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machine</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: asynchronous machine"> <meta name="keywords" content="asynchronous machine"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="asynchronous machine"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 2939</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: asynchronous machine</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2939</span> On Control of Asynchronous Sequential Machines with Switching Capability</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jung-Min%20Yang">Jung-Min Yang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Corrective control enables us to change the stable state behavior of an asynchronous sequential machine without modifying inner logic of the machine. This paper addresses corrective control for asynchronous machines with switching capability. The considered asynchronous machine consists of a set of different submachines and switches to each machine according to a constant switching sequence. The control goal is to design a corrective controller such that the closed-loop system can match the behavior of a reference model. The reachability of the switched asynchronous machine is described by a logic calculation of the reachability of submachines. The design procedure of the proposed corrective controller is outlined, and the applicability of the proposed scheme is validated in an example. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=switched%20asynchronous%20sequential%20machines" title="switched asynchronous sequential machines">switched asynchronous sequential machines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corrective%20control" title=" corrective control"> corrective control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=state%20feedback" title=" state feedback"> state feedback</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=switching%20sequences" title=" switching sequences"> switching sequences</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14853/on-control-of-asynchronous-sequential-machines-with-switching-capability" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14853.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">457</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2938</span> Estimation of the Temperatures in an Asynchronous Machine Using Extended Kalman Filter</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yi%20Huang">Yi Huang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Clemens%20Guehmann"> Clemens Guehmann</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In order to monitor the thermal behavior of an asynchronous machine with squirrel cage rotor, a 9th-order extended Kalman filter (EKF) algorithm is implemented to estimate the temperatures of the stator windings, the rotor cage and the stator core. The state-space equations of EKF are established based on the electrical, mechanical and the simplified thermal models of an asynchronous machine. The asynchronous machine with simplified thermal model in Dymola is compiled as DymolaBlock, a physical model in MATLAB/Simulink. The coolant air temperature, three-phase voltages and currents are exported from the physical model and are processed by EKF estimator as inputs. Compared to the temperatures exported from the physical model of the machine, three parts of temperatures can be estimated quite accurately by the EKF estimator. The online EKF estimator is independent from the machine control algorithm and can work under any speed and load condition if the stator current is nonzero current system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asynchronous%20machine" title="asynchronous machine">asynchronous machine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extended%20Kalman%20filter" title=" extended Kalman filter"> extended Kalman filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resistance" title=" resistance"> resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulation" title=" simulation"> simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temperature%20estimation" title=" temperature estimation"> temperature estimation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20model" title=" thermal model"> thermal model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67431/estimation-of-the-temperatures-in-an-asynchronous-machine-using-extended-kalman-filter" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67431.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">285</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2937</span> Conditions for Fault Recovery of Interconnected Asynchronous Sequential Machines with State Feedback</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jung%E2%80%93Min%20Yang">Jung–Min Yang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, fault recovery for parallel interconnected asynchronous sequential machines is studied. An adversarial input can infiltrate into one of two submachines comprising parallel composition of the considered asynchronous sequential machine, causing an unauthorized state transition. The control objective is to elucidate the condition for the existence of a corrective controller that makes the closed-loop system immune against any occurrence of adversarial inputs. In particular, an efficient existence condition is presented that does not need the complete modeling of the interconnected asynchronous sequential machine. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asynchronous%20sequential%20machines" title="asynchronous sequential machines">asynchronous sequential machines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parallel%20composi-tion" title=" parallel composi-tion"> parallel composi-tion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corrective%20control" title=" corrective control"> corrective control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fault%20tolerance" title=" fault tolerance"> fault tolerance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81893/conditions-for-fault-recovery-of-interconnected-asynchronous-sequential-machines-with-state-feedback" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81893.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">230</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2936</span> Robustness of the Fuzzy Adaptive Speed Control of a Multi-Phase Asynchronous Machine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bessaad%20Taieb">Bessaad Taieb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Benbouali%20Abderrahmen"> Benbouali Abderrahmen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fuzzy controllers are a powerful tool for controlling complex processes. However, its robustness capacity remains moderately limited because it loses its property for large ranges of parametric variations. In this paper, the proposed control method is designed, based on a fuzzy adaptive controller used as a remedy for this problem. For increase the robustness of the vector control and to maintain the performance of the five-phase asynchronous machine despite the presence of disturbances (variation of rotor resistance, rotor inertia variations, sudden variations in the load etc.), by applying the method of behaviour model control (BMC). The results of simulation show that the fuzzy adaptive control provides best performance and has a more robustness as the fuzzy (FLC) and as a conventional (PI) controller. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20adaptive%20control" title="fuzzy adaptive control">fuzzy adaptive control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=behaviour%20model%20control" title=" behaviour model control"> behaviour model control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vector%20control" title=" vector control"> vector control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=five-phase%20asynchronous%20machine" title=" five-phase asynchronous machine"> five-phase asynchronous machine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168082/robustness-of-the-fuzzy-adaptive-speed-control-of-a-multi-phase-asynchronous-machine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168082.