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<div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ornithoprion</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Ornithoprion" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Ornithoprion" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list minerva-icon-only-menu"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ornithoprion" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Ornithoprion&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> Ornithoprion is a genus of extinct <a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">cartilaginous fish</a> in the family <a href="/wiki/Caseodontidae" title="Caseodontidae">Caseodontidae</a>. The only species, O. hertwigi, lived during the <a href="/wiki/Moscovian_(Carboniferous)" title="Moscovian (Carboniferous)">Moscovian</a> stage of the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian</a>, between 315.2 and 307 million years ago, and is known from <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">black shale</a> deposits in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwestern">Midwestern</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The discovery and description of Ornithoprion, performed primarily via <a href="/wiki/Radiography" title="Radiography">radiography</a>, helped clarify the skull anatomy of <a href="/wiki/Eugeneodontida" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugeneodontida">eugeneodonts</a>; a group which includes O. hertwigi and which were previously known primarily from isolated teeth. The genus name, which is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> órnith- meaning 'bird' and príōn meaning 'saw', was inspired by the animal's vaguely bird-like skull and the saw-like appearance of the lower teeth. The species name honors <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Hertwig" title="Oscar Hertwig">Oscar Hertwig</a>. <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Ornithoprion <div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moscovian_(Carboniferous)" title="Moscovian (Carboniferous)">Moscovian</a>), 315.2–307 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a> <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:113.31692307692px; width:2.7753846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:113.31692307692px; width:2.7753846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:114.31692307692px; width:0.77538461538461px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Ornithoprion_skeletal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ornithoprion_skeletal.png/220px-Ornithoprion_skeletal.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ornithoