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<ul id="toc-The_points_of_sail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Into_the_wind" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Into_the_wind"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Into the wind</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Into_the_wind-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Close-hauled" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Close-hauled"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Close-hauled</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Close-hauled-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sailing_to_windward" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sailing_to_windward"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Sailing to windward</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sailing_to_windward-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Reaching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Running_downwind" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Running_downwind"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Running downwind</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Running_downwind-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-True_wind_versus_apparent_wind" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#True_wind_versus_apparent_wind"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>True wind versus apparent wind</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-True_wind_versus_apparent_wind-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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<div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Point of sail</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81_(%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Курс (ветроходство) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Курс (ветроходство)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angles_del_vent" title="Angles del vent – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Angles del vent" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurse_zum_Wind" title="Kurse zum Wind – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kurse zum Wind" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngulos_del_viento" title="Ángulos del viento – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ángulos del viento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allure_(marine)" title="Allure (marine) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Allure (marine)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titik_layar" title="Titik layar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Titik layar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beiting_(siglingar)" title="Beiting (siglingar) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Beiting (siglingar)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andatura_(vela)" title="Andatura (vela) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Andatura (vela)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%98_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%97%D7%A1_%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%97" 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– Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mareação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alur%C4%83_(naviga%C8%9Bie)" title="Alură (navigație) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alură (navigație)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Курс относительно ветра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Курс относительно ветра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" 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rendering errors. Please update your browser bookmarks and please use the default browser print function instead.</div></div><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Direction of travel under sail relative to true wind direction over surface</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Points_of_sail.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Points_of_sail.svg/300px-Points_of_sail.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Points_of_sail.svg/450px-Points_of_sail.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Points_of_sail.svg/600px-Points_of_sail.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The points of sail:<br /> A. Into the wind; shaded: "no-go zone" where a craft may be "in irons".<br /> B. Close-hauled (used when beating to windward)<br />  <i>between B and C. Close reach</i><br /> C. Beam reach<br /> D. Broad reach<br /> E. Running downwind </figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>point of sail</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">sailing</a> craft's <a href="/wiki/Course_(navigation)" title="Course (navigation)">direction of travel</a> under sail in relation to the true <a href="/wiki/Wind_direction" title="Wind direction">wind direction</a> over the surface. </p><p>The principal points of sail roughly correspond to 45° segments of a circle, starting with 0° directly into the wind. For many sailing craft 45° on either side of the wind is a <i>no-go</i> zone, where a sail is unable to mobilize power from the wind. Sailing on a course as close to the wind as possible—approximately 45°—is termed <i>beating</i>, a point of sail when the sails are <i>close-hauled</i>. At 90° off the wind, a craft is on a <i>beam reach</i>. The point of sail between beating and a beam reach is called a <i>close reach</i>. At 135° off the wind, a craft is on a <i>broad reach</i>. At 180° off the wind (sailing in the same direction as the wind), a craft is <i>running downwind</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A given point of sail (beating, close reach, beam reach, broad reach, and running downwind) is defined in reference to the <a href="#True_wind_versus_apparent_wind">true wind</a>—the wind felt by a stationary observer. The <a href="/wiki/Forces_on_sails" title="Forces on sails">motive power</a>, and thus appropriate position of the sails, is determined by the <a href="/wiki/Apparent_wind" title="Apparent wind">apparent wind</a>: the wind relative to an observer on the sailing craft.