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href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbal"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.id"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Umpan Atom Wikipedia" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Timbal rootpage-Timbal skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Lompat ke isi</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu utama</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigasi </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" title="Kunjungi Halaman Utama [z]" accesskey="z">Halaman Utama</a></li><li id="n-Daftar-isi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Isi">Daftar isi</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru" title="Daftar perubahan terbaru dalam wiki. [r]" accesskey="r">Perubahan terbaru</a></li><li id="n-Artikel-pilihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikel_pilihan/Topik">Artikel pilihan</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peristiwa_terkini" title="Temukan informasi tentang peristiwa terkini">Peristiwa terkini</a></li><li id="n-newpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_baru">Halaman baru</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_sembarang" title="Tampilkan sembarang halaman [x]" accesskey="x">Halaman sembarang</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Komunitas" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Komunitas" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Komunitas </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Warung-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Warung_Kopi">Warung Kopi</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Komunitas" title="Tentang proyek, apa yang dapat Anda lakukan, di mana untuk mencari sesuatu">Portal komunitas</a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Isi" title="Tempat mencari bantuan.">Bantuan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Wikipedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Wikipedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikipedia </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal">Tentang Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-Pancapilar" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pancapilar">Pancapilar</a></li><li id="n-Kebijakan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kebijakan_dan_pedoman">Kebijakan</a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami">Hubungi kami</a></li><li id="n-Bak-pasir" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bak_pasir">Bak pasir</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Bagikan" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Bagikan emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bagikan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-id.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Pencarian </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia" aria-label="Telusuri Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Perkakas pribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Tampilan </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id" class="">Menyumbang</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Timbal" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class="">Buat akun baru</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Timbal" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Masuk log</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Perkakas pribadi </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id">Menyumbang</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Timbal" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"> Buat akun baru</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Timbal" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"> Masuk log</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting">pelajari lebih lanjut</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y">Kontribusi</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n">Pembicaraan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sifat_fisik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sifat_fisik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Sifat fisik </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sifat_fisik-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Sifat fisik </button> <ul id="toc-Sifat_fisik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sifat_atom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sifat_atom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Sifat atom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sifat_atom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sifat_benda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sifat_benda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Sifat benda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sifat_benda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Isotop </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sifat_kimia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sifat_kimia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Sifat kimia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sifat_kimia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Sifat kimia </button> <ul id="toc-Sifat_kimia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reaksi_dasar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaksi_dasar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Reaksi dasar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reaksi_dasar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senyawa_anorganik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senyawa_anorganik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Senyawa anorganik </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senyawa_anorganik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Timbal(II)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timbal(II)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Timbal(II) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timbal(II)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timbal(IV)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timbal(IV)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Timbal(IV) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timbal(IV)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dengan_bilangan_oksidasi_lain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dengan_bilangan_oksidasi_lain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Dengan bilangan oksidasi lain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dengan_bilangan_oksidasi_lain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senyawa-senyawa_organotimbal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senyawa-senyawa_organotimbal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Senyawa-senyawa organotimbal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senyawa-senyawa_organotimbal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keberadaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keberadaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Keberadaan </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Keberadaan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Keberadaan </button> <ul id="toc-Keberadaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Di_luar_angkasa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Di_luar_angkasa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Di luar angkasa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Di_luar_angkasa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Di_bumi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Di_bumi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Di bumi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Di_bumi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Sejarah </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Sejarah </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prasejarah_dan_zaman_kuno" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prasejarah_dan_zaman_kuno"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Prasejarah dan zaman kuno </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prasejarah_dan_zaman_kuno-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zaman_klasik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zaman_klasik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Zaman klasik </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zaman_klasik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abad_Pertengahan_dan_Renaisans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abad_Pertengahan_dan_Renaisans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Abad Pertengahan dan Renaisans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abad_Pertengahan_dan_Renaisans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zaman_penjelajahan_Bangsa_Eropa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zaman_penjelajahan_Bangsa_Eropa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Zaman penjelajahan Bangsa Eropa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zaman_penjelajahan_Bangsa_Eropa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolusi_Industri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolusi_Industri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Revolusi Industri </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolusi_Industri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zaman_modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zaman_modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Zaman modern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zaman_modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Produksi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Produksi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Produksi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Produksi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Produksi </button> <ul id="toc-Produksi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Primer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proses_dua_tahap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proses_dua_tahap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Proses dua tahap </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proses_dua_tahap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proses_langsung" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proses_langsung"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Proses langsung </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proses_langsung-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proses_lain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proses_lain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Proses lain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proses_lain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sekunder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sekunder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Sekunder </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sekunder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kegunaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kegunaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Kegunaan </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kegunaan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Kegunaan </button> <ul id="toc-Kegunaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Timbal_sebagai_unsur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timbal_sebagai_unsur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Timbal sebagai unsur </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timbal_sebagai_unsur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sebagai_senyawa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sebagai_senyawa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Sebagai senyawa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sebagai_senyawa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dampak_terhadap_tubuh_manusia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dampak_terhadap_tubuh_manusia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Dampak terhadap tubuh manusia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dampak_terhadap_tubuh_manusia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Dampak terhadap tubuh manusia </button> <ul id="toc-Dampak_terhadap_tubuh_manusia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Toksisitas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toksisitas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Toksisitas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toksisitas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gejala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gejala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Gejala </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gejala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sumber_paparan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sumber_paparan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Sumber paparan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sumber_paparan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengobatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengobatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Pengobatan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengobatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dampak_lingkungan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dampak_lingkungan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Dampak lingkungan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dampak_lingkungan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pembatasan_dan_pembersihan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembatasan_dan_pembersihan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Pembatasan dan pembersihan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pembatasan_dan_pembersihan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keterangan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keterangan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Keterangan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keterangan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Referensi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daftar_pustaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daftar_pustaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Daftar pustaka </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daftar_pustaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Gulingkan daftar isi </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Timbal</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 173 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-173" aria-hidden="true" > 173 bahasa </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%88%D3%80%D0%BE" title="ПцашӀо – Adygei" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="ПцашӀо" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adygei" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lood" title="Lood – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lood" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%B3%E1%88%B5" title="እርሳስ – Amharik" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="እርሳስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharik" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plomo" title="Plomo – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Plomo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%93ad" title="Lēad – Inggris Kuno" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Lēad" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Inggris Kuno" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="सीसा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="सीसा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B5" title="رصاص – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رصاص" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="لدون – Arab Maroko" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لدون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B5" title="رصاص – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رصاص" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plomu" title="Plomu – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Plomu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%C4%9Fu%C5%9Fun" title="Qurğuşun – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qurğuşun" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%83%D1%80%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Ҡурғаш – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡурғаш" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Timbal" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingga" title="Tingga – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tingga" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Свінец – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Свінец" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Волава – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Волава" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Олово – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Олово" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="सीसा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सीसा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE" title="সীসা – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সীসা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9E%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8D" title="ཞ་ཉེ། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཞ་ཉེ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plom" title="Plom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Plom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olovo" title="Olovo – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Olovo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plom" title="Plom – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Plom" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B2ng_(g%C4%ADng-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%86k)" title="Iòng (gĭng-sṳ̆k) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Iòng (gĭng-sṳ̆k)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plomo" title="Plomo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Plomo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%82" title="ᎦᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%DA%95%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85" title="قوڕقوشم – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="قوڕقوشم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piombu" title="Piombu – Korsika" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Piombu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsika" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olovo" title="Olovo – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Olovo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%C4%83%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хура тăхлан – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хура тăхлан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plwm" title="Plwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Plwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bly" title="Bly – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bly" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blei" title="Blei – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Blei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B6m_thi%C9%9Bk" title="Yöm thiɛk – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Yöm thiɛk" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%8C%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Μόλυβδος – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μόλυβδος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead" title="Lead – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Lead" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbo" title="Plumbo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Plumbo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plomo" title="Plomo – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Plomo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plii" title="Plii – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Plii" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berun" title="Berun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Berun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promu" title="Promu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Promu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="سرب – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyijy" title="Lyijy – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lyijy" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%BDggj" title="Blýggj – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Blýggj" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plomb" title="Plomb – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plomb" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luad_(element)" title="Luad (element) – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Luad (element)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plomp" title="Plomp – Friuli" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Plomp" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_(elemint)" title="Lead (elemint) – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Lead (elemint)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luaidhe" title="Luaidhe – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Luaidhe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luaidhe" title="Luaidhe – Gaelik Skotlandia" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Luaidhe" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaelik Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chumbo" title="Chumbo – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Chumbo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82" title="સીસું – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સીસું" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leoaie" title="Leoaie – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Leoaie" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A8n" title="Yèn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yèn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%93pau" title="Kēpau – Hawaii" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kēpau" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaii" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%AA" title="עופרת – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עופרת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="सीसा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सीसा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raanga" title="Raanga – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Raanga" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olovo_(element)" title="Olovo (element) – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Olovo (element)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plon" title="Plon – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Plon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93lom" title="Ólom – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ólom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Կապար – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կապար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Կապար – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կապար" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbo" title="Plumbo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Plumbo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plombo" title="Plombo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Plombo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%BD" title="Blý – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Blý" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piombo" title="Piombo – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Piombo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%9B" title="鉛 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鉛" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/cnisa" title="cnisa – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="cnisa" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ტყვია – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტყვია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldun" title="Aldun – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aldun" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%A9l%C9%94mb%C9%A9" title="Pɩlɔmbɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pɩlɔmbɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Қорғасын – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қорғасын" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B8" title="ಸೀಸ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೀಸ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%A9" title="납 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="납" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Ширись – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Ширись" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirb" title="Sirb – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sirb" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Ширысь – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ширысь" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plobm" title="Plobm – Kornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Plobm" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Коргошун – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Коргошун" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbum" title="Plumbum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Plumbum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A4i" title="Bläi – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bläi" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D3%80%D1%83%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B8" title="ЧӀутӀи – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="ЧӀутӀи" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%83%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Кьуркьушум – Lezghia" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Кьуркьушум" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loead" title="Loead – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Loead" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciongio" title="Ciongio – Liguria" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Ciongio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liguria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pion" title="Pion – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Pion" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piomb" title="Piomb – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Piomb" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0vinas" title="Švinas – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Švinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svins" title="Svins – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Svins" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Киви – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Киви" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firamainty" title="Firamainty – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Firamainty" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C4%81_(konganuku)" title="Matā (konganuku) – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Matā (konganuku)" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Олово – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Олово" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="കറുത്തീയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കറുത്തീയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Хар