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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Informacija_sadržana_u_istosmjernom_naponu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Informacija_sadržana_u_istosmjernom_naponu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Informacija sadržana u istosmjernom naponu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Informacija_sadržana_u_istosmjernom_naponu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Informacija_sadržana_u_izmjeničnom_naponu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Informacija_sadržana_u_izmjeničnom_naponu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Informacija sadržana u izmjeničnom naponu</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Informacija_sadržana_u_izmjeničnom_naponu-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sadržaj cjeline Informacija sadržana u izmjeničnom naponu</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Informacija_sadržana_u_izmjeničnom_naponu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Telefon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telefon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Telefon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telefon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radiotelegrafija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radiotelegrafija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Radiotelegrafija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radiotelegrafija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Televizija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Televizija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Televizija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Televizija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FM_radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FM_radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>FM radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FM_radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ostali_oblici_električnog_signala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ostali_oblici_električnog_signala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Ostali oblici električnog signala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ostali_oblici_električnog_signala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frekvencijsko_područje_električnog_signala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frekvencijsko_područje_električnog_signala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Frekvencijsko područje električnog signala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frekvencijsko_područje_električnog_signala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analogni_i_digitalni_oblik_električnog_signala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analogni_i_digitalni_oblik_električnog_signala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Analogni i digitalni oblik električnog signala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analogni_i_digitalni_oblik_električnog_signala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaz sadržaja stranice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaz sadržaja stranice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Električni signal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupan je na 56 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sein" title="Sein – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sein" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_(%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="إشارة (اتصالات) – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إشارة (اتصالات)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unancha" title="Unancha – ajmarski" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Unancha" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="ajmarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siqnal" title="Siqnal – azerbajdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Siqnal" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сигнал – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сигнал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2" title="सिग्नल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सिग्नल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4_(%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE)" title="সংকেত (যোগাযোগ ব্যবস্থা) – bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সংকেত (যোগাযোগ ব্যবস্থা)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal" title="Signal – bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Signal" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senyal_el%C3%A8ctric" title="Senyal elèctric – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Senyal elèctric" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%B5" title="سیگناڵ – soranski kurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سیگناڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="soranski kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign%C3%A1l" title="Signál – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Signál" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сигнал – čuvaški" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сигнал" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal" title="Signal – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Signal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisches_Signal" title="Elektrisches Signal – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektrisches Signal" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%83%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Ηλεκτρικό σήμα – grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτρικό σήμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal" title="Signal – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Signal" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signalo" title="Signalo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Signalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%B1al_el%C3%A9ctrica" title="Señal eléctrica – španjolski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Señal eléctrica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španjolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signaal_(tehnika)" title="Signaal (tehnika) – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Signaal (tehnika)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seinale" title="Seinale – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Seinale" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84_(%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82)" title="سیگنال (مهندسی برق) – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیگنال (مهندسی برق)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Signal électrique – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Signal électrique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinal" title="Sinal – galicijski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sinal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA_(%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA)" title="אות (תקשורת) – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אות (תקשורת)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4" title="संकेत – hindski" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संकेत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinyal_(elektronika)" title="Sinyal (elektronika) – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sinyal (elektronika)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segnale_elettrico" title="Segnale elettrico – talijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Segnale elettrico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="talijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7_(%E9%9B%BB%E6%B0%97%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6)" title="信号 (電気工学) – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="信号 (電気工学)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сигнал – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сигнал" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%ED%98%B8_(%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B3%B5%ED%95%99)" title="신호 (전자공학) – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신호 (전자공학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сигнал – kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сигнал" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signalas" title="Signalas – litavski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Signalas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litavski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isyarat_(kejuruteraan_elektrik)" title="Isyarat (kejuruteraan elektrik) – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Isyarat (kejuruteraan elektrik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signaal_(algemeen)" title="Signaal (algemeen) – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Signaal (algemeen)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sygna%C5%82" title="Sygnał – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sygnał" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinal_el%C3%A9trico" title="Sinal elétrico – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sinal elétrico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinchikilla_unancha" title="Pinchikilla unancha – kečuanski" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pinchikilla unancha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečuanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semnal_(electronic%C4%83)" title="Semnal (electronică) – rumunjski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Semnal (electronică)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сигнал – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сигнал" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seegnal" title="Seegnal – škotski" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Seegnal" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="škotski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal" title="Signal – srpsko-hrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Signal" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpsko-hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%A5%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80_(%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80)" title="සංඥාව (ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික විද්‍යාව) – sinhaleški" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සංඥාව (ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික විද්‍යාව)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhaleški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(electrical_engineering)" title="Signal (electrical engineering) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Signal (electrical engineering)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign%C3%A1l" title="Signál – slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Signál" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal" title="Signal – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Signal" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baaq" title="Baaq – somalski" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Baaq" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinjalet" title="Sinjalet – albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sinjalet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_(%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Сигнал (електротехника) – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сигнал (електротехника)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisk_signal" title="Elektrisk signal – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elektrisk signal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="hr" dir="ltr"><p><b>Električnim signalom</b> možemo smatrati svaki oblik električnog <a href="/wiki/Napon" title="Napon">napona</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_struja" title="Električna struja">struje</a> koji sadrži neku <a href="/wiki/Informacija" title="Informacija">informaciju</a>. Kako je električni napon daleko lakše izmjeriti odgovarajućim mjernim instrumentom ili promatrati putem <a href="/wiki/Osciloskop" title="Osciloskop">osciloskopa</a> u odnosu na električnu struju, pod pojmom električnog signala zato prvenstveno podrazumijevamo električni napon. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Informacija_sadržana_u_istosmjernom_naponu"><span id="Informacija_sadr.C5.BEana_u_istosmjernom_naponu"></span>Informacija sadržana u istosmjernom naponu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektri%C4%8Dni_signal&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak: Informacija sadržana u istosmjernom naponu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektri%C4%8Dni_signal&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Informacija sadržana u istosmjernom naponu"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Istosmjerni električni napon može sadržavati samo informaciju 1 (ima napona) i 0 (nema napona) temeljem koje možemo, na primjer, dati naredbu nekom uređaju da se uključi (1) ili isključi (0). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Informacija_sadržana_u_izmjeničnom_naponu"><span id="Informacija_sadr.C5.BEana_u_izmjeni.C4.8Dnom_naponu"></span>Informacija sadržana u izmjeničnom naponu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektri%C4%8Dni_signal&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak: Informacija sadržana u izmjeničnom naponu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektri%C4%8Dni_signal&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Informacija sadržana u izmjeničnom naponu"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Princip uključivanja i isključivanja istosmjernog napona koristio se desetljećima u prvoj <a href="/wiki/Komunikacija" title="Komunikacija">komunikaciji</a> na daljinu: <a href="/wiki/Telegrafija" title="Telegrafija">telegrafiji</a>. U osnovi to je <a href="/wiki/Binarni_sustav" class="mw-redirect" title="Binarni sustav">binarna</a> informacija, princip na kojem su zasnovani binarni računalni sustavi. Međutim, učestalu promjenu istosmjernog napona u vremenu ne možemo više smatrati istosmjernim, već pravokutnim oblikom izmjeničnog napona. Za razliku od istosmjernog napona gdje se može registrirati samo <a href="/wiki/Amplituda" title="Amplituda">amplituda</a> napona, informacija sadržana u električnom signalu izmjeničnog napona može biti sadržana u nebrojenom nizu, općenito različitih i u vremenu promjenljivih amplituda frekvencijskog spektra izmjeničnog napona. U tom smislu je količina informacija koja se može prenijeti u jedinici vremena općenito razmjerna <a href="/wiki/Frekvencija" title="Frekvencija">frekvenciji</a> izmjeničnog električnog signala. Jedan od prvih takvih uređaja koji se pojavio u upotrebi je <a href="/wiki/Telefon" title="Telefon">telefon</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telefon">Telefon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektri%C4%8Dni_signal&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak: Telefon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektri%C4%8Dni_signal&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Telefon"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zamisao prenošenja govora na daljinu potječe još iz polovice XIX stoljeća, a kroz naredna desetljeća učinjene su brojne inovacije u namjeri da telefon bude pouzdaniji i kvalitetniji. U radu telefona koristi se istosmjerna električna struja gdje ugljeni <a href="/wiki/Mikrofon" title="Mikrofon">mikrofon</a> pod djelovanjem tlaka zvučnih valova govora u ritmu frekvencije govora mijenja svoj <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_otpor" title="Električni otpor">električni otpor</a> i na taj način amplitudno „modulira“ istosmjernu struju. Na prijemnoj strani izmjenična komponenta istosmjerne struju uzrokuje titranje membrane u slušalici i električni signal se pretvara ponovno u zvučni. Informacija je sadržana u amplitudi i u frekvencijskom spektru električnog signala. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radiotelegrafija">Radiotelegrafija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektri%C4%8Dni_signal&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak: Radiotelegrafija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektri%C4%8Dni_signal&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Radiotelegrafija"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Temelji <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiotelegrafija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiotelegrafija (stranica ne postoji)">radiotelegrafije</a> postavljeni su krajem XIX stoljeća te je radiotelegrafija kao sredstvo prijenosa informacija uvedena već prvih godina XX stoljeća. Električni signali <a href="/wiki/Radio_valovi" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio valovi">dugovalnog</a>, kasnije i kraćih valnih područja <a href="/wiki/Amplitudna_modulacija" title="Amplitudna modulacija">amplitudno</a> su se modulirali jednom zvučnom frekvencijom i putem <a href="/wiki/Oda%C5%A1ilja%C4%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Odašiljač">odašiljača</a> i <a href="/wiki/Antena" title="Antena">antene</a> slali i na relativno velike udaljenosti gdje su se primali pomoću odgovarajuće antene i prijamnika. Visoka frekvencija je nosilac informacije, gdje se nakon demodulacije informacija pojavljivala u obliku dogovorenih znakova Morseovog koda. Kratko trajanje tona je u tom smislu označavalo točku, a vremenski duže trajanje crtu, gdje je su određene kombinacije točaka i crta označavale pojedina slova abecede ili brojeve. Na taj je način, na primjer slijed od tri točke, tri crte i ponovno tri točke (<b>… - - - …</b>) označavao SOS međunarodni poziv u pomoć koji su tradicionalno slali brodovi u slučaju opasnosti. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektri%C4%8Dni_signal&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odlomak: Radio" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektri%C4%8Dni_signal&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Radio"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">Radio</a> se razvijao usporedno s radiotelegrafijom te je prva eksperimentalna radio postaja otpočela s radom 1897. godine. Jednako kao i kod radiotelegrafije i radio koristi amplitudnu modulaciju nosećeg elektromagnetskog vala, no noseći val se amplitudno modulira cijelim spektrom frekvencija koji sadrži informaciju govora ili glazbe. Na prijemnoj strani, jednako kao i kod radiotelegrafije, nakon demodulacije se signal mogao čuti najprije preko slušalica, a kasnije i preko pojačala i zvučnika. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Televizija">Televizija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektri%C4%8Dni_signal&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odlomak: Televizija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektri%C4%8Dni_signal&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Televizija"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brzim razvojem elektronike ostvareni su nakon radija i uvjeti za ostvarenje prijenosa slike na daljinu. Prvo emitiranje ostvareno je u Njemačkoj 1929. godine, a do kraja tridesetih godina prošlog stoljeća <a href="/wiki/Televizija" title="Televizija">televizija</a> je već kao novost bila prihvaćena u brojnim zemljama. Jednako kao i kod radija, no na višoj frekvenciji, noseći val je amplitudno moduliran i signalom slike i signalom tona, gdje je na prijemnoj strani signal demoduliran i razdvojen ponovno u signal slike i tona. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FM_radio">FM radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektri%C4%8Dni_signal&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odlomak: FM radio" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektri%C4%8Dni_signal&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka FM radio"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Premda je princip frekvencijske modulacije bio patentiran još 1933. godine, prvo komercijalno emitiranje sadržaja emitiranih <a href="/wiki/Frekvencijska_modulacija" title="Frekvencijska modulacija">frekvencijskom modulacijom</a> bilo je dozvoljeno tek početkom 1941. godine. Pojavom sve većeg broja radio stanica postojeći frekvencijski prostor postao je jednostavno preuzak za otvaranje novih te je, do tada vrlo slabo prihvaćen, FM radio sa znatno boljom kvalitetom prijenosa signala ipak usvojen početkom pedesetih godina, gdje je britanski BBC započeo emitirati FM program 1955. godine. Premda je emitiranje FM programa usvajano relativno polako, do danas je FM radio u komercijalnoj primjeni praktički potpuno istisnuo klasični AM radio. Noseći val vrlo visoke frekvencije modulira se frekvencijski gdje je informacija sadržana u promjeni frekvencije nosećeg vala te je takva vrst prijenosa znatno manje osjetljiva na razne <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektromagnetske_smetnje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektromagnetske smetnje (stranica ne postoji)">elektromagnetske smetnje</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ostali_oblici_električnog_signala"><span id="Ostali_oblici_elektri.C4.8Dnog_signala"></span>Ostali oblici električnog signala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektri%C4%8Dni_signal&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odlomak: Ostali oblici električnog signala" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektri%C4%8Dni_signal&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Ostali oblici električnog signala"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Premda se pod pojmom električnog signala najčešće podrazumijevaju u svakodnevnom životu prisutni signali radija, televizije ili <a href="/wiki/Mobitel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobitel">mobitela</a>, električni signali su u prikladnom obliku prisutni u brojnim uređajima namijenjeni kontroli proizvodnje, upravljanju, navođenju, signalizaciji, komunikacijama, u računalima te i u brojnim drugim uređajima i primjenama. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Frekvencijsko_područje_električnog_signala"><span id="Frekvencijsko_podru.C4.8Dje_elektri.C4.8Dnog_signala"></span>Frekvencijsko područje električnog signala</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektri%C4%8Dni_signal&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odlomak: Frekvencijsko područje električnog signala" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektri%C4%8Dni_signal&action=edit&section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Frekvencijsko područje električnog signala"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Conversion_AD_DA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Conversion_AD_DA.png/300px-Conversion_AD_DA.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="457" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Conversion_AD_DA.png 1.5x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Princip AD i DA konverzije električnog signala</figcaption></figure> <p>Frekvencijski tonski spektar razumljivog govora zauzima frekvencijsko područje od kojih 400 do 3.000 Hz Hz, što je svojevremeno otprilike i bio standard za telefonske veze i uređaje. Razvojem elektronike i pratećih uređaja postavljani su sve kvalitetniji standardi i za reprodukciju govora i glazbe te danas smatramo da prijenosni frekvencijski spektar elektroakustičkih uređaja za reprodukciju tonskog frekvencijskog područja treba težiti rasponu frekvencija od 20 Hz pa sve do 20 kH, premda valja napomenuti da ljudsko uho ipak ima nešto uže čujno područje. Frekvencijsko područje električnog signala može se prostirati i ispod 20 Hz, kada govorimo o <a href="/wiki/Infrazvuk" title="Infrazvuk">infrazvučnom</a> području ili iznad 20 kHz kada govorimo električnom signalu <a href="/wiki/Ultrazvuk" title="Ultrazvuk">ultrazvučnog</a> područja. Područje električnih signala ultrazvučne frekvencije prekriva se iznad neke granice s područjem električnih signala područja najnižih radio frekvencija (valno područje ekstremno velikih valnih duljina). Povišenjem frekvencije električnog signala ulazimo u brojna frekvencijska područja rada srednjevalnih i kratkovalnih odašiljača i stanica, brojnih programa televizije, te područje frekvencija koji se koriste za vojsku i policiju, mobilne uređaje i satelitske komunikacije, radare, i td. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analogni_i_digitalni_oblik_električnog_signala"><span id="Analogni_i_digitalni_oblik_elektri.C4.8Dnog_signala"></span>Analogni i digitalni oblik električnog signala</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektri%C4%8Dni_signal&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odlomak: Analogni i digitalni oblik električnog signala" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektri%C4%8Dni_signal&action=edit&section=10" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Analogni i digitalni oblik električnog signala"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pod pojmom analognog električnog signala podrazumijevamo, pojednostavljeno rečeno, takav električni signal koji je u svakom trenutku vremena prisutan u sustavu (Slika desno: fig.1). Prilikom konverzije analognog signala u <a href="/wiki/Digitalizacija" title="Digitalizacija">digitalni</a> (fig.2) određenom frekvencijom uzimaju se uzorci analognog električnog signala i izražavaju u digitalnom obliku, gdje na primjer slijed od 10 binarnih znamenki označava 1024 mogućih različitih analognih razina – unoseći prilikom konverzije digitalnog signala u analogni (fig.3) pogrešku manju od 0,1%. Digitalni sustavi su znatno manje ili skoro uopće nisu osjetljivi na neke oblike smetnji te imaju i niz drugih prednosti što je uvjetovalo brz razvoj digitalizacije procesa snimanja i reprodukcije <a href="/wiki/Zvuk" title="Zvuk">zvuka</a> te sveopću primjenu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatura">Literatura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektri%C4%8Dni_signal&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi odlomak: Literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektri%C4%8Dni_signal&action=edit&section=11" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Literatura"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jelaković T. “Tranzistorska audiopojačala”, Školska knjiga, 1973.</li> <li>Somek. B. “Elektroakustika”, Tehnička enciklopedija, Jugoslavenski Leksikografski Zavod, 1973.</li> <li>Stuart J.R. “An approach to audio amplifier design”, Wireless World, August 1973</li> <li>Kerr R.B. “Electrical Network Science”, Prentice-Hall Inc., 1977.</li> <li>Weinberg L. “Network Analysis and Synthesis”, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1962.</li> <li>Huurdeman, Anton A. (2003), The Worldwide History of Telecommunications, IEEE Press and J. Wiley & Sons, 2003. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_knji%C5%BEni_broj" title="Međunarodni standardni knjižni broj">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-471-20505-2" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-471-20505-2">0-471-20505-2</a>.</li> <li>Albert Abramson, The History of Television, 1942 to 2000, Jefferson, NC, and London, McFarland, 2003, <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_knji%C5%BEni_broj" title="Međunarodni standardni knjižni broj">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0786412208" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0786412208">0786412208</a>.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Dobavljeno iz "<a dir="ltr" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Električni_signal&oldid=6258711">https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Električni_signal&oldid=6258711</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorija</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Elektronika" title="Kategorija:Elektronika">Elektronika</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ova stranica posljednji je put uređivana 2. siječnja 2022. u 08:48.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst je dostupan pod licencijom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.hr">Creative Commons: Imenuj autora/Dijeli pod istim uvjetima</a>; mogu se primjenjivati i dodatni uvjeti. 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