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kimball_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kimball-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The apparent wind is the combined effect of the <a href="/wiki/Velocity" title="Velocity">velocities</a> of the true wind and of the sailing craft.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A sail with the airflow parallel to its surface, while angled into the apparent wind, <a href="/wiki/Sailing#Lift_predominance_(wing_mode)" title="Sailing">acts substantially like a wing</a> with lift as a force acting perpendicular to its surface. A sail with the apparent wind perpendicular to its surface, <a href="/wiki/Sailing#Drag_predominance_(parachute_mode)" title="Sailing">acts substantially like a parachute</a> with the drag on the sail as the dominant force. As a sailing craft transitions from close-hauled to running downwind, the lifting force decreases and the drag force increases. At the same time, the resistance to sidewards motion needed to keep the craft on course also decreases, along with the sideways tipping force.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a zone of approximately 45° on either side of the true wind, where a sail cannot generate lift, called the "no-go zone". The angle encompassed by the no-go zone depends on the <a href="/wiki/Airfoil" title="Airfoil">airfoil</a> efficiency of the craft's sails and the craft's lateral resistance on the surface (from <a href="/wiki/Hydrofoil" title="Hydrofoil">hydrofoils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outrigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger">outriggers</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">keel</a> in the water, <a href="/wiki/Iceboating" class="mw-redirect" title="Iceboating">runners on ice</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Landsailing" class="mw-redirect" title="Landsailing">wheels on land</a>). A craft remaining in its no-go zone will slow to a stop—it will be "in irons".<sup id="cite_ref-Kimball_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kimball-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_points_of_sail">The points of sail</h2></div> <p>The recognized points of sail are judged relative to the true wind direction. They include: </p> <ul><li><b>Into the wind</b> where a sailing craft is pointed directly upwind in the middle of the <b>no-go zone</b>, where sails cannot generate power.</li> <li><b>Close-hauled</b> where a craft is sailing, pointed near the no-go zone.</li> <li><b>Reaching</b>, including: <ul><li><b>Close reach</b>: between close-hauled and a beam reach.</li> <li><b>Beam reach</b>: the craft has the true wind at a right angle to its direction (on its beam).</li> <li><b>Broad reach</b>: the true wind is coming from behind, but not directly behind.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Running downwind</b> where a craft has the wind coming from directly behind.</li></ul> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <dl><dt>A sailboat on three points of sail</dt></dl> The waves give an indication of the <i>true wind</i> direction. The flag gives an indication of <i>apparent wind</i> direction. True wind can also be indicated by a fixed wind indicator (flag, windsock, etc., not attached to the boat or any moving object).</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrike-port-beam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Close-hauled"><img alt="Close-hauled" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Shrike-port-beam.jpg/264px-Shrike-port-beam.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Shrike-port-beam.jpg/396px-Shrike-port-beam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Shrike-port-beam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Close-hauled</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrike-reaching.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reaching"><img alt="Reaching" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Shrike-reaching.jpg/241px-Shrike-reaching.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Shrike-reaching.jpg/361px-Shrike-reaching.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Shrike-reaching.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="299" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Reaching</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrike-running.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Running downwind"><img alt="Running downwind" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/Shrike-running.jpg/240px-Shrike-running.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/Shrike-running.jpg/360px-Shrike-running.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/28/Shrike-running.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Running downwind</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Into_the_wind">Into the wind</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eissegler_Hemmelsorfer_See.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Eissegler_Hemmelsorfer_See.jpg/220px-Eissegler_Hemmelsorfer_See.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Eissegler_Hemmelsorfer_See.jpg/330px-Eissegler_Hemmelsorfer_See.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Eissegler_Hemmelsorfer_See.jpg/440px-Eissegler_Hemmelsorfer_See.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Iceboats parked in irons with sails loose and not generating power, but flapping like a flag.