тугалга – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хар тугалга" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%97_(%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A0%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F)" title="ꯂꯤꯗ (ꯄꯣꯠꯇꯤꯟꯂꯣꯟ) – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯤꯗ (ꯄꯣꯠꯇꯤꯟꯂꯣꯟ)" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87" title="शिसे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शिसे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D3%B9%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Вӹдвулны – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Вӹдвулны" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbum" title="Plumbum – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Plumbum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%B2_(%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF)" title="ခဲ (သတ္တု) – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခဲ (သတ္တု)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Киве – Eryza" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Киве" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Eryza" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="سرب – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سرب" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temetztli" title="Temetztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Temetztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiummo" title="Chiummo – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Chiummo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blie" title="Blie – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Blie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="सीसा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सीसा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1" title="लिड – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लिड" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lood_(element)" title="Lood (element) – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lood (element)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bly" title="Bly – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bly" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bly" title="Bly – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bly" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dily%C4%AF%CC%81h%C3%AD" title="Dilyį́hí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Dilyį́hí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plomb" title="Plomb – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Plomb" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jygeitina" title="Jygeitina – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Jygeitina" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilaalii" title="Dilaalii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Dilaalii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE" title="ସୀସା – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସୀସା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Зды – Ossetia" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Зды" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE_(%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4)" title="ਸਿੱਕਾ (ਧਾਤ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਿੱਕਾ (ਧਾਤ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1" title="लिड – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="लिड" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C5%82%C3%B3w" title="Ołów – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ołów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piomb" title="Piomb – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Piomb" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="سیسا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سیسا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%90%DA%89" title="لېډ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لېډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chumbo" title="Chumbo – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chumbo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titi" title="Titi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Titi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumb" title="Plumb – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Plumb" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliumbu" title="Pliumbu – Aromania" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Pliumbu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Свинец – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Свинец" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="सीसम् – Sanskerta" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सीसम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskerta" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prumu" title="Prumu – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Prumu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiummu" title="Chiummu – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Chiummu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leid_(element)" title="Leid (element) – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Leid (element)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%DA%BE%D9%88" title="شيھو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="شيھو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olovo" title="Olovo – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Olovo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead" title="Lead – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lead" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olovo" title="Olovo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Olovo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svinec" title="Svinec – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Svinec" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutobvu" title="Mutobvu – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mutobvu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasaas" title="Rasaas – Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Rasaas" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbi_(element_kimik)" title="Plumbi (element kimik) – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Plumbi (element kimik)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Олово – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Олово" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lood" title="Lood – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Lood" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Timbal" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bly" title="Bly – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bly" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risasi_(metali)" title="Risasi (metali) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Risasi (metali)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஈயம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஈயம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81_(%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81)" title="సీసము (మూలకము) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సీసము (మూలకము)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1" title="Сурб – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сурб" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7" title="ตะกั่ว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตะกั่ว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingga" title="Tingga – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tingga" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kur%C5%9Fun" title="Kurşun – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kurşun" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Кургаш – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кургаш" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%BA%DB%87%D8%B4%DB%87%D9%86" title="قوغۇشۇن – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قوغۇشۇن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Свинець – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Свинець" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%81" title="سیسہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیسہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qo%CA%BBrg%CA%BBoshin" title="Qoʻrgʻoshin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qoʻrgʻoshin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pionbo" title="Pionbo – Venesia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pionbo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hahktin" title="Hahktin – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Hahktin" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%AC" title="Chì – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chì" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbin" title="Plumbin – Volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Plumbin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plonk" title="Plonk – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Plonk" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingg%C3%A2" title="Tinggâ – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tinggâ" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%85" title="铅 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="铅" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%97%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Хорлаҗин – Kalmuk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Хорлаҗин" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmuk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ტყვია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტყვია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99" title="בליי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בליי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92j%C3%A9" title="Òjé – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Òjé" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yienz" title="Yienz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yienz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%85" title="铅 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="铅" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%9B" title="鉛 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鉛" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A2n" title="Iân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%9B" title="鉛 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鉛" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umthofu" title="Umthofu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umthofu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q708#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c">Halaman</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Timbal" 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Klik di sini untuk informasi lebih lanjut." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Fairytale_bookmark_gold.svg/20px-Fairytale_bookmark_gold.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Fairytale_bookmark_gold.svg/30px-Fairytale_bookmark_gold.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Fairytale_bookmark_gold.svg/40px-Fairytale_bookmark_gold.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Dialihkan dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lead&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead">Lead</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"PB" beralih ke halaman ini. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat <a href="/wiki/PB_(disambiguasi)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="PB (disambiguasi)">PB (disambiguasi)</a>.</div> <div style="top:-90px;position: absolute;background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(left, #F8F9FB,#F8F9FB,#F8F9FB,#F8F9FB, white); background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(left, #F8F9FB,#F8F9FB,#F8F9FB,#F8F9FB, white); background-image: -o-linear-gradient(left, #F8F9FB,#F8F9FB,#F8F9FB,#F8F9FB, white); background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, #F8F9FB,#F8F9FB,#F8F9FB,#F8F9FB, white); background-image: linear-gradient(left, #F8F9FB,#F8F9FB,#F8F9FB,#F8F9FB, white);;margin-bottom:0.1em;width:98%;padding-left:1em;padding-right:0.1em; line-height:1.36;color:gray;border-left:5px solid gold"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="Simbol artikel pilihan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Fairytale_bookmark_gold.svg/15px-Fairytale_bookmark_gold.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Fairytale_bookmark_gold.svg/23px-Fairytale_bookmark_gold.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Fairytale_bookmark_gold.svg/30px-Fairytale_bookmark_gold.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Artikel ini telah <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikel_pilihan/Usulan/Timbal" title="Wikipedia:Artikel pilihan/Usulan/Timbal">dinilai</a> sebagai <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AP" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AP">artikel pilihan</a> pada 15 Januari 2019 (<a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Timbal" title="Pembicaraan:Timbal">Pembicaraan artikel</a>)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22657712">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26333552">.mw-parser-output .ib-station-name{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}@media only screen and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ib-station{width:25.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-station-name{width:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard" style="font-size:88%;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr" style="background:lightgray;padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;"><div style="float:right;display:inline;background:lightgray;font-size:150%;">82Pb</div>Timbal</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Lead_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lead_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/220px-Lead_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lead_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/330px-Lead_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lead_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/440px-Lead_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5260" data-file-height="3341" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Nodul timbal murni dan kubus timbal 1 cm3</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="background:black"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Lead_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Lead_spectrum_visible.png/220px-Lead_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Lead_spectrum_visible.png/330px-Lead_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Lead_spectrum_visible.png/440px-Lead_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a> </div><div class="infobox-caption">Garis spektrum timbal</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#cccccc">Sifat umum</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">Pengucapan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">/timbal/<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">Penampilan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">abu-abu metalik</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#cccccc">Timbal dalam <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">tabel periodik</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><div style="z-index:1;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;font-size:120%;right:185px;margin:0.1em;font-family:'Linux Libertine',Georgia,Times,serif ; line-height:0.9"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Media:Electron_shell_082_Lead.svg" title="Media:Electron shell 082 Lead.svg"><img alt="Perbesar gambar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Electron_shell_082_Lead.svg/50px-Electron_shell_082_Lead.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Electron_shell_082_Lead.svg/75px-Electron_shell_082_Lead.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Electron_shell_082_Lead.svg/100px-Electron_shell_082_Lead.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="z-index:1;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;font-size:120%;right:140px;margin:0.1em;font-family:'Linux Libertine',Georgia,Times,serif ; line-height:0.9"> 82Pb</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">Hidrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">Berilium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">Karbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">Oksigen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluor">Fluor</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">Natrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">Silikon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">Fosfor</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clor (halaman belum tersedia)">Clor</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potasium" class="mw-redirect" title="Potasium">Potasium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">Kalsium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium">Skandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mangan</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">Besi</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Nikel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">Tembaga</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">Seng</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">Arsen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selen (halaman belum tersedia)">Selen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin">Bromin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kripton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" class="mw-redirect" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" class="mw-redirect" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" class="mw-redirect" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" class="mw-redirect" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" class="mw-redirect" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" class="mw-redirect" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" class="mw-redirect" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">Sn</a> ↑ Pb ↓ <a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Talium" title="Talium">talium</a> ← timbal → <a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">bismut</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Templat:Navbox_unsur_diperbesar" title="Templat:Navbox unsur diperbesar">Lihat bagan navigasi yang diperbesar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Nomor_atom" title="Nomor atom">Nomor atom</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">82</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Golongan_(tabel_periodik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Golongan (tabel periodik)">Golongan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Golongan_karbon" title="Golongan karbon">golongan 14 (golongan karbon)</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Periode_(tabel_periodik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Periode (tabel periodik)">Periode</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Periode_(tabel_periodik)#Periode_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Periode (tabel periodik)">periode 6</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Blok_(tabel_periodik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok (tabel periodik)">Blok</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Blok-p" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-p">blok-p</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Nama_kategori_unsur_kimia#Kategori" title="Nama kategori unsur kimia">Kategori unsur</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">  <a href="/wiki/Logam_miskin" title="Logam miskin">logam miskin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Berat_atom_standar" class="mw-redirect" title="Berat atom standar">Berat atom standar</a> (Ar)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>[206,14, 207,94]</li><li>207,2±1,1 (diringkas)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeijaCoplenBerglundBrand2016-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Konfigurasi_elektron" title="Konfigurasi elektron">Konfigurasi elektron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Kelopak_elektron" title="Kelopak elektron">Elektron per kelopak</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#cccccc">Sifat fisik</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Fase_benda" title="Fase benda">Fase</a> pada <a href="/wiki/Temperatur_dan_tekanan_standar" title="Temperatur dan tekanan standar">STS</a> (0 °C dan 101,325 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(satuan)" title="Pascal (satuan)">kPa</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Padat" title="Padat">padat</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Titik_lebur" title="Titik lebur">Titik lebur</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">600,61 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (327,46 °C, 621,43 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Titik_didih" title="Titik didih">Titik didih</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">2022 K (1749 °C, 3180 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Massa_jenis" title="Massa jenis">Kepadatan</a> mendekati <a href="/wiki/Suhu_kamar" title="Suhu kamar">s.k.</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">11,34 g/cm3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">saat cair, pada <abbr title="titik lebur">t.l.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">10,66 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Kalor_peleburan" title="Kalor peleburan">Kalor peleburan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">4,77 <a href="/wiki/Joule_per_mol" title="Joule per mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Entalpi_penguapan" title="Entalpi penguapan">Kalor penguapan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">179,5 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Kapasitas_kalor" title="Kapasitas kalor">Kapasitas kalor molar</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">26,650 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Tekanan_uap" title="Tekanan uap">Tekanan uap</a><div style="margin:0 auto;"> <table class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Suhu (Pascal)">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>pada <abbr title="Suhu (Kelvin)">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>978 </td> <td>1088 </td> <td>1229 </td> <td>1412 </td> <td>1660 </td> <td>2027 </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#cccccc">Sifat atom</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Bilangan_oksidasi" title="Bilangan oksidasi">Bilangan oksidasi</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">−4, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4 (oksida <a href="/wiki/Amfoterisme" title="Amfoterisme">amfoter</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Elektronegativitas" title="Elektronegativitas">Elektronegativitas</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">Skala Pauling: 1,87 (+2) 2,33 (+4) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Energi_ionisasi" title="Energi ionisasi">Energi ionisasi</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">ke-1: 715,6 kJ/mol ke-2: 1450,5 kJ/mol ke-3: 3081,5 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Jari-jari_atom" title="Jari-jari atom">Jari-jari atom</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">empiris: 175 <a href="/wiki/Pikometer" title="Pikometer">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Jari-jari_kovalen" title="Jari-jari kovalen">Jari-jari kovalen</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">146±5 pm </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Jari-jari_van_der_Waals" title="Jari-jari van der Waals">Jari-jari van der Waals</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">202 pm </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#cccccc">Lain-lain</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">Kelimpahan alami</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Nuklida_primordial" title="Nuklida primordial">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Struktur_kristal" title="Struktur kristal">Struktur kristal</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sistem_kristal_kubus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem kristal kubus">kubus berpusat muka</a> (fcc)<div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Cubic-face-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Struktur kristal Face-centered cubic untuk timbal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/50px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/75px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/100px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="127" /></a></div> a=495,08 pm</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Kecepatan_suara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kecepatan suara">Kecepatan suara</a> batang ringan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">1190 m/s (pada <abbr title="suhu kamar">s.k.