Helsinki,_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Helsinki, Finland">Helsinki, Finland</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-48">[48]</a></td> <td>6b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaliningrad, Russia">Kaliningrad, Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-49">[49]</a></td> <td>6b/7a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w,_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Kraków, Poland">Kraków, Poland</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-50">[50]</a></td> <td>7a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lisbon,_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisbon, Portugal">Lisbon, Portugal</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-51">[51]</a> </td> <td>10b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/London,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="London, England">London, England</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-47">[47]</a> </td> <td>8b/9a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana,_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ljubljana, Slovenia">Ljubljana, Slovenia</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></td> <td>7b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Madrid,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrid, Spain">Madrid, Spain</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-42">[42]</a></td> <td>9a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manchester,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester, England">Manchester, England</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-47">[47]</a></td> <td>8b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Milan,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Milan, Italy">Milan, Italy</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-46">[46]</a></td> <td>9a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moscow,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow, Russia">Moscow, Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-49">[49]</a></td> <td>5a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paris,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris, France">Paris, France</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-53">[53]</a></td> <td>8b/9a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Portsmouth, England">Portsmouth, England</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-47">[47]</a></td> <td>9a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prague,_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Prague, Czech Republic">Prague, Czech Republic</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></td> <td>7b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Riga,_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Riga, Latvia">Riga, Latvia</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></td> <td>6b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rome,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome, Italy">Rome, Italy</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-46">[46]</a> </td> <td>9b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rovaniemi,_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Rovaniemi, Finland">Rovaniemi, Finland</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-48">[48]</a></td> <td>4a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo,_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina">Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></td> <td>7a/7b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Simferopol,_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Simferopol, Ukraine">Simferopol, Ukraine</a><a href="#cite_note-Ukraine-57">[57]</a></td> <td>6b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sochi,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sochi, Russia">Sochi, Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-49">[49]</a></td> <td>9a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stockholm,_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockholm, Sweden">Stockholm, Sweden</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-58">[58]</a></td> <td>7a/7b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tallinn,_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tallinn, Estonia">Tallinn, Estonia</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></td> <td>6a/6b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tuapse,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuapse, Russia">Tuapse, Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-49">[49]</a></td> <td>8b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Trondheim,_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Trondheim, Norway">Trondheim, Norway</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-60">[60]</a></td> <td>7b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia, Spain">Valencia, Spain</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-42">[42]</a></td> <td>10a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vienna,_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna, Austria">Vienna, Austria</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></td> <td>7b/8a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vorkuta" title="Vorkuta">Vorkuta, Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-49">[49]</a></td> <td>2a/2b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Warsaw,_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw, Poland">Warsaw, Poland</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-50">[50]</a> </td> <td>6b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> </td> <td>7b/8a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antwerp,_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Antwerp, Belgium">Antwerp, Belgium</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> </td> <td>8a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Belfast,_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfast, Northern Ireland">Belfast, Northern Ireland</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-47">[47]</a> </td> <td>8b/9a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Berlin,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin, Germany">Berlin, Germany</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-64">[64]</a> </td> <td>7a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham, England">Birmingham, England</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-47">[47]</a> </td> <td>8b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cardiff,_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiff, Wales">Cardiff, Wales</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-47">[47]</a> </td> <td>8b/9a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen,_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Copenhagen, Denmark">Copenhagen, Denmark</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> </td> <td>8a/8b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Düsseldorf, Germany">Düsseldorf, Germany</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-64">[64]</a> </td> <td>8a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Funchal" title="Funchal">Funchal, Portugal</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-51">[51]</a> </td> <td>11b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk,_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gdańsk, Poland">Gdańsk, Poland</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-50">[50]</a> </td> <td>7a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamburg,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg, Germany">Hamburg, Germany</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-64">[64]</a> </td> <td>7b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Istanbul,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Istanbul, Turkey">Istanbul, Turkey</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> </td> <td>8b/9a<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/La_Coru%C3%B1a,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="La Coruña, Spain">La Coruña, Spain</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-42">[42]</a> </td> <td>10b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas_de_Gran_Canaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Palmas de Gran Canaria">Las Palmas, Spain</a><a href="#cite_note-Spain-68">[68]</a></td> <td>12b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marseille,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseille, France">Marseille, France</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-53">[53]</a> </td> <td>9a/9b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Minsk,_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsk, Belarus">Minsk, Belarus</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> </td> <td>5a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Munich,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Munich, Germany">Munich, Germany</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-64">[64]</a> </td> <td>6b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Murmansk,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Murmansk, Russia">Murmansk, Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-49">[49]</a></td> <td>4a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle, England, UK</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-47">[47]</a></td> <td>8a/8b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicosia,_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicosia, Cyprus">Nicosia, Cyprus</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> </td> <td>9b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oslo,_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Oslo, Norway">Oslo, Norway</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-60">[60]</a> </td> <td>7a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palermo,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Palermo, Italy">Palermo, Italy</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-46">[46]</a></td> <td>10b/11a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth, England, UK</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-47">[47]</a> </td> <td>9a/9b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Porto,_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Porto, Portugal">Porto, Portugal</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-51">[51]</a> </td> <td>10a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84,_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań, Poland">Poznań, Poland</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-50">[50]</a> </td> <td>6b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk,_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Reykjavík, Iceland">Reykjavík, Iceland</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> </td> <td>7b/8a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Petersburg, Russia">Saint Petersburg, Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-49">[49]</a> </td> <td>5a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Simrishamn,_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Simrishamn, Sweden">Simrishamn, Sweden</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-58">[58]</a> </td> <td>8a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sofia,_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sofia, Bulgaria">Sofia, Bulgaria</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> </td> <td>6b/7a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Strasbourg, France">Strasbourg, France</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-53">[53]</a> </td> <td>8a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki,_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessaloniki, Greece">Thessaloniki, Greece</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-73">[73]</a> </td> <td>8b/9a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8,_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Tromsø, Norway">Tromsø, Norway</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-60">[60]</a> </td> <td>7a/7b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5,_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Umeå, Sweden">Umeå, Sweden</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-58">[58]</a> </td> <td>5a/5b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Valletta,_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Valletta, Malta">Valletta, Malta</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> </td> <td>10b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vilnius,_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilnius, Lithuania">Vilnius, Lithuania</a><a