</figcaption></figure> <p>The range of directions into the wind, where a sailing craft cannot sail is called the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/no-go_zone" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:no-go zone"><i>no-go zone</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Complete_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Complete-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sailing craft cannot <a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">sail</a> directly into the wind, nor on a <a href="/wiki/Course_(navigation)" title="Course (navigation)">course</a> that is too close to the <a href="/wiki/Wind_direction" title="Wind direction">direction</a> from which the wind is blowing, because the sails cannot generate lift in this no-go zone. A craft passing through the no-go zone to change tacks from one side to the other, must maintain momentum until its sails can draw power on the other side. If it remains in the no-go zone, it will slow to a stop and be <i>in irons</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jobson_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jobson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is called <i>missing stays</i>. To recover, that craft typically must return to its original tack and pick up sufficient speed to complete the maneuver.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The span of the no-go zone depends on the efficiency of a sailing craft's <a href="/wiki/Sail" title="Sail">sails</a> and its resistance to sideways motion in the water (using a keel or foils) on ice or on land, typically at an angle between 30 and 50 degrees from the wind.<sup id="cite_ref-Jobson_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jobson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A craft stopped in the no-go zone is said to be in irons. A <a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">square-rigged</a> vessel in irons by accident is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/taken_aback" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:taken aback"><i>taken aback</i></a> with the sails blown against the mast<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/laid_aback" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:laid aback"><i>laid aback</i></a> if deliberate.<sup id="cite_ref-hnsa_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hnsa-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In either case, the stopped vessel will be blown backwards, which with proper positioning of the rudder allows the vessel to point outside the no-go zone and resume forward motion, once the sails can draw power.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iceboats are often parked in irons with a brake applied to the ice to prevent motion. To commence sailing, the craft is guided to one side and boarded, once the sail can draw power.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Close-hauled">Close-hauled</h3></div> <p>A sailing craft is said to be sailing close-hauled when its sails are trimmed in tightly and are acting <i>substantially like a wing</i>, relying on lift to propel the craft forward on a course as close to the wind as the sail can provide lift. This point of sail lets the sailing craft travel upwind, diagonally to the wind direction.<sup id="cite_ref-Jobson_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jobson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The smaller the angle between the direction of the true wind and the course of the sailing craft, the higher the craft is said to <i>point</i>. A craft that can point higher or sail faster upwind is said to be more <i>weatherly</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jett_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jett-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Pinching</i> occurs as a craft's point of sail approaches the no-go zone and its speed falls off sharply.<sup id="cite_ref-Jobson_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jobson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sailing_to_windward">Sailing to windward</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Course_made_good_by_tacking--square-rigged_ship_versus_schooner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Course_made_good_by_tacking--square-rigged_ship_versus_schooner.jpg/220px-Course_made_good_by_tacking--square-rigged_ship_versus_schooner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Course_made_good_by_tacking--square-rigged_ship_versus_schooner.jpg/330px-Course_made_good_by_tacking--square-rigged_ship_versus_schooner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Course_made_good_by_tacking--square-rigged_ship_versus_schooner.jpg/440px-Course_made_good_by_tacking--square-rigged_ship_versus_schooner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Beating upwind in a more- (blue) and less- (red) <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/weatherly" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:weatherly">weatherly</a> watercraft</figcaption></figure> <p>In order to sail upwind, sailing craft must zig-zag across the direction of the oncoming wind, called <a href="/wiki/Beating_(sailing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beating (sailing)">beating to windward</a>. The higher a vessel that can point into the wind, the shorter its "course made good" to an upwind destination.<sup id="cite_ref-fastest_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fastest-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beating upwind, a vessel alternates between having the wind come on the port and starboard sides (the port and starboard tack). Changing from one tack to the other, by steering through the wind direction, is called <a href="/wiki/Tacking_(sailing)" title="Tacking (sailing)"><i>tacking</i></a>, or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/go_about" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:go about"><i>going about</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reaching">Reaching</h3></div> <p>A craft sailing with the true wind on its side (within limits) is <i>reaching</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jobson_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jobson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wind is flowing over the surface of the sail, creating lift (like a wing) to propel the craft. Because lift is more powerful than drag on this point of sail, sailing craft achieve their highest speeds on a reach.