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">95</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2935</span> Parallel Multisplitting Methods for Differential Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malika%20El%20Kyal">Malika El Kyal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Machmoum"> Ahmed Machmoum</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We prove the superlinear convergence of asynchronous multi-splitting methods applied to differential equations. This study is based on the technique of nested sets. It permits to specify kind of the convergence in the asynchronous mode.The main characteristic of an asynchronous mode is that the local algorithm not have to wait at predetermined messages to become available. We allow some processors to communicate more frequently than others, and we allow the communication delays to be substantial and unpredictable. Note that synchronous algorithms in the computer science sense are particular cases of our formulation of asynchronous one. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parallel%20methods" title="parallel methods">parallel methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asynchronous%20mode" title=" asynchronous mode"> asynchronous mode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multisplitting" title=" multisplitting"> multisplitting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ODE" title=" ODE"> ODE</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20675/parallel-multisplitting-methods-for-differential-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20675.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">526</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2934</span> Asynchronous Sequential Machines with Fault Detectors</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seong%20Woo%20Kwak">Seong Woo Kwak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jung-Min%20Yang"> Jung-Min Yang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A strategy of fault diagnosis and tolerance for asynchronous sequential machines is discussed in this paper. With no synchronizing clock, it is difficult to diagnose an occurrence of permanent or stuck-in faults in the operation of asynchronous machines. In this paper, we present a fault detector comprised of a timer and a set of static functions to determine the occurrence of faults. In order to realize immediate fault tolerance, corrective control theory is applied to designing a dynamic feedback controller. Existence conditions for an appropriate controller and its construction algorithm are presented in terms of reachability of the machine and the feature of fault occurrences. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asynchronous%20sequential%20machines" title="asynchronous sequential machines">asynchronous sequential machines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corrective%20control" title=" corrective control"> corrective control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fault%20diagnosis%20and%20tolerance" title=" fault diagnosis and tolerance"> fault diagnosis and tolerance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fault%20detector" title=" fault detector"> fault detector</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53634/asynchronous-sequential-machines-with-fault-detectors" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53634.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">349</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2933</span> A Novel Approach to Asynchronous State Machine Modeling on Multisim for Avoiding Function Hazards</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Parisi%20L.">Parisi L.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamili%20D."> Hamili D.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Azlan%20N."> Azlan N.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this study was to design and simulate a particular type of Asynchronous State Machine (ASM), namely a ‘traffic light controller’ (TLC), operated at a frequency of 0.5 Hz. The design task involved two main stages: firstly, designing a 4-bit binary counter using J-K flip flops as the timing signal and subsequently, attaining the digital logic by deploying ASM design process. The TLC was designed such that it showed a sequence of three different colours, i.e. red, yellow and green, corresponding to set thresholds by deploying the least number of AND, OR and NOT gates possible. The software Multisim was deployed to design such circuit and simulate it for circuit troubleshooting in order for it to display the output sequence of the three different colours on the traffic light in the correct order. A clock signal, an asynchronous 4-bit binary counter that was designed through the use of J-K flip flops along with an ASM were used to complete this sequence, which was programmed to be repeated indefinitely. Eventually, the circuit was debugged and optimized, thus displaying the correct waveforms of the three outputs through the logic analyzer. However, hazards occurred when the frequency was increased to 10 MHz. This was attributed to delays in the feedback being too high. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asynchronous%20state%20machine" title="asynchronous state machine">asynchronous state machine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20light%20controller" title=" traffic light controller"> traffic light controller</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circuit%20design" title=" circuit design"> circuit design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20electronics" title=" digital electronics"> digital electronics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22349/a-novel-approach-to-asynchronous-state-machine-modeling-on-multisim-for-avoiding-function-hazards" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22349.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">429</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2932</span> On Fault Diagnosis of Asynchronous Sequential Machines with Parallel Composition</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jung-Min%20Yang">Jung-Min Yang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fault diagnosis of composite asynchronous sequential machines with parallel composition is addressed in this paper. An adversarial input can infiltrate one of two submachines comprising the composite asynchronous machine, causing an unauthorized state transition. The objective is to characterize the condition under which the controller can diagnose any fault occurrence. Two control configurations, state feedback and output feedback, are considered in this paper. In the case of output feedback, the exact estimation of the state is impossible since the current state is inaccessible and the output feedback is given as the form of burst. A simple example is provided to demonstrate the proposed methodology. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asynchronous%20sequential%20machines" title="asynchronous sequential machines">asynchronous sequential machines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parallel%20composition" title=" parallel composition"> parallel composition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fault%20diagnosis" title=" fault diagnosis"> fault diagnosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corrective%20control" title=" corrective control"> corrective control</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76606/on-fault-diagnosis-of-asynchronous-sequential-machines-with-parallel-composition" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76606.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">298</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2931</span> Tolerating Input Faults in Asynchronous Sequential Machines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jung-Min%20Yang">Jung-Min Yang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A method of tolerating input faults for input/state asynchronous sequential machines is proposed. A corrective controller is placed in front of the considered asynchronous machine to realize model matching with a reference model. The value of the external input transmitted to the closed-loop system may change by fault. We address the existence condition for the controller that can counteract adverse effects of any input fault while maintaining the objective of model matching. A design procedure for constructing the controller is outlined. The proposed reachability condition for the controller design is validated in an illustrative example. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asynchronous%20sequential%20machines" title="asynchronous sequential machines">asynchronous sequential machines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corrective%20control" title=" corrective control"> corrective control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fault%20tolerance" title=" fault tolerance"> fault tolerance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=input%20faults" title=" input faults"> input faults</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=model%20matching" title=" model matching"> model matching</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41919/tolerating-input-faults-in-asynchronous-sequential-machines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41919.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">424</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2930</span> Parallel Asynchronous Multi-Splitting Methods for Differential Algebraic Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malika%20Elkyal">Malika Elkyal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We consider an iterative parallel multi-splitting method for differential algebraic equations. The main feature of the proposed idea is to use the asynchronous form. We prove that the multi-splitting technique can effectively accelerate the convergent performance of the iterative process. The main characteristic of an asynchronous mode is that the local algorithm does not have to wait at predetermined messages to become available. We allow some processors to communicate more frequently than others, and we allow the communication delays to be substantial and unpredictable. Accordingly, we note that synchronous algorithms in the computer science sense are particular cases of our formulation of asynchronous one. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parallel%20methods" title="parallel methods">parallel methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asynchronous%20mode" title=" asynchronous mode"> asynchronous mode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multisplitting" title=" multisplitting"> multisplitting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=differential%20algebraic%20equations" title=" differential algebraic equations"> differential algebraic equations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20673/parallel-asynchronous-multi-splitting-methods-for-differential-algebraic-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20673.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">558</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2929</span> Conditions for Model Matching of Switched Asynchronous Sequential Machines with Output Feedback</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jung%E2%80%93Min%20Yang">Jung–Min Yang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Solvability of the model matching problem for input/output switched asynchronous sequential machines is discussed in this paper. The control objective is to determine the existence condition and design algorithm for a corrective controller that can match the stable-state behavior of the closed-loop system to that of a reference model. Switching operations and correction procedures are incorporated using output feedback so that the controlled switched machine can show the desired input/output behavior. A matrix expression is presented to address reachability of switched asynchronous sequential machines with output equivalence with respect to a model. The presented reachability condition for the controller design is validated in a simple example. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asynchronous%20sequential%20machines" title="asynchronous sequential machines">asynchronous sequential machines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corrective%20control" title=" corrective control"> corrective control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=model%20matching" title=" model matching"> model matching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=input%2Foutput%20control" title=" input/output control"> input/output control</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62600/conditions-for-model-matching-of-switched-asynchronous-sequential-machines-with-output-feedback" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62600.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">342</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2928</span> Parallel Multisplitting Methods for DAE’s</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Machmoum">Ahmed Machmoum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malika%20El%20Kyal"> Malika El Kyal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We consider iterative parallel multi-splitting method for differential algebraic equations. The main feature of the proposed idea is to use the asynchronous form. We prove that the multi-splitting technique can effectively accelerate the convergent performance of the iterative process. The main characteristic of an asynchronous mode is that the local algorithm not have to wait at predetermined messages to become available. We allow some processors to communicate more frequently than others, and we allow the communication delays tobe substantial and unpredictable. Note that synchronous algorithms in the computer science sense are particular cases of our formulation of asynchronous one. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computer" title="computer">computer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-splitting%20methods" title=" multi-splitting methods"> multi-splitting methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asynchronous%20mode" title=" asynchronous mode"> asynchronous mode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=differential%20algebraic%20systems" title=" differential algebraic systems "> differential algebraic systems </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23813/parallel-multisplitting-methods-for-daes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23813.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">549</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2927</span> Three Dimensional Numerical Analysis for Longitudinal Seismic Response of Tunnels under Asynchronous Earthquake</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Peng%20Li">Peng Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Er-xiang%20Song"> Er-xiang Song</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Numerical analysis of longitudinal tunnel seismic response due to spatial variation of earthquake ground motion is an important issue that cannot be ignored in the design and safety evaluation of tunnel structures. In this paper, numerical methods for analysis of tunnel longitudinal response under asynchronous seismic wave is extensively studied, including the improvement of the 1D time-domain finite element method, three dimensional numerical simulation technique for the site asynchronous earthquake response as well as the 3-D soil-tunnel structure interaction analysis. The study outcome will be beneficial to aid further research on the nonlinear meticulous numerical analysis and seismic response mechanism of tunnel structures under asynchronous earthquake motion. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asynchronous%20input" title="asynchronous input">asynchronous input</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=longitudinal%20seismic%20response" title=" longitudinal seismic response"> longitudinal seismic response</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tunnel%20structure" title=" tunnel structure"> tunnel structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20simulation" title=" numerical simulation"> numerical simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traveling%20wave%20effect" title=" traveling wave effect"> traveling wave effect</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9730/three-dimensional-numerical-analysis-for-longitudinal-seismic-response-of-tunnels-under-asynchronous-earthquake" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9730.