href="#cite_note-meteo.lt-75">[75]</a> </td> <td>5b/6a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wroclaw,_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Wroclaw, Poland">Wroclaw, Poland</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-50">[50]</a></td> <td>6b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zagreb,_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Zagreb, Croatia">Zagreb, Croatia</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> </td> <td>7b/8a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yalta,_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Yalta, Ukraine">Yalta, Ukraine</a><a href="#cite_note-Ukraine-57">[57]</a></td> <td>9a </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Britain_and_Ireland">Britain and Ireland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardiness_zone&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Britain and Ireland">edit</a>]</div> USDA zones do not work particularly well in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> as they are designed for continental climates and subtropical climates.<a href="#cite_note-crawford2010-77">[77]</a> The high latitude, weaker solar intensity, and cooler summers must be considered when comparing to US equivalent. New growth may be insufficient or fail to <a href="/wiki/Cold_hardening" title="Cold hardening">harden off</a> affecting winter survival in the shorter and much cooler summers of Ireland and Britain.<a href="#cite_note-crawford2010-77">[77]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_zonemap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/UK_zonemap.png/220px-UK_zonemap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/UK_zonemap.png/330px-UK_zonemap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/UK_zonemap.png/440px-UK_zonemap.png 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>Britain and Ireland's hardiness zones, USDA scale, 2006</figcaption></figure> Owing to the moderating effect of the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Current" title="North Atlantic Current">North Atlantic Current</a> on the Irish and British <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> <a href="/wiki/Maritime_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime climate">maritime climate</a>, Britain, and Ireland even more so, have milder winters than their northerly position would otherwise afford. This means that the USDA hardiness zones relevant to Britain and Ireland are quite high, from 7 to 10, as shown below.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div><ol start="7"><li>In Scotland the <a href="/wiki/Grampians" class="mw-redirect" title="Grampians">Grampians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Highlands" title="Northwest Highlands">Northwest Highlands</a> and locally in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Uplands" title="Southern Uplands">Southern Uplands</a>; in England the <a href="/wiki/Pennines" title="Pennines">Pennines</a>; and in Wales the highest part of <a href="/wiki/Snowdonia" title="Snowdonia">Snowdonia</a>.</li><li>Most of England, Wales and Scotland, parts of central Ireland, and <a href="/wiki/Snaefell" title="Snaefell">Snaefell</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>.</li><li>Most of western and southern England and Wales, western Scotland, also a very narrow coastal fringe on the east coast of Scotland and northeast England (within 5 km (3.1 mi) of the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>), London, the West Midlands Urban Area, most of Ireland, and most of the Isle of Man.</li><li>Very low-lying coastal areas of the southwest of Ireland and the <a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a>.</li></ol></div> In 2012 the United Kingdom's Royal Horticultural Society introduced new hardiness ratings for plants, not places. These run from H7, the hardiest (tolerant of temperatures below −20 °C (−4 °F)) to H1a (needing temperatures above 15 °C (59 °F)).<a href="#cite_note-RHS-79">[79]</a> The RHS hardiness ratings are based on absolute minimum winter temperatures (in °C) rather than the long-term average annual extreme minimum temperatures that define USDA zones.<a href="#cite_note-RHS-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scandinavia_and_Baltic_Sea_Region">Scandinavia and Baltic Sea Region</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardiness_zone&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Scandinavia and Baltic Sea Region">edit</a>]</div> Scandinavia lies at the same latitude as Alaska or Greenland, but the effect of the warm <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Current" title="North Atlantic Current">North Atlantic Current</a> is even more pronounced here than it is in Britain and Ireland. Save for a very small spot around <a href="/wiki/Karasjok_Municipality" title="Karasjok Municipality">Karasjok Municipality</a>, Norway, which is in zone 2, nowhere in the Arctic part of Scandinavia gets below zone 3. The <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>, at 62–63°N are in zone 8, as are the outer <a href="/wiki/Lofoten_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Lofoten Islands">Lofoten Islands</a> at 68°N. <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_(city)" title="Tromsø (city)">Tromsø</a>, a coastal city in Norway at 70°N, is in zone 7, and even <a href="/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen">Longyearbyen</a>, the northernmost true city in the world at 78°N, is still in zone 4. All these coastal locations have one thing in common, though, which are cool, damp summers, with temperatures rarely exceeding 20 °C (68 °F), or 15 °C (59 °F) in Longyearbyen. This shows the importance of taking heat zones into account for better understanding of what may or may not grow. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osterlengarden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Osterlengarden.jpg/220px-Osterlengarden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Osterlengarden.jpg/330px-Osterlengarden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Osterlengarden.jpg/440px-Osterlengarden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A garden in <a href="/wiki/Simrishamn" title="Simrishamn">Simrishamn</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.</figcaption></figure> In Sweden and Finland generally, at sea level to 500 metres (1,600 ft), zone 3 is north of the Arctic Circle, including cities like <a href="/wiki/Karesuando" title="Karesuando">Karesuando</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pajala" title="Pajala">Pajala</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kiruna" title="Kiruna">Kiruna</a> is the major exception here, which being located on a hill above <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frost_trap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frost trap (page does not exist)">frost traps</a>, is in zone 5. Zone 4 lies between the Arctic Circle and about 64–66°N, with cities such as <a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rovaniemi" title="Rovaniemi">Rovaniemi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jokkmokk" title="Jokkmokk">Jokkmokk</a>, zone 5 (south to 61–62°N) contains cities such as <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5" title="Umeå">Umeå</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%96stersund" title="Östersund">Östersund</a>. Zone 6 covers the south of mainland Finland, Sweden north of 60°N, and the high plateau of <a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%A5land" title="Småland">Småland</a> further south. Here one will find cities such as <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A4vle" title="Gävle">Gävle</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96rebro" title="Örebro">Örebro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundsvall" title="Sundsvall">Sundsvall</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>. <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a>, as well as coastal southern Sweden, and the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> area are in zone 7. The west coast of Sweden (<a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a> and southwards) enjoys particularly mild winters and lies in zone 7, therefore being friendly to some hardy exotic species (found, for example, in the <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg_Botanical_Garden" title="Gothenburg Botanical Garden">Gothenburg Botanical Garden</a>), the southeast coast of Sweden has a colder winter due to the absence of the Gulf Stream. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Europe">Central Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardiness_zone&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Central Europe">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hardiness_zone" title="Special:EditPage/Hardiness zone">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (September 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USDA_hardiness_zones_of_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/USDA_hardiness_zones_of_Europe.svg/220px-USDA_hardiness_zones_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/USDA_hardiness_zones_of_Europe.svg/330px-USDA_hardiness_zones_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/USDA_hardiness_zones_of_Europe.svg/440px-USDA_hardiness_zones_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Hardiness zones of Europe and surrounding regions<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  1</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  2</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  3</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  4</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  5</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  6</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  7</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  8</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  9</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  10</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  11</div></figcaption></figure> Central Europe is a good example of a transition from an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental climate</a>, which reflects in the tendency of the hardiness zones to decrease mainly eastwards instead of northwards. Also, the plateaus and low mountain ranges in this region have a significant impact on how cold it might get during winter. Generally speaking, the hardiness zones are high considering the latitude of the region, although not as high as Northern Europe with the <a href="/wiki/Shetland_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Shetland Islands">Shetland Islands</a> where zone 9 extends to over 60°N. In Central Europe, the relevant zones decrease from zone 8 on the Belgian, Dutch, and German <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> coast, with the exception of some of the <a href="/wiki/Frisian_Islands" title="Frisian Islands">Frisian Islands</a> (notably <a href="/wiki/Vlieland" title="Vlieland">Vlieland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terschelling" title="Terschelling">Terschelling</a>), the