<sup id="cite_ref-fastest_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fastest-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variety of <a href="/wiki/High-performance_sailing" title="High-performance sailing">high-performance sailing craft</a> sail fastest on a broad reach with the sails close-hauled at speeds several times the true windspeed. Depending on the angle of the true wind with respect to the course sailed, a reach may be <i>close</i>, <i>beam</i>, or <i>broad</i>, as follows: </p> <ul><li>A <b>close reach</b> is a course closer to the true wind (more upwindwards) than a beam reach, but below close-hauled; i.e., any angle between a beam reach and close-hauled. The sails are trimmed in (hauled towards the centreline of the hull), but not as tightly as for a close-hauled course.</li></ul> <ul><li>A <b>beam reach</b> is when the true wind is at a right angle to the direction of motion (so called because the wind is parallel to the cross-hull beams, if any; see <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/beam#Noun" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:beam">beam</a>).</li></ul> <ul><li>A <b>broad reach</b> is when the wind is coming from behind the sailing craft at an angle. This represents a range of wind angles, between a beam reach (see next paragraph) and running downwind. On a sailboat (but not an iceboat) the sails are eased out away from the sailing craft, but not as much as on a downwind run. If the sailcraft points any further downwind, the sails cease acting substantially like a wing.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Running_downwind">Running downwind</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Dead run" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Dead_run_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Dead run (disambiguation)">Dead run (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>Sailing with the wind or <i>running before the wind</i>, the sails generate power primarily through drag (like a parachute) with the true wind directly from behind the sailing craft.<sup id="cite_ref-Jobson_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jobson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sailing craft running more downwind than a broad reach cannot attain a speed faster than the true wind. </p><p>However, higher-performance sailing craft achieve a higher <a href="/wiki/Velocity_made_good" title="Velocity made good">velocity made good</a> downwind, by sailing on whatever broad reach is most efficient on that particular craft, and jibing as needed. The longer course is offset by the faster speed. For instance, if a vessel sails alternately in the directions 45° from the downwind direction, it will sail <span class="nowrap">√<span style="border-top:1px solid; padding:0 0.1em;">2</span></span> (≈1.4) times farther than it would if it sailed dead downwind. However, as long as it can sail faster than 1.4 times its dead downwind speed, the indirect route will allow it to arrive at a chosen point sooner.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Craft running downwind increase power from the sails by increasing total area presented to the following wind, sometimes by putting out sails that adapt well to the purpose, such as a <a href="/wiki/Spinnaker" title="Spinnaker">spinnaker</a> on a fore-and-aft rigged vessel. Another technique is to place the jib to windward (opposite to the main sail)—called "wing on wing" or one of several other terms—for a fore-and-aft vessel going dead downwind.<sup id="cite_ref-Jobson_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jobson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In light winds, certain square-rigged vessels may set <a href="/wiki/Studding_sail" title="Studding sail">studding sails</a>, sails that extend outwards from the <a href="/wiki/Yardarm" class="mw-redirect" title="Yardarm">yardarms</a>, to create a larger sail area for points of sail, ranging from downwind to a close reach.<sup id="cite_ref-king424_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-king424-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Luce_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luce-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <dl><dt>Downwind</dt></dl> <p>Sails for a fore-and-aft rig and a square rig in use downwind </p> </div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 161.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 159.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amante_Choate_48_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spinnaker"><img alt="Spinnaker" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Amante_Choate_48_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/239px-Amante_Choate_48_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Amante_Choate_48_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/358px-Amante_Choate_48_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Amante_Choate_48_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/478px-Amante_Choate_48_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2232" data-file-height="3082" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Spinnaker" title="Spinnaker">Spinnaker</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 244.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 242.