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">437</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2926</span> The Design of the Blended Learning System via E-Media and Online Learning for the Asynchronous Learning: Case Study of Process Management Subject </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pimploi%20Tirastittam">Pimploi Tirastittam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suppara%20Charoenpoom"> Suppara Charoenpoom</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nowadays the asynchronous learning has granted the permission to the anywhere and anything learning via the technology and E-media which give the learner more convenient. This research is about the design of the blended and online learning for the asynchronous learning of the process management subject in order to create the prototype of this subject asynchronous learning which will create the easiness and increase capability in the learning. The pattern of learning is the integration between the in-class learning and online learning via the internet. This research is mainly focused on the online learning and the online learning can be divided into 5 parts which are virtual classroom, online content, collaboration, assessment and reference material. After the system design was finished, it was evaluated and tested by 5 experts in blended learning design and 10 students which the user’s satisfaction level is good. The result is as good as the assumption so the system can be used in the process management subject for a real usage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blended%20learning" title="blended learning">blended learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asynchronous%20learning" title=" asynchronous learning"> asynchronous learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=design" title=" design"> design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=process%20management" title=" process management"> process management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12177/the-design-of-the-blended-learning-system-via-e-media-and-online-learning-for-the-asynchronous-learning-case-study-of-process-management-subject" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12177.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">407</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2925</span> Investigation of Different Stimulation Patterns to Reduce Muscle Fatigue during Functional Electrical Stimulation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Ruslee">R. Ruslee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Gollee"> H. Gollee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a commonly used technique in rehabilitation and often associated with rapid muscle fatigue which becomes the limiting factor in its applications. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects on the onset of fatigue of conventional synchronous stimulation, as well as asynchronous stimulation that mimic voluntary muscle activation targeting different motor units which are activated sequentially or randomly via multiple pairs of stimulation electrodes. We investigate three different approaches with various electrode configurations, as well as different patterns of stimulation applied to the gastrocnemius muscle: Conventional Synchronous Stimulation (CSS), Asynchronous Sequential Stimulation (ASS) and Asynchronous Random Stimulation (ARS). Stimulation was applied repeatedly for 300 ms followed by 700 ms of no-stimulation with 40 Hz effective frequency for all protocols. Ten able-bodied volunteers (28±3 years old) participated in this study. As fatigue indicators, we focused on the analysis of Normalized Fatigue Index (NFI), Fatigue Time Interval (FTI) and pre-post Twitch-Tetanus Ratio (ΔTTR). The results demonstrated that ASS and ARS give higher NFI and longer FTI confirming less fatigue for asynchronous stimulation. In addition, ASS and ARS resulted in higher ΔTTR than conventional CSS. In this study, we proposed a randomly distributed stimulation method for the application of FES and investigated its suitability for reducing muscle fatigue compared to previously applied methods. The results validated that asynchronous stimulation reduces fatigue, and indicates that random stimulation may improve fatigue resistance in some conditions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asynchronous%20stimulation" title="asynchronous stimulation">asynchronous stimulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrode%20configuration" title=" electrode configuration"> electrode configuration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=functional%20electrical%20stimulation%20%28FES%29" title=" functional electrical stimulation (FES)"> functional electrical stimulation (FES)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=muscle%20fatigue" title=" muscle fatigue"> muscle fatigue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pattern%20stimulation" title=" pattern stimulation"> pattern stimulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=random%20stimulation" title=" random stimulation"> random stimulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sequential%20stimulation" title=" sequential stimulation"> sequential stimulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=synchronous%20stimulation" title=" synchronous stimulation"> synchronous stimulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50118/investigation-of-different-stimulation-patterns-to-reduce-muscle-fatigue-during-functional-electrical-stimulation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50118.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">306</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2924</span> The Motivating and Limiting Factors of Learners’ Engagement in an Online Discussion Forum </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Durairaj">K. Durairaj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20N.%20Umar"> I. N. Umar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Lately, asynchronous discussion forum is integrated in higher educational institutions as it may increase learning process, learners’ understanding, achievement and knowledge construction. Asynchronous discussion forum is used to complement the traditional, face-to-face learning session in hybrid learning courses. However, studies have proven that students’ engagement in online forum are still unconvincing. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the motivating factors and obstacles that affect the learners’ engagement in asynchronous discussion forum. This study is carried out in one of the public higher educational institutions in Malaysia with 18 postgraduate students as samples. The authors have developed a 40-items questionnaire based on literature review. The results indicate several factors that have encouraged or limited students’ engagement in asynchronous discussion forum: (a) the practices or behaviors of peers, or instructors, (b) the needs for the discussions, (c) the learners’ personalities, (d) constraints in continuing the discussion forum, (e) lack of ideas, (f) the level of thoughts, (g) the level of knowledge construction, (h) technical problems, (i) time constraints and (j) misunderstanding. This study suggests some recommendations to increase the students’ engagement in online forums. Finally, based upon the findings, some implications are proposed for further research. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asynchronous%20discussion%20forum" title="asynchronous discussion forum">asynchronous discussion forum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=engagement" title=" engagement"> engagement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=factors" title=" factors"> factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=motivating" title=" motivating"> motivating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=limiting" title=" limiting"> limiting</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18478/the-motivating-and-limiting-factors-of-learners-engagement-in-an-online-discussion-forum" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18478.