island of <a href="/wiki/Helgoland" class="mw-redirect" title="Helgoland">Helgoland</a>, and some of the islands in the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>-<a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a> estuary, which are in zone 9, to zone 5 around <a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki" title="Suwałki">Suwałki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wojew%C3%B3dztwo_podlaskie" class="mw-redirect" title="Województwo podlaskie">Podlachia</a> on the far eastern border between <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>. Some isolated, high elevation areas of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carpathians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathians">Carpathians</a> may even go down to zone 3 or 4. An extreme example of a cold sink is <a href="/wiki/Funtensee" title="Funtensee">Funtensee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> which is at least in zone 3. Another notable example is <a href="/wiki/Waksmund" title="Waksmund">Waksmund</a>, a small village in the <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> <a href="/wiki/Carpathians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathians">Carpathians</a>, which regularly reaches −35 °C (−31 °F) during winter on calm nights when cold and heavy airmasses from the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Gorce_Mountains" title="Gorce Mountains">Gorce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tatra_Mountains" title="Tatra Mountains">Tatra Mountains</a> descend down the slopes to this low-lying valley, creating extremes which can be up to 10 °C (18 °F) colder than nearby <a href="/wiki/Nowy_Targ" title="Nowy Targ">Nowy Targ</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ka_Tatrza%C5%84ska" title="Białka Tatrzańska">Białka Tatrzańska</a>, which are both higher up in elevation. Waksmund is in zone 3b while nearby <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, only 80 km (50 mi) to the north and 300 m (980 ft) lower is in zone 6a. These examples prove that local topography can have a pronounced effect on temperature and thus on what is possible to grow in a specific region.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Europe">Southern Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardiness_zone&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Southern Europe">edit</a>]</div> The southern European marker plant for climate as well as cultural indicator is the <a href="/wiki/Olive_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive tree">olive tree</a>, which cannot withstand long periods below freezing so its cultivation area matches the cool winter zone. The <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> acts as a temperature regulator, so this area is generally warmer than other parts of the continent; except in mountainous areas where the sea effect lowers, it belongs in zones 8–10; however, southern Balkans (mountainous Western and Eastern <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, continental <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>) are colder in winter and are in zones 6–7. The Croatian (<a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatian</a>) coast, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, and northern <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> are in zones 8–9, as are central-northern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (hills and some spots in <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a> are however colder) and southern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>; Central <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a> is 8–9 (some highland areas are slightly colder). The <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> Atlantic coast, much of <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Region_of_Murcia" title="Region of Murcia">Murcia</a>, coastal and slightly inland southern <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencian Community</a>, a part of coastal <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>, southwestern <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, most of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, coastal southern Italy, some areas around <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> coastal Cyprus and southwestern Greece are in zone 10. In Europe, the zone 11a is limited only to a few spots. In the Iberian Peninsula, it can be found on the southern coast, in small <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> areas inside the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Almería (province)">Almería</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cádiz (province)">Cádiz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granada_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Granada (province)">Granada</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Málaga (province)">Málaga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murcia_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Murcia (province)">Murcia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Spain-68">[68]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, zone 11a can be found in the Southwest on a few unpopulated sites around the municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Lagos,_Portugal" title="Lagos, Portugal">Lagos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vila_do_Bispo" title="Vila do Bispo">Vila do Bispo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In mainland <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, zone 11a can be found in <a href="/wiki/Monemvasia" title="Monemvasia">Monemvasia</a> and also in areas of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Argo-Saronic_Gulf" title="Argo-Saronic Gulf">Argo-Saronic Gulf</a> islands.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The Mediterranean islands of <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lampedusa" title="Lampedusa">Lampedusa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linosa" title="Linosa">Linosa</a> belong to zone 11a as well as a few areas on the southernmost coast of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Balkan area is also more prone to cold snaps and episodes of unseasonable warmth. For instance, despite having similar daily means and temperature amplitudes to <a href="/wiki/Nantucket,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nantucket, Massachusetts">Nantucket, Massachusetts</a>, for each month, <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a> has recorded below-freezing temperatures in every month of the year. <a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Macaronesia">Macaronesia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardiness_zone&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Macaronesia">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Macaronesia" title="Macaronesia">Macaronesia</a> consists of four archipelagos: The <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>. At lower altitudes and coastal areas, the Portuguese Azores and Madeira belong to zones 10b/11b and 11a/11b respectively. The Azores range from 9a to 11b and Madeira ranges from 9b to 12a, 9a and 9b found inland on the highest altitudes such as <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pico" title="Mount Pico">Mount Pico</a> in the Azores or <a href="/wiki/Pico_Ruivo" title="Pico Ruivo">Pico Ruivo</a> in Madeira.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The Spanish Canary Islands hardiness zones range from 8a to 12b depending on the location and the altitude. The islands are generally part of zones 11b/12a in lower altitudes and coastal areas, reaching up to 12b in the southernmost coasts or populated coastal parts such as the city of <a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas" title="Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a>. The lowest hardiness areas are found in <a href="/wiki/Teide_National_Park" title="Teide National Park">Teide National Park</a> being at 8a/8b for its very high altitude. <a href="/wiki/Teide" title="Teide">Teide peak</a> is the highest peak of Macaronesia.<a href="#cite_note-Spain-68">[68]</a> The Cape Verde islands, located much further south inside the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropics</a>, have hardiness zones that range from 12 to 13 in the coastal areas, while the lowest hardiness zone is found in the island of <a href="/wiki/Fogo,_Cape_Verde" title="Fogo, Cape Verde">Fogo</a>, in the country's highest peak <a href="/wiki/Pico_do_Fogo" title="Pico do Fogo">Pico do Fogo</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_Horticultural_Society_heat_zones">American Horticultural Society heat zones</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardiness_zone&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: American Horticultural Society heat zones">edit</a>]</div> In addition to the USDA Hardiness zones there are <a href="/wiki/American_Horticultural_Society" title="American Horticultural Society">American Horticultural Society</a> (AHS) heat zones. The criterion is the average number of days per year when the temperature exceeds 30 °C (86 °F). The AHS Heat Zone Map for the US is available on the American Horticultural Society website.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:25%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Zone</th> <th>From</th> <th>To </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td colspan="2">< 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>8</td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>15</td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>31</td> <td>45 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>46</td> <td>60 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>61</td> <td>90 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>91</td> <td>120 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>121</td> <td>150 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>151</td> <td>180 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>181</td> <td>210 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td colspan="2">>210 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardiness_zone&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: South Africa">edit</a>]</div> South Africa has five horticultural or climatic zones. The zones are defined by minimum temperature.<a href="#cite_note-HZ-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_of_climate_change">Effects of climate change</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardiness_zone&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Effects of climate change">edit</a>]</div> The USDA map published in 2012 shows that most of the US has become a half zone (2.8 °C or 5 °F) hotter in winter compared to the 1990 release.<a href="#cite_note-USDAWhatsNew-8">[8]</a> Again, with the publication of the 2023 map, about half of the US has shifted a half zone warmer.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Research in 2016 suggests that USDA plant hardiness zones will shift even further northward under <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardiness_zone&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/32px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/48px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/64px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3294" data-file-height="2227" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Gardening" title="Portal:Gardening">Gardening portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_1_web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/32px-Leaf_1_web.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/48px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/64px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Plants" title="Portal:Plants">Plants portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">Gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_zone" title="Geographical zone">Geographical zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardiness_(plants)" title="Hardiness (plants)">Hardiness (plants)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">Subtropics</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardiness_zone&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFernald1927" class="citation journal cs1">Fernald, M. L. (1927). Rehder, Alfred (ed.). "Rehder's Manual of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs". Rhodora. 29 (339): 48–51. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23298457">23298457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rhodora&rft.atitle=Rehder%27s+Manual+of+Cultivated+Trees+and+Shrubs&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=339&rft.pages=48-51&rft.date=1927&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23298457%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fernald&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyman1938" class="citation book cs1">Wyman, Donald (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IXPZAAAAMAAJ">Hedges, Screens & Windbreaks: Their Uses, Selection and Care</a>. McGraw-Hill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115180638/https://books.google.com/books?id=IXPZAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-15. Retrieved 2020-05-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hedges%2C+Screens+%26+Windbreaks%3A+Their+Uses%2C+Selection+and+Care&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Wyman&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIXPZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plantdelights.com/blogs/articles/plant-hardiness-zone-maps">"History of Plant Hardiness Zone Maps – The Rest of the Story"</a>. Plant Delights Nursery. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180804170056/https://www.plantdelights.com/blogs/articles/plant-hardiness-zone-maps">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-08-04. Retrieved 2018-06-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Delights+Nursery&rft.atitle=History+of+Plant+Hardiness+Zone+Maps+%E2%80%93+The+Rest+of+the+Story&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantdelights.com%2Fblogs%2Farticles%2Fplant-hardiness-zone-maps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDel_Tredici1990" class="citation journal cs1">Del Tredici, Peter (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/1990-50-3-the-new-usda-plant-hardiness-zone-map.pdf">"The New USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map"</a> (PDF). Arnoldia. 50 (3): 16–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fp.250731">10.5962/p.250731</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170505143348/http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/1990-50-3-the-new-usda-plant-hardiness-zone-map.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2017-05-05. Retrieved 2018-06-03 – via Harvard University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arnoldia&rft.atitle=The+New+USDA+Plant+Hardiness+Zone+Map&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=16-20&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5962%2Fp.250731&rft.aulast=Del+Tredici&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu%2Fpdf%2Farticles%2F1990-50-3-the-new-usda-plant-hardiness-zone-map.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171208070740/http://ahsgardening.org/gardening-resources/gardening-maps/hardiness-map">"USDA Hardiness Zone Map"</a>. American Horticultural Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ahsgardening.org/gardening-resources/gardening-maps/hardiness-map">the original</a> on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USDA+Hardiness+Zone+Map&rft.pub=American+Horticultural+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fahsgardening.org%2Fgardening-resources%2Fgardening-maps%2Fhardiness-map&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arbor_Day_Foundation-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Arbor_Day_Foundation_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arborday.org/media/zonechanges2006.cfm">"New arborday.org Hardiness Zone Map reflects warmer climate : Latest hardiness zones, based on most current temperature data available, suggest up-to-date choices for best trees to plant"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071228234728/http://www.arborday.org/media/zonechanges2006.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-12-28. Retrieved 2007-12-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+arborday.org+Hardiness+Zone+Map+reflects+warmer+climate+%3A+Latest+hardiness+zones%2C+based+on+most+current+temperature+data+available%2C+suggest+up-to-date+choices+for+best+trees+to+plant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arborday.org%2Fmedia%2Fzonechanges2006.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USDA-7"><a href="#cite_ref-USDA_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov">"USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map, 2012"</a>. Agricultural Research Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171024112311/http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Agricultural+Research+Service&rft.atitle=USDA+Plant+Hardiness+Zone+Map%2C+2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplanthardiness.ars.usda.gov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USDAWhatsNew-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USDAWhatsNew_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USDAWhatsNew_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USDAWhatsNew_8-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/AboutWhatsNew.aspx">"What's New | USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map"</a>. Agricultural Research Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019072431/http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/AboutWhatsNew.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Agricultural+Research+Service&rft.atitle=What%27s+New+%26%23124%3B+USDA+Plant+Hardiness+Zone+Map&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplanthardiness.ars.usda.gov%2FPHZMWeb%2FAboutWhatsNew.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-planthardiness.ars.usda.gov-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-planthardiness.ars.usda.gov_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-planthardiness.ars.usda.gov_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/">"About | USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map"</a>. planthardiness.ars.usda.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220709235155/https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-09. Retrieved 2021-12-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=planthardiness.ars.usda.gov&rft.atitle=About+%7C+USDA+Plant+Hardiness+Zone+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplanthardiness.ars.usda.gov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alugy.com/usa/history-of-usda-hardiness-zones/">"History of USDA Hardiness Zones"</a>. alugy.com. 22 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211222162228/http://alugy.com/usa/history-of-usda-hardiness-zones/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-22. Retrieved 2021-12-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alugy.com&rft.atitle=History+of+USDA+Hardiness+Zones&rft.date=2021-12-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falugy.com%2Fusa%2Fhistory-of-usda-hardiness-zones%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arborday.org/media/zones.cfm">"Hardiness Zone Map at arborday.org"</a>. arborday.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160623180858/https://www.arborday.org/media/zones.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-23. Retrieved 2021-11-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arborday.org&rft.atitle=Hardiness+Zone+Map+at+arborday.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arborday.org%2Fmedia%2Fzones.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USDA_Unveils_Updated_Plant_Hardiness_Zone_Map-12"><a href="#cite_ref-USDA_Unveils_Updated_Plant_Hardiness_Zone_Map_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/news-events/news/research-news/2023/usda-unveils-updated-plant-hardiness-zone-map/">"USDA Unveils Updated Plant Hardiness Zone Map"</a>. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 18 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USDA+Unveils+Updated+Plant+Hardiness+Zone+Map&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Agriculture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ars.usda.gov%2Fnews-events%2Fnews%2Fresearch-news%2F2023%2Fusda-unveils-updated-plant-hardiness-zone-map%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/">"2023 USDA plant hardiness zone map"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Agriculture">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a>. Retrieved 2023-11-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2023+USDA+plant+hardiness+zone+map&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Agriculture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplanthardiness.ars.usda.gov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Almost all of the city proper is 8a while <a href="/wiki/Hartsfield%E2%80%93Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport" title="Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport">the airport</a> is 8b. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> The city proper is 8a while <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_City_International_Airport" title="Atlantic City International Airport">Atlantic City International Airport</a> is on the mainland and 7b. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Most of the city proper is 7a, except for <a href="/wiki/Allston" title="Allston">Allston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brighton,_Boston" title="Brighton, Boston">Brighton</a>, and the SW end, which are 6b. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Most of the city proper is 6a except for the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Loop" title="Chicago Loop">Chicago Loop</a> and a few lakeshore areas which are 6b. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Almost all of the city is 8b except for <a href="/wiki/Downtown_El_Paso" title="Downtown El Paso">downtown</a> which is 9a. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> The city proper is 7a while <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg_International_Airport" title="Harrisburg International Airport">Harrisburg International Airport</a> is 7b. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> The urbanized portion of Jacksonville is 9b while much of western <a href="/wiki/Duval_County,_Florida" title="Duval County, Florida">Duval County</a> is 9a. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Most of the city proper as well as the <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Strip" title="Las Vegas Strip">Las Vegas Strip</a> is 9b while the west end is 9a. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Small portions of the city of Los Angeles extend into zones 9b and 11a. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> The city proper is 7b while some higher northern areas of <a href="/wiki/Davidson_County,_Tennessee" title="Davidson County, Tennessee">Davidson County</a> are 7a. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Part of the <a href="/wiki/Somerton,_Philadelphia" title="Somerton, Philadelphia">Somerton</a> section in extreme <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Philadelphia" title="Northeast Philadelphia">Northeast Philadelphia</a> is 7a. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Most of the city proper is 6b except for <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Pittsburgh" title="Downtown Pittsburgh">dpwntown</a> and along the rivers where it is 7a. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> While the populated area of the city is 7b, the northeastern-most area including Grandview Peak goes as low as 6a. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> 9b and 10a are also to be found within San Diego's lightly-populated northern areas away from the coast. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> 6a is found on <a href="/wiki/Montage_Mountain_Ski_Resort" title="Montage Mountain Ski Resort">Montage Mountain</a> within the southern limits of the city proper. Downtown is 7a while most of the city and <a href="/wiki/Wilkes-Barre/Scranton_International_Airport" title="Wilkes-Barre/Scranton International Airport">the airport</a> are 6b. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Almost all of the city proper is 9b. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> The climate is <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate#Subpolar_oceanic_and_cold_subtropical_highland_varieties_(Cfc,_Cwc)" title="Oceanic climate">subpolar oceanic</a> (Cfc.) </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Almost all of the city limits are 8b except for some areas bordering <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake,_Virginia" title="Chesapeake, Virginia">Chesapeake</a> which are 8a. Almost all of <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a> is also 8b. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> The city proper is 10a while <a href="/wiki/Yuma_International_Airport" title="Yuma International Airport">the airport</a> is 10b. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenneyPedlarLawrenceCampbell2007" class="citation journal cs1">McKenney, Daniel W.; Pedlar, John H.; Lawrence, Kevin; Campbell, Kathy; Hutchinson, Michael F. (2007-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1641%2FB571105">"Beyond Traditional Hardiness Zones: Using Climate Envelopes to Map Plant Range Limits"</a>. BioScience. 57 (11): 929–937. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1641%2FB571105">10.1641/B571105</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F33387">1885/33387</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1525-3244">1525-3244</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=Beyond+Traditional+Hardiness+Zones%3A+Using+Climate+Envelopes+to+Map+Plant+Range+Limits&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=929-937&rft.date=2007-12-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F33387&rft.issn=1525-3244&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1641%2FB571105&rft.aulast=McKenney&rft.aufirst=Daniel+W.&rft.au=Pedlar%2C+John+H.&rft.au=Lawrence%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Kathy&rft.au=Hutchinson%2C+Michael+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1641%252FB571105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sunset-34"><a href="#cite_ref-sunset_34-0">^</a> Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books Inc. Menlo Park, California (1997) </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöppen" class="citation web cs1">Köppen, Wladimir. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/Koppen_1884_2.pdf">"Die Wärmezonen der Erde, nach der Dauer der heissen, gemässigten und kalten Zeit und nach der Wirkung der Wärme auf die organische Welt betrachtet [The thermal zones of the Earth according to the duration of hot, moderate and cold periods and of the impact of heat on the organic world]"</a> (PDF). World Maps of Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification. Translated by Volken, E.; Brönninmann, S. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, Vol. 20, No. 3, 351-360. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190214225259/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/Koppen_1884_2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 February 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Maps+of+K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger+Climate+Classification&rft.atitle=Die+W%C3%A4rmezonen+der+Erde%2C+nach+der+Dauer+der+heissen%2C+gem%C3%A4ssigten+und+kalten+Zeit+und+nach+der+Wirkung+der+W%C3%A4rme+auf+die+organische+Welt+betrachtet+%5BThe+thermal+zones+of+the+Earth+according+to+the+duration+of+hot%2C+moderate+and+cold+periods+and+of+the+impact+of+heat+on+the+organic+world%5D&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6ppen&rft.aufirst=Wladimir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkoeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at%2Fpdf%2FKoppen_1884_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Australian_National_Botanic_Gardens-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Australian_National_Botanic_Gardens_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawson,_I.1991" class="citation web cs1">Dawson, I. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anbg.gov.au/gardens/research/hort.research/zones.html">"Plant Hardiness Zones for Australia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101210130241/http://anbg.gov.au/gardens/research/hort.research/zones.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-12-10. Retrieved 2010-11-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plant+Hardiness+Zones+for+Australia&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Dawson%2C+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anbg.gov.au%2Fgardens%2Fresearch%2Fhort.research%2Fzones.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Natural_Resources_Canada_Plant_Hardiness-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Natural_Resources_Canada_Plant_Hardiness_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natural_Resources_Canada_Plant_Hardiness_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natural_Resources_Canada_Plant_Hardiness_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natural_Resources_Canada_Plant_Hardiness_37-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planthardiness.gc.ca/">"Natural Resources Canada – Plant Hardiness of Canada"</a>. Natural Resources Canada – Plant Hardiness of Canada. Government of Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060629173949/http://www.planthardiness.gc.ca/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2006. Retrieved 7 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Natural+Resources+Canada+%E2%80%93+Plant+Hardiness+of+Canada&rft.atitle=Natural+Resources+Canada+%E2%80%93+Plant+Hardiness+of+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planthardiness.gc.ca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOuelletSherk1967" class="citation journal cs1">Ouellet, C. E.; Sherk, L. C. (1967). "Woody Ornamental Plant Zonation: I. Indices of Winterhardiness". Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 47 (3): 231–238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4141%2Fcjps67-044">10.4141/cjps67-044</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-4220">0008-4220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Plant+Science&rft.atitle=Woody+Ornamental+Plant+Zonation%3A+I.+Indices+of+Winterhardiness&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=231-238&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4141%2Fcjps67-044&rft.issn=0008-4220&rft.aulast=Ouellet&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft.au=Sherk%2C+L.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/pdfplus/10.4141/cjps67-044">pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801121633/https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/pdfplus/10.4141/cjps67-044">Archived</a> 2020-08-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOuelletSherk1967" class="citation journal cs1">Ouellet, C. E.; Sherk, L. C. (1967). "Woody Ornamental Plant Zonation: Ii. Suitability Indices of Localities". Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 47 (4): 339–349. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4141%2Fcjps67-064">10.4141/cjps67-064</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-4220">0008-4220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Plant+Science&rft.atitle=Woody+Ornamental+Plant+Zonation%3A+Ii.+Suitability+Indices+of+Localities&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=339-349&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4141%2Fcjps67-064&rft.issn=0008-4220&rft.aulast=Ouellet&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft.au=Sherk%2C+L.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/pdfplus/10.4141/cjps67-064">pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801113450/https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/pdfplus/10.4141/cjps67-064">Archived</a> 2020-08-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOuelletSherk1967" class="citation journal cs1">Ouellet, C. E.; Sherk, L. C. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4141%2Fcjps67-065">"Woody Ornamental Plant Zonation: III. Suitability Map for the Probable Winter Survival of Ornamental Trees and Shrubs"</a>. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 47 (4): 351–358. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4141%2Fcjps67-065">10.4141/cjps67-065</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-4220">0008-4220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Plant+Science&rft.atitle=Woody+Ornamental+Plant+Zonation%3A+III.+Suitability+Map+for+the+Probable+Winter+Survival+of+Ornamental+Trees+and+Shrubs&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=351-358&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4141%2Fcjps67-065&rft.issn=0008-4220&rft.aulast=Ouellet&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft.au=Sherk%2C+L.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4141%252Fcjps67-065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/pdf/10.4141/cjps67-065">pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801195626/https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/pdf/10.4141/cjps67-065">Archived</a> 2020-08-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-netherlands-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">"Netherlands Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"</a>. plantmaps.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210528041509/https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-netherlands-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-28. Retrieved 2021-05-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plantmaps.com&rft.atitle=Netherlands+Interactive+Plant+Hardiness+Zone+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantmaps.com%2Finteractive-netherlands-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_42-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-spain-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">"Spain Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"</a>. plantmaps.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603055851/https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-spain-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-03. Retrieved 2021-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plantmaps.com&rft.atitle=Spain+Interactive+Plant+Hardiness+Zone+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantmaps.com%2Finteractive-spain-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-serbia-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">"Serbia Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"</a>. plantmaps.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213617/https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-serbia-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plantmaps.com&rft.atitle=Serbia+Interactive+Plant+Hardiness+Zone+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantmaps.com%2Finteractive-serbia-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-slovakia-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">"Slovakia Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"</a>. plantmaps.