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Training_ship_1902_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Studding sails"><img alt="Studding sails" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Training_ship_1902_%28cropped%29.jpg/364px-Training_ship_1902_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="243" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Training_ship_1902_%28cropped%29.jpg/545px-Training_ship_1902_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Training_ship_1902_%28cropped%29.jpg/727px-Training_ship_1902_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1162" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Studding_sail" title="Studding sail">Studding sails</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="True_wind_versus_apparent_wind">True wind versus apparent wind</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Forces_on_sails#Effect_of_points_of_sail_on_forces" title="Forces on sails">Forces on sails § Effect of points of sail on forces</a></div> <p>True wind (<b>V<sub>T</sub></b>) <a href="/wiki/Euclidean_vector#Addition_and_subtraction" title="Euclidean vector">combines</a> with the sailing craft's velocity (<b>V<sub>B</sub></b>) to be the <i>apparent wind velocity</i> (<b>V<sub>A</sub></b>); the air velocity experienced by instrumentation or crew on a moving sailing craft. Apparent wind velocity provides the motive power for the sails on any given point of sail. The apparent wind is equal to the true wind velocity for a stopped craft; it may be faster than the true wind speed on some points of sail, or it may be slower e.g. when a sailing craft sails dead downwind.<sup id="cite_ref-Jobson2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jobson2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <dl><dt>Effect of apparent wind on sailing craft at three points of sail</dt></dl> <p>Sailing craft <b>A</b> is close-hauled. Sailing craft <b>B</b> is on a beam reach. Sailing craft <b>C</b> is on a broad reach.<br />Boat velocity (in black) generates an equal and opposite apparent wind component (not shown), which adds to the true wind to become apparent wind. </p> </div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Forces_on_sails_for_three_points_of_sail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apparent wind and forces on a sailboat. As the boat sails further from the wind, the apparent wind becomes smaller and the lateral component becomes less; boat speed is highest on the beam reach."><img alt="Apparent wind and forces on a sailboat. As the boat sails further from the wind, the apparent wind becomes smaller and the lateral component becomes less; boat speed is highest on the beam reach." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Forces_on_sails_for_three_points_of_sail.jpg/337px-Forces_on_sails_for_three_points_of_sail.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Forces_on_sails_for_three_points_of_sail.jpg/506px-Forces_on_sails_for_three_points_of_sail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Forces_on_sails_for_three_points_of_sail.jpg/675px-Forces_on_sails_for_three_points_of_sail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Apparent wind and forces on a <i>sailboat</i>.</b><br />As the boat sails further from the wind, the apparent wind becomes smaller and the lateral component becomes less; boat speed is highest on the beam reach.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ice_boat_apparent_wind_on_different_points_of_sail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apparent wind on an iceboat. As the iceboat sails further from the wind, the apparent wind increases slightly and the boat speed is highest on the broad reach. The sail is sheeted in for all three points of sail.[2]"><img alt="Apparent wind on an iceboat. As the iceboat sails further from the wind, the apparent wind increases slightly and the boat speed is highest on the broad reach. The sail is sheeted in for all three points of sail.[2]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Ice_boat_apparent_wind_on_different_points_of_sail.jpg/337px-Ice_boat_apparent_wind_on_different_points_of_sail.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Ice_boat_apparent_wind_on_different_points_of_sail.jpg/506px-Ice_boat_apparent_wind_on_different_points_of_sail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Ice_boat_apparent_wind_on_different_points_of_sail.jpg/675px-Ice_boat_apparent_wind_on_different_points_of_sail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Apparent wind on an <i>iceboat</i>.</b><br />As the iceboat sails further from the wind, the apparent wind increases slightly and the boat speed is highest on the broad reach. The sail is sheeted in for all three points of sail.<sup id="cite_ref-Kimball_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kimball-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <p>The speed of sailboats through the water is limited by the resistance that results from hull drag in the water. Ice boats typically have the least resistance to forward motion of any sailing craft;<sup id="cite_ref-Kimball_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kimball-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consequently, a sailboat experiences a wider range of apparent wind angles than does an ice boat, whose speed is typically great enough to have the apparent wind coming from a few degrees to one side of its course, necessitating sailing with the sail sheeted in for most points of sail. On conventional sail boats, the sails are set to create lift for those points of sail where it's possible to align the leading edge of the sail with the apparent wind.