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">327</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2923</span> Analytical Model of Multiphase Machines Under Electrical Faults: Application on Dual Stator Asynchronous Machine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nacera%20Yassa">Nacera Yassa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelmalek%20Saidoune"> Abdelmalek Saidoune</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghania%20Ouadfel"> Ghania Ouadfel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamza%20Houassine"> Hamza Houassine</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The rapid advancement in electrical technologies has underscored the increasing importance of multiphase machines across various industrial sectors. These machines offer significant advantages in terms of efficiency, compactness, and reliability compared to their single-phase counterparts. However, early detection and diagnosis of electrical faults remain critical challenges to ensure the durability and safety of these complex systems. This paper presents an advanced analytical model for multiphase machines, with a particular focus on dual stator asynchronous machines. The primary objective is to develop a robust diagnostic tool capable of effectively detecting and locating electrical faults in these machines, including short circuits, winding faults, and voltage imbalances. The proposed methodology relies on an analytical approach combining electrical machine theory, modeling of magnetic and electrical circuits, and advanced signal analysis techniques. By employing detailed analytical equations, the developed model accurately simulates the behavior of multiphase machines in the presence of electrical faults. The effectiveness of the proposed model is demonstrated through a series of case studies and numerical simulations. In particular, special attention is given to analyzing the dynamic behavior of machines under different types of faults, as well as optimizing diagnostic and recovery strategies. The obtained results pave the way for new advancements in the field of multiphase machine diagnostics, with potential applications in various sectors such as automotive, aerospace, and renewable energies. By providing precise and reliable tools for early fault detection, this research contributes to improving the reliability and durability of complex electrical systems while reducing maintenance and operation costs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=faults" title="faults">faults</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diagnosis" title=" diagnosis"> diagnosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modelling" title=" modelling"> modelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiphase%20machine" title=" multiphase machine"> multiphase machine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185456/analytical-model-of-multiphase-machines-under-electrical-faults-application-on-dual-stator-asynchronous-machine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185456.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">64</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2922</span> Induction Machine Bearing Failure Detection Using Advanced Signal Processing Methods</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelghani%20Chahmi">Abdelghani Chahmi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This article examines the detection and localization of faults in electrical systems, particularly those using asynchronous machines. First, the process of failure will be characterized, relevant symptoms will be defined and based on those processes and symptoms, a model of those malfunctions will be obtained. Second, the development of the diagnosis of the machine will be shown. As studies of malfunctions in electrical systems could only rely on a small amount of experimental data, it has been essential to provide ourselves with simulation tools which allowed us to characterize the faulty behavior. Fault detection uses signal processing techniques in known operating phases. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=induction%20motor" title="induction motor">induction motor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modeling" title=" modeling"> modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bearing%20damage" title=" bearing damage"> bearing damage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=airgap%20eccentricity" title=" airgap eccentricity"> airgap eccentricity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=torque%20variation" title=" torque variation"> torque variation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91336/induction-machine-bearing-failure-detection-using-advanced-signal-processing-methods" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91336.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">139</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2921</span> A Sufficient Fuzzy Controller for Improving the Transient Response in Electric Motors</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aliasghar%20Baziar">Aliasghar Baziar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hassan%20Masoumi"> Hassan Masoumi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alireza%20Ale%20Saadi"> Alireza Ale Saadi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The control of the response of electric motors plays a significant role in the damping of transient responses. In this regard, this paper presents a static VAR compensator (SVC) based on a fuzzy logic which is applied to an industrial power network consisting of three phase synchronous, asynchronous and DC motor loads. The speed and acceleration variations of a specific machine are the inputs of the proposed fuzzy logic controller (FLC). In order to verify the effectiveness and proficiency of the proposed Fuzzy Logic based SVC (FLSVC), several non-linear time-domain digital simulation tests are performed. The proposed fuzzy model can properly control the response of electric motors. The results show that the FLSVC is successful to improve the voltage profile significantly over a wide range of operating conditions and disturbances thus improving the overall dynamic performance of the network. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20logic%20controller" title="fuzzy logic controller">fuzzy logic controller</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=VAR%20compensator" title=" VAR compensator"> VAR compensator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single%20cage%20asynchronous%20motor" title=" single cage asynchronous motor"> single cage asynchronous motor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DC%20motor" title=" DC motor"> DC motor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53163/a-sufficient-fuzzy-controller-for-improving-the-transient-response-in-electric-motors" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53163.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">628</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2920</span> Instructional Immediacy Practices in Asynchronous Learning Environment: Tutors' Perspectives</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samar%20Alharbi">Samar Alharbi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yota%20Dimitriadi"> Yota Dimitriadi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the exponential growth of information and communication technologies in higher education, new online teaching strategies have become increasingly important for student engagement and learning. In particular, some institutions depend solely on asynchronous e-learning to provide courses for their students. The major challenge facing these institutions is how to improve the quality of teaching and learning in their asynchronous tools. One of the most important methods that can help e-learner to enhance their social learning and social presence in asynchronous learning setting is immediacy. This study explores tutors perceptions of their instructional immediacy practices as part of their communication actions in online learning environments. It was used a mixed-methods design under the umbrella of pragmatic philosophical assumption. The participants included tutors at an educational institution in a Saudi university. The participants were selected with a purposive sampling approach and chose an institution that offered fully online courses to students. The findings of the quantitative data show the importance of teachers’ immediacy practices in an online text-based learning environment. The qualitative data contained three main themes: the tutors’ encouragement of student interaction; their promotion of class participation; and their addressing of the needs of the students. The findings from these mixed methods can provide teachers with insights into instructional designs and strategies that they can adopt in order to use e-immediacy in effective ways, thus improving their students’ online learning experiences. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asynchronous%20e-learning" title="asynchronous e-learning">asynchronous e-learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=higher%20education" title=" higher education"> higher education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immediacy" title=" immediacy"> immediacy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tutor" title=" tutor"> tutor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72050/instructional-immediacy-practices-in-asynchronous-learning-environment-tutors-perspectives" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72050.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">200</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2919</span> Performance Evaluation of an Efficient Asynchronous Protocol for WDM Ring MANs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Baziana%20Peristera">Baziana Peristera</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The idea of the asynchronous transmission in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) ring MANs is studied in this paper. Especially, we present an efficient access technique to coordinate the collisions-free transmission of the variable sizes of IP traffic in WDM ring core networks. Each node is equipped with a tunable transmitter and a tunable receiver. In this way, all the wavelengths are exploited for both transmission and reception. In order to evaluate the performance measures of average throughput, queuing delay and packet dropping probability at the buffers, a simulation model that assumes symmetric access rights among the nodes is developed based on Poisson statistics. Extensive numerical results show that the proposed protocol achieves apart from high bandwidth exploitation for a wide range of offered load, fairness of queuing delay and dropping events among the different packets size categories. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asynchronous%20transmission" title="asynchronous transmission">asynchronous transmission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=collision%20avoidance" title=" collision avoidance"> collision avoidance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wavelength%20division%20multiplexing" title=" wavelength division multiplexing"> wavelength division multiplexing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=WDM" title=" WDM"> WDM</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18320/performance-evaluation-of-an-efficient-asynchronous-protocol-for-wdm-ring-mans" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18320.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">375</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2918</span> Machine Learning Approach for Anomaly Detection in the Simulated Iec-60870-5-104 Traffic</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stepan%20Grebeniuk">Stepan Grebeniuk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ersi%20Hodo"> Ersi Hodo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Henri%20Ruotsalainen"> Henri Ruotsalainen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paul%20Tavolato"> Paul Tavolato</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Substation security plays an important role in the power delivery system. During the past years, there has been an increase in number of attacks on automation networks of the substations. In spite of that, there hasn’t been enough focus dedicated to the protection of such networks. Aiming to design a specialized anomaly detection system based on machine learning, in this paper we will discuss the IEC 60870-5-104 protocol that is used for communication between substation and control station and focus on the simulation of the substation traffic. Firstly, we will simulate the communication between substation slave and server. Secondly, we will compare the system's normal behavior and its behavior under the attack, in order to extract the right features which will be needed for building an anomaly detection system. Lastly, based on the features we will suggest the anomaly detection system for the asynchronous protocol IEC 60870-5-104. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anomaly%20detection" title="Anomaly detection">Anomaly detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IEC-60870-5-104" title=" IEC-60870-5-104"> IEC-60870-5-104</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Machine%20learning" title=" Machine learning"> Machine learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Man-in-the-Middle%20attacks" title=" Man-in-the-Middle attacks"> Man-in-the-Middle attacks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Substation%20security" title=" Substation security"> Substation security</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66169/machine-learning-approach-for-anomaly-detection-in-the-simulated-iec-60870-5-104-traffic" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66169.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">368</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2917</span> Synchronous Versus Asynchronous Telecollaboration in Intercultural Communication</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vita%20Kalnberzina">Vita Kalnberzina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lauren%20Miller%20Anderson"> Lauren Miller Anderson</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of the paper is to report on the results of the telecollaboration project results carried out between the students of the University of Latvia, National Louis University in the US, and Austral University in Chili during the Intercultural Communication course. The objectives of the study are 1) to compare different forms of student telecollaboration and virtual exchange, 2) to collect and analyse the student feedback on the telecollaboration project, 3) to evaluate the products (films) produced during the telecollaboration project. The methods of research used are as follows: Survey of the student feedback after the project, video text analysis of the films produced by the students, and interview of the students participating in the project. We would like to compare the results of a three-year collaboration project, where we tried out synchronous telecollaboration and asynchronous collaboration. The different variables that were observed were the impact of the different time zones, different language proficiency levels of students, and different curricula developed for collaboration. The main findings suggest that the effort spent by students to organize meetings in different time zones and to get to know each other diminishes the quality of the product developed and thus reduces the students' feeling of accomplishment. Therefore, we would like to propose that asynchronous collaboration where the national teams work on a film project specifically developed by the students of one university for the students of another university ends up with a better quality film, which in its turn appeals more to the students of the other university and creates a deeper intercultural bond between the collaborating students. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=telecollaboration" title="telecollaboration">telecollaboration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intercultural%20communication" title=" intercultural communication"> intercultural communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=synchronous%20collaboration" title=" synchronous collaboration"> synchronous collaboration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asynchronous%20collaboration" title=" asynchronous collaboration"> asynchronous collaboration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161153/synchronous-versus-asynchronous-telecollaboration-in-intercultural-communication" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161153.