</abbr>) (teranil)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Pemuaian" title="Pemuaian">Ekspansi kalor</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">28,9 µm/(m·K) (suhu 25 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Konduktivitas_termal" title="Konduktivitas termal">Konduktivitas termal</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">35,3 W/(m·K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Resistivitas_listrik" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistivitas listrik">Resistivitas listrik</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">208 nΩ·m (suhu 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Magnetisme" title="Magnetisme">Arah magnet</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Diamagnetik" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamagnetik">diamagnetik</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Suseptibilitas_magnetik" title="Suseptibilitas magnetik">Suseptibilitas magnetik molar</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">−23,0×10−6 cm3/mol (suhu 298 K)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeastAstleBeyer1983E110-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Modulus_Young" title="Modulus Young">Modulus Young</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">16 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Modulus_geser" title="Modulus geser">Modulus Shear</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">5,6 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Modulus_kompresi" title="Modulus kompresi">Modulus curah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">46 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Rasio_Poisson" title="Rasio Poisson">Rasio Poisson</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">0,44 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Skala_Mohs" title="Skala Mohs">Skala Mohs</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">1,5 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Uji_kekerasan_Brinell" title="Uji kekerasan Brinell">Skala Brinell</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">38–50 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Nomor_CAS" title="Nomor CAS">Nomor CAS</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">7439-92-1 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#cccccc">Sejarah</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Penemuan_unsur_kimia" title="Penemuan unsur kimia">Penemuan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Timur_Tengah" title="Timur Tengah">Timur Tengah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Milenium_ke-7_SM" title="Milenium ke-7 SM">7000 SM</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">Simbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">"Pb": dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">Latin</a> <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/plumbum#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:plumbum">plumbum</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Isotop_timbal" title="Isotop timbal">Isotop timbal</a> yang utama</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"> <table class="wikitable" cellpadding="1" style="text-align:center;width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop">Isotop</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kelimpahan_alami" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelimpahan alami">Kelimpahan</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Waktu_paruh" title="Waktu paruh">Waktu paruh</a> (t1/2) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_radioaktif#Mode_peluruhan" title="Peluruhan radioaktif">Mode peluruhan</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Produk_peluruhan" title="Produk peluruhan">Produk</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">204Pb </th> <td style="text-align:right">1,4% </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Isotop_stabil" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotop stabil">stabil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">206Pb </th> <td style="text-align:right">24,1% </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;">stabil </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">207Pb </th> <td style="text-align:right">22,1% </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;">stabil </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">208Pb </th> <td style="text-align:right">52,4% </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;">stabil </td></tr></tbody></table><div style="clear:both;"></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">Kelimpahan isotop sangat bervariasi menurut sampel</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="border-top:1px dotted #cccccc; line-height:0.7"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Kotak_info_timbal" title="Templat:Kotak info timbal">lihat</a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Kotak_info_timbal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Kotak info timbal (halaman belum tersedia)">bicara</a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Kotak_info_timbal&action=edit">sunting</a></li></ul></div>| <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" class="extiw" title="en:List of data references for chemical elements">referensi</a> | <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q708" class="extiw" title="d:Q708">di Wikidata</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Timbal atau timbel (disebut juga plumbum atau timah hitam)<a href="#cite_note-8">[a]</a> adalah <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">unsur kimia</a> dengan lambang Pb dan <a href="/wiki/Nomor_atom" title="Nomor atom">nomor atom</a> 82. Unsur ini merupakan <a href="/wiki/Logam_berat" title="Logam berat">logam berat</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Massa_jenis" title="Massa jenis">massa jenis</a> yang lebih tinggi daripada banyak bahan yang ditemui sehari-hari. Timbal memiliki sifat <a href="/wiki/Skala_Mohs#Daftar_mineral" title="Skala Mohs">lunak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keuletan_(fisika)" title="Keuletan (fisika)">mudah ditempa</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Titik_lebur" title="Titik lebur">bertitik leleh</a> rendah. Saat baru dipotong, timbal berwarna perak mengilat kebiruan, tetapi jika terpapar udara permukaannya akan berubah menjadi warna abu-abu buram. Timbal adalah <a href="/wiki/Isotop_stabil" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotop stabil">unsur stabil</a> bernomor atom tertinggi dan tiga di antara isotopnya adalah hasil akhir peluruhan berantai unsur-unsur yang lebih berat. Timbal adalah logam <a href="/wiki/Golongan_IVA" class="mw-redirect" title="Golongan IVA">golongan IVA</a> (14) yang relatif <a href="/wiki/Lengai" title="Lengai">lengai</a> atau tidak mudah bereaksi. Logam ini bersifat <a href="/wiki/Amfoterisme" title="Amfoterisme">amfoter</a>; unsur timbal maupun <a href="/wiki/Senyawa_kimia" title="Senyawa kimia">senyawa</a> <a href="/wiki/Oksida" title="Oksida">oksidanya</a> mudah bereaksi dengan <a href="/wiki/Asam" title="Asam">asam</a> maupun <a href="/wiki/Basa" title="Basa">basa</a>. Dalam senyawa, timbal biasanya memiliki <a href="/wiki/Bilangan_oksidasi" title="Bilangan oksidasi">bilangan oksidasi</a> +2, dan jarang teroksidasi hingga +4 yang umum pada unsur golongan IVA di atasnya. Namun, bilangan oksidasi +4 sering terjadi dalam <a href="/wiki/Organotimbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Organotimbal">senyawa-senyawa organotimbal</a>. Timbal dapat ditambang dari <a href="/wiki/Bijih" title="Bijih">bijih</a> mineral tertentu; hal ini dilakukan sejak zaman prasejarah di <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Kecil</a>. <a href="/wiki/Galena" title="Galena">Galena</a>, bijih timbal yang paling utama, sering mengandung perak, sehingga banyak ditambang dan digunakan di <a href="/wiki/Romawi_Kuno" title="Romawi Kuno">Romawi Kuno</a>. Namun, produksinya menurun sejak <a href="/wiki/Keruntuhan_Kekaisaran_Romawi_Barat" title="Keruntuhan Kekaisaran Romawi Barat">keruntuhan Romawi</a>, dan baru pada <a href="/wiki/Revolusi_industri" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolusi industri">Revolusi Industri</a> produksi timbal kembali mencapai tingkat seperti zaman Romawi. Pada 2014, produksi timbal dunia melebihi 10 juta ton per tahun, dan lebih dari setengahnya dihasilkan melalui daur ulang. Sifat-sifat timbal yang berguna di antaranya adalah kepadatan tinggi, titik leleh rendah, kemudahan ditempa, dan tahan <a href="/wiki/Korosi" title="Korosi">korosi</a>. Selain itu, logam ini relatif murah dan banyak ditemukan sumbernya, sehingga sering digunakan manusia, termasuk untuk bangunan, <a href="/wiki/Pipa_air" title="Pipa air">pipa air</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baterai_asam_timbal" title="Baterai asam timbal">baterai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peluru" title="Peluru">peluru</a>, pemberat, <a href="/wiki/Solder" title="Solder">solder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cat_timbal" title="Cat timbal">cat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zat_antiketuk" title="Zat antiketuk">zat aditif bahan bakar</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Proteksi_radiasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteksi radiasi">tameng radiasi</a>. Namun, sejak abad ke-19, sifat racun timbal mulai ditemukan dan penggunaannya mulai dikurangi. Timbal dapat masuk tubuh manusia melalui makanan, minuman, serta udara atau debu yang tercemar. Unsur ini merusak <a href="/wiki/Sistem_saraf" title="Sistem saraf">sistem saraf</a> dan mengganggu fungsi <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzim</a> dalam tubuh. Timbal sangat berbahaya terutama untuk anak-anak karena dapat mengganggu pertumbuhan <a href="/wiki/Otak" title="Otak">otak</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sifat_fisik">Sifat fisik</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sifat_atom">Sifat atom</h3></div> Atom timbal memiliki 82 <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron</a>, dengan <a href="/wiki/Konfigurasi_elektron" title="Konfigurasi elektron">konfigurasi</a> [<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>]4f145d106s26p2. Jumlah <a href="/wiki/Energi_ionisasi" title="Energi ionisasi">energi ionisasi</a> pertama dan kedua timbal (energi untuk mengeluarkan dua elektron terluarnya) mirip dengan <a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">timah</a> (Sn), tetangga atas timbal dalam golongan IVA. Hal ini tidak wajar karena energi ionisasi suatu unsur biasanya lebih rendah daripada tetangga atasnya di golongan yang sama, karena elektron terluarnya lebih jauh dari <a href="/wiki/Inti_atom" title="Inti atom">inti atom</a> dan dipisahkan oleh lebih banyak orbital tingkat rendah. Ketidakwajaran ini disebabkan oleh fenomena yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Kontraksi_lantanida" title="Kontraksi lantanida">kontraksi lantanida</a>, yaitu berkurangnya <a href="/wiki/Jari-jari_atom" title="Jari-jari atom">jari-jari atom</a> dari lantanum (nomor atom 57) ke <a href="/wiki/Lutesium" title="Lutesium">lutesium</a> (71), dan relatif kecilnya jari-jari atom unsur-unsur berikutnya. Ini adalah akibat dari kurang efektifnya elektron-elektron 4f dalam melindungi elektron luar dari tarikan inti atom. Bahkan jika energi ionisasi pertama sampai keempat dijumlahkan, total energi ionisasi timbal melebihi timah,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELide200510-179-9">[8]</a> kebalikan dari pola yang umum untuk tetangga atas-bawah di tabel periodik. Di antara penyebab anomali ini adalah efek-efek <a href="/wiki/Kimia_kuantum_relativistik" title="Kimia kuantum relativistik">kimia kuantum relativistik</a>. Salah satunya adalah <a href="/wiki/Efek_pasangan_lengai" title="Efek pasangan lengai">efek pasangan lengai</a>, yang menyebabkan kedua elektron 6s timbal cenderung tidak terlibat dalam ikatan, sehingga jarak antara atom-atom pada kristal timbal menjadi sangat jauh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman199636-10">[9]</a> Unsur-unsur di atas timbal pada golongan IVA (<a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">silikon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a>, dan timah) memiliki <a href="/wiki/Alotrop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alotrop">alotrop</a> dengan struktur kubik seperti intan, yaitu dengan <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_kovalen" title="Ikatan kovalen">ikatan kovalen</a> bersusunan <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrahedral">tetrahedral</a>. Pada unsur-unsur tersebut, tingkat energi orbital s dan p terluar sangat mirip sehingga dapat melakukan <a href="/wiki/Hibridisasi_orbital" title="Hibridisasi orbital">hibridisasi orbital</a> menjadi orbital sp3. Namun, hal serupa tidak terjadi pada timbal, karena efek pasangan lengai meningkatkan jarak energi orbital s dan p sehingga tidak dapat ditutupi oleh energi yang dibebaskan melalui ikatan yang melibatkan orbital sp3.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1998226–27,_374-11">[10]</a> Karena itu, timbal tidak memiliki struktur kristal kubik seperti intan, tetapi terikat melalui <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_logam" title="Ikatan logam">ikatan logam</a> yang melibatkan ion-ion Pb2+ yang dikelilingi "lautan elektron" yang berasal dari orbital 6p. Timbal mengkristal dengan struktur <a href="/wiki/Kubik_pusat_muka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kubik pusat muka">kubik pusat muka</a> (kpm, atau face-centred cubic, fcc)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002867-12">[11]</a> seperti halnya logam <a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">golongan IIA</a> <a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">kalsium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Stronsium" title="Stronsium">stronsium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConsidineConsidine2013501,_2970-13">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sifat_benda">Sifat benda</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Lead-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sebuah lempengan logam yaitu timbal." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Lead-2.jpg/220px-Lead-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Lead-2.jpg/330px-Lead-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Lead-2.jpg/440px-Lead-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1078" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>Contoh timbal yang diperoleh dengan membekukan timbal cair</figcaption></figure> Timbal murni memiliki warna perak terang dengan sedikit kebiru-biruan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1998372-14">[13]</a> Zat ini memudar saat terkena udara lembap dan warnanya pun akan berubah tergantung kondisi. Ciri utama timbal di antaranya adalah <a href="/wiki/Massa_jenis" title="Massa jenis">massa jenis</a> tinggi, lunak, dan mudah ditempa, serta tahan korosi karena adanya gejala <a href="/wiki/Pasivasi_(kimia)" title="Pasivasi (kimia)">pasivasi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1998372–73-15">[14]</a> Massa jenis timbal yang tinggi (11,34 g/cm3) disebabkan oleh susunan atomnya yang berupa kubik pusat muka dengan kepadatan tinggi dan berat atom tinggi. Massa jenis ini lebih berat dari banyak logam lainnya, seperti <a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">besi</a> (7,87 g/cm3), <a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">tembaga</a> (8,93 g/cm3) dan <a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">seng</a> (7,14 g/cm3).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELide200512-35,_12-40-16">[15]</a> Ada beberapa logam yang lebih berat daripada timbal, tetapi lebih langka, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Emas" title="Emas">emas</a> (keduanya 19,3 g/cm3) dan <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a> (22,59 g/cm3 dan logam terberat yang diketahui saat ini).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELide20054-13,_4-21,_4-33-17">[16]</a> Timbal memiliki sifat lunak (hanya 1,5 <a href="/wiki/Skala_Mohs" title="Skala Mohs">skala Mohs</a>) dan dapat digores dengan kuku.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogelAchilles20138-18">[17]</a> Logam ini cukup mudah ditempa (malleable) dan ditarik (<a href="/wiki/Keuletan_(fisika)" title="Keuletan (fisika)">ductile</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1869341–43-19">[18]</a> Timbal memiliki <a href="/wiki/Modulus_curah" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulus curah">modulus curah</a> (bilangan yang menunjukkan <a href="/wiki/Tekanan" title="Tekanan">tekanan</a> yang dibutuhkan untuk mengurangi volume) sebesar 45,8 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(satuan)" title="Pascal (satuan)">GPa</a>. Sebagai perbandingan, logam aluminium memiliki modulus curah 75,2 GPa, tembaga 137,8 GPa, dan <a href="/wiki/Baja_karbon_sedang" title="Baja karbon sedang">baja karbon sedang</a> 160–169 GPa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaleTotemeier200315–2–15–3-20">[19]</a> Selain itu, timbal memiliki <a href="/wiki/Kekuatan_tarik" title="Kekuatan tarik">kekuatan tarik</a> yang relatif rendah, yaitu 12–17 MPa (hanya sekitar 1/6 dari kekuatan tarik aluminium, 1/10 dari tembaga, dan 1/15 dari baja karbon sedang). Namun, timbal dapat diperkuat jika <a href="/wiki/Logam_paduan" title="Logam paduan">dipadukan</a> dengan sedikit tembaga atau <a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon">antimon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorntonRautiuBrush20018-21">[20]</a> Timbal memiliki <a href="/wiki/Titik_leleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Titik leleh">titik leleh</a> 327,5 °C,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELide200512-219-22">[21]</a> sangat rendah dibandingkan dengan kebanyakan logam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorntonRautiuBrush20016-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[b]</a> <a href="/wiki/Titik_didih" title="Titik didih">Titik didihnya</a> adalah 1749 °C, terendah di golongan IVA.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELide200512-219-22">[21]</a> Timbal memiliki <a href="/wiki/Resistansi_jenis" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistansi jenis">resistansi jenis</a> (ρ) 192 <a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">nanoohm</a>-<a href="/wiki/Meter" title="Meter">meter</a> pada suhu 20 °C, hampir 10 kali lebih besar dibanding logam-logam yang banyak digunakan industri, seperti tembaga (15,43 nΩ·m), emas (20,51 nΩ·m); dan aluminium (24,15 nΩ·m).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELide200512-45-26">[24]</a> Angka-angka ini menunjukkan bahwa timbal adalah penghantar <a href="/wiki/Arus_listrik" title="Arus listrik">arus listrik</a> yang lebih buruk dibandingkan logam-logam tersebut. Timbal menjadi <a href="/wiki/Superkonduktor" class="mw-redirect" title="Superkonduktor">superkonduktor</a> pada suhu di bawah 7,19 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlakemore1985272-27">[25]</a> ini adalah suhu kritis superkonduktor tertinggi dari seluruh <a href="/wiki/Superkonduktor_tipe_I" title="Superkonduktor tipe I">superkonduktor tipe I</a>, dan tertinggi ketiga dari seluruh superkonduktor yang berupa unsur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbMarsiglioHirsch2015-28">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotop">Isotop</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Isotop_timbal" title="Isotop timbal">Isotop timbal</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Isotop utama timbal</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center;width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop">Isotop</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_radioaktif" title="Peluruhan radioaktif">Peluruhan</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kelimpahan_alami" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelimpahan alami">kelimpahan</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Waktu_paruh" title="Waktu paruh">waktu paruh</a> (t1/2) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_radioaktif#Jenis_peluruhan" title="Peluruhan radioaktif">mode</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Produk_peluruhan" title="Produk peluruhan">produk</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">202Pb </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Radioisotop_sintetis" title="Radioisotop sintetis">sintetis</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,25(28)×104 thn </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Penangkapan_elektron" class="mw-redirect" title="Penangkapan elektron">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Talium-202" class="mw-redirect" title="Talium-202">202Tl</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">204Pb </th> <td style="text-align:right">1,4% </td> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Isotop_stabil" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotop stabil">stabil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">205Pb </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Radioisotop_renik" title="Radioisotop renik">renik</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,73(7)×107 thn </td> <td>ε </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Talium-205" class="mw-redirect" title="Talium-205">205Tl</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">206Pb </th> <td style="text-align:right">24,1% </td> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:left;">stabil </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">207Pb </th> <td style="text-align:right">22,1% </td> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:left;">stabil </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">208Pb </th> <td style="text-align:right">52,4% </td> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:left;">stabil </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">209Pb </th> <td style="text-align:center;">renik </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,253(14) jam </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_beta" title="Peluruhan beta">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Bismut-209" title="Bismut-209">209Bi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">210Pb </th> <td style="text-align:center;">renik </td> <td style="text-align:right;">22,20(22) thn </td> <td>β− </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Bismut-210" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismut-210">210Bi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">211Pb </th> <td style="text-align:center;">renik </td> <td style="text-align:right;">36,1(2) mnt </td> <td>β− </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Bismut-211" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismut-211">211Bi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">212Pb </th> <td style="text-align:center;">renik </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,64(1) jam </td> <td>β− </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Bismut-212" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismut-212">212Bi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">214Pb </th> <td style="text-align:center;">renik </td> <td style="text-align:right;">26,8(9) mnt </td> <td>β− </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Bismut-214" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismut-214">214Bi</a> </td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.5em;">Kelimpahan isotop sangat bervariasi menurut sampel</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Berat_atom_standar" class="mw-redirect" title="Berat atom standar">Berat atom standar</a> Ar°(Pb)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>[206,14, 207,94]</li><li>207,2±1,1 (diringkas)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeijaCoplenBerglundBrand2016-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="background: #e8e8e8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Kotak_info_isotop_timbal" title="Templat:Kotak info isotop timbal">lihat</a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Kotak_info_isotop_timbal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Kotak info isotop timbal (halaman belum tersedia)">bicara</a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Kotak_info_isotop_timbal&action=edit">sunting</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Di alam, timbal memiliki 4 isotop stabil (dengan <a href="/wiki/Nomor_massa" title="Nomor massa">nomor massa</a> 205, 206, 207, dan 208) dan 5 <a href="/wiki/Radioisotop_renik" title="Radioisotop renik">radioisotop renik</a> yang cepat meluruh dan kelimpahannya sangat rendah. Banyaknya jumlah isotop ini adalah hal yang umum untuk unsur dengan nomor atom yang genap.<a href="#cite_note-30">[c]</a> Timbal memiliki 82 proton, yang merupakan salah satu "<a href="/wiki/Bilangan_ajaib_(fisika_nuklir)" title="Bilangan ajaib (fisika nuklir)">bilangan ajaib</a>" dalam fisika inti; sesuai dengan <a href="/wiki/Model_kulit_nuklir" title="Model kulit nuklir">model kulit nuklir</a>, hal ini berarti timbal memiliki inti atom yang sangat stabil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone1997-31">[28]</a> Isotop timbal-208 bahkan memiliki 126 neutron (126 juga termasuk bilangan ajaib); alhasil isotop 208 ini (82 proton + 126 neutron) adalah isotop yang luar biasa stabil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone1997-31">[28]</a> Timbal adalah unsur dengan nomor atom terbesar yang diketahui memiliki isotop stabil, dan isotop timbal-208 adalah isotop terberat yang diketahui stabil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcillacCoronDambierLeblanc2003876–78-32">[29]</a> Di atas kertas, keempat isotop stabil timbal dapat mengalami <a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_alfa" title="Peluruhan alfa">peluruhan alfa</a> dengan melepaskan energi menjadi isotop-isotop <a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa">raksa</a> (nomor atom 80), tetapi peluruhan seperti itu belum pernah ditemukan. Justru keempat isotop ini sangat stabil dan waktu paruhnya diprediksi di antara 1035–10189 tahun, jauh lebih panjang dibandingkan dengan <a href="/wiki/Umur_alam_semesta" title="Umur alam semesta">umur alam semesta</a> saat ini.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeemanBelliniCardaniCasali2013-33">[30]</a> Sebagian dari isotop stabil timbal, yaitu timbal-206, timbal-207 dan timbal-208 adalah produk akhir dari tiga <a href="/wiki/Deret_radioaktif" title="Deret radioaktif">deret radioaktif</a> yang umum ditemui di alam. Ketiga deret ini berturut-turut adalah rantai yang berawal dari uranium-238 ("deret uranium"), dari uranium-235 ("deret aktinium"), dan dari torium-232 ("deret torium"). Ketiga deret ini merupakan tiga dari empat deret radioaktif utama yang ditemukan di alam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadioactive_Decay_Series2012-34">[31]</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommittee_on_Evaluation_of_EPA_Guidelines_for_Exposure_to_Naturally_Occurring_Radioactive_MaterialsCommission_on_Life_SciencesDivision_on_Earth_and_Life_StudiesNational_Research_Council1999_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommittee_on_Evaluation_of_EPA_Guidelines_for_Exposure_to_Naturally_Occurring_Radioactive_MaterialsCommission_on_Life_SciencesDivision_on_Earth_and_Life_StudiesNational_Research_Council1999-35">[32]</a> Distribusi isotop timbal di alam memiliki variasi yang tinggi tergantung keberadaan tiga isotop induk tersebut (uranium maupun torium). Misalnya, timbal yang diperoleh dari <a href="/wiki/Bijih" title="Bijih">bijih</a> torium dapat memiliki kelimpahan timbal-208 sebesar 90%, tetapi pada sampel biasa hanya memiliki kelimpahan 52%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmirnovBorisevichSulaberidze2012-36">[33]</a> Seiring perjalanan waktu, perbandingan timbal-206 dan timbal-207 terhadap timbal-204 akan meningkat karena timbal-206 dan timbal-207 akan bertambah diakibatkan peluruhan unsur lain, sedangkan timbal-204 bukanlah produk akhir peluruhan. Fenomena ini dimanfaatkan sebagai basis metode <a href="/wiki/Penanggalan_radiometrik" title="Penanggalan radiometrik">penanggalan</a> yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Penanggalan_timbal%E2%80%93timbal" title="Penanggalan timbal–timbal">penanggalan timbal–timbal</a> untuk memperkirakan umur batuan. Selain itu, karena uranium meluruh menjadi timbal, perubahan konsentrasi uranium dan timbal dimanfaatkan sebagai basis metode lain yang disebut metode <a href="/wiki/Penanggalan_uranium%E2%80%93timbal" title="Penanggalan uranium–timbal">penanggalan uranium–timbal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevin200940–41-37">[34]</a> Isotop timbal-207 mengalami fenomena <a href="/wiki/Resonansi_magnet_inti" title="Resonansi magnet inti">resonansi magnet inti</a> (RMI, atau NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance), sehingga senyawa-senyawanya dapat diteliti melalui RMI baik dalam larutan, padatan, maupun dalam tubuh manusia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebb2000115-38">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrackmeyerHorchler1990-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECangelosiPecoraro2015-40">[37]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Holsinger_Meteorite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sepotong meteorit sedang dipajang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Holsinger_Meteorite.jpg/220px-Holsinger_Meteorite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Holsinger_Meteorite.jpg/330px-Holsinger_Meteorite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Holsinger_Meteorite.jpg/440px-Holsinger_Meteorite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1657" data-file-height="1131" /></a><figcaption>Meteorit Holsinger, potongan terbesar dari <a href="/wiki/Meteorit_Canyon_Diablo" title="Meteorit Canyon Diablo">meteorit Canyon Diablo</a>. Penggunaan metode <a href="/wiki/Penanggalan_uranium%E2%80%93timbal" title="Penanggalan uranium–timbal">penanggalan uranium–timbal</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Penanggalan_timbal%E2%80%93timbal" title="Penanggalan timbal–timbal">penanggalan timbal–timbal</a> pada meteorit ini membantu memperbaiki ketepatan perkiraan <a href="/wiki/Umur_bumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Umur bumi">umur bumi</a> menjadi 4,55 miliar ± 70 juta tahun.