<sup id="cite_ref-Jobson_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jobson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For a sailboat, point of sail significantly affects the lateral force to which the boat is subjected. The higher the boat points into the wind, the stronger the lateral force, which results in both increased leeway and heeling. Leeway, the effect of the boat moving sideways through the water, can be counteracted by a keel or other underwater foils, including daggerboard, centerboard, skeg and rudder. Lateral force also induces heeling in a sailboat, which is resisted by the shape and configuration of the hull (or hulls, in the case of catamarans) and the weight of ballast, and can be further resisted by the weight of the crew. As the boat points off the wind, lateral force and the forces required to resist it become reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-Marchaj1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marchaj1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On <a href="/wiki/Ice_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice boat">ice boats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sand_yacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand yacht">sand yachts</a>, lateral forces are countered by the lateral resistance of the blades on ice or of the wheels on sand, and of their distance apart, which generally prevents heeling.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(A-L)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of nautical terms (A-L)">Glossary of nautical terms (A-L)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M-Z)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of nautical terms (M-Z)">Glossary of nautical terms (M-Z)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">Sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacking_(sailing)" title="Tacking (sailing)">Tacking (sailing)</a>, turning so that the bow briefly points dead upwind</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gybing" class="mw-redirect" title="Gybing">Gybing</a>, turning so that the bow briefly points dead downwind</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRousmaniere,_John2014" class="citation book cs1">Rousmaniere, John (7 January 2014). <i>The Annapolis book of seamanship</i>. Smith, Mark (Mark E.) (Fourth ed.). New York. pp. 47–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-5019-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-5019-8"><bdi>978-1-4516-5019-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/862092350">862092350</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annapolis+book+of+seamanship&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=47-9&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.date=2014-01-07&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F862092350&rft.isbn=978-1-4516-5019-8&rft.au=Rousmaniere%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoint+of+sail" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kimball-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kimball_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kimball_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kimball_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kimball_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimball2009" class="citation book cs1">Kimball, John (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xe_i23UL4sAC&q=Kimball+%22physics+of+sailing%22"><i>Physics of Sailing</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1466502666" title="Special:BookSources/978-1466502666"><bdi>978-1466502666</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics+of+Sailing&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1466502666&rft.aulast=Kimball&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXe_i23UL4sAC%26q%3DKimball%2B%2522physics%2Bof%2Bsailing%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoint+of+sail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Complete-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Complete_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunliffe2016" class="citation book cs1">Cunliffe, Tom (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9b-gCwAAQBAJ&q=Sailing+no-go+zone&pg=PA46"><i>The Complete Day Skipper: Skippering with Confidence Right From the Start</i></a> (5 ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472924186" title="Special:BookSources/9781472924186"><bdi>9781472924186</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Day+Skipper%3A+Skippering+with+Confidence+Right+From+the+Start&rft.pages=208&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781472924186&rft.aulast=Cunliffe&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9b-gCwAAQBAJ%26q%3DSailing%2Bno-go%2Bzone%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoint+of+sail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jobson-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jobson_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jobson_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jobson_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jobson_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jobson_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jobson_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jobson_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jobson_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJobson2008" class="citation book cs1">Jobson, Gary (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mKTrrP3wA-cC&q=Johnson,+Gary+(2008).+%22Sailing+Fundamentals%22"><i>Sailing Fundamentals</i></a>. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 72–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439136782" title="Special:BookSources/9781439136782"><bdi>9781439136782</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sailing+Fundamentals&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=72-75&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781439136782&rft.aulast=Jobson&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmKTrrP3wA-cC%26q%3DJohnson%2C%2BGary%2B%282008%29.%2B%2522Sailing%2BFundamentals%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoint+of+sail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asa.com/news/2012/11/27/sailing-terms-you-can-use/">"Sailing Terms You Need To Know"</a>. <i>asa.com</i>. 