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">101</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2916</span> A Carrier Phase High Precision Ranging Theory Based on Frequency Hopping</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jie%20Xu">Jie Xu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zengshan%20Tian"> Zengshan Tian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ze%20Li"> Ze Li</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Previous indoor ranging or localization systems achieving high accuracy time of flight (ToF) estimation relied on two key points. One is to do strict time and frequency synchronization between the transmitter and receiver to eliminate equipment asynchronous errors such as carrier frequency offset (CFO), but this is difficult to achieve in a practical communication system. The other one is to extend the total bandwidth of the communication because the accuracy of ToF estimation is proportional to the bandwidth, and the larger the total bandwidth, the higher the accuracy of ToF estimation obtained. For example, ultra-wideband (UWB) technology is implemented based on this theory, but high precision ToF estimation is difficult to achieve in common WiFi or Bluetooth systems with lower bandwidth compared to UWB. Therefore, it is meaningful to study how to achieve high-precision ranging with lower bandwidth when the transmitter and receiver are asynchronous. To tackle the above problems, we propose a two-way channel error elimination theory and a frequency hopping-based carrier phase ranging algorithm to achieve high accuracy ranging under asynchronous conditions. The two-way channel error elimination theory uses the symmetry property of the two-way channel to solve the asynchronous phase error caused by the asynchronous transmitter and receiver, and we also study the effect of the two-way channel generation time difference on the phase according to the characteristics of different hardware devices. The frequency hopping-based carrier phase ranging algorithm uses frequency hopping to extend the equivalent bandwidth and incorporates a carrier phase ranging algorithm with multipath resolution to achieve a ranging accuracy comparable to that of UWB at 400 MHz bandwidth in the typical 80 MHz bandwidth of commercial WiFi. Finally, to verify the validity of the algorithm, we implement this theory using a software radio platform, and the actual experimental results show that the method proposed in this paper has a median ranging error of 5.4 cm in the 5 m range, 7 cm in the 10 m range, and 10.8 cm in the 20 m range for a total bandwidth of 80 MHz. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=frequency%20hopping" title="frequency hopping">frequency hopping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phase%20error%20elimination" title=" phase error elimination"> phase error elimination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carrier%20phase" title=" carrier phase"> carrier phase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ranging" title=" ranging"> ranging</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155142/a-carrier-phase-high-precision-ranging-theory-based-on-frequency-hopping" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155142.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">122</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2915</span> Fault Diagnosis of Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor by a Neural Network Multi-Models</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yahia.%20Kourd">Yahia. Kourd</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Guersi%20D.%20Lefebvre"> N. Guersi D. Lefebvre</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper we propose to study the faults diagnosis in squirrel-cage induction motor using MLP neural networks. We use neural healthy and faulty models of the behavior in order to detect and isolate some faults in machine. In the first part of this work, we have created a neural model for the healthy state using Matlab and a motor located in LGEB by acquirins data inputs and outputs of this engine. Then we detected the faults in the machine by residual generation. These residuals are not sufficient to isolate the existing faults. For this reason, we proposed additive neural networks to represent the faulty behaviors. From the analysis of these residuals and the choice of a threshold we propose a method capable of performing the detection and diagnosis of some faults in asynchronous machines with squirrel cage rotor. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=faults%20diagnosis" title="faults diagnosis">faults diagnosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neural%20networks" title=" neural networks"> neural networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-models" title=" multi-models"> multi-models</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=squirrel-cage%20induction%20motor" title=" squirrel-cage induction motor"> squirrel-cage induction motor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8200/fault-diagnosis-of-squirrel-cage-induction-motor-by-a-neural-network-multi-models" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8200.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">636</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2914</span> Students’ Level of Knowledge Construction and Pattern of Social Interaction in an Online Forum</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Durairaj">K. Durairaj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20N.%20Umar"> I. N. Umar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The asynchronous discussion forum is one of the most widely used activities in learning management system environment. Online forum allows participants to interact, construct knowledge, and can be used to complement face to face sessions in blended learning courses. However, to what extent do the students perceive the benefits or advantages of forum remain to be seen. Through content and social network analyses, instructors will be able to gauge the students’ engagement and knowledge construction level. Thus, this study aims to analyze the students’ level of knowledge construction and their participation level that occur through online discussion. It also attempts to investigate the relationship between the level of knowledge construction and their social interaction patterns. The sample involves 23 students undertaking a master course in one public university in Malaysia. The asynchronous discussion forum was conducted for three weeks as part of the course requirement. The finding indicates that the level of knowledge construction is quite low. Also, the density value of 0.11 indicating that the overall communication among the participants in the forum is low. This study reveals that strong and significant correlations between SNA measures (in-degree centrality, out-degree centrality) and level of knowledge construction. Thus, allocating these active students in a different groups aids the interactive discussion takes place. Finally, based upon the findings, some recommendations to increase students’ level of knowledge construction and also for further research are proposed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asynchronous%20discussion%20forums" title="asynchronous discussion forums">asynchronous discussion forums</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=content%20analysis" title=" content analysis"> content analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knowledge%20construction" title=" knowledge construction"> knowledge construction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20network%20analysis" title=" social network analysis"> social network analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18479/students-level-of-knowledge-construction-and-pattern-of-social-interaction-in-an-online-forum" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18479.