</figcaption></figure> Hampir seluruh timbal yang terdapat di alam terdiri dari isotop-isotop stabil yang disebut di atas. Selain itu, terdapat juga beberapa isotop radioaktif yang jumlahnya <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/renik" class="extiw" title="wikt:renik">renik</a> atau sangat kecil dan berumur sangat pendek. Salah satunya adalah timbal-210 yang waktu paruhnya hanya 22,3 tahun<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIAEA_-_Nuclear_Data_Section2017-29">[27]</a> tetapi masih ditemukan di alam karena terus terbentuk sebagai produk perantara dalam deret peluruhan uranium-238. Isotop timbal-211, timbal-212, dan timbal-214 berturut-turut adalah produk perantara deret peluruhan uranium-235, deret torium, dan deret uranium-238, sehingga juga ditemukan di alam dengan jumlah renik. Timbal-209 juga terbentuk pada peluruhan radium-223. Radium-223 adalah isotop langka yang terbentuk sebagai produk sementara deret radioaktif uranium-235 dan deret neptunium-237, sehingga isotop timbal-209 dapat ditemukan dalam jumlah kecil pada bijih uranium. Timbal-210 dapat digunakan untuk memperkirakan umur sampel dengan menghitung nisbahnya terhadap timbal-206, karena keduanya terlibat dalam deret uranium-238.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiorini20107–8-41">[38]</a> Secara keseluruhan, terdapat 43 isotop timbal yang dapat disintesis, dengan nomor massa antara 178–220.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIAEA_-_Nuclear_Data_Section2017-29">[27]</a> Di antara isotop-isotop sintetis ini, timbal-205 adalah isotop yang paling stabil, dengan waktu paruh 1,5×107 tahun.<a href="#cite_note-43">[d]</a> Isotop sintetis terstabil berikutnya adalah timbal-202, dengan waktu paruh 53.000 tahun, lebih tinggi dibanding isotop-isotop renik timbal yang alami.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIAEA_-_Nuclear_Data_Section2017-29">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sifat_kimia">Sifat kimia</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reaksi_dasar">Reaksi dasar</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Flammenf%C3%A4rbungPb.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Api biru muda dengan batang logam di tengah-tengahnya." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flammenf%C3%A4rbungPb.png/110px-Flammenf%C3%A4rbungPb.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flammenf%C3%A4rbungPb.png/165px-Flammenf%C3%A4rbungPb.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flammenf%C3%A4rbungPb.png/220px-Flammenf%C3%A4rbungPb.png 2x" data-file-width="228" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Uji_nyala_api" title="Uji nyala api">Uji nyala api</a> timbal yang menghasilkan api putih kebiruan</figcaption></figure> Saat bersentuhan dengan udara lembap, padatan timbal bereaksi membentuk lapisan tipis di permukaan yang melindungi timbal tersebut dari korosi; fenomena ini disebut <a href="/wiki/Pasivasi_(kimia)" title="Pasivasi (kimia)">pasivasi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1998373-44">[40]</a> Lapisan yang terbentuk terdiri dari berbagai senyawa yang berbeda-beda tergantung keadaan. <a href="/wiki/Timbal(II)_karbonat" class="mw-redirect" title="Timbal(II) karbonat">Timbal(II) karbonat</a> adalah senyawa yang paling umum;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThürmerWilliamsReutt-Robey20022033–35-45">[41]</a> selain itu <a href="/wiki/Timbal(II)_sulfat" title="Timbal(II) sulfat">timbal(II) sulfat</a> maupun <a href="/wiki/Timbal(II)_klorida" title="Timbal(II) klorida">timbal(II) klorida</a> dapat terbentuk dalam kondisi perkotaan atau di laut. Namun, dalam bentuk bubuk yang sangat halus, timbal dapat terbakar spontan di udara menghasilkan api berwarna putih kebiruan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBretherick20161442-46">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarbisonBourgeoisJohnson2015132-47">[43]</a> Timbal bereaksi dengan <a href="/wiki/Fluorin" title="Fluorin">fluorin</a> pada suhu ruangan membentuk <a href="/wiki/Timbal(II)_fluorida" title="Timbal(II) fluorida">timbal(II) fluorida</a>. Reaksi serupa dengan <a href="/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin">klorin</a> hanya terjadi pada suhu tinggi, karena reaksi ini menghasilkan lapisan timbal(II) klorida yang mengurangi reaktivitas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1998373-44">[40]</a> Timbal juga bereaksi dengan unsur <a href="/wiki/Kalkogen" title="Kalkogen">golongan VIA</a>, misalnya dengan oksigen membentuk <a href="/wiki/Timbal(II)_oksida" title="Timbal(II) oksida">timbal(II) oksida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1998374-48">[44]</a> Logam timbal tidak bereaksi dengan <a href="/wiki/Asam_sulfat" title="Asam sulfat">asam sulfat</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Asam_fosfat" title="Asam fosfat">asam fosfat</a>, tetapi bereaksi dengan <a href="/wiki/Asam_klorida" title="Asam klorida">asam klorida</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Asam_nitrat" title="Asam nitrat">asam nitrat</a>; hasilnya tergantung apakah garam-garam yang dihasilkan dapat larut atau dapat membentuk lapisan pasivasi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorntonRautiuBrush200111–12-49">[45]</a> Timbal larut dalam asam organik seperti <a href="/wiki/Asam_asetat" title="Asam asetat">asam asetat</a> jika ada oksigen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1998373-44">[40]</a> Timbal juga bereaksi dengan basa pekat membentuk senyawa plumbit (PbO2−2).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolyanskiy198620-50">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senyawa_anorganik">Senyawa anorganik</h3></div> Dalam senyawa, timbal memiliki dua bilangan oksidasi utama, +2 (sebagai timbal(II)) dan +4 (timbal(IV)). Bilangan oksidasi +4 sangat umum pada unsur golongan IVA. Kelaziman bilangan oksidasi +2 berbeda-beda untuk unsur-unsur golongan IVA: sangat langka pada <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">silikon</a>, kadang terjadi pada <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a>, dan lazim (tetapi bukan yang paling lazim) pada timah. Namun, pada timbal, bilangan oksidasi +2 lebih sering terjadi dibandingkan +4.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1998373-44">[40]</a> Perbedaan ini diakibatkan efek-efek <a href="/wiki/Kimia_kuantum_relativistik" title="Kimia kuantum relativistik">kimia kuantum relativistik</a>, terutama efek pasangan lengai yang terjadi ketika ada perbedaan <a href="/wiki/Elektronegativitas" title="Elektronegativitas">elektronegativitas</a> yang besar antara timbal dan anion yang diikatnya (seperti <a href="/wiki/Oksida" title="Oksida">oksida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halida" title="Halida">halida</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Nitrida" title="Nitrida">nitrida</a>), menyebabkan adanya muatan positif besar pada ion timbal. Hal ini lalu menyebabkan kontraksi pada orbital 6s timbal (lebih kuat dibandingkan kontraksi pada orbital 6p-nya), sehingga elektron-elektron 6s menjadi lebih lengai dan tidak mudah terionisasi. Namun,efek pasangan lengai ini kurang efektif pada senyawa yang melibatkan timbal dalam ikatan kovalen, misalnya pada <a href="/wiki/Senyawa_organotimbal" title="Senyawa organotimbal">senyawa organotimbal</a> (senyawa dengan ikatan kovalen antara timbal dan karbon). Pada senyawa-senyawa ini, orbital 6s dan 6p berukuran sama dan cenderung berhibridisasi menjadi orbital sp3. Karena itu, timbal (seperti halnya karbon) umumnya memiliki bilangan oksidasi +4 pada senyawa organotimbal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaupp20149–10-51">[47]</a> Elektronegativitas timbal(II) adalah 1,87 dan berselisih relatif jauh dengan elektronegativitas timbal(IV) yaitu 2,33. Selisih besar ini merupakan anomali dibanding unsur golongan IVA yang berada di atasnya. Sebagai contoh, timah(II) memiliki elektronegativitas 1,80 dan timah(IV) hanya terpaut sedikit di 1,96.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDieterWatson2009509-52">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Timbal(II)">Timbal(II)</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Oxid_olovnat%C3%BD.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Serbuk berwarna krem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Oxid_olovnat%C3%BD.JPG/220px-Oxid_olovnat%C3%BD.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Oxid_olovnat%C3%BD.JPG/330px-Oxid_olovnat%C3%BD.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Oxid_olovnat%C3%BD.JPG/440px-Oxid_olovnat%C3%BD.JPG 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Timbal(II)_oksida" title="Timbal(II) oksida">Timbal(II) oksida</a></figcaption></figure> Terbentuknya senyawa-senyawa timbal(II) atau Pb2+ merupakan ciri khas timbal dalam reaksi anorganik. Bahkan <a href="/wiki/Oksidator" title="Oksidator">pengoksidasi</a> kuat seperti fluorin dan klorin hanya bisa mengoksidasi timbal menjadi timbal(II), membentuk senyawa PbF2 and PbCl2.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1998373-44">[40]</a> Ion timbal(II) atau Pb2+ biasanya tidak berwarna dalam larutan,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunt2014215-53">[49]</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Hidrolisis" title="Hidrolisis">terhidrolisis</a> sebagian untuk menghasilkan Pb(OH)+ dan kemudian [Pb4(OH)4]4+ (ion <a href="/wiki/Hidroksida" title="Hidroksida">hidroksida</a> berfungsi sebagai <a href="/wiki/Jembatan_ligan" title="Jembatan ligan">jembatan ligan</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing199543–63-54">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunkerCasey201689-55">[51]</a> tetapi ion-ion ini tidak bersifat <a href="/wiki/Pereduksi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pereduksi">pereduksi</a> seperti halnya ion timah(II). <a href="/wiki/Analisis_anorganik_kualitatif" title="Analisis anorganik kualitatif">Analisis kualitatif</a> untuk mendeteksi ion Pb2+ biasanya dilakukan dengan larutan asam klorida encer yang akan menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Reaksi_pengendapan" title="Reaksi pengendapan">endapan</a> timbal(II) klorida (PbCl2). Namun, analisis ini tidak dapat mendeteksi ion Pb2+ yang sangat encer, karena PbCl2 tidak mengendap jika konsentrasinya sangat kecil. Untuk mendeteksi larutan Pb2+ sangat encer, ditiupkan gas <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen_sulfida" title="Hidrogen sulfida">hidrogen sulfida</a>, yang menghasilkan endapan timbal(II) sulfida (PbS).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittenGaileyDavid1996904–5-56">[52]</a> Senyawa PbO atau <a href="/wiki/Timbal_(II)_oksida" class="mw-redirect" title="Timbal (II) oksida">timbal(II) oksida</a> terdapat dalam dua bentuk kristal (<a href="/wiki/Polimorf" title="Polimorf">polimorf</a>), yang pertama disebut <a href="/wiki/Litharge" title="Litharge">litharge</a> (α-PbO, berwarna merah) dan yang kedua disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Massicot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massicot (halaman belum tersedia)">massicot</a> (β-PbO, berwarna kuning). Litharge adalah senyawa anorganik timbal yang paling banyak digunakan, sedangkan massicot hanya stabil pada suhu di atas 488 °C.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1998384-57">[53]</a> Tidak ada senyawa timbal(II) hidroksida, jika larutan garam timbal(II) direaksikan dengan basa, maka Pb2+ akan terhidrolisis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1998387-58">[54]</a> Selain oksigen, timbal dapat bersenyawa dengan unsur golongan VIA (<a href="/wiki/Kalkogen" title="Kalkogen">kalkogen</a>) lainnya, membentuk keluarga senyawa timbal kalkogenida. Timbal sulfida bersifat <a href="/wiki/Semikonduktor" title="Semikonduktor">semikonduktor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fotokonduktor" title="Fotokonduktor">fotokonduktor</a>, dan merupakan <a href="/wiki/Detektor_partikel" class="mw-redirect" title="Detektor partikel">detektor radiasi inframerah</a> yang sangat sensitif. Senyawa timbal kalkogenida lainnya, yaitu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbal_selenida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timbal selenida (halaman belum tersedia)">timbal selenida</a> (PbSe) dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbal_telurida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timbal telurida (halaman belum tersedia)">timbal telurida</a> (PbTe), juga bersifat fotokonduktor. Salah satu keunikan senyawa-senyawa ini adalah warnanya semakin terang dari atas ke bawah tabel periodik.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1998389-59">[55]</a> Dengan unsur halogen, timbal(II) membentuk keluarga senyawa timbal(II) halida atau timbal dihalida, contohnya timbal(II) astatida (PbAt2)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuckermanHagen1989426-60">[56]</a> dan halida campuran seperti PbFCl. Senyawa-senyawa halida campuran memiliki kelarutan yang relatif rendah sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan untuk <a href="/wiki/Gravimetri_(kimia)" title="Gravimetri (kimia)">analisis gravimetri</a> terhadap fluorin. Timbal(II) fluorida, PbF2 ditemukan pada 1834 oleh <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> dan merupakan padatan pertama yang ditemukan bersifat <a href="/wiki/Konduktor_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Konduktor ion">konduktor ion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFunke2013-61">[57]</a> Dihalida-dihalida lainnya mudah terurai jika terkena sinar tampak atau <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>, terutama timbal(II) iodida, PbI2.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1998382-62">[58]</a> Senyawa timbal(II) <a href="/wiki/Pseudohalida" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudohalida">pseudohalida</a> juga telah ditemukan, seperti timbal(II) sianida (Pb(CN)2), sianat (Pb(OCN)2), dan tiosianat (Pb(SCN)2). Timbal(II) dan halogen juga membentuk banyak <a href="/wiki/Kompleks_(kimia)" title="Kompleks (kimia)">senyawa kompleks</a>, seperti [PbCl4]2−, [PbCl6]4−, dan keluarga <a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anion</a> [Pb2Cl9]n5n−.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1998382-62">[58]</a> Selain itu, terdapat juga <a href="/wiki/Timbal(II)_sulfat" title="Timbal(II) sulfat">timbal(II) sulfat</a> yang tidak larut dalam air, seperti banyak garam sulfat dengan kation logam berat berbilangan oksidasi +2 lainnya. Senyawa timbal(II) nitrat dan <a href="/wiki/Timbal(II)_asetat" title="Timbal(II) asetat">timbal(II) asetat</a> larut dengan baik dalam air, sehingga sering dipakai untuk sintesis senyawa-senyawa timbal lainnya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1998388-63">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Timbal(IV)">Timbal(IV)</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Red-lead-unit-cell-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Skema struktur kimia dengan bola-bola merah dan abu-abu dihubungkan dengan garis." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Red-lead-unit-cell-3D-balls.png/170px-Red-lead-unit-cell-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Red-lead-unit-cell-3D-balls.png/255px-Red-lead-unit-cell-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Red-lead-unit-cell-3D-balls.png/340px-Red-lead-unit-cell-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1096" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r19202607">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  Timbal dan <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607">  <a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">oksigen</a> dalam struktur kristal Pb3O4</figcaption></figure> Hanya sedikit senyawa anorganik yang mengandung timbal(IV). Senyawa-senyawa ini biasanya hanya terbentuk dalam larutan oksidator kuat dan tidak terbentuk dalam kondisi standar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToxicological_Profile_for_Lead2007277-64">[60]</a> Contohnya adalah Pb3O4, yang memiliki campuran timbal(II) dan timbal(IV) dengan struktur 2PbO·PbO2, dan merupakan contoh utama senyawa timbal dengan bilangan oksidasi campuran. Senyawa timbal(IV) lainnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Timbal(IV)_oksida" title="Timbal(IV) oksida">timbal(IV) oksida</a> (PbO2), yang merupakan zat oksidator yang kuat dan dapat mengoksidasi asam klorida menjadi gas klorin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDownsAdams20171128-65">[61]</a> Ini disebabkan senyawa PbCl4 tidak stabil dan terurai secara spontan menjadi PbCl2 and Cl2.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrescia2012234-66">[62]</a> Timbal(IV) oksida juga dapat membentuk berbagai bentuk anion plumbat(IV). Terdapat juga timbal(IV) fluorida (PbF4), yang berwujud serbuk kristal kuning dan bersifat stabil tetapi tidak sestabil timbal(II) fluorida. Senyawa halida lainnya adalah timbal(IV) klorida (PbCl4) yang berwujud minyak kuning yang terurai pada suhu kamar, dan timbal(IV) bromida yang bahkan lebih tak stabil lagi. Keberadaan timbal(IV) iodida masih diragukan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1998381-67">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dengan_bilangan_oksidasi_lain">Dengan bilangan oksidasi lain</h4></div> Sedikit sekali senyawa yang memiliki timbal dengan bilangan oksidasi selain +2 atau +4. Timbal(III) dan Timbal(I) bersifat tak stabil baik dalam bentuk ion maupun senyawa kompleks karena adanya <a href="/wiki/Radikal_bebas" title="Radikal bebas">radikal bebas</a>. Sekalipun demikian, timbal(III) kadang ditemukan pada senyawa kompleks organotimbal besar sebagai zat perantara antara timbal(II) dan timbal(IV).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosseriHengleinJanata19902722–26-68">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKonuChivers2011391–92-69">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadlington201759-70">[66]</a> Timbal dengan bilangan oksidasi negatif dapat ditemukan dalam zat <a href="/wiki/Fase_Zintl" title="Fase Zintl">fase Zintl</a>, baik sebagai ion Pb4- bebas, seperti pada Ba2Pb,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERöhr2017-71">[67]</a> maupun sebagai gugus ion berbentuk cincin atau polihedral.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlsfasser2007261–63-72">[68]</a> Contoh gugus ion polihedral adalah Pb52−, yang strukturnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Struktur_molekul_bipiramida_segitiga" class="mw-redirect" title="Struktur molekul bipiramida segitiga">bipiramida segitiga</a>. Ion ini memiliki dua atom timbal dengan bilangan oksidasi -1 dan tiga dengan bilangan oksidasi 0.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlsfasser2007261–63-72">[68]</a> Dalam ion ini, setiap atom berada pada tiap sudut bipiramida dan masing-masing menyumbangkan 2 elektron dari orbital sp3nya kepada rusuk-rusuk bipiramida. Dua elektron sp3 yang tersisa menjadi <a href="/wiki/Pasangan_sunyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasangan sunyi">pasangan sunyi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing199543–63-54">[50]</a> Ion ini dapat terbentuk dalam <a href="/wiki/Amonia_cair" class="mw-redirect" title="Amonia cair">amonia cair</a> melalui reaksi reduksi timbal oleh <a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">natrium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1998393-73">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senyawa-senyawa_organotimbal">Senyawa-senyawa organotimbal</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Tetraethyllead-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram struktur molekul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tetraethyllead-3D-balls.png/170px-Tetraethyllead-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tetraethyllead-3D-balls.png/255px-Tetraethyllead-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tetraethyllead-3D-balls.png/340px-Tetraethyllead-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1970" /></a><figcaption>Struktur molekul <a href="/wiki/Tetra_etil_timbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetra etil timbal">tetra etil timbal</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607">  <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">Karbon</a> (C) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607">  <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">Hidrogen</a> (H) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607">  Timbal (Pb)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Senyawa_organotimbal" title="Senyawa organotimbal">Senyawa organotimbal</a></div> Timbal dapat membentuk <a href="/wiki/Katenasi" title="Katenasi">rantai molekul panjang</a>, seperti karbon dan unsur-unsur di golongan IVA pada umumnya. Namun, <a href="/wiki/Energi_ikatan" title="Energi ikatan">energi ikatan</a> Pb–Pb relatif lemah, sekitar 3,5 kali lebih lemah dibanding ikatan karbon–karbon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1998374-48">[44]</a> Jika rantai molekul hanya terdiri dari timbal, panjang maksimal yang mungkin tercapai hanyalah 3.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStabenowSaakWeidenbruch2003-74">[70]</a> Jika rantai ini juga memiliki karbon, maka terbentuk senyawa-senyawa yang disebut senyawa <a href="/wiki/Organotimbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Organotimbal">organotimbal</a>, yang mirip dengan senyawa-senyawa organik biasa tetapi lebih tak stabil karena ikatan Pb–C relatif lebih lemah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolyanskiy198643-75">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing199543–63-54">[50]</a> Hal ini menyebabkan senyawa <a href="/wiki/Organologam" class="mw-redirect" title="Organologam">organologam</a> ini lebih langka dibandingkan saudara dekatnya di tabel periodik yaitu <a href="/wiki/Organotimah" class="mw-redirect" title="Organotimah">organotimah</a>. Timbal pada sebagian besar senyawa organotimbal memiliki bilangan oksidasi +4, bahkan ketika diproduksi dari senyawa anorganik timbal(II). Contoh langka senyawa organotimbal(II) adalah Pb[CH(SiMe3)2]2 dan Pb(η5-C5H5)2.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1998404-76">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plumbana" title="Plumbana">Plumbana</a> (PbH4) adalah analog timbal untuk metana (CH4), senyawa organik paling sederhana. Plumbana dapat dihasilkan melalui reaksi antara logam timbal dan <a href="/wiki/Atom_hidrogen" title="Atom hidrogen">atom hidrogen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWibergWibergHolleman2001918-77">[73]</a> Dua senyawa turunan plumbana, yaitu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetra_metil_timbal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetra metil timbal (halaman belum tersedia)">tetra metil timbal</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tetra_etil_timbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetra etil timbal">tetra etil timbal</a> (TET atau TEL, tetraethyllead), adalah senyawa organotimbal yang paling terkenal. Keduanya relatif stabil, dan TET hanya terurai jika dipanaskan atau terpapar sinar matahari maupun ultraviolet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToxicological_Profile_for_Lead2007287-78">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolyanskiy198644-79">[75]</a> Terdapat juga tetrafenil timbal yang lebih stabil dan baru terurai pada suhu 270 °C.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1998404-76">[72]</a> Banyak senyawa organotimbal bersifat oksidator, misalnya timbal tetraasetat yang digunakan sebagai oksidator untuk reaksi organik di laboratorium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZýka1966569-80">[76]</a> Senyawa-senyawa organotimbal lainnya bersifat kurang stabil,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolyanskiy198643-75">[71]</a> dan banyak senyawa organik yang analog timbalnya tidak ditemukan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWibergWibergHolleman2001918-77">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Keberadaan">Keberadaan</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Di_luar_angkasa">Di luar angkasa</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right:15px; margin-down:0; font-size:10pt; line-height:11pt;"> <caption style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Kelimpahan beberapa unsur berat di Tata Surya<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELodders20031222–23-81">[77]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:center;">Nomor atom </th> <th style="padding-right: 2px; padding-left: 2px;">Unsur </th> <th style="padding-right: 2px; padding-left: 2px;">Kelimpahan relatif (timbal=1) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">42 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum">Molibdenum</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:5px; text-align:right;">0,798 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">46 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Paladium" title="Paladium">Paladium</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:5px; text-align:right;">0,440 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">50 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">Timah</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:5px; text-align:right;">1,146 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">78 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:5px; text-align:right;">0,417 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">80 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa">Raksa</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:5px; text-align:right;">0,127 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ff9;"> <td style="text-align:center;">82 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Timbal </td> <td style="padding-right:5px; text-align:right;">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">90 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Torium" title="Torium">Torium</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:5px; text-align:right;">0,011 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">92 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:5px; text-align:right;">0,003 </td></tr></tbody></table> Di <a href="/wiki/Tata_Surya" title="Tata Surya">Tata Surya</a>, timbal memiliki kelimpahan 0,112 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per">ppb</a> (bagian per semiliar).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELodders20031222–23-81">[77]</a> Kelimpahan ini 2,5 kali lipat kelimpahan unsur platinum, 8 kali raksa, dan 17 kali emas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELodders20031222–23-81">[77]</a> Jumlah timbal di alam semesta saat ini meningkat perlahan karena banyak atom-atom berat yang meluruh perlahan menjadi timbal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoedererKratzFrebelChristlieb20091963–80-82">[78]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochnerRohrbachCochrane200512-83">[79]</a>Sejak terbentuknya Tata Surya 4,5 miliar tahun lalu, kelimpahan timbal telah meningkat sekitar 0,75%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELodders20031224-84">[80]</a> Walaupun timbal memiliki nomor atom relatif tinggi, timbal memiliki kelimpahan yang lebih tinggi dibanding kebanyakan unsur bernomor di atas 40 (lihat tabel).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELodders20031222–23-81">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotop_primordial" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotop primordial">Isotop primordial</a> (isotop yang terbentuk sejak sebelum terbentuknya bumi) timbal terdiri dari isotop 204, 206, 207, dan 208. Semuanya terbentuk karena proses <a href="/wiki/Penangkapan_neutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Penangkapan neutron">penangkapan neutron</a> yang berulang-ulang terjadi di dalam bintang. Proses ini dibedakan menjadi dua mode: <a href="/wiki/Proses_s" title="Proses s">proses s</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Proses_r" title="Proses r">proses r</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurbidgeBurbidgeFowlerHoyle1957608–615-85">[81]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:S-R-processes-atomic-mass-201-to-210.