27 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=asa.com&rft.atitle=Sailing+Terms+You+Need+To+Know&rft.date=2012-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasa.com%2Fnews%2F2012%2F11%2F27%2Fsailing-terms-you-can-use%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoint+of+sail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunliffe1994" class="citation book cs1">Cunliffe, Tom (1994). <i>The Complete Yachtmaster</i>. London: Adlard Coles Nautical. pp. 43, 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7136-3617-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7136-3617-3"><bdi>0-7136-3617-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Yachtmaster&rft.place=London&rft.pages=43%2C+45&rft.pub=Adlard+Coles+Nautical&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-7136-3617-3&rft.aulast=Cunliffe&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoint+of+sail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140706163955/http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2014/06/nautical-language/">"Sailing the seas of nautical language - OxfordWords blog"</a>. <i>oxforddictionaries.com</i>. 30 June 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2014/06/nautical-language/">the original</a> on July 6, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oxforddictionaries.com&rft.atitle=Sailing+the+seas+of+nautical+language+-+OxfordWords+blog&rft.date=2014-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.oxforddictionaries.com%2F2014%2F06%2Fnautical-language%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoint+of+sail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hnsa-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hnsa_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"WORKING TO WINDWARD". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hnsa.org/manuals-documents/age-of-sail/textbook-of-seamanship/working-to-windward/"><i>Text-Book of Seamanship</i></a>. Originally published by "SMITH & MCDOUGAL, ELECTROTYPERS"; digital copy posted by the Historic Naval Ships Association. 1891.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=WORKING+TO+WINDWARD&rft.btitle=Text-Book+of+Seamanship&rft.pub=Originally+published+by+%22SMITH+%26+MCDOUGAL%2C+ELECTROTYPERS%22%3B+digital+copy+posted+by+the+Historic+Naval+Ships+Association&rft.date=1891&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hnsa.org%2Fmanuals-documents%2Fage-of-sail%2Ftextbook-of-seamanship%2Fworking-to-windward%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoint+of+sail" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJobson2008" class="citation book cs1">Jobson, Gary (2008-09-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mKTrrP3wA-cC&dq=sailing+irons&pg=PA46"><i>Sailing Fundamentals</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. pp. 46–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-3678-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-3678-2"><bdi>978-1-4391-3678-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sailing+Fundamentals&rft.pages=46-48&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2008-09-08&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-3678-2&rft.aulast=Jobson&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmKTrrP3wA-cC%26dq%3Dsailing%2Birons%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoint+of+sail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2009" class="citation web cs1">Harris, William (2009-10-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adventure.howstuffworks.com/outdoor-activities/snow-sports/ice-sailing.htm">"How Ice Sailing Works"</a>. <i>HowStuffWorks</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HowStuffWorks&rft.atitle=How+Ice+Sailing+Works&rft.date=2009-10-05&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadventure.howstuffworks.com%2Foutdoor-activities%2Fsnow-sports%2Fice-sailing.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoint+of+sail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jett-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jett_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJett2017" class="citation book cs1">Jett, Stephen C. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EgOUDgAAQBAJ&q=WEatherly+definition+sailing&pg=PA177"><i>Ancient Ocean Crossings: Reconsidering the Case for Contacts with the Pre-Columbian Americas</i></a>. University of Alabama Press. p. 528. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817319397" title="Special:BookSources/9780817319397"><bdi>9780817319397</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Ocean+Crossings%3A+Reconsidering+the+Case+for+Contacts+with+the+Pre-Columbian+Americas&rft.pages=528&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780817319397&rft.aulast=Jett&rft.aufirst=Stephen+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEgOUDgAAQBAJ%26q%3DWEatherly%2Bdefinition%2Bsailing%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoint+of+sail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fastest-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fastest_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fastest_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dinghyracingtips.com/blog/what-is-the-fastest-point-of-sail/">"What Is The Fastest Point Of Sail?"</a>. 16 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Is+The+Fastest+Point+Of+Sail%3F&rft.date=2020-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdinghyracingtips.com%2Fblog%2Fwhat-is-the-fastest-point-of-sail%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoint+of+sail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemp1882" class="citation book cs1">Kemp, Dixon (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amanualyachtand01kempgoog"><i>A Manual of Yacht and Boat Sailing</i></a>. H. Cox. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amanualyachtand01kempgoog/page/n115">97</a>. <q>fetch.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Manual+of+Yacht+and+Boat+Sailing&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=H.