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213920/https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-slovakia-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plantmaps.com&rft.atitle=Slovakia+Interactive+Plant+Hardiness+Zone+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantmaps.com%2Finteractive-slovakia-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-romania-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">"Romania Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"</a>. plantmaps.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603024828/https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-romania-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-03. Retrieved 2021-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plantmaps.com&rft.atitle=Romania+Interactive+Plant+Hardiness+Zone+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantmaps.com%2Finteractive-romania-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_46-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-italy-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">"Italy Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"</a>. plantmaps.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214359/https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-italy-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plantmaps.com&rft.atitle=Italy+Interactive+Plant+Hardiness+Zone+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantmaps.com%2Finteractive-italy-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_47-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_47-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_47-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_47-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_47-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_47-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_47-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_47-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trebrown.com/hrdzone.html">"Plant Cold Hardiness Zone Map of the British Isles"</a>. trebrown.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210520120828/http://www.trebrown.com/hrdzone.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-20. Retrieved 2021-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=trebrown.com&rft.atitle=Plant+Cold+Hardiness+Zone+Map+of+the+British+Isles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trebrown.com%2Fhrdzone.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-finland-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">"Finland Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"</a>. plantmaps.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214520/https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-finland-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plantmaps.com&rft.atitle=Finland+Interactive+Plant+Hardiness+Zone+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantmaps.com%2Finteractive-finland-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_49-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_49-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_49-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_49-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-russia-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">"Russia Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"</a>. plantmaps.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213640/https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-russia-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plantmaps.com&rft.atitle=Russia+Interactive+Plant+Hardiness+Zone+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantmaps.com%2Finteractive-russia-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_50-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_50-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-poland-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">"Poland Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"</a>. plantmaps.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213517/https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-poland-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plantmaps.com&rft.atitle=Poland+Interactive+Plant+Hardiness+Zone+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantmaps.com%2Finteractive-poland-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_51-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-portugal-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">"Portugal Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"</a>. plantmaps.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213417/https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-portugal-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plantmaps.com&rft.atitle=Portugal+Interactive+Plant+Hardiness+Zone+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantmaps.com%2Finteractive-portugal-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-slovenia-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">"Slovenia Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"</a>. plantmaps.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213636/https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-slovenia-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plantmaps.com&rft.atitle=Slovenia+Interactive+Plant+Hardiness+Zone+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantmaps.com%2Finteractive-slovenia-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_53-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-france-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">"France Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"</a>. plantmaps.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213947/https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-france-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plantmaps.com&rft.atitle=France+Interactive+Plant+Hardiness+Zone+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantmaps.com%2Finteractive-france-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-czech-republic-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">"Czech Republic Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"</a>. plantmaps.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213959/https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-czech-republic-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plantmaps.com&rft.atitle=Czech+Republic+Interactive+Plant+Hardiness+Zone+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantmaps.com%2Finteractive-czech-republic-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-latvia-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">"Latvia Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"</a>. plantmaps.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213531/https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-latvia-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plantmaps.com&rft.atitle=Latvia+Interactive+Plant+Hardiness+Zone+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantmaps.com%2Finteractive-latvia-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-bosnia-and-herzegovina-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">"Bosnia and Herzegovina Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"</a>. plantmaps.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213716/https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-bosnia-and-herzegovina-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plantmaps.com&rft.atitle=Bosnia+and+Herzegovina+Interactive+Plant+Hardiness+Zone+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantmaps.com%2Finteractive-bosnia-and-herzegovina-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ukraine-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ukraine_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ukraine_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/midwest-area/ames/plant-introduction-research/home/maps/page-3/">"Page 3 : USDA ARS"</a>. ars.usda.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213046/https://www.ars.usda.gov/midwest-area/ames/plant-introduction-research/home/maps/page-3/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ars.usda.gov&rft.atitle=Page+3+%3A+USDA+ARS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ars.usda.gov%2Fmidwest-area%2Fames%2Fplant-introduction-research%2Fhome%2Fmaps%2Fpage-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_58-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-sweden-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">"Sweden Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"</a>. plantmaps.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213627/https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-sweden-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plantmaps.com&rft.atitle=Sweden+Interactive+Plant+Hardiness+Zone+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantmaps.com%2Finteractive-sweden-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-estonia-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">"Estonia Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"</a>. plantmaps.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213520/https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-estonia-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plantmaps.com&rft.atitle=Estonia+Interactive+Plant+Hardiness+Zone+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantmaps.com%2Finteractive-estonia-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_60-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-norway-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">"Norway Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"</a>. plantmaps.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603023221/https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-norway-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-03. Retrieved 2021-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plantmaps.com&rft.atitle=Norway+Interactive+Plant+Hardiness+Zone+Map&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantmaps.com%2Finteractive-norway-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-austria-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">"Austria Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"</a>. plantmaps.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213519/https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-austria-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plantmaps.com&rft.atitle=Austria+Interactive+Plant+Hardiness+Zone+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantmaps.com%2Finteractive-austria-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-switzerland-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">"Switzerland Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"</a>. plantmaps.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213626/https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-switzerland-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plantmaps.com&rft.atitle=Switzerland+Interactive+Plant+Hardiness+Zone+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantmaps.com%2Finteractive-switzerland-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-belgium-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">"Belgium Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"</a>. plantmaps.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603121259/https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-belgium-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-03. Retrieved 2021-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plantmaps.com&rft.atitle=Belgium+Interactive+Plant+Hardiness+Zone+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantmaps.com%2Finteractive-belgium-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_64-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dwd.de/EN/climate_environment/climateatlas/climateatlas_node.html">"Wetter und Klima - Deutscher Wetterdienst - Climate Atlas"</a>. dwd.