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sebuah diagram proses radioaktif." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/S-R-processes-atomic-mass-201-to-210.svg/280px-S-R-processes-atomic-mass-201-to-210.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/S-R-processes-atomic-mass-201-to-210.svg/420px-S-R-processes-atomic-mass-201-to-210.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/S-R-processes-atomic-mass-201-to-210.svg/560px-S-R-processes-atomic-mass-201-to-210.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>Diagram yang menggambarkan bagian akhir proses s, from dari raksa (Hg) menjadi polonium (Po). Garis dan lingkaran merah adalah <a href="/wiki/Penangkapan_neutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Penangkapan neutron">penangkapan neutron</a>; panah biru adalah <a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_beta" title="Peluruhan beta">peluruhan beta</a>, panah hijau adalah <a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_alfa" title="Peluruhan alfa">peluruhan alfa</a>, dan panah sian adalah penangkapan elektron.</figcaption></figure> Dalam proses s (dari kata slow, "lambat"), penangkapan neutron terjadi setiap beberapa tahun atau puluhan tahun, sehingga inti-inti atom yang kurang stabil dapat mengalami <a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_beta" title="Peluruhan beta">peluruhan beta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurbidgeBurbidgeFowlerHoyle1957551-86">[82]</a> Misalnya, inti 203 81Tl dapat menangkap neutron menjadi 204 81Tl, yang lalu mengalami peluruhan beta menjadi 204 82Pb yang bersifat stabil. Jika 204 82Pb menangkap neutron lagi, ia akan menjadi Pb, yang memiliki paruh waktu 15 juta tahun. Jika terus terjadi penangkapan neutron, inti ini akan menjadi 206 82Pb, lalu 207 82Pb, lalu 208 82Pb. Tambahan satu neutron lagi akan mengubahnya menjadi 209 82Pb, yang bersifat tidak stabil dan meluruh menjadi 209 83Bi dan melepaskan partikel beta. Inti ini lalu menangkap neutron menjadi 210 83Bi, yang meluruh (beta) menjadi 210 84Po, yang lalu mengalami peluruhan alfa menjadi 206 82Pb. Hasil siklus ini adalah Pb-206, Pb-207, Pb-208, dan Bi-209 (lihat gambar).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurbidgeBurbidgeFowlerHoyle1957608–609-87">[83]</a> Dalam proses r (dari kata rapid, "cepat"), penangkapan neutron terjadi dengan sangat cepat, sehingga inti-inti atom yang terlibat tidak sempat mengalami peluruhan beta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurbidgeBurbidgeFowlerHoyle1957553-88">[84]</a> Biasanya proses ini terjadi dalam kondisi kaya neutron, misalnya dalam sebuah <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a> atau bergabungnya dua <a href="/wiki/Bintang_neutron" title="Bintang neutron">bintang neutron</a>. Aliran neutron pada kondisi ini dapat mencapai 1022 neutron per cm2 per detik.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrebel2015114–15-89">[85]</a> Proses r tidak menghasilkan timbal sebanyak proses s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurbidgeBurbidgeFowlerHoyle1957608–610-90">[86]</a> Proses ini cenderung berhenti ketika inti atom mencapai 126 neutron.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurbidgeBurbidgeFowlerHoyle1957595-91">[87]</a> Pada posisi ini, konfigurasi neutron telah memenuhi <a href="/wiki/Kulit_nuklir" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulit nuklir">kulit nuklirnya</a> sehingga sangat sulit untuk menerima neutron tambahan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurbidgeBurbidgeFowlerHoyle1957596-92">[88]</a> Saat aliran elektron berkurang, inti-inti kaya neutron yang terbentuk akan mengalami peluruhan beta menjadi osmium, iridium, dan plantinum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurbidgeBurbidgeFowlerHoyle1957582,_609–615-93">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Di_bumi">Di bumi</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Kelimpahan_unsur.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sebuah diagram garis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kelimpahan_unsur.svg/280px-Kelimpahan_unsur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kelimpahan_unsur.svg/420px-Kelimpahan_unsur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kelimpahan_unsur.svg/560px-Kelimpahan_unsur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="661" /></a><figcaption>Timbal adalah unsur yang relatif banyak ditemukan di <a href="/wiki/Kerak_bumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerak bumi">kerak bumi</a>, untuk ukuran unsur berat. Kelimpahan timbal lebih besar daripada hampir semua unsur di atas nomor atom 40.</figcaption></figure> Dalam <a href="/wiki/Klasifikasi_Goldschmidt" title="Klasifikasi Goldschmidt">klasifikasi Goldschmidt</a>, timbal digolongkan sebagai unsur kalkofil, yang berarti unsur ini sering ditemukan bersama-sama dengan belerang.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangmuirBroecker2012183–184-94">[90]</a> Timbal jarang ditemukan dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Logam_asli" title="Logam asli">logam asli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidsonRymanSutherlandMilner20144–5-95">[91]</a> Timbal ditemukan dalam mineral-mineral yang relatif ringan, dan sepanjang <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_bumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejarah bumi">sejarah bumi</a> tetap bertahan di <a href="/wiki/Kerak_bumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerak bumi">kerak bumi</a> alih-alih tenggelam ke inti bumi. Hal ini menyebabkan timbal memiliki <a href="/wiki/Kelimpahan_unsur_di_kerak_bumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelimpahan unsur di kerak bumi">kelimpahan di kerak bumi</a> yang relatif tinggi, yaitu 14 ppm (bagian per sejuta) atau peringkat ke-38 dari seluruh unsur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2011286,_passim-96">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[e]</a> <div style="float: right; margin: 2px; font-size:85%; margin-left:18px; margin-bottom:18px"> <table class="sortable collapsible" cellpadding="3" rules="all" style="background:#f9f9f9; border:1px #aaa solid"> <caption>Negara dengan cadangan timbal terbesar (2010)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Geological_Survey201797-99">[94]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Negara</th> <th data-sort-type="number">Cadangan (juta ton) </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> Australia</td> <td align="right">35 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Tiongkok</td> <td align="right">17 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Rusia</td> <td align="right">6,4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Peru</td> <td align="right">6,3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> Meksiko</td> <td align="right">5,6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> Amerika Serikat</td> <td align="right">5,0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lainnya</td> <td align="right">12,9 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> Mineral utama yang mengandung timbal adalah <a href="/wiki/Galena" title="Galena">galena</a> (PbS), yang sering ditemukan bersama-sama dengan bijih seng.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidsonRymanSutherlandMilner20144-100">[95]</a> Kebanyakan mineral timbal lain masih terkait dengan galena: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boulangerite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boulangerite (halaman belum tersedia)">boulangerite</a>, Pb5Sb4S11, adalah sulfida campuran yang diturunkan dari galena, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglesite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anglesite (halaman belum tersedia)">anglesite</a>, PbSO4 adalah hasil oksidasi galena, dan <a href="/wiki/Cerussite" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerussite">cerussite</a>, PbCO3, adalah hasil penguraian galena. Mineral-mineral ini sering tercampur unsur-unsur lain, seperti <a href="/wiki/Arsenik" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenik">arsenik</a>, timah, antimon, perak, emas, tembaga, dan bismut.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidsonRymanSutherlandMilner20144-100">[95]</a> Dunia memiliki sumber timbal dengan total melebihi 2 miliar ton. Sumber timbal yang besar terdapat di Amerika Serikat, Australia, Irlandia, Meksiko, Peru, Portugal, Rusia, dan Tiongkok. Jika hanya menghitung sumber yang layak diekstraksi secara ekonomi, cadangan timbal dunia mencapai 88 juta ton pada tahun 2016. Dari total ini, jumlah terbesar adalah 35 juta yang berada di Australia, 17 juta di Tiongkok, dan 6,4 juta di Rusia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Geological_Survey201797-99">[94]</a> Pada umumnya konsentrasi latar timbal di atmosfer berada di bawah 0,1 μg/m3, <100 mg/kg di tanah, dan <5 μg/L di air laut maupun tawar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERieuwerts2015225-101">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prasejarah_dan_zaman_kuno">Prasejarah dan zaman kuno</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Lead_production_graph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sebuah bagas garis menunjukkan produksi timbal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Lead_production_graph.svg/280px-Lead_production_graph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Lead_production_graph.svg/420px-Lead_production_graph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Lead_production_graph.svg/560px-Lead_production_graph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>Produksi timbal dunia hingga 1950; puncak produksi terjadi pada zaman <a href="/wiki/Romawi_Kuno" title="Romawi Kuno">Romawi Kuno</a> dan setelah <a href="/wiki/Revolusi_Industri" title="Revolusi Industri">Revolusi Industri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHongCandelonePattersonBoutron19941841–43-102">[97]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Manik-manik" title="Manik-manik">Manik-manik</a> dari logam timbal yang diperkirakan berasal dari 7000–6500 SM telah ditemukan di <a href="/wiki/Asia_Kecil" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Kecil">Asia Kecil</a> (sekarang daerah Turki); bisa jadi ini adalah kali pertama manusia mengekstraksi logam dari bijihnya melalui teknik <a href="/wiki/Peleburan_(metalurgi)" title="Peleburan (metalurgi)">peleburan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERich19944-103">[98]</a> Pada masa itu, timbal agaknya memiliki sedikit kegunaan karena bersifat lunak dan tampak buram.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERich19944-103">[98]</a> Penyebab meningkatnya produksi timbal adalah karena bijih timbal yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Galena" title="Galena">galena</a> juga merupakan sumber perak.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinder1993b-104">[99]</a> Bangsa <a href="/wiki/Mesir_Kuno" title="Mesir Kuno">Mesir Kuno</a> adalah bangsa pertama yang menggunakan mineral timbal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Kosmetika" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmetika">kosmetika</a>, dan praktik inipun menyebar ke <a href="/wiki/Yunani_Kuno" title="Yunani Kuno">Yunani Kuno</a> dan daerah-daerah lain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_of_Cosmetics-105">[100]</a> Bangsa Mesir Kuno bisa jadi juga menggunakan timbal untuk pemberat jaring penangkap ikan, <a href="/wiki/Kaca" title="Kaca">kaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Email_porselen" class="mw-redirect" title="Email porselen">email porselen</a>, dan sebagai hiasan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinder1993b-104">[99]</a> Berbagai kebudayaan di daerah <a href="/wiki/Bulan_Sabit_Subur" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulan Sabit Subur">Bulan Sabit Subur</a> menggunakan timbal untuk alat tulis, sebagai mata uang, dan sebagai bahan bangunan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinder1993b-104">[99]</a> Di <a href="/wiki/Tiongkok_Kuno" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiongkok Kuno">Tiongkok Kuno</a>, timbal digunakan <a href="/wiki/Stimulan" title="Stimulan">psikostimulan</a> di kalangan istana,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinder1993b-104">[99]</a> sebagai mata uang<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYuYu200426-106">[101]</a> dan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Alat_kontrasepsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alat kontrasepsi">alat kontrasepsi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToronto_museum_explores2003-107">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peradaban_Lembah_Indus" title="Peradaban Lembah Indus">Peradaban Lembah Indus</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerika" title="Mesoamerika">Mesoamerika</a> menggunakannya untuk membuat berbagai jimat;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinder1993b-104">[99]</a> bangsa-bangsa Afrika daerah selatan dan timur menggunakannya untuk mengerjakan <a href="/wiki/Penarikan_kawat" title="Penarikan kawat">penarikan kawat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBissonVogel2000105-108">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zaman_klasik">Zaman klasik</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sling_bullets_BM_GR1842.7-28.550_GR1851.5-7.11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Sling_bullets_BM_GR1842.7-28.550_GR1851.5-7.11.jpg/220px-Sling_bullets_BM_GR1842.7-28.550_GR1851.5-7.11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Sling_bullets_BM_GR1842.7-28.550_GR1851.5-7.11.jpg/330px-Sling_bullets_BM_GR1842.7-28.550_GR1851.5-7.11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Sling_bullets_BM_GR1842.7-28.550_GR1851.5-7.11.jpg/440px-Sling_bullets_BM_GR1842.7-28.550_GR1851.5-7.11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1850" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Proyektil senjata <a href="/wiki/Pengumban" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengumban">pengumban</a> dari zaman Yunani Kuno yang terbuat dari timbal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELead_sling_bullet-109">[104]</a></figcaption></figure> Karena perak (yang sering tercampur dalam mineral timbal) banyak digunakan sebagai alat tukar dan perhiasan, sumber-sumber timbal mulai diolah di Asia Kecil sejak 3000 SM, lalu diikuti pengolahan di <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Aegea" title="Kepulauan Aegea">Kepulauan Aegea</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Lavrio" title="Lavrio">Lavrio</a> (sekarang di Yunani). Tiga kawasan ini mendominasi pertambangan timbal hingga sekitar 1200 SM.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERich19945-110">[105]</a> Selain itu, sejak 2000 SM bangsa <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Fenisia" title="Bangsa Fenisia">Bangsa Fenisia</a> mengolah sumber timbal di <a href="/wiki/Semenanjung_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Semenanjung Iberia">Semenanjung Iberia</a>; pada 1600 SM pulau Siprus dan <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> pun juga memiliki pertambangan timbal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Geological_Survey1973-111">[106]</a> Daerah <a href="/wiki/Nusantara" title="Nusantara">Nusantara</a> telah mengenal pertambangan timbal dan penggunaannya dalam paduan <a href="/wiki/Perunggu" title="Perunggu">perunggu</a> setidaknya sudah ada sejak zaman <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Nusantara_pada_era_kerajaan_Hindu-Buddha" title="Sejarah Nusantara pada era kerajaan Hindu-Buddha">kebudayaan bercorak Hindu-Buddha</a>. Sebagian <a href="/wiki/Artefak" title="Artefak">artefak</a> perunggu yang ditemukan dari zaman ini di <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Jawa" title="Jawa">Jawa</a> mengandung kadar timbal yang berkisar antara 1,22% sampai 17,43%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoedowo2012159-112">[107]</a> Daerah pertambangan yang menggunakan teknik peleburan ditemukan di berbagai tempat di Sumatra, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Muara_Sipongi,_Mandailing_Natal" title="Muara Sipongi, Mandailing Natal">Muara Sipongi</a>, Sumatera Utara.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoedowo2012162-113">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Romawi" title="Republik Romawi">Republik Romawi</a> menjadi produser terbesar timbal pada zaman klasik akibat perluasan wilayahnya di Eropa dan Laut Mediterania serta pengembangan pertambangan yang mereka lakukan. Puncak produksi timbal Romawi pada masa ini diperkirakan mencapai 80.000 ton. Seperti sebelumnya, sebagian besar timbal diperoleh sebagai hasil sampingan pertambangan perak.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHongCandelonePattersonBoutron19941841–43-102">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Callataÿ2005361–72-114">[109]</a> Pertambangan timbal dibuka di Eropa Tengah, <a href="/wiki/Britania_Romawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Britania Romawi">Britania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semenanjung_Balkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Semenanjung Balkan">Semenanjung Balkan</a>, Yunani, Asia Kecil, dan Semenanjung Iberia. Semenanjung Iberia (atau <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>) menghasilkan 40% timbal dunia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHongCandelonePattersonBoutron19941841–43-102">[97]</a> Papan timbal banyak digunakan sebagai bahan menulis surat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECeccarelli201335-115">[110]</a> Di <a href="/wiki/Yudea_(provinsi_Romawi)" title="Yudea (provinsi Romawi)">Provinsi Yudea</a>, timbal digunakan sebagai peti mati yang dicetak dengan motif-motif sesuai kepercayaan penghuninya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOssuaries_and_Sarcophagi-116">[111]</a> Timbal digunakan untuk bahan <a href="/wiki/Pipa_air" title="Pipa air">pipa air</a> di <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Romawi" title="Kekaisaran Romawi">Kekaisaran Romawi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERich19946-117">[112]</a> Karena mudah diolah dan tahan korosi,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERich19946-117">[112]</a> timbal pun banyak digunakan sebagai bahan obat-obatan, atap, mata uang, maupun persenjataan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorntonRautiuBrush2001179–84-118">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiselBisel2002459–60-119">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERetiefCilliers2006149–51-120">[115]</a> Penulis seperti <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Porcius_Cato" title="Marcus Porcius Cato">Marcus Porcius Cato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Plinius_yang_Tua" class="mw-redirect" title="Plinius yang Tua">Plinius yang Tua</a> menyarankan penggunaan wadah berbahan atau berlapis timbal untuk membuat defrutum, pemanis dan pengawet yang digunakan untuk <a href="/wiki/Minuman_anggur" title="Minuman anggur">minuman anggur</a> dan makanan. Saat ini diketahui bahwa wadah timbal memberikan rasa manis karena dapat bereaksi membentuk timbal(II) asetat ("gula timbal"), sedangkan wadah tembaga atau perunggu dapat menberikan rasa pahit akibat terbentuknya <a href="/wiki/Tembaga(II)_asetat" title="Tembaga(II) asetat">tembaga(II) asetat</a> ("verdigris").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout2017-121">[116]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Grosvenor_Museums_-_Wasserr%C3%B6hren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Peninggalan pipa di sebuah museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Grosvenor_Museums_-_Wasserr%C3%B6hren.jpg/220px-Grosvenor_Museums_-_Wasserr%C3%B6hren.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Grosvenor_Museums_-_Wasserr%C3%B6hren.jpg/330px-Grosvenor_Museums_-_Wasserr%C3%B6hren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Grosvenor_Museums_-_Wasserr%C3%B6hren.jpg/440px-Grosvenor_Museums_-_Wasserr%C3%B6hren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Pipa timbal dari zaman Romawi</figcaption></figure> Penulis Romawi <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a> menulis bahwa timbal berbahaya untuk kesehatan,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodge1981486–91-122">[117]</a> dan beberapa penulis modern berpendapat bahwa <a href="/wiki/Keracunan_timbal" title="Keracunan timbal">keracunan timbal</a> adalah salah satu penyebab melemahnya bangsa Romawi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilfillan196553–60-123">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENriagu1983660–63-124">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[f]</a> Namun, peneliti lain mengkritik pendapat tersebut, salah satunya dengan menunjukkan bahwa tidak semua gejala sakit perut diakibatkan keracunan timbal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarborough1984-127">[121]</a> Menurut penelitian arkeologi, pipa timbal yang digunakan bangsa Romawi meningkatkan kadar timbal dalam air leding, tetapi efeknya kemungkinan besar tidak terlalu berbahaya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReddyBraun20101052-128">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelileBlichert-ToftGoiranKeay20146594–99-129">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abad_Pertengahan_dan_Renaisans">Abad Pertengahan dan Renaisans</h3></div> Penambangan timbal di Eropa barat menurun setelah <a href="/wiki/Runtuhnya_Kekaisaran_Romawi_Barat" class="mw-redirect" title="Runtuhnya Kekaisaran Romawi Barat">runtuhnya Kekaisaran Romawi Barat</a>, dan hanya <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> (Hispania) yang masih memproduksi timbal dengan jumlah besar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinder1993a-130">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERich19947-131">[125]</a> Pada saat bersamaan, pertambangan timbal tumbuh dengan cepat di luar Eropa. Produksi terbesar terjadi di Asia Timur (terutama Tiongkok) dan Asia Selatan (terutama India).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERich19947-131">[125]</a> Pertambangan timbal mulai meningkat lagi di Eropa pada abad ke-11 dan ke-12, dan logam tersebut digunakan kembali untuk bahan atap dan pipa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERich19948-132">[126]</a> Sejak abad ke-13, timbal digunakan untuk membuat <a href="/wiki/Kaca_patri" title="Kaca patri">kaca berwarna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERich19948-132">[126]</a> Menurut ilmu <a href="/wiki/Alkimia" title="Alkimia">alkimia</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Alkimia_dan_kimia_pada_zaman_Islam_pertengahan" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkimia dan kimia pada zaman Islam pertengahan">tradisi dunia Islam</a> dan Eropa pada abad pertengahan, timbal merupakan <a href="/wiki/Logam_dasar" title="Logam dasar">logam dasar</a> tak murni yang konon dapat diubah menjadi emas melalui proses pemisahan dan pemurnian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECotnoir200635-133">[127]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nicholas_Hilliard_(called)_-_Portrait_of_Queen_Elizabeth_I_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portret Elizabeth I, dengan wajah putih." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Nicholas_Hilliard_%28called%29_-_Portrait_of_Queen_Elizabeth_I_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Nicholas_Hilliard_%28called%29_-_Portrait_of_Queen_Elizabeth_I_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Nicholas_Hilliard_%28called%29_-_Portrait_of_Queen_Elizabeth_I_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-Nicholas_Hilliard_%28called%29_-_Portrait_of_Queen_Elizabeth_I_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Nicholas_Hilliard_%28called%29_-_Portrait_of_Queen_Elizabeth_I_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-Nicholas_Hilliard_%28called%29_-_Portrait_of_Queen_Elizabeth_I_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3407" data-file-height="4427" /></a><figcaption>Ratu Inggris <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_dari_Inggris" title="Elizabeth I dari Inggris">Elizabeth I</a> sering digambarkan dengan wajah putih. Kadar timbal pada pemutih wajahnya dianggap sebagai salah satu penyebab kematiannya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellett2012106–07-134">[128]</a></figcaption></figure> Pada masa ini, timbal juga digunakan sebagai bahan campuran pada minuman anggur. <a href="/wiki/Paus_Aleksander_VI" title="Paus Aleksander VI">Paus Aleksander VI</a> melarang penggunaan anggur yang tercampur timbal dalam <a href="/wiki/Misa" title="Misa">misa</a> dan ritus-ritus lainnya pada 1498, tetapi praktik ini terus berlangsung, mengakibatkan terjadinya banyak keracunan hingga abad ke-18.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinder1993a-130">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson1885388-135">[129]</a> Timbal juga merupakan bahan penting untuk <a href="/wiki/Mesin_cetak" title="Mesin cetak">mesin cetak</a> yang ditemukan sekitar 1440; pekerja mesin cetak sering terpapar racun karena menghirup debu timbal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinhaShellySharmaMeenakshi1993-136">[130]</a> Timbal menjadi bahan utama peluru untuk senjata api pada masa ini. Walaupun lebih mahal dibanding besi, timbal dipilih karena besi membuat laras senapan tidak awet, sedangkan timbal lebih padat dan mudah diproduksi karena titik lelehnya lebih rendah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamage19808-137">[131]</a> Kosmetik berbahan timbal digunakan oleh kalangan bangsawan Eropa Barat sebagai pemutih wajah, dan kelak juga untuk <a href="/wiki/Wig" class="mw-redirect" title="Wig">rambut palsu</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Celak" title="Celak">celak</a>. Tren ini baru surut pada masa <a href="/wiki/Revolusi_Prancis" title="Revolusi Prancis">Revolusi Prancis</a> pada akhir abad ke-18.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETungate201114-138">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonnelly2014171–172-139">[133]</a> Tren serupa juga muncul di Jepang abad ke-18, sejak munculnya profesi <a href="/wiki/Geisha" title="Geisha">geisha</a> atau wanita penghibur. Timbal sangat umum dipakai sebagai pemutih wajah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakashimaHayashiTashiroMatsushita199859-140">[134]</a> Wajah putih dianggap melambangkan sifat baik wanita Jepang.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshikari200365-141">[135]</a> Di Afrika, pertambangan dan pengolahan timbal berlangsung di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palung_Benue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palung Benue (halaman belum tersedia)">Palung Benue</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBissonVogel200085-142">[136]</a> dan daerah hilir <a href="/wiki/Cekungan_Kongo" title="Cekungan Kongo">Cekungan Kongo</a>, serta penggunaan logam ini sebagai mata uang dan alat tukar dengan bangsa Eropa telah terjadi pada abad ke-17, sebelum <a href="/wiki/Perebutan_Afrika" title="Perebutan Afrika">penjajahan besar-besaran</a> oleh bangsa Eropa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBissonVogel2000131–32-143">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zaman_penjelajahan_Bangsa_Eropa">Zaman penjelajahan Bangsa Eropa</h3></div> Di benua Amerika, kedatangan bangsa Eropa diikuti juga dengan pertambangan timbal. Pertambangan mulai didirikan di <a href="/wiki/Koloni_Virginia" title="Koloni Virginia">Koloni Virginia</a> pada 1621, 14 tahun setelah pendirian koloni tersebut.