+Cox&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Dixon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famanualyachtand01kempgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoint+of+sail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethwaite2007" class="citation book cs1">Bethwaite, Frank (2007). <i>High Performance Sailing</i>. Adlard Coles Nautical. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7136-6704-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7136-6704-2"><bdi>978-0-7136-6704-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Performance+Sailing&rft.pub=Adlard+Coles+Nautical&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7136-6704-2&rft.aulast=Bethwaite&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoint+of+sail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatchelorFrailey2016" class="citation book cs1">Batchelor, Andy; Frailey, Lisa B. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VfaADwAAQBAJ&q=sailing+catamaran+downwind&pg=PA50"><i>Cruising Catamarans Made Easy: The Official Manual For The ASA Cruising Catamaran Course (ASA 114)</i></a>. American Sailing Association. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780982102541" title="Special:BookSources/9780982102541"><bdi>9780982102541</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cruising+Catamarans+Made+Easy%3A+The+Official+Manual+For+The+ASA+Cruising+Catamaran+Course+%28ASA+114%29&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=American+Sailing+Association&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780982102541&rft.aulast=Batchelor&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft.au=Frailey%2C+Lisa+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVfaADwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsailing%2Bcatamaran%2Bdownwind%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoint+of+sail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-king424-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-king424_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2000" class="citation book cs1">King, Dean (2000). <i>A Sea of Words</i> (3 ed.). Henry Holt. p. 424. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6615-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6615-9"><bdi>978-0-8050-6615-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sea+of+Words&rft.pages=424&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6615-9&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Dean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoint+of+sail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luce-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Luce_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuce1868" class="citation book cs1">Luce, Stephen Bleecker (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AJ5DAAAAIAAJ"><i>Seamanship, Compiled from Various Authorities, and Illustrated with Numerous Original and Select Designs, for the Use of the United States Naval Academy</i></a>. D. van Nostrand. pp. 190–472.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seamanship%2C+Compiled+from+Various+Authorities%2C+and+Illustrated+with+Numerous+Original+and+Select+Designs%2C+for+the+Use+of+the+United+States+Naval+Academy&rft.pages=190-472&rft.pub=D.+van+Nostrand&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Luce&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Bleecker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAJ5DAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoint+of+sail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jobson2-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jobson2_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJobson1990" class="citation book cs1">Jobson, Gary (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/championshiptact00jobs/page/323"><i>Championship Tactics: How Anyone Can Sail Faster, Smarter, and Win Races</i></a></span>. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/championshiptact00jobs/page/323">323</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-04278-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-04278-7"><bdi>0-312-04278-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Championship+Tactics%3A+How+Anyone+Can+Sail+Faster%2C+Smarter%2C+and+Win+Races&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=323&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-312-04278-7&rft.aulast=Jobson&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchampionshiptact00jobs%2Fpage%2F323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoint+of+sail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marchaj1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marchaj1_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarchaj2002" class="citation cs2">Marchaj, C. A. (2002), <i>Sail Performance: Techniques to Maximize Sail Power</i> (2 ed.), International Marine/Ragged Mountain Press, p. 416, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0071413107" title="Special:BookSources/978-0071413107"><bdi>978-0071413107</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sail+Performance%3A+Techniques+to+Maximize+Sail+Power&rft.pages=416&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=International+Marine%2FRagged+Mountain+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0071413107&rft.aulast=Marchaj&rft.aufirst=C.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoint+of+sail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li>Rousmaniere, John, <i>The Annapolis Book of Seamanship</i>, Simon & Schuster, 1999</li> <li><i>Chapman Book of Piloting</i> (various contributors), Hearst Corporation, 1999</li> <li>Herreshoff, Halsey (consulting editor), <i>The Sailor’s Handbook</i>, Little Brown and Company, 1983</li> <li>Seidman, David, <i>The Complete Sailor</i>, International Marine, 1995</li> <li>Jobson, Gary, <i>Sailing Fundamentals</i>, Simon & Schuster, 1987</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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