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">373</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2913</span> Lessons Learned from Covid19 - Related ERT in Universities</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sean%20Gay">Sean Gay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cristina%20Tat"> Cristina Tat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This presentation will detail how a university in Western Japan has implemented its English for Academic Purposes (EAP) program during the onset of CoViD-19 in the spring semester of 2020. In the spring semester of 2020, after a 2 week delay, all courses within the School of Policy Studies EAP Program at Kwansei Gakuin University were offered in an online asynchronous format. The rationale for this decision was not to disadvantage students who might not have access to devices necessary for taking part in synchronous online lessons. The course coordinators were tasked with consolidating the materials originally designed for face-to-face14 week courses for a 12 week asynchronous online semester and with uploading the modified course materials to Luna, the university’s network, which is a modified version of Blackboard. Based on research to determine the social and academic impacts of this CoViD-19 ERT approach on the students who took part in this EAP program, this presentation explains how future curriculum design and implementation can be managed in a post-CoViD world. There are a wide variety of lessons that were salient. The role of the classroom as a social institution was very prominent; however, awareness of cognitive burdens and strategies to mitigate that burden may be more valuable for teachers. The lessons learned during this period of ERT can help teachers moving forward. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asynchronous%20online%20learning" title="asynchronous online learning">asynchronous online learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emergency%20remote%20teaching%20%28ERT%29" title=" emergency remote teaching (ERT)"> emergency remote teaching (ERT)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=online%20curriculum%20design" title=" online curriculum design"> online curriculum design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=synchronous%20online%20learning" title=" synchronous online learning"> synchronous online learning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139009/lessons-learned-from-covid19-related-ert-in-universities" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139009.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">203</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2912</span> Asynchronous Low Duty Cycle Media Access Control Protocol for Body Area Wireless Sensor Networks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yasin%20Ghasemi-Zadeh">Yasin Ghasemi-Zadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yousef%20Kavian"> Yousef Kavian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Wireless body area networks (WBANs) technology has achieved lots of popularity over the last decade with a wide range of medical applications. This paper presents an asynchronous media access control (MAC) protocol based on B-MAC protocol by giving an application for medical issues. In WBAN applications, there are some serious problems such as energy, latency, link reliability (quality of wireless link) and throughput which are mainly due to size of sensor networks and human body specifications. To overcome these problems and improving link reliability, we concentrated on MAC layer that supports mobility models for medical applications. In the presented protocol, preamble frames are divided into some sub-frames considering the threshold level. Actually, the main reason for creating shorter preambles is the link reliability where due to some reasons such as water, the body signals are affected on some frequency bands and causes fading and shadowing on signals, therefore by increasing the link reliability, these effects are reduced. In case of mobility model, we use MoBAN model and modify that for some more areas. The presented asynchronous MAC protocol is modeled by OMNeT++ simulator. The results demonstrate increasing the link reliability comparing to B-MAC protocol where the packet reception ratio (PRR) is 92% also covers more mobility areas than MoBAN protocol. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wireless%20body%20area%20networks%20%28WBANs%29" title="wireless body area networks (WBANs)">wireless body area networks (WBANs)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MAC%20protocol" title=" MAC protocol"> MAC protocol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=link%20reliability" title=" link reliability"> link reliability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobility" title=" mobility"> mobility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomedical" title=" biomedical"> biomedical</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62759/asynchronous-low-duty-cycle-media-access-control-protocol-for-body-area-wireless-sensor-networks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62759.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">369</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2911</span> Perception and Implementation of Machine Translation Applications by the Iranian English Translators</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdul%20Amir%20Hazbavi">Abdul Amir Hazbavi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present study is an attempt to provide a relatively comprehensive preview of the Iranian English translators’ perception on Machine Translation. Furthermore, the study tries to shed light on the status of implementation of Machine Translation among the Iranian English Translators. To reach the aforementioned objectives, the Localization Industry Standards Association’s questioner for measuring perceptions with regard to the adoption of a technology innovation was adapted and used to investigate three parameter among the participants of the study, namely familiarity with Machine Translation, general perception on Machine Translation and implementation of Machine Translation systems in translation tasks. The participants of the study were 224 last-year undergraduate Iranian students of English translation at 10 universities across the country. The study revealed a very low level of adoption and a very high level of willingness to get familiar with and learn about Machine Translation, as well as a positive perception of and attitude toward Machine Translation by the Iranian English translators. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=translation%20technology" title="translation technology">translation technology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20translation" title=" machine translation"> machine translation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perception" title=" perception"> perception</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=implementation" title=" implementation"> implementation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25445/perception-and-implementation-of-machine-translation-applications-by-the-iranian-english-translators" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25445.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">524</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2910</span> A Review of Machine Learning for Big Data</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Devatha%20Kalyan%20Kumar">Devatha Kalyan Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aravindraj%20D."> Aravindraj D.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sadathulla%20A."> Sadathulla A.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Big data are now rapidly expanding in all engineering and science and many other domains. The potential of large or massive data is undoubtedly significant, make sense to require new ways of thinking and learning techniques to address the various big data challenges. Machine learning is continuously unleashing its power in a wide range of applications. In this paper, the latest advances and advancements in the researches on machine learning for big data processing. First, the machine learning techniques methods in recent studies, such as deep learning, representation learning, transfer learning, active learning and distributed and parallel learning. Then focus on the challenges and possible solutions of machine learning for big data. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=active%20learning" title="active learning">active learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=big%20data" title=" big data"> big data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20learning" title=" deep learning"> deep learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20learning" title=" machine learning"> machine learning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72161/a-review-of-machine-learning-for-big-data" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72161.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">446</span> </span> 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