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinowitz199566-144">[138]</a> Di Australia, pertambangan timbal adalah pertambangan pertama yang didirikan oleh pemukim Eropa, yaitu pada tahun 1841.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillLibraries_Board_of_South_Australia197469-145">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolusi_Industri">Revolusi Industri</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Lead_mining_Barber_1865p321cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Gambar hitam-putih menggambarkan para pekerja di sebuah pertambangan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lead_mining_Barber_1865p321cropped.jpg/220px-Lead_mining_Barber_1865p321cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lead_mining_Barber_1865p321cropped.jpg/330px-Lead_mining_Barber_1865p321cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lead_mining_Barber_1865p321cropped.jpg/440px-Lead_mining_Barber_1865p321cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>Pertambangan timbal di kawasan hulu <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Mississippi" title="Sungai Mississippi">Sungai Mississippi</a>, Amerika Serikat, 1865</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Revolusi_industri" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolusi industri">Revolusi Industri</a> terjadi pada paruh kedua abad ke-18, dimulai di <a href="/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya">Britania Raya</a> dan menyebar ke benua Eropa dan Amerika Serikat. Saat ini produksi timbal meningkat kembali, dan melebihi produksi zaman Romawi untuk pertama kalinya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHongCandelonePattersonBoutron19941841–43-102">[97]</a> Awalnya, Britania Raya adalah penghasil timbal terbesar hingga pertengahan abad ke-19, saat persediaan timbalnya mulai habis dan pertambangan di Jerman, Spanyol, dan Amerika Serikat semakin berkembang.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELead_mining-146">[140]</a> Pada 1900, Amerika Serikat adalah penghasil timbal terbesar, dan negara non-Eropa lainnya (terutama Kanada, Meksiko, dan Australia) mulai menambang timbal dalam jumlah besar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERich199411-147">[141]</a> Alhasil, produksi timbal di luar Eropa melebihi produksi Eropa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERich199411-147">[141]</a> Timbal paling banyak digunakan untuk membuat pipa dan <a href="/wiki/Cat_timbal" title="Cat timbal">cat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivaLafranconid'OrsoCesana201211–16-148">[142]</a> Semakin banyak orang (terutama golongan pekerja) terpapar timbal dan kasus-kasus keracunan pun meningkat. Hal ini memicu penelitian mengenai efek timbal bagi tubuh manusia. Penelitian selanjutnya menyimpulkan bahwa asap timbal lebih berbahaya daripada timbal berbentuk padatan. Timbal dikaitkan dengan penyakit <a href="/wiki/Pirai" title="Pirai">pirai</a>—dokter Inggris <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baring_Garrod" title="Alfred Baring Garrod">Alfred Baring Garrod</a> menemukan bahwa sepertiga dari pasien pirainya adalah tukang leding atau tukang cat. Pada abad ke-19, diteliti juga efek menghirup timbal (terutama jika terus menerus) terhadap kelainan-kelainan mental. Pada dekade 1870-an dan 1880-an, Britania Raya mengeluarkan undang-undang untuk mengurangi keracunan timbal di pabrik-pabrik.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivaLafranconid'OrsoCesana201211–16-148">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zaman_modern">Zaman modern</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Dutch_boy_collier_white_lead.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Poster cat dengan gambar seorang anak." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Dutch_boy_collier_white_lead.png/170px-Dutch_boy_collier_white_lead.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Dutch_boy_collier_white_lead.png/255px-Dutch_boy_collier_white_lead.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Dutch_boy_collier_white_lead.png/340px-Dutch_boy_collier_white_lead.png 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>Poster cat buatan <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Boy_Paint" title="Dutch Boy Paint">Dutch Boy</a> dengan bahan timbal, Amerika Serikat, 1912</figcaption></figure> Bukti-bukti bahaya yang ditimbulkan timbal terus ditemukan pada abad ke-19 dan 20. Pengetahuan akan mekanisme unsur ini dalam tubuh manusia semakin jelas, dan ditemukan juga fenomena kebutaan yang diakibatkan oleh timbal. Akibatnya, unsur ini mulai dihindari di Amerika Serikat dan Eropa. Britania Raya mewajibkan inspeksi pabrik pada 1878 dan menunjuk pejabat khusus untuk mengepalai inspeksi pabrik pada 1898; setelah itu, kasus keracunan timbal berkurang 25 kali lipat dalam rentang 1900–1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHernberg2000246-149">[143]</a> Pada 1930, sebagian besar negara Eropa telah melarang cat timbal (yang populer karena warnanya pekat dan tahan air)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrow2007-150">[144]</a> untuk interior bangunan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkowitzRosner200037-151">[145]</a> Timbal (dalam bentuk tetra etil timbal) mulai digunakan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Zat_antiketuk" title="Zat antiketuk">zat antiketuk</a> untuk bensin di Amerika Serikat pada 1921. Praktik ini menyebar dan menjadi sumber terakhir yang memaparkan timbal pada khalayak umum. Pada 2000, praktik ini telah dilarang di Amerika Serikat dan Uni Eropa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUekoetter2004132-152">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivaLafranconid'OrsoCesana201211–16-148">[142]</a> Pada dasawarsa 1970-an, Amerika Serikat dan negara-negara Eropa Barat mulai mengeluarkan undang-undang untuk membatasi pencemaran timbal di udara.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoreSpauldingBohleberHandley2017-153">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Geophysical_Union2017-154">[148]</a> Hal ini terbukti efektif: penelitian <a href="/wiki/Pusat_Pengendalian_dan_Pencegahan_Penyakit" class="mw-disambig" title="Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit">Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit</a> Amerika Serikat menunjukkan bahwa populasi yang menderita tingginya <a href="/wiki/Kadar_timbal_darah" title="Kadar timbal darah">kadar timbal darah</a> menurun dari 77,8% (1976–1980) menjadi 2,2% (1991–1994).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECenters_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention1997-155">[149]</a> Pada akhir abad ke-20, produk mengandung timbal yang paling umum adalah <a href="/wiki/Baterai_asam_timbal" title="Baterai asam timbal">baterai asam timbal</a> yang dianggap tidak berbahaya bagi manusia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERich1994117-156">[150]</a> Selama rentang 1960–1990, produksi timbal di negara-negara <a href="/wiki/Blok_Barat" title="Blok Barat">Blok Barat</a> tumbuh sekitar 31%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERich199417-157">[151]</a> Produksi di negara-negara <a href="/wiki/Blok_Timur" title="Blok Timur">Blok Timur</a> juga meningkat, dan persentase timbal dunia yang dihasilkan di negara-negara ini meningkat dari sekitar 10% (1950) menjadi 30% (1990). <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a> menjadi penghasil timbal terbesar dunia dari pertengahan 1970-an hingga 1980-an, dan Tiongkok mulai melakukan penambangan timbal besar-besaran pada akhir abad ke-20.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERich199491–92-158">[152]</a> Berbeda dengan negara-negara Blok Timur di Eropa, pada pertengahan abad ke-20 sebagian besar Tiongkok masih belum terindustrikan. Penggunaan timbal terkait pengindustrian yang selanjutnya terjadi di negara tersebut menjadi ancaman kesehatan (seperti halnya di Eropa pada masa Revolusi Industri).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhangYangLiLi20122261–73-159">[153]</a> Pada tahun 2004, Tiongkok menjadi produsen timbal terbesar dunia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Geological_Survey2005-160">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Produksi">Produksi</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Evolution_production_plomb.svg&lang=en" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sebuah diagram garis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Evolution_production_plomb.svg/220px-Evolution_production_plomb.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Evolution_production_plomb.svg/330px-Evolution_production_plomb.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Evolution_production_plomb.svg/440px-Evolution_production_plomb.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1493" data-file-height="1117" /></a><figcaption>Produksi timbal primer sejak 1840</figcaption></figure> Menurut data tahun 2014, produksi timbal dunia saat ini sedang meningkat karena diperlukan untuk baterai asam timbal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolliday2014-161">[155]</a> Ada dua mode produksi: yaitu produksi primer dengan mengolah bijih mineral, dan produksi sekunder dengan mendaur ulang barang bekas. Pada 2014, 4,58 juta ton timbal dihasilkan melalui produksi primer dan 5,64 juta ton melalui produksi sekunder. Negara penghasil timbal terbesar melalui pertambangan adalah Tiongkok, Australia, dan Amerika Serikat,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Geological_Survey201797-99">[94]</a> sedangkan penghasil terbesar melalui daur ulang adalah Tiongkok, Amerika Serikat, dan India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuberman201642.14–15-162">[156]</a> Menurut laporan <a href="/wiki/International_Resource_Panel" title="International Resource Panel">International Resource Panel</a> pada 2010, jumlah total timbal yang digunakan, disimpan, dibuang, atau tersebar ke lingkungan mencapai 8 kg <a href="/wiki/Per_kapita" title="Per kapita">per kapita</a>. Di negara maju, angka ini mencapai 20–150 kg per kapita sedangkan di negara berkembang hanya 1–4 kg per kapita.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraedel2010-163">[157]</a> Proses produksi timbal secara primer dan sekunder cukup mirip. Beberapa pabrik produksi primer juga melengkapi operasinya dengan produksi sekunder, praktik yang diprediksi akan terus meningkat. Dengan teknik yang tepat, timbal yang diproduksi secara sekunder dapat menjadi serupa timbal yang dihasilkan secara primer dan tidak dapat dibedakan. Proses produksi timbal melalui daur ulang biasanya lebih hemat energi dibanding produksi primer, dengan penghematan sering mencapai 50% atau lebih.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorntonRautiuBrush200156-164">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primer">Primer</h3></div> Kebanyakan bijih timbal memiliki kadar timbal yang kecil (bijih yang dianggap "kaya" biasanya hanya memiliki kadar 3–8%), dan harus dipekatkan sebelum diekstraksi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidsonRymanSutherlandMilner20146-165">[159]</a> Awalnya bijih tersebut diproses dengan penggilingan, pemisahan berdasarkan berat, <a href="/wiki/Pengapungan_buih" title="Pengapungan buih">pengapungan buih</a>, dan pengeringan. Konsentrat yang dihasilkan memiliki kadar massa 30%–80% (umumnya 50–60%).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidsonRymanSutherlandMilner20146-165">[159]</a> Konsentrat ini selanjutnya diubah menjadi logam timbal (yang belum murni). Ada dua cara melakukan hal ini, yang disebut "proses dua tahap" dan "proses langsung". Belakangan ini, proses langsung lebih sering dilakukan, tetapi masih banyak juga yang melakukan proses dua tahap.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidsonRymanSutherlandMilner201417-166">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proses_dua_tahap">Proses dua tahap</h4></div> <div style="float: right; margin: 2px; font-size:85%; margin-left:18px; margin-bottom:18px"> <table class="sortable collapsible" cellpadding="3" rules="all" style="background:#f9f9f9; border:1px #aaa solid"> <caption>Negara penambang timbal terbesar (2016)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Geological_Survey201797-99">[94]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Negara</th> <th data-sort-type="number">Produksi (ribu ton) </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Tiongkok</td> <td align="right">2.400 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> Australia</td> <td align="right">500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> Amerika Serikat</td> <td align="right">335 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Peru</td> <td align="right">310 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> Meksiko</td> <td align="right">250 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Rusia</td> <td align="right">225 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> India</td> <td align="right">135 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /> Bolivia</td> <td align="right">80 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> Swedia</td> <td align="right">76 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> Turki</td> <td align="right">75 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> Iran</td> <td align="right">41 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> Kazakhstan</td> <td align="right">41 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /> Polandia</td> <td align="right">40 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Afrika Selatan</td> <td align="right">40 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> Korea Utara</td> <td align="right">35 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Irlandia</td> <td align="right">33 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Makedonia</td> <td align="right">33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lainnya</td> <td align="right">170 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> Awalnya, timbal yang masih dalam bentuk sulfida (PbS) <a href="/wiki/Pemanggangan_(metalurgi)" title="Pemanggangan (metalurgi)">dipanggang</a> di udara agar teroksidasi:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorntonRautiuBrush200151-167">[161]</a> <dl><dd>2 PbS(s) + 3 O2(g) → 2 PbO(s) + 2 SO2(g)↑</dd></dl> Karena timbal sulfida yang diolah masih belum murni, pemanggangan ini menghasilkan tidak hanya timbal(II) oksida (PbO) seperti reaksi di atas, tetapi juga campuran oksida, sulfat, dan silikat dari timbal maupun logam-logam lain yang terdapat dalam bijih. PbO tak murni ini lalu direduksi oleh <a href="/wiki/Kokas" title="Kokas">kokas</a> (karbon dari <a href="/wiki/Batu_bara" title="Batu bara">batu bara</a>) dalam sebuah <a href="/wiki/Tanur_tiup" title="Tanur tiup">tanur tiup</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorntonRautiuBrush200151–52-168">[162]</a> <dl><dd>2 PbO(s) + C(s) → 2 Pb(s) + CO2(g)↑</dd></dl> Karena pereaksinya tidak murni, hasil reaksi ini pun tidak murni dan mengandung logam pengotor seperti arsenik, antimon, bismut, seng, tembaga, perak, dan emas. Selanjutnya pengotor-pengotor ini dimurnikan, umumnya melalui sebuah proses <a href="/wiki/Pirometalurgi" title="Pirometalurgi">pirometalurgi</a>. Hasil dari proses sebelumnya (yang masih berupa lelehan panas) diolah melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanur_pantul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanur pantul (halaman belum tersedia)">tanur pantul</a>. Ke dalam tanur pantul dicampurkan udara, uap air, dan sulfur, yang dapat mengoksidasi pengotor-pengotor yang ada, kecuali perak, emas, dan bismut. Pengotor yang telah teroksidasi akan <a href="/wiki/Dross" title="Dross">memadat</a> dan mengapung sehingga dapat dipisahkan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidsonRymanSutherlandMilner201425-169">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrimary_Lead_Refining-170">[164]</a> Emas dan perak lalu dipisahkan melalui <a href="/wiki/Proses_Parkes" title="Proses Parkes">proses Parkes</a> dengan cara mencampurkan cairan seng. Seng melarutkan emas dan perak tetapi tidak <a href="/wiki/Ketercampuran" title="Ketercampuran">bercampur</a> dengan timbal. Seng ini dapat dipisahkan, lalu emas dan perak yang terlarut didalamnya diambil sebagai hasil samping.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPauling1947-171">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrimary_Lead_Refining-170">[164]</a> Bismut dipisahkan dengan <a href="/wiki/Proses_Betterton%E2%80%93Kroll" title="Proses Betterton–Kroll">proses Betterton–Kroll</a>, yaitu mencampurkan kalsium dan magnesium yang menghasilkan senyawa bismut yang mengapung.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrimary_Lead_Refining-170">[164]</a> Selain proses pirometalurgi, pemurnian timbal juga dapat dilakukan melalui proses <a href="/wiki/Elektrolisis" title="Elektrolisis">elektrolisis</a> yang disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proses_Betts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proses Betts (halaman belum tersedia)">proses Betts</a> yang menghasilkan kemurnian lebih tinggi. Namun, proses ini sangat mahal sehingga hanya dilakukan jika benar-benar dibutuhkan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidsonRymanSutherlandMilner201423-172">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrimary_Lead_Refining-170">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proses_langsung">Proses langsung</h4></div> Pada proses langsung, logam timbal dihasilkan langsung dari konsentrat. Konsentrat yang—seperti proses primer—mengandung timbal sulfida (PbS) dilelehkan dalam sebuah tanur dan dioksidasi menghasilkan timbal(II) oksida atau PbO. Karbon (dari kokas maupun <a href="/wiki/Gas_batubara" title="Gas batubara">gas batubara</a>) ditambahkan ke dalam lelehan ini bersama dengan <a href="/wiki/Fluks_(metalurgi)" title="Fluks (metalurgi)">fluks</a> (bahan yang dapat bereaksi terus menerus). Karbon ini mereduksi PbO menjadi logam Pb, yang tercampur dengan <a href="/wiki/Terak" title="Terak">terak</a> (ampas) PbO dan pengotor lain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidsonRymanSutherlandMilner201417-166">[160]</a> Jika konsentrat masukan proses ini memiliki kadar timbal tinggi, 80% dari timbal yang ada dapat menjadi logam Pb, sedangkan sisanya akan menjadi PbO yang tercampur di dalam terak. Jika konsentrat hanya memiliki kadar timbal rendah, semua timbal yang ada akan teroksidasi dan hanya menjadi terak. Terak ini kaya akan timbal (25–40%), dan logamnya dapat diperoleh dengan proses <a href="/wiki/Pembakaran_tenggelam" title="Pembakaran tenggelam">pembakaran tenggelam</a>, reduksi dalam <a href="/wiki/Tanur_busur_listrik" title="Tanur busur listrik">tanur busur listrik</a>, atau kombinasi keduanya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidsonRymanSutherlandMilner201417-166">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proses_lain">Proses lain</h4></div> Para peneliti juga mencari proses penambangan timbal yang lebih bersih dan hemat energi. Namun, sejauh ini metode-metode alternatif memiliki kelemahan, di antaranya adalah banyaknya timbal yang terbuang dalam terak, serta tingginya kadar belerang pada logam timbal yang dihasilkan. Salah satu teknik yang mendapat perhatian peneliti adalah ekstraksi <a href="/wiki/Hidrometalurgi" title="Hidrometalurgi">hidrometalurgi</a> melalui <a href="/wiki/Elektrolisis" title="Elektrolisis">elektrolisis</a>. Dalam proses ini, timbal kotor digunakan sebagai anode, dan listrik dialirkan sehingga timbal kotor larut dan akan mengendap di katode sebagai timbal murni. Namun, saat ini proses ini masih belum ekonomis kecuali di lokasi dengan sumber listrik amat murah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorntonRautiuBrush200152–53-173">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sekunder">Sekunder</h3></div> <div style="float: right; margin: 2px; font-size:85%; margin-left:18px; margin-bottom:18px"> <table class="sortable collapsible" cellpadding="3" rules="all" style="background:#f9f9f9; border:1px #aaa solid"> <caption>Negara dengan produksi timbal sekunder terbesar (2014)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuberman201642.14–15-162">[156]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Negara</th> <th data-sort-type="number">Produksi (ribu ton) </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Tiongkok</td> <td align="right">1.480 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> Amerika Serikat</td> <td align="right">1.020 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> India</td> <td align="right">357 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Korea Selatan</td> <td align="right">340 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> Jerman</td> <td align="right">248 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> Meksiko</td> <td align="right">195 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> Brazil</td> <td align="right">190 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> Spanyol</td> <td align="right">166 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> Italia</td> <td align="right">160 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> Britania Raya</td> <td align="right">157 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Jepang</td> <td align="right">153 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Kanada</td> <td align="right">151 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> Proses sekunder dilakukan dengan daur ulang barang bekas yang mengandung timbal. Barang bekas yang paling umum adalah baterai asam timbal; selain itu, pipa timbal, <a href="/wiki/Lembaran_logam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lembaran logam">lembaran timbal</a>, maupun pelapis kabel juga banyak digunakan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorntonRautiuBrush200156-164">[158]</a> Dalam proses sekunder, sering kali tidak perlu dilakukan reduksi seperti halnya pada proses primer, karena timbal pada barang bekas sudah berupa unsur (bukan senyawa). Hanya kasus-kasus tertentu (misalnya timbal yang telah teroksidasi, atau bahan yang berupa senyawa seperti sisa baterai) perlu diproses dengan reduksi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorntonRautiuBrush200156-164">[158]</a> Jika reduksi dibutuhkan, prosesnya mirip dengan pada proses primer, dan biasanya dilakukan pada tanur tiup atau tanur putar. Perbedaan utama kedua tanur ini adalah kadar pengotornya: tanur tiup biasanya menghasilkan timbal keras dengan 10% antimon, sedangkan tanur putar biasanya menghasilkan timbal semilunak (3–4% antimon).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency20101-174">[168]</a> Selain itu juga ada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proses_Isasmelt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proses Isasmelt (halaman belum tersedia)">proses Isasmelt</a>, yang di atas kertas juga dapat dilakukan untuk proses primer. Pada proses ini, sampah baterai asam timbal (yang terdiri dari timbal oksida dan timbal sulfat) direaksikan dengan basa untuk memisahkan sulfatnya, lalu direaksikan dengan karbon pada sebuah tanur beroksigen. Proses ini menghasilkan timbal tak murni, pengotor utamanya biasanya adalah antimon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorntonRautiuBrush200157-175">[169]</a> Pemurnian hasil ini mirip dengan pemurnian pada proses primer, tetapi kadang sebagian tahap pemurnian dapat ditiadakan tergantung pengotor yang terdapat dalam bahan yang didaur ulang.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorntonRautiuBrush200157-175">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kegunaan">Kegunaan</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timbal_sebagai_unsur">Timbal sebagai unsur</h3></div> Logam timbal memiliki banyak sifat fisik yang berguna, di antaranya massa jenis tinggi, titik leleh rendah, mudah ditarik, dan relatif lengai. Banyak unsur logam lain yang memiliki sebagian sifat ini, bahkan lebih baik daripada timbal, tetapi umumnya logam-logam tersebut lebih langka atau sulit ditambang. Namun, timbal mulai ditinggalkan karena sifat racunnya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBairdCann2012537–38,_543–47-176">[170]</a> Timbal digunakan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Peluru" title="Peluru">peluru</a> sejak abad pertengahan. Timbal cocok untuk kegunaan ini karena murah, bertitik leleh rendah sehingga dapat dicetak dengan peralatan sederhana, dan bermassa jenis tinggi sehingga lebih mampu mempertahankan kecepatannya setelah ditembakkan. Saat ini, timbal masih menjadi bahan utama peluru, dan biasanya dipadukan dengan logam lain sebagai pengeras.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamage19808-137">[131]</a> Namun, ada kekhawatiran bahwa penggunaan peluru timbal untuk berburu dapat merusak lingkungan.<a href="#cite_note-178">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalifornia_Department_of_Fish_and_Wildlife-177">[171]</a> Sifat timbal yang padat dan tahan korosi dimanfaatkan untuk banyak hal. Logam ini digunakan sebagai pemberat pada <a href="/wiki/Lunas_kapal" title="Lunas kapal">lunas kapal</a> karena massa besar dan volume kecilnya mengurangi gesekan air maupun goyangan kapal akibat angin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2005194–95-179">[172]</a> Timbal juga digunakan pada tali pengikat <a href="/wiki/Selam_skuba" title="Selam skuba">selam skuba</a> karena beratnya memudahkan penyelam turun di air.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrestovnikoffHalls200670-180">[173]</a> Pada tahun 1993, dasar <a href="/wiki/Menara_Pisa" title="Menara Pisa">Menara Pisa</a> diperkuat menggunakan 600 ton timbal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStreetAlexander1998182-181">[174]</a> Logam ini juga digunakan untuk melapisi kabel bawah laut karena bersifat tahan korosi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensen2013136-182">[175]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Parc_de_Versailles,_Bassin_de_Flore,_Jean-Baptiste_Tuby_(1672-79)_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Patung berwarna keemasan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Parc_de_Versailles%2C_Bassin_de_Flore%2C_Jean-Baptiste_Tuby_%281672-79%29_07.jpg/220px-Parc_de_Versailles%2C_Bassin_de_Flore%2C_Jean-Baptiste_Tuby_%281672-79%29_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Parc_de_Versailles%2C_Bassin_de_Flore%2C_Jean-Baptiste_Tuby_%281672-79%29_07.jpg/330px-Parc_de_Versailles%2C_Bassin_de_Flore%2C_Jean-Baptiste_Tuby_%281672-79%29_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Parc_de_Versailles%2C_Bassin_de_Flore%2C_Jean-Baptiste_Tuby_%281672-79%29_07.jpg/440px-Parc_de_Versailles%2C_Bassin_de_Flore%2C_Jean-Baptiste_Tuby_%281672-79%29_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Patung timbal bersepuh emas dari abad ke-17</figcaption></figure> Timbal banyak digunakan dalam arsitektur dan konstruksi bangunan. Lembaran timbal digunakan sebagai bahan atap, <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/kelongsong" class="extiw" title="wikt:kelongsong">kelongsong</a>, <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/talang" class="extiw" title="wikt:talang">talang</a>, dan tembok atap.