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213055/https://www.dwd.de/EN/climate_environment/climateatlas/climateatlas_node.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dwd.de&rft.atitle=Wetter+und+Klima+-+Deutscher+Wetterdienst+-+Climate+Atlas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwd.de%2FEN%2Fclimate_environment%2Fclimateatlas%2Fclimateatlas_node.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-denmark-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">"Denmark Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"</a>. plantmaps.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603125704/https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-denmark-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-03. Retrieved 2021-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plantmaps.com&rft.atitle=Denmark+Interactive+Plant+Hardiness+Zone+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantmaps.com%2Finteractive-denmark-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mgm.gov.tr/tarim/bitki-soguga-ve-sicaga-dayaniklilik.aspx">"Bitki Soğuğa ve Sıcağa Dayanıklılık"</a>. mgm.gov.tr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812023954/https://mgm.gov.tr/tarim/bitki-soguga-ve-sicaga-dayaniklilik.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-12. Retrieved 2021-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mgm.gov.tr&rft.atitle=Bitki+So%C4%9Fu%C4%9Fa+ve+S%C4%B1ca%C4%9Fa+Dayan%C4%B1kl%C4%B1l%C4%B1k&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mgm.gov.tr%2Ftarim%2Fbitki-soguga-ve-sicaga-dayaniklilik.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Some inland regions of Istanbul are in zone 8a. Meanwhile, a small strip of land in the far-south of the city, as well as the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Princes%27_Islands" title="Princes' Islands">Princes' Islands</a>, are in zone 9b. </li> <li id="cite_note-Spain-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spain_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spain_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spain_68-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arbolesornamentales.es/PLANTAS%20Y%20ZONAS%20DE%20RUSTICIDAD.pdf">"LAS PLANTAS ORNAMENTALES Y SUS ZONAS DE RUSTICIDAD EN ESPAÑA"</a> (PDF). José Manuel Sanchez de Lorenzo-Cáceres, Agricultural Engineer. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210115151627/https://www.arbolesornamentales.es/PLANTAS%20Y%20ZONAS%20DE%20RUSTICIDAD.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2021-01-15. Retrieved 2021-01-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LAS+PLANTAS+ORNAMENTALES+Y+SUS+ZONAS+DE+RUSTICIDAD+EN+ESPA%C3%91A&rft.pub=Jos%C3%A9+Manuel+Sanchez+de+Lorenzo-C%C3%A1ceres%2C+Agricultural+Engineer&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arbolesornamentales.es%2FPLANTAS%2520Y%2520ZONAS%2520DE%2520RUSTICIDAD.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-belarus-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">"Belarus Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"</a>. plantmaps.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213717/https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-belarus-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plantmaps.com&rft.atitle=Belarus+Interactive+Plant+Hardiness+Zone+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantmaps.com%2Finteractive-belarus-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-cyprus-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">"Cyprus Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"</a>. plantmaps.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213937/https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-cyprus-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plantmaps.com&rft.atitle=Cyprus+Interactive+Plant+Hardiness+Zone+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantmaps.com%2Finteractive-cyprus-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-iceland-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">"Iceland Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"</a>. plantmaps.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506195636/https://plantmaps.com/interactive-iceland-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2021-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plantmaps.com&rft.atitle=Iceland+Interactive+Plant+Hardiness+Zone+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantmaps.com%2Finteractive-iceland-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-bulgaria-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">"Bulgaria Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"</a>. plantmaps.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214101/https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-bulgaria-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plantmaps.com&rft.atitle=Bulgaria+Interactive+Plant+Hardiness+Zone+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantmaps.com%2Finteractive-bulgaria-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-73"><a href="#cite_ref-:9_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hardiness.inforest.gr/">"Greek Plant Hardiness Zones"</a>. hardiness.inforest.gr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213242/http://hardiness.inforest.gr/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hardiness.inforest.gr&rft.atitle=Greek+Plant+Hardiness+Zones&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhardiness.inforest.gr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plantmaps.com/interactive-malta-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">"Malta Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"</a>. plantmaps.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213435/https://plantmaps.com/interactive-malta-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plantmaps.com&rft.atitle=Malta+Interactive+Plant+Hardiness+Zone+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplantmaps.com%2Finteractive-malta-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-meteo.lt-75"><a href="#cite_ref-meteo.lt_75-0">^</a> meteo.lt / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meteo.lt/lt/naujienos/-/asset_publisher/RrOmWx3nFPCR/content/2022-05-09-atsiaurumo-zonos-lietuvoje">Atšiaurumo zonos Lietuvoje</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220904224819/http://www.meteo.lt/lt/naujienos/-/asset_publisher/RrOmWx3nFPCR/content/2022-05-09-atsiaurumo-zonos-lietuvoje">Archived</a> 2022-09-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lietuvos_hidrometeorologijos_tarnyba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lietuvos hidrometeorologijos tarnyba (page does not exist)">Lietuvos hidrometeorologijos tarnyba</a> | 2022-05-09 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-croatia-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">"Croatia Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"</a>. plantmaps.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603211437/https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-croatia-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-03. Retrieved 2021-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plantmaps.com&rft.atitle=Croatia+Interactive+Plant+Hardiness+Zone+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantmaps.com%2Finteractive-croatia-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-crawford2010-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crawford2010_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crawford2010_77-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Crawford2010" class="citation book cs1">Martin Crawford (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MOt_QgAACAAJ">Creating a forest garden: working with nature to grow edible crops</a>. Green Books. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781900322621" title="Special:BookSources/9781900322621"><bdi>9781900322621</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115180638/https://books.google.com/books?id=MOt_QgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-15. Retrieved 2018-09-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+a+forest+garden%3A+working+with+nature+to+grow+edible+crops&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Green+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781900322621&rft.au=Martin+Crawford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMOt_QgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-united-kingdom-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">"United Kingdom Plant Hardiness Zone Map"</a>. plantmaps.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506182353/https://plantmaps.com/interactive-united-kingdom-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2021-01-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plantmaps.com&rft.atitle=United+Kingdom+Plant+Hardiness+Zone+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantmaps.com%2Finteractive-united-kingdom-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RHS-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RHS_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RHS_79-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/trials-awards/award-of-garden-merit/rhs-hardiness-rating">"RHS hardiness rating"</a>. Royal Horticultural Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160925021320/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/trials-awards/award-of-garden-merit/rhs-hardiness-rating">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RHS+hardiness+rating&rft.pub=Royal+Horticultural+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2Fplants%2Ftrials-awards%2Faward-of-garden-merit%2Frhs-hardiness-rating&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hobbyseeds.com/plant-hardiness-zones.html">"Plant hardiness Zones"</a>. HobbySeeds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205020233/https://www.hobbyseeds.com/plant-hardiness-zones.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-05. Retrieved 2022-12-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HobbySeeds&rft.atitle=Plant+hardiness+Zones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hobbyseeds.com%2Fplant-hardiness-zones.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeqja2017" class="citation web cs1">Teqja, Zydi (Mar 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-of-Albanian-plant-hardiness-zones-based-on-the-WorldClim-data-for-the-1950-2000_fig13_305787366">"Map of Albanian plant hardiness zones based on the WorldClim data for the 1950-2000 period"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221027040833/https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-of-Albanian-plant-hardiness-zones-based-on-the-WorldClim-data-for-the-1950-2000_fig13_305787366">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2021 – via ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Map+of+Albanian+plant+hardiness+zones+based+on+the+WorldClim+data+for+the+1950-2000+period&rft.date=2017-03&rft.aulast=Teqja&rft.aufirst=Zydi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Ffigure%2FMap-of-Albanian-plant-hardiness-zones-based-on-the-WorldClim-data-for-the-1950-2000_fig13_305787366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeqjaLibohovaKopaliNaçi2014" class="citation web cs1">Teqja, Zydi; Libohova, Zamir; Kopali, Albert; Naçi, Robert (December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269764857">"Climatic hardiness and heat zones of Albania and their use in evaluating the potential of introducing new plant species"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231119115148/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269764857_Climatic_hardiness_and_heat_zones_of_Albania_and_their_use_in_evaluating_the_potential_of_introducing_new_plant_species">Archived</a> from the original on Nov 19, 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2021 – via ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climatic+hardiness+and+heat+zones+of+Albania+and+their+use+in+evaluating+the+potential+of+introducing+new+plant+species&rft.date=2014-12&rft.aulast=Teqja&rft.aufirst=Zydi&rft.au=Libohova%2C+Zamir&rft.au=Kopali%2C+Albert&rft.au=Na%C3%A7i%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F269764857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repository.utl.pt/bitstream/10400.5/4069/2/Disserta%c3%a7%c3%a3o_texto.pdf">"Hardiness zones of Portugal"</a> (PDF). Repositório Institucional da Universidade de Lisboa. pp. 60–62. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210202094352/https://www.repository.utl.pt/bitstream/10400.5/4069/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_texto.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2021-02-02. Retrieved 2020-09-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hardiness+zones+of+Portugal&rft.pages=60-62&rft.pub=Reposit%C3%B3rio+Institucional+da+Universidade+de+Lisboa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.repository.utl.pt%2Fbitstream%2F10400.5%2F4069%2F2%2FDisserta%25c3%25a7%25c3%25a3o_texto.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hardiness.inforest.gr/">"Home"</a>. hardiness.inforest.gr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213242/http://hardiness.inforest.gr/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hardiness.inforest.gr&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhardiness.inforest.gr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.meteo.gr/Monthly_Bulletins.cfm">"Meteo.gr - Προγνώσεις καιρού για όλη την Ελλάδα"</a> (in Greek).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meteo.gr+-+%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BD%CF%8E%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D+%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1+%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7+%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD+%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.meteo.gr%2FMonthly_Bulletins.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/products/station/USW00014756.normals.txt">"MA Nantucket MEM AP"</a>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200712125630/ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/products/station/USW00014756.normals.txt">Archived</a> from the original on July 12, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MA+Nantucket+MEM+AP&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.ncdc.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2Fdata%2Fnormals%2F1981-2010%2Fproducts%2Fstation%2FUSW00014756.normals.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120516141700/http://pogoda.ru.net/climate2/14654.htm">"Weather and Climate: The Climate of Sarajevo"</a> (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pogoda.ru.net/climate2/14654.htm">the original</a> on 16 May 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weather+and+Climate%3A+The+Climate+of+Sarajevo&rft.pub=Weather+and+Climate+%28%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pogoda.ru.net%2Fclimate2%2F14654.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-portugal-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">"Portugal Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map"</a>. plantmaps.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213417/https://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-portugal-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plantmaps.com&rft.atitle=Portugal+Interactive+Plant+Hardiness+Zone+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantmaps.com%2Finteractive-portugal-plant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahsgardening.org/about-us/news-press/cool_timeline/heat-zone-map-developed">"Heat Zone Map developed"</a>. American Horticultural Society. 14 January 2022. Retrieved 2023-08-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heat+Zone+Map+developed&rft.pub=American+Horticultural+Society&rft.date=2022-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fahsgardening.org%2Fabout-us%2Fnews-press%2Fcool_timeline%2Fheat-zone-map-developed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170516031634/http://ahsgardening.org/gardening-resources/gardening-maps/heat-zone-map">"AHS Plant Heat Zone Map"</a>. American Horticultural Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahsgardening.org/gardening-resources/gardening-maps/heat-zone-map">the original</a> on 2017-05-16. Retrieved 2017-05-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AHS+Plant+Heat+Zone+Map&rft.pub=American+Horticultural+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahsgardening.org%2Fgardening-resources%2Fgardening-maps%2Fheat-zone-map&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HZ-91"><a href="#cite_ref-HZ_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlantZAfrica2016">PlantZAfrica 2016</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pza.sanbi.org/horticultural-zones">Horticultural Zones</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/news-events/news/research-news/2023/usda-unveils-updated-plant-hardiness-zone-map/">"USDA Unveils Updated Plant Hardiness Zone Map : USDA ARS"</a>. ars.usda.gov. Retrieved 2023-11-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ars.usda.gov&rft.atitle=USDA+Unveils+Updated+Plant+Hardiness+Zone+Map+%3A+USDA+ARS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ars.usda.gov%2Fnews-events%2Fnews%2Fresearch-news%2F2023%2Fusda-unveils-updated-plant-hardiness-zone-map%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkerAbatzoglou2016" class="citation journal cs1">Parker, Lauren E.; Abatzoglou, John T. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stacks.iop.org/1748-9326/11/i=3/a=034001">"Projected changes in cold hardiness zones and suitable overwinter ranges of perennial crops over the United States"</a>. Environmental Research Letters. 11 (3): 034001. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2F11%2F3%2F034001">10.1088/1748-9326/11/3/034001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1748-9326">1748-9326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Projected+changes+in+cold+hardiness+zones+and+suitable+overwinter+ranges+of+perennial+crops+over+the+United+States&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=034001&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1748-9326%2F11%2F3%2F034001&rft.issn=1748-9326&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Lauren+E.&rft.au=Abatzoglou%2C+John+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstacks.iop.org%2F1748-9326%2F11%2Fi%3D3%2Fa%3D034001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardiness_zone&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlantZAfrica2016" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pza.sanbi.org/">"PlantZAfrica"</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Biodiversity_Institute" title="South African National Biodiversity Institute">SANBI</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161210005623/http://pza.sanbi.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PlantZAfrica&rft.pub=SANBI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpza.sanbi.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardiness+zone" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardiness_zone&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/">2023 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map</a> (with ZIP code lookup, interactive)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/freezefrost/freezefrost.pdf">Freeze/Frost data from NOAA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721193555/http://www.earlscliffe.com/climatic_zone_plants.htm">Data on plant hardiness in Ireland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planthardiness.gc.ca/">Plant Hardiness Data</a> (Canada) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atlas.agr.gc.ca/agmaf/">Plant Hardiness Zones of Canada – Interactive Map</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090614230010/http://atlas.agr.gc.ca/agmaf/">Archived</a> 2009-06-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hardiness_zone&oldid=1258675420">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hardiness_zone&oldid=1258675420</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agricultural_terminology" title="Category:Agricultural terminology">Agricultural terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horticulture" title="Category:Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_zones" title="Category:Climate zones">Climate zones</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographic_classifications" title="Category:Geographic classifications">Geographic classifications</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Greek-language_sources_(el)" title="Category:CS1 Greek-language sources (el)">CS1 Greek-language sources (el)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_September_2020" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2020">Articles needing additional references from September 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 23:49 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hardiness_zone&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-szq4t","wgBackendResponseTime":175,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.182","walltime":"1.376","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6462,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":156513,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4807,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":280724,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1153.000 1 -total"," 52.79% 608.706 1 Template:Reflist"," 23.82% 274.594 61 Template:Cite_web"," 13.89% 160.191 7 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.35% 107.796 1 Template:Short_description"," 9.24% 106.496 6 Template:Fix"," 6.49% 74.774 1 Template:Cn"," 6.30% 72.695 1 Template:Harvnb"," 5.75% 66.301 12 Template:Category_handler"," 5.18% 59.696 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.651","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9341972,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFDawson,_I.1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDel_Tredici1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernald1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKöppen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin_Crawford2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKenneyPedlarLawrenceCampbell2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOuelletSherk1967\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFParkerAbatzoglou2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlantZAfrica2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeqja2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeqjaLibohovaKopaliNaçi2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWyman1938\"] = 1,\n [\"USDA_hardiness_zones\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 61,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 17,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Hatnote\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 11,\n [\"Math\"] = 1,\n [\"Ordered list\"] = 1,\n [\"Pipe\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 5,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-x4q2f","timestamp":"20241124053150","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Hardiness zone","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hardiness_zone","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q925615","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q925615","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-04-10T21:28:33Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T23:49:05Z","headline":"geographic climate area relevant to plant growth and survival"}</script> </body> </html>