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Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards/Wizard" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards/Wizard">Stewards Block Wizard</a>. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">=== Military situation === {{Main|Western Theater of the American Civil War}}{{further|American Civil War}} {| align=right ! style="background:#b0c4de;"|Army commanders (Vicksburg campaign) |- |<gallery> Image:GenUSGrant.jpg|{{center|Maj. Gen.<br />[[Ulysses S. Grant]], USA}} Image:John C. Pemberton.jpg|{{center|Lt. Gen.<br />[[John C. Pemberton]], CSA}} </gallery> |} Vicksburg was strategically vital to the Confederates. [[Jefferson Davis]] said, "Vicksburg is the nail head that holds the South's two halves together."<ref>Winschel, p. 14.</ref> While in their hands, it blocked Union navigation down the Mississippi; together with control of the mouth of the [[Red River of the South|Red River]] and of [[Port Hudson, Louisiana|Port Hudson]] to the south, it allowed communication with the states west of the river, upon which the Confederates depended extensively for horses, cattle and reinforcements. The natural defenses of the city were ideal, earning it the nickname "The [[Gibraltar]] of the Confederacy". It was located on a high bluff overlooking a horseshoe-shaped bend in the river, [[De Soto Peninsula]], making it almost impossible to approach by ship. North and east of Vicksburg was the [[Mississippi Delta]] (sometimes known as the Yazoo Delta), an area {{convert|200|mi|km}} north to south and up to {{convert|50|mi|km}} across, which has been described by geographer Warren E. Grabau as an "astonishingly complex network of intersecting waterways", some of which were navigable by small steamboats. The regions between modern rivers and bayous formed closed basins called backswamps, of which Grabau judged, "Whether permanently flooded or not, the backswamps were, for all practical purposes, untamed wildernesses, utterly impassable by a man on horseback or by any form of wheeled vehicle, and very difficult even for a man on foot."<ref>Grabau, p. 19.</ref> About {{convert|12|mi|km|spell=in}} up the [[Yazoo River]] were Confederate batteries and entrenchments at Haynes Bluff. The [[Louisiana]] land west of Vicksburg was also difficult, with many streams and poor country roads, widespread winter flooding, and it was on the opposite side of the river from the fortress. The city had been under Union naval attack before. Admiral [[David Farragut]] moved up the river after his [[capture of New Orleans]] and on May 18, 1862, demanded the surrender of Vicksburg. Farragut had insufficient troops to force the issue, and he moved back to New Orleans. He returned with a flotilla in June 1862, but their attempts (June 26–28) to bombard the fortress into surrender failed. They shelled Vicksburg throughout July and fought some minor battles with a few Confederate vessels in the area, but their forces were insufficient to attempt a landing, and they abandoned attempts to force the surrender of the city. Farragut investigated the possibility of bypassing the fortified cliffs by digging a canal across the neck of the river's bend, the De Soto Peninsula. On June 28, [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brig. Gen.]] [[Thomas Williams (Union general)|Thomas Williams]], attached to Farragut's command, began digging work on the canal by employing local laborers and some soldiers. Many of the men fell victim to tropical diseases and heat exhaustion, and the work was abandoned by July 24. (Williams was killed two weeks later in the [[Battle of Baton Rouge (1862)|Battle of Baton Rouge]]).<ref>Ballard, pp. 46–62; Bearss, vol. I, p. 437; [https://www.nps.gov/vick/learn/historyculture/grants-canal.htm VNMP article] on Grant's Canal.</ref> In the fall of 1862, Maj. Gen. [[Henry W. Halleck]] was promoted from command of the Western Theater to General-in-Chief of all Union armies. On November 23, he indicated to Grant his preference for a major move down the Mississippi to Vicksburg; in Halleck's style, he left considerable initiative to design a campaign, an opportunity that the pugnacious Grant seized. Halleck has received criticism for not moving promptly overland from [[Memphis, Tennessee]], to seize Vicksburg during the summer when he was in command on the scene. He believed that the Navy could capture the fortress on its own, not knowing that the naval force was insufficiently manned with ground troops to finish the job. What might have achieved success in the summer of 1862 was no longer possible by November because the Confederates had amply reinforced the garrison by that time. Also, reliable navigation on the river was seasonal, and the natural fall in the level of the river during the fall and winter months limited the utility of shipping, the usable draft of riverboats, and the quantity of men, supplies, and equipment, they could transport. Grant's army marched south down the [[Mississippi Central Railroad]], making a forward base at [[Holly Springs, Mississippi|Holly Springs]]. He planned a two-pronged assault in the direction of Vicksburg. His principal subordinate, Maj. Gen. [[William Tecumseh Sherman]], was to advance down the river with four divisions (about 32,000 men) and Grant would continue with the remaining forces (about 40,000) down the railroad line to [[Oxford, Mississippi|Oxford]], where he would wait for developments, hoping to lure the Confederate army out of the city to attack him in the vicinity of [[Grenada, Mississippi]]. On the Confederate side, forces in Mississippi were under the command of Lt. Gen. [[John C. Pemberton]], an officer from [[Pennsylvania]] who chose to fight for the [[Southern United States|South]]. Pemberton had approximately 12,000 men in Vicksburg and [[Jackson, Mississippi]], and Maj. Gen. [[Earl Van Dorn]] had approximately 24,000 at Grenada. Meanwhile, political forces were at work. [[President of the United States|President]] [[Abraham Lincoln]] had long recognized the importance of Vicksburg; he wrote "Vicksburg is the key. ...The war can never be brought to a close until that key is in our pocket."<ref>Ballard, p. 24.</ref> Lincoln also envisioned a two-pronged offensive, but one up and down the river. Maj. Gen. [[John A. McClernand]], a [[War Democrats|War Democrat]] politician, had convinced Lincoln that he could lead an army down the river and take Vicksburg. Lincoln approved his proposal and wanted Maj. Gen. [[Nathaniel P. Banks]] to advance up river from New Orleans at the same time. McClernand began organizing regiments, sending them to Memphis. Back in [[Washington, D.C.]], Halleck was nervous about McClernand and gave Grant control of all troops in his own department. McClernand's troops were split into two corps, one under McClernand, the other under Sherman. McClernand complained but to no avail. 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