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThink_Lead_research-183">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherings_to_Parapets-184">[177]</a> Timbal juga masih digunakan sebagai bahan <a href="/wiki/Patung" title="Patung">patung</a>, termasuk pada <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/angkur" class="extiw" title="wikt:angkur">angkurnya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELead_garden_ornaments2016-185">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPutnam2003216-186">[179]</a> Dulunya timbal juga digunakan untuk menjaga keseimbangan roda mobil, tetapi diganti bahan lain karena alasan kesehatan dan lingkungan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Geological_Survey201797-99">[94]</a> Timbal digunakan dalam paduan tembaga, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Kuningan_(logam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuningan (logam)">kuningan</a> dan perunggu, agar bahan tersebut menjadi mudah dipotong dan lebih <a href="/wiki/Pelumas" title="Pelumas">lumas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopper_Development_Association-187">[180]</a> Karena tidak larut dalam tembaga, timbal membentuk globul (globule, tetesan kecil) yang padat pada celah-celah dalam paduan timbal-tembaga tersebut. Pada konsentrasi rendah, globul-globul ini berfungsi sebagai pelumas dan mencegak robeknya paduan tersebut saat dipotong atau diolah. Paduan dengan konsentrasi timbal tinggi digunakan untuk membuat <a href="/wiki/Bantalan" title="Bantalan">bantalan</a> pada mesin. Pada paduan timbal seperti ini, timbal berfungsi sebagai pelumas sedangkan tembaga berfungsi untuk menahan beban.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopper_Development_Association-187">[180]</a> Timbal juga digunakan sebagai peredam suara, getaran, atau radiasi. Hal ini disebabkan kepadatan dan nomor atom timbal yang tinggi, serta sifatnya yang mudah dibentuk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERich1994101-188">[181]</a> Timbal tidak memiliki <a href="/wiki/Frekuensi_alami" title="Frekuensi alami">frekuensi resonansi alami</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERich1994101-188">[181]</a> alhasil lembaran timbal digunakan sebagai insulasi pada tembok, lantai, dan langit-langit studio suara.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuruswamy200031-189">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pipa_organ" title="Pipa organ">Pipa organ</a> sering dibuat dari timbal yang dipadukan dengan timah untuk mengendalikan nada tiap pipa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudsley1965250–51-190">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmieri2006412–13-191">[184]</a> Timbal merupakan bahan utama untuk <a href="/wiki/Penangkal_radiasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Penangkal radiasi">penangkal radiasi</a> dalam ruangan sinar X maupun penelitian nuklir, karena kepadatannya yang tinggi dan sifatnya yang sulit ditembus radiasi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Council_on_Radiation_Protection_and_Measurements200416-192">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorntonRautiuBrush20017-193">[186]</a> Timbal cair digunakan sebagai pendingin pada jenis reaktor nuklir yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Reaktor_cepat_berpendingin_timbal" title="Reaktor cepat berpendingin timbal">reaktor cepat berpendingin timbal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETučekCarlssonWider20061590-194">[187]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Lead_shielding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lead_shielding.jpg/220px-Lead_shielding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lead_shielding.jpg/330px-Lead_shielding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lead_shielding.jpg/440px-Lead_shielding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Tameng radiasi yang terbuat dari timbal, memanfaatkan kepadatan timbal yang tinggi dan sifatnya yang sulit ditembus radiasi.</figcaption></figure> Pada abad ke-21, penggunaan timbal yang terbesar adalah dalam <a href="/wiki/Baterai_asam_timbal" title="Baterai asam timbal">baterai asam timbal</a>. Dalam baterai ini, tegangan listrik dihasilkan oleh reaksi antara timbal, timbal(IV) oksida, dan asam sulfat.<a href="#cite_note-195">[h]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProgressive_Dynamics,_Inc.-196">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Superkapasitor" title="Superkapasitor">Superkapasitor</a> yang menggunakan baterai asam timbal telah digunakan di Amerika Serikat, Australia, dan Jepang.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlinsky-Paul2013-197">[189]</a> Baterai asam timbal jauh lebih murah dibanding alternatifnya yaitu <a href="/wiki/Baterai_ion_litium" title="Baterai ion litium">baterai ion litium</a>, tetapi memiliki kepadatan energi yang lebih rendah dan efisiensi siklus pengisian (charge-discharge efficiency) yang lebih buruk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGulbinska2014-198">[190]</a> Timbal digunakan sebagai insulasi pada kabel tegangan tinggi untuk mencegah meresapnya air, tetapi mulai ditinggalkan dan diganti bahan lain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERich1994133–34-199">[191]</a> Penggunaan timbal dalam <a href="/wiki/Solder" title="Solder">solder</a> juga mulai ditinggalkan untuk mengurangi limbah yang mencemari lingkungan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhao2008440-200">[192]</a> Timbal digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Tes_Oddy" title="Tes Oddy">Tes Oddy</a> (bersama perak dan tembaga) untuk mendeteksi zat-zat yang dapat merusak karya seni rupa di museum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeinerLaviSeriRossin2015-201">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzczepanowska201384–85-202">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sebagai_senyawa">Sebagai senyawa</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Crystal_glass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kaca kristal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Crystal_glass.jpg/220px-Crystal_glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Crystal_glass.jpg/330px-Crystal_glass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Crystal_glass.jpg/440px-Crystal_glass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Wadah yang terbuat dari kaca timbal</figcaption></figure> Senyawa-senyawa timbal digunakan dalam baterai asam timbal (bersama-sama dengan logam timbal).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProgressive_Dynamics,_Inc.-196">[188]</a> Selain itu, senyawa timbal saat ini hanya digunakan untuk kegunaan yang sangat khusus dan banyak ditinggalkan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleson200123-203">[195]</a> Senyawa timbal digunakan untuk pigmen merah dan kuning untuk mewarnai keramik dan gelas. Penggunaan cat timbal telah ditinggalkan di Amerika Serikat dan Eropa, tetapi masih umum di negara berkembang seperti Indonesia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmawatiPrimantiBroschéClark20132-204">[196]</a> Tiongkok,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInsight_ExplorerIPEN2016-205">[197]</a> dan India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2017-206">[198]</a> Timbal(IV) asetat dan timbal(IV) oksida banyak digunakan sebagai oksidator dalam reaksi kimia organik. Senyawa timbal juga ditambahkan pada <a href="/wiki/Plastik_PVC" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastik PVC">plastik PVC</a> untuk insulasi alat-alat listrik.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZweifel2009438-207">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkesSummersDanielsBerard2005106-208">[200]</a> Senyawa timbal juga bisa ditambahkan pada lilin agar lebih awet saat dibakar; tetapi karena sifat racunnya, negara-negara Eropa dan Amerika Utara menggantinya dengan seng.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERanderson2002-209">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENriaguKim200037–41-210">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kaca_timbal" title="Kaca timbal">Kaca timbal</a> dibuat dari 12–28% <a href="/wiki/Timbal(II)_oksida" title="Timbal(II) oksida">timbal(II) oksida</a>, yang memengaruhi sifat optiknya dan dapat melemahkan radiasi pengion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmstock1997116–19-211">[203]</a> Senyawa-senyawa timbal juga digunakan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Semikonduktor" title="Semikonduktor">semikonduktor</a>, misalnya timbal telurida dan timbal selenida yang digunakan untuk sel <a href="/wiki/Fotovoltaik" title="Fotovoltaik">fotovoltaik</a> dan detektor <a href="/wiki/Inframerah" title="Inframerah">inframerah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogalski2010485–541-212">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dampak_terhadap_tubuh_manusia">Dampak terhadap tubuh manusia</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Keracunan_timbal" title="Keracunan timbal">Keracunan timbal</a></div> Walaupun timbal tidak diketahui memiliki fungsi khusus secara biologi,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2011280-213">[205]</a> unsur ini sangat banyak ditemui dalam tubuh manusia. Kadar rata-rata timbal dalam tubuh manusia dewasa mencapai 120 mg,<a href="#cite_note-217">[i]</a> logam berat tertinggi ketiga setelah zat besi (4000 mg) dan seng (2500 mg).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2011280,_621,_255-218">[209]</a> <a href="/wiki/Garam_(kimia)" title="Garam (kimia)">Garam-garam</a> timbal diserap tubuh dengan mudah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckeyVenugopal1979177–78-219">[210]</a> Pada orang dewasa, 1% timbal disimpan dalam tulang dan sisanya dibuang melalui urin dan feses setelah beberapa minggu. Namun, pada anak-anak, hanya sepertiga timbal yang dibuang oleh tubuh, dan pemaparan secara terus-menerus dapat menyebabkan <a href="/wiki/Bioakumulasi" title="Bioakumulasi">bioakumulasi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToxic_Substances_Portal-220">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toksisitas">Toksisitas</h3></div> Timbal merupakan racun yang kuat (baik jika dihirup atau ditelan), dapat memengaruhi hampir semua <a href="/wiki/Organ_biologi" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ biologi">organ</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sistem_organ" title="Sistem organ">sistem</a> dalam tubuh manusia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Food_and_Drug_Administration201542-221">[212]</a> Menurut <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> di Amerika Serikat, timbal dengan konsentrasi 100 mg/m3 di udara memiliki status "berbahaya langsung" (kode bahasa Inggris "IDLH", immediately dangerous to life and health).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health-222">[213]</a> Jika timbal terhirup, hampir semuanya akan diserap masuk ke peredaran darah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOccupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration-223">[214]</a> Faktor utama dalam sifat racun timbal adalah kecenderungannya mengganggu fungsi-fungsi <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzim</a> dengan cara mengikat <a href="/wiki/Gugus_tiol" class="mw-redirect" title="Gugus tiol">gugus tiol</a> dalam banyak enzim,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudolphRudolphHostetterLister2003369-224">[215]</a> maupun berkompetisi dengan unsur logam penting yang menjadi <a href="/wiki/Kofaktor_(biokimia)" title="Kofaktor (biokimia)">kofaktor</a> dalam banyak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reaksi_enzimatik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reaksi enzimatik (halaman belum tersedia)">reaksi enzimatik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDartHurlbutBoyer-Hassen20041426-225">[216]</a> Logam-logam yang sering disaingi oleh timbal adalah zat besi, seng, dan kalsium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKosnett2006238-226">[217]</a> Tubuh yang kekurangan zat besi dan kalsium cenderung lebih rentan keracunan timbal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckeyVenugopal1979177–78-219">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gejala">Gejala</h3></div> Timbal menyebabkan kerusakan <a href="/wiki/Otak" title="Otak">otak</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Ginjal" title="Ginjal">ginjal</a> yang dapat berakhir dengan kematian. Dengan meniru (menggantikan posisi) kalsium, timbal dapat menembus <a href="/wiki/Sawar_darah_otak" title="Sawar darah otak">sawar darah otak</a>, lalu mengurangi dan merusak <a href="/wiki/Selubung_mielin" title="Selubung mielin">selubung mielin</a> yang membungkus neuron, menggangu jalur <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmiter" title="Neurotransmiter">pengiriman sinyal</a> pada saraf, dan mengurangi pertumbuhan neuron.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudolphRudolphHostetterLister2003369-224">[215]</a> Dalam tubuh, timbal <a href="/wiki/Inhibitor_enzim" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibitor enzim">menghambat</a> enzim <a href="/w/index.php?title=Porfobilinogen_sintase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Porfobilinogen sintase (halaman belum tersedia)">porfobilinogen sintase</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Ferokelatase" title="Ferokelatase">ferokelatase</a>, sehingga mencegah terbentuknya <a href="/wiki/Porfobilinogen" title="Porfobilinogen">porfobilinogen</a> dan mengikatnya besi ke <a href="/wiki/Protoporfirin_IX" title="Protoporfirin IX">protoporfirin IX</a>, yang merupakan tahap terakhir pembentukan molekul <a href="/wiki/Heme" title="Heme">heme</a>. Akibatnya, pembentukan heme dalam tubuh menjadi tidak efektif dan menyebabkan <a href="/wiki/Anemia_mikrositik" title="Anemia mikrositik">anemia mikrositik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenTrotzkyPincus1981904–06-227">[218]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symptoms_of_lead_poisoning_(vector).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram gejala-gejala keracunan timbal berbahasa Inggris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Symptoms_of_lead_poisoning_%28vector%29.svg/240px-Symptoms_of_lead_poisoning_%28vector%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Symptoms_of_lead_poisoning_%28vector%29.svg/360px-Symptoms_of_lead_poisoning_%28vector%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Symptoms_of_lead_poisoning_%28vector%29.svg/480px-Symptoms_of_lead_poisoning_%28vector%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="2376" /></a><figcaption>Gejala-gejala keracunan timbal (poster berbahasa Inggris)</figcaption></figure> Gejala keracunan timbal di nataranya <a href="/wiki/Nefropati" title="Nefropati">nefropati</a> (kerusakan ginjal), <a href="/wiki/Mulas" title="Mulas">mulas</a>, dan kadang disertai lemahnya jari, pergelangan tangan, dan kaki. Keracunan ini juga dapat menyebabkan sedikit kenaikan tekanan darah, yang dapat menyebabkan anemia terutama pada penderita berumur menengah atau tua. Beberapa penelitian (kebanyakan bermetode <a href="/wiki/Penelitian_potong_lintang" class="mw-redirect" title="Penelitian potong lintang">potong lintang</a>) menemukan keterkaitan antara kontak dengan timbal dengan berkurangnya <a href="/wiki/Variabilitas_denyut_jantung" title="Variabilitas denyut jantung">variabilitas denyut jantung</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENavas-Acien2007-228">[219]</a> Pada wanita hamil, pemaparan timbal yang tinggi dapat menyababkan <a href="/wiki/Keguguran" class="mw-redirect" title="Keguguran">keguguran</a>. Pemaparan yang tinggi dan terus-menerus juga dapat mengurangi kesuburan pria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESokol2005133,_passim-229">[220]</a> Timbal juga dapat mengganggu proses pembentukan <a href="/wiki/Sinapsis" title="Sinapsis">sinapsis</a> di <a href="/wiki/Korteks_otak_besar" title="Korteks otak besar">korteks otak besar</a> maupun pembentukan senyawa <a href="/wiki/Neurokimia" title="Neurokimia">neurokimia</a> serta <a href="/wiki/Saluran_ion" title="Saluran ion">saluran ion</a> dalam otak anak yang sedang tumbuh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMycykHryhorczukAmitai2005462-230">[221]</a> Pemaparan timbal pada anak kecil telah dikaitkan dengan meningkatnya risiko gangguan tidur maupun kantuk di siang hari pada masa anak akhir.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuLiuPakWang20151869–74-231">[222]</a> Kadar timbal tinggi dalam darah pada anak perempuan dikaitkan dengan terlambatnya <a href="/wiki/Pubertas" title="Pubertas">pubertas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoetersDen_HondDhoogeVan_Larebeke2008168–75-232">[223]</a> Selain itu, ada hipotesis bahwa naik dan turunnya kadar timbal di udara akibat penggunaan tetra etil timbal pada abad ke-20 berkorelasi dengan naik turunnya tingkat kriminalitas, tetapi hipotesis ini masih belum diterima kebanyakan ilmuwan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasciani2014-233">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sumber_paparan">Sumber paparan</h3></div> Paparan timbal adalah masalah global karena penambangan, pengolahan, dan penggunaan barang-barang berbahan timbal banyak terjadi di berbagai negara. Timbal dapat masuk tubuh manusia dengan dihirup, ditelan, atau diserap kulit. Hampir semua timbal yang dihirup akan diserap tubuh, sedangkan timbal yang ditelan biasanya diserap sebesar 20–70%, dan anak-anak menyerap lebih banyak dibanding dewasa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarragó201216-234">[225]</a> Keracunan biasanya terjadi akibat makanan atau minuman yang terkontaminasi timbal. Selain itu, kadang timbal masuk karena tidak sengaja menelan tanah, debu, atau cat yang terkontaminasi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToxicological_Profile_for_Lead20074-235">[226]</a> Air laut dapat mengandung timbal jika dicemari limbah industri.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremner2002101-236">[227]</a> Tanah dapat terkontaminasi melalui akumulasi partikel limbah dari pipa, cat, maupun emisi bahan bakar yang ditambahi aditif timbal. Buah dan sayuran juga dapat terkontaminasi jika tumbuh di tanah berkadar timbal tinggi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgency_for_Toxic_Substances_and_Disease_Registry-237">[228]</a> Penggunaan pipa timbal dapat berbahaya di daerah dengan air asam atau air lunak.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorntonRautiuBrush200117-238">[229]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kesadahan_air" title="Kesadahan air">Air sadah</a> membentuk lapisan pelindung pada permukaan pipa, sedangkan air asam atau lunak dapat melarutkan dan menyerap timbal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore1977109–15-239">[230]</a> Air yang berkarbondioksida dapat menyerap timbal menjadi timbal <a href="/wiki/Bikarbonat" title="Bikarbonat">bikarbonat</a> (Pb(HCO3)2, air yang beroksigen juga dapat menyerap timbal menjadi <a href="/wiki/Timbal(II)_hidroksida" title="Timbal(II) hidroksida">timbal(II) hidroksida</a>. Meminum air yang terkontaminasi seperti ini dapat menyebabkan masalah kesehatan. Ini dapat dicegah jika air memiliki kesadahan tinggi, karena kalsium karbonat dan kalsium sulfat pada air sadah akan bereaksi dengan timbal membentuk timbal karbonat atau timbal sulfat yang melapisi permukaan pipa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWibergWibergHolleman2001914-240">[231]</a> Cat timbal sering tertelan oleh anak-anak, misalnya ketika anak itu menjilat kusen atau bagian bangunan lain. Selain itu, ketika cat tersebut mulai terkelupas, partikelnya menjadi debu dan dapat menempel di mulut, makanan, atau minuman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarragó201211-241">[232]</a> Timbal juga dapat masuk melalui hirupan, terutama pada perokok dan pekerja di sektor yang melibatkan timbal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOccupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration-223">[214]</a> Isotop radioaktif timbal-210 (bersama racun-racun lain) sering ada dalam rokok, yang berasal dari jenik pupuk fosfat yang digunakan untuk tembakau.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECenters_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention2015-242">[233]</a> Penyerapan melalui kulit biasanya terjadi pada pekerjaan yang melibatkan senyawa timbal organik. Senyawa timbal anorganik biasanya lebih sulit diserap melalui kulit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaniAraUsman201557,_58-243">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pengobatan">Pengobatan</h3></div> Keracunan timbal biasanya ditangani dengan <a href="/wiki/Dimerkaprol" title="Dimerkaprol">dimerkaprol</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Asam_dimerkaptosuksinat" title="Asam dimerkaptosuksinat">asam dimerkaptosuksinat</a> (DMSA).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasad2010651–52-244">[235]</a> Pada kasus yang lebih parah, kadang diperlukan <a href="/wiki/Natrium_kalsium_edetat" title="Natrium kalsium edetat">natrium kalsium edetat</a> (natrium kalsium EDTA). EDTA lebih terikat pada timbal dibanding kalsium, sehingga dalam tubuh obat ini akan melepaskan kalsiumnya untuk diganti dengan timbal, membentuk senyawa <a href="/wiki/Pengkelatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengkelatan">kelat</a> dengan timbal yang akan keluar melalui urin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMastersTrevorKatzung2008481–83-245">[236]</a> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dampak_lingkungan">Dampak lingkungan</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Batteries_at_Thiaroye.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tumpukan sampah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Batteries_at_Thiaroye.jpg/220px-Batteries_at_Thiaroye.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Batteries_at_Thiaroye.jpg/330px-Batteries_at_Thiaroye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Batteries_at_Thiaroye.jpg/440px-Batteries_at_Thiaroye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1545" data-file-height="1003" /></a><figcaption>Tumpukan baterai di <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a>, Senegal, tempat meninggalnya 18 anak akibat keracunan timbal pada 2008</figcaption></figure> Penambangan, pengolahan, dan pembuangan timbal menyebabkan kontaminasi dalam tanah dan air. Emisi timbal ke atmosfer mencapai puncaknya selama Revolusi Industri dan selama penggunaan aditif timbal di bahan bakar. Timbal dilepaskan dari sumber alam (misal akibat aktvitas vulkanik), maupun dari kegiatan manusia, misalnya industri, pembakaran, daur ulang, dan kegiatan manusia yang mengganggu timbal yang sebelumnya tertimbun.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_Environment_Programme20104-246">[237]</a> Tanah dan endapan di daerah industri dan perkotaan banyak mengandung kadar timbal tinggi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_Environment_Programme201061-247">[238]</a> Emisi akibat pembakaran batubara sering terjadi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrace_element_emission2012-248">[239]</a> Masalah-masalah ini sering lebih parah di negara berkembang akibat kurangnya peraturan, infrastruktur pengolahan sampah, dan banyaknya praktik penggunaan timbal yang telah ditinggalkan di negara maju.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_Environment_Programme20106-249">[240]</a> Timbal dapat terakumulasi di tanah, terutama tanah dengan kadar organik tinggi, dan bertahan hingga ratusan atau ribuan tahun. Timbal dapat bersaing dengan logam-logam lain dalam tubuh dan permukaan tanaman sehingga mengganggu proses fotosintesis, bahkan pada konsentrasi tinggi dapat membahayakan pertumbuhan dan hidup tumbuhan itu. Kontaminasi timbal dapat mengikuti rantai makanan, sehingga kontaminasi pada tanah dan tumbuhan akan menyebabkan juga kontaminasi pada hewan atau mikroorganisme yang memakannya. Pada hewan, timbal meracuni banyak organ, merusak <a href="/wiki/Sistem_saraf" title="Sistem saraf">sistem saraf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sistem_ginjal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem ginjal">ginjal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sistem_reproduksi" title="Sistem reproduksi">reproduksi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemopoesis" title="Hemopoesis">pembuatan sel darah</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Sistem_peredaran_darah" title="Sistem peredaran darah">peredaran darah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssiHezmeeHaronSabri2016-250">[241]</a> Ikan dapat menyerap timbal melalui air dan endapan yang terdapat di habitatnya,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Health_Organization1995-251">[242]</a> sehingga unsur ini dapat <a href="/wiki/Bioakumulasi" title="Bioakumulasi">terakumulasi</a> melalui rantai makanan dan membahayakan hewan-hewan laut lainnya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUK_Marine_SACs_Project1999-252">[243]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:1plombs_chasse_cygne_cond%C3%A92.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pindaian seekor angsa yang menunjukkan banyak peluru di dalam tubuhnya." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/1plombs_chasse_cygne_cond%C3%A92.jpg/170px-1plombs_chasse_cygne_cond%C3%A92.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/1plombs_chasse_cygne_cond%C3%A92.jpg/255px-1plombs_chasse_cygne_cond%C3%A92.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/1plombs_chasse_cygne_cond%C3%A92.jpg/340px-1plombs_chasse_cygne_cond%C3%A92.jpg 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>Hasil pemindaian seekor <a href="/wiki/Angsa" title="Angsa">angsa</a> yang ditemukan tewas di <a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9-sur-l%27Escaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Condé-sur-l'Escaut">Condé-sur-l'Escaut</a> (utara Prancis), menunjukkan peluru-peluru timbal yang tertelan olehnya. Penggunaan peluru timbal untuk berburu dapat mengontaminasi lingkungan.</figcaption></figure> Penggunaan timbal dalam peluru dan peralatan memancing juga memperparah kontaminasi unsur ini di lingkungan. Selain industri, dua hal ini adalah penyebab utama kontaminasi timbal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_Environment_Programme20109-253">[244]</a> Pada 2017, Amerika Serikat sempat melarang penggunaan timbal pada peluru dan peralatan memancing (tetapi dibatalkan dalam 1 bulan setelah <a href="/wiki/Pemilihan_umum_Presiden_Amerika_Serikat_2016" title="Pemilihan umum Presiden Amerika Serikat 2016">pergantian pemerintahan</a>);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy2017-254">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECama2017-255">[246]</a> Uni Eropa mempertimbangkan memberlakukan larangan serupa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELayton2017-256">[247]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kimia_analisis" title="Kimia analisis">Metode analisis</a> untuk menentukan keberadaan timbal di lingkungan di antaranya metode <a href="/wiki/Spektrofotometri" title="Spektrofotometri">spektrofotometri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluoresensi_sinar-X" title="Fluoresensi sinar-X">fluoresensi sinar-X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spektroskopi_atomik" title="Spektroskopi atomik">spektroskopi atomik</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Elektrokimia" title="Elektrokimia">elektrokimia</a>. Metode elektrokimia dapat dilakukan dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrode_selektif_ion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektrode selektif ion (halaman belum tersedia)">elektrode selektif ion</a> menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Ionofor" title="Ionofor">ionofor</a> S,S'-Metilenebis(N,N-diisobutilditiokarbamat).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauser201749–60-257">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pembatasan_dan_pembersihan">Pembatasan dan pembersihan</h2></div> Sejak 1980, negara-negara maju mulai mengurangi penggunaan timbal untuk industri. Amerika Serikat mengeluarkan peraturan-peraturan untuk mengurangi atau menghilangkan penggunaan timbal pada produk selain baterai, termasuk bensin, cat, solder, dan sistem pipa air. Alat penangkap partikel dipasang pada <a href="/wiki/Pembangkit_listrik_tenaga_batubara" class="mw-redirect" title="Pembangkit listrik tenaga batubara">pembangkit listrik tenaga batubara</a> untuk mencegah emisi timbal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrace_element_emission2012-248">[239]</a> Pada 1992, <a href="/wiki/Kongres_Amerika_Serikat" title="Kongres Amerika Serikat">Kongres Amerika Serikat</a> memerintahkan <a href="/wiki/Badan_Perlindungan_Lingkungan_Amerika_Serikat" title="Badan Perlindungan Lingkungan Amerika Serikat">Environmental Protection Agency</a> mengurangi kadar timbal darah pada anak-anak Amerika Serikat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuerKoverAidalaGreenwood20164-258">[249]</a> Uni Eropa mengeluarkan <a href="/wiki/Direktif_(Uni_Eropa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Direktif (Uni Eropa)">Direktif</a> <a href="/wiki/RoHS" title="RoHS">RoHS</a> yang membatasi penggunaan timbal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetzelJuutiSugimoto2004122–124-259">[250]</a> Di <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a>, peraturan yang berlaku pada 2012 membatasi konsentasi timbal di tempat kerja menjadi maksimal 50 μg/m3 selama 8 jam kerja, dan kadar timbal darah dibatasi maksimal 5 μg per 100 g.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgency_for_Toxic_Substances_and_Disease_Registry2017-260">[251]</a> Timbal dalam kadar berbahaya masih ditemukan pada <a href="/wiki/Tembikar" title="Tembikar">tembikar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrandjean1978303–21-261">[252]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vinil" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinil">vinil</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevinBrownKashtockJacobs20081288-262">[253]</a> dan kuningan tertentu.<a href="#cite_note-264">[j]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuda1996242-263">[254]</a> Banyak negara maju telah melarang penjualan cat timbal putih (lihat <a href="/wiki/Konvensi_Cat_Timbal_Putih_1921" title="Konvensi Cat Timbal Putih 1921">Konvensi Cat Timbal Putih 1921</a>), tetapi masih dipakai untuk pigmen kuning yang berbahan <a href="/wiki/Timbal_kromat" class="mw-redirect" title="Timbal kromat">timbal kromat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrow2007-150">[144]</a> Membersihkan cat timbal pada bangunan lama dapat melepaskan debu timbal yang mudah terhirup.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarinoLandriganGraefNussbaum19901183–85-265">[255]</a> Beberapa negara mewajibkan penghilangan timbal di bangunan-bangunan yang ditinggali anak-anak.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoch1996111-266">[256]</a> Tiongkok, salah satu produsen cat terbesar dunia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInsight_ExplorerIPEN20162-267">[257]</a> membatasi kadar timbal pada cat interior bangunan, cat dekoratif, maupun cat <a href="/wiki/Mainan" title="Mainan">mainan</a> anak-anak.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInsight_ExplorerIPEN20161-268">[258]</a> Batas maksimalnya adalah 90 ppm (bagian per sejuta) jika diekstraksi dengan reaksi asam standar, sebanding dengan kira-kira 600 ppm kadar timbal total.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInsight_ExplorerIPEN20161–2-269">[259]</a> Namun, penelitian yang dilakukan lembaga antipencemaran IPEN serta Insight Explorer di akhir 2014 menunjukkan bahwa sekitar setengah dari sampel yang diteliti melebihi batas ini.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInsight_ExplorerIPEN20162-267">[257]</a> Bahkan, 34% dari sampel memiliki kadar timbal total yang dianggap "sangat berbahaya", yaitu di atas 10.000 ppm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInsight_ExplorerIPEN20162-267">[257]</a> Ilmuwan juga meneliti cara menghilangkan timbal secara biologi. Jamur <a href="/wiki/Aspergillus_versicolor" title="Aspergillus versicolor">Aspergillus versicolor</a> mampu menyerap ion timbal yang terlarut dalam air limbah industri.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman2012a20–a21-270">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEActon201394–95-271">[261]</a> Penelitian dilakukan terhadap berbagai <a href="/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri">bakteri</a> yang diduga dapat membersihkan timbal dari lingkungan, di antaranya <a href="/wiki/Desulfovibrio" title="Desulfovibrio">Desulfovibrio</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Desulfotomaculum" title="Desulfotomaculum">Desulfotomaculum</a>; keduanya bersifat <a href="/wiki/Mikroorganisme_reduktor_sulfat" title="Mikroorganisme reduktor sulfat">reduktor sulfat</a> dan efektif dalam air.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParkBolanMegharaNaidu2011162–74-272">[262]</a> Tulang ikan juga saat ini diteliti sifat <a href="/wiki/Bioremediasi" title="Bioremediasi">bioremediasinya</a> pada timbal yang terkandung di tanah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman2012a20–a21-270">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2012-273">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Keterangan">Keterangan</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Kamus_Besar_Bahasa_Indonesia" title="Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia">Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia</a> memuat lema timbal,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> timbel ,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> dan plumbum<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> untuk unsur ini. Selain itu kadang istilah timah hitam digunakan, tetapi timbal adalah unsur yang berbeda dengan <a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">timah</a> (Sn, nomor atom 50) yang kadang disebut juga timah putih.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoedowo2012152-7">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Bandingkan dengan titik leleh besi yaitu 1536 °C, tembaga yaitu 1084 °C, dan aluminum yaitu 660 °C. Ada juga yang lebih rendah dibanding timbal, misalnya timah (231,9 °C). <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorntonRautiuBrush200113-24">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Hal ini disebabkan jumlah proton atau neutron yang genap biasanya meningkatkan kestabilan inti sebuah atom, relatif dibandingkan inti atom dengan jumlah ganjil. Tidak ada unsur bernomor atom ganjil yang memiliki lebih dari dua isotop stabil, sedangkan semua unsur bernomor genap memiliki lebih dari satu isotop stabil, termasuk timah (nomor atom 50) yang memiliki jumlah isotop stabil tertinggi yaitu 10.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIAEA_-_Nuclear_Data_Section2017-29">[27]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Timbal-205 hanya dapat meluruh melalui <a href="/wiki/Penangkapan_elektron" class="mw-redirect" title="Penangkapan elektron">penangkapan elektron</a>. Oleh karena itu, jika tidak ada elektron dan atom timbal telah terionisasi penuh, atom isotop ini tidak dapat meluruh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakahashiBoydMathewsYokoi1987-42">[39]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Perlu diketahui bahwa angka-angka kelimpahan ini adalah perkiraan dan dapat berubah-ubah tergantung sumber yang digunakan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox1997182-97">[93]</a> Lihat pula <a href="/wiki/Kelimpahan_unsur_di_kerak_bumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelimpahan unsur di kerak bumi">Kelimpahan unsur di kerak bumi</a> untuk perbandingan angka kelimpahan beberapa sumber. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Bahkan, <a href="#CITEREFFrankenburg2014">Frankenburg 2014</a>, hlm. 16 menganggap timbal sebagai penyebab <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> hanya memiliki satu anak dan penerusnya <a href="/wiki/Caesar_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar Augustus">Augustus</a> tidak memiliki anak.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankenburg201416-125">[120]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Negara bagian <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> di Amerika Serikat melarang peluru timbal pada Juli 2015 karena alasan ini.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalifornia_Department_of_Fish_and_Wildlife-177">[171]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> Lihat <a href="#CITEREFProgressive_Dynamics,_Inc.">Progressive Dynamics, Inc.</a> untuk rincian cara kerja baterai asam timbal. </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Kadar ini berbeda-beda tergantung negara.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Health_Organization2000149–53-214">[206]</a> Kadar timbal darah juga berbeda-beda, misalnya di Amerika Serikat rata-rata ukur timbal darah adalah 1,3 µg/dl (mikrogram per dekaliter), sedangkan di India rata-rata adalah 5,3 µg/dl, di Tiongkok 4,3–8,3 µg/dl, dan Thailand 9,8 µg/dl.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGottessfeld20163-215">[207]</a> Negara berkembang cenderung memiliki kadar lebih tinggi karena lebih banyaknya sumber pemaparan, kurangnya gizi, banyaknya anak, kurangnya infrastruktur daur ulang, kurangnya regulasi serta kurangnya pengawasan kesehatan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGottessfeld20164-216">[208]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> Kuningan ini disebut Chinese brass ("Kuningan Cina") yang dasarnya adalah tembaga dan seng yang dipadukan dengan timbal, besi, timah, dan kadang antimon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuda1996242-263">[254]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26333525">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="margin: 0 10%; border: 1px solid #aaa; border-left: 10px solid #1e90ff; background: #fbfbfb;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="https://doi.org/10.15347/wjs/2018.007" title="Journal" rel="nofollow"><img alt="Journal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Journal_Icon.svg/48px-Journal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Journal_Icon.svg/72px-Journal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Journal_Icon.svg/96px-Journal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="479" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Versi bahasa Inggris bertanggal 2018 dari artikel ini telah melewati proses <a href="/wiki/Penelaahan_sejawat_ilmiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Penelaahan sejawat ilmiah">ulasan sejawat</a> (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Talk:WikiJournal_of_Science/Lead:_properties,_history,_and_applications">di sini</a>), telah dimuat dalam jurnal WikiJournal of Science dan dapat dirujuk sebagai: <cite class="citation journal">Boldyrev M, et al. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.15347/wjs/2018.007">"Lead: properties, history, and applications"</a>. WikiJournal of Science. 1 (1): 7. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15347%2Fwjs%2F2018.007">10.15347/wjs/2018.007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WikiJournal++of+Science&rft.atitle=Lead%3A+properties%2C+history%2C+and+applications&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15347%2Fwjs%2F2018.007&rft.aulast=Boldyrev&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.15347%2Fwjs%2F2018.007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATimbal" class="Z3988">  <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.15347/wjs/2018.007" rel="nofollow"><img alt="publikasi akses terbuka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/10px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/15px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/20px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18833634"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> (Indonesia) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/timbal">"Timbal"</a>. 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Veterinary World. 9 (6): 660–671. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14202%2Fvetworld.2016.660-671">10.14202/vetworld.2016.660-671</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0972-8988">0972-8988</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4937060">4937060</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27397992">27397992</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Veterinary+World&rft.atitle=The+detrimental+effects+of+lead+on+human+and+animal+health&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=660-671&rft.date=2016&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4937060&rft.issn=0972-8988&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27397992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14202%2Fvetworld.2016.660-671&rft.aulast=Assi&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft.au=Hezmee%2C+M.+N.+M.&rft.au=Haron%2C+A.+W.&rft.au=Sabri%2C+M.+Yu.&rft.au=Rajion%2C+M.+A.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4937060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATimbal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFAudsley1965" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Ashdown_Audsley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Ashdown Audsley (halaman belum tersedia)">Audsley, G. 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Interdisciplinary Toxicology. 8 (2): 55–64. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fintox-2015-0009">10.1515/intox-2015-0009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4961898">4961898</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27486361">27486361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interdisciplinary+Toxicology&rft.atitle=Lead+toxicity%3A+A+review&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=55-64&rft.date=2015&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4961898&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27486361&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fintox-2015-0009&rft.aulast=Wani&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rft.au=Ara%2C+A.&rft.au=Usman%2C+J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4961898%2Fpdf%2FITX-8-055.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATimbal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWeastAstleBeyer1983" class="citation book">Weast, R. 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CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8493-0464-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8493-0464-4">978-0-8493-0464-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics%3A+A+Ready-reference+Book+of+Chemical+and+Physical+Data&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-0464-4&rft.aulast=Weast&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rft.au=Astle%2C+M.+J.&rft.au=Beyer%2C+W.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyThsvgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATimbal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWeatherings_to_Parapets" class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180331094230/http://leadsheet.co.uk/home/lsa-pocket-guide/weatherings-to-parapets-and-cornices/">"Weatherings to Parapets and Cornices"</a>. 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Saunders College. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-03-012864-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-03-012864-6">978-0-03-012864-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+chemistry+with+qualitative+analysis&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Saunders+College&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-03-012864-6&rft.aulast=Whitten&rft.aufirst=K.+W.&rft.au=Gailey%2C+K.+D.&rft.au=David%2C+R.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneralchemistry0005whit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATimbal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWibergWibergHolleman2001" class="citation book">Wiberg, E.; Wiberg, N.; Holleman, A. F. (2001). 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background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="Helium, 2 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_2" title="Unsur periode 2">2</a> </td> <td title="Litium, 3 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Berilium, 4 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Boron, 5 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="Karbon, 6 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">C</a> </td> <td title="Nitrogen, 7 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="Oksigen, 8 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">O</a> </td> <td title="Fluorin, 9 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorin" title="Fluorin">F</a> </td> <td title="Neon, 10 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_3" title="Unsur periode 3">3</a> </td> <td title="Natrium, 11 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Magnesium, 12 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Aluminium, 13 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Silikon, 14 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">Si</a> </td> <td title="Fosforus, 15 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fosforus" title="Fosforus">P</a> </td> <td title="Belerang, 16 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang">S</a> </td> <td title="Klorin, 17 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Argon, 18 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_4" title="Unsur periode 4">4</a> </td> <td title="Kalium, 19 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">K</a> </td> <td title="Kalsium, 20 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Skandium, 21 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Titanium, 22 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="Vanadium, 23 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Kromium, 24 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mangan, 25 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Besi, 26 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Kobalt, 27 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Nikel, 28 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Tembaga, 29 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Seng, 30 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Galium, 31 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Galium" title="Galium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Germanium, 32 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="Arsen, 33 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">As</a> </td> <td title="Selenium, 34 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Bromin, 35 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kripton, 36 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_5" title="Unsur periode 5">5</a> </td> <td title="Rubidium, 37 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Stronsium, 38 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Stronsium" title="Stronsium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Itrium, 39 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Itrium" title="Itrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zirkonium, 40 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Niobium, 41 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Molibdenum, 42 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Teknesium, 43 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Teknesium" title="Teknesium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Rutenium, 44 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rodium, 45 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rodium" title="Rodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Paladium, 46 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Paladium" title="Paladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Perak, 47 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Kadmium, 48 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="Indium, 49 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Timah, 50 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Antimon, 51 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Telurium, 52 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="Iodin, 53 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodin" title="Iodin">I</a> </td> <td title="Xenon, 54 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_6" title="Unsur periode 6">6</a> </td> <td title="Sesium, 55 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sesium" title="Sesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Barium, 56 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="Lantanum, 57 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lantanum" title="Lantanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Serium, 58 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Serium" title="Serium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Praseodimium, 59 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodimium" title="Praseodimium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Neodimium, 60 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodimium" title="Neodimium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Prometium, 61 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Prometium" title="Prometium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Samarium, 62 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Europium, 63 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gadolinium, 64 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Terbium, 65 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Disprosium, 66 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Disprosium" title="Disprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Holmium, 67 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Erbium, 68 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tulium, 69 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tulium" title="Tulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Iterbium, 70 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iterbium" title="Iterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lutesium, 71 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutesium" title="Lutesium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hafnium, 72 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Tantalum, 73 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="Wolfram, 74 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">W</a> </td> <td title="Renium, 75 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Renium" title="Renium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Osmium, 76 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Iridium, 77 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Platina, 78 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platina" title="Platina">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Emas, 79 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Emas" title="Emas">Au</a> </td> <td title="Raksa, 80 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Talium, 81 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Talium" title="Talium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Timbal, 82 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:1px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bismut, 83 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Polonium, 84 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="Astatin, 85 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin">At</a> </td> <td title="Radon, 86 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_7" title="Unsur periode 7">7</a> </td> <td title="Fransium, 87 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fransium" title="Fransium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Radium, 88 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Aktinium, 89 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Torium, 90 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Torium" title="Torium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Protaktinium, 91 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protaktinium" title="Protaktinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="Uranium, 92 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Neptunium, 93 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Plutonium, 94 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Amerisium, 95 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Amerisium" title="Amerisium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Kurium, 96 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kurium" title="Kurium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Berkelium, 97 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Kalifornium, 98 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Einsteinium, 99 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fermium, 100 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Mendelevium, 101 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="Nobelium, 102 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lawrensium, 103 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrensium" title="Lawrensium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Ruterfordium, 104 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruterfordium" title="Ruterfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Dubnium, 105 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Seaborgium, 106 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bohrium, 107 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hasium, 108 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hasium" title="Hasium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Meitnerium, 109 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Darmstadtium, 110 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Roentgenium, 111 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Kopernisium, 112 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kopernisium" title="Kopernisium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nihonium, 113 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Flerovium, 114 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Moskovium, 115 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moskovium" title="Moskovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Livermorium, 116 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Tenesin, 117 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tenesin" title="Tenesin">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Oganeson, 118 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganeson" title="Oganeson">Og</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="33"> <table class="wikitable" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; font-size:85%; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; font-size:90%; margin-top:0.5em;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">Logam alkali</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">Logam alkali tanah</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Lantanida" title="Lantanida">Lantanida</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Aktinida" title="Aktinida">Aktinida</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">Logam transisi</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_miskin" title="Logam miskin">Logam miskin</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid">Metaloid</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#a1ffc3;"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_poliatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam poliatomik">Nonlogam poliatomik</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#e7ff8f;"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_diatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam diatomik">Nonlogam diatomik</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">Gas mulia</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="padding:0 1px; background:#e8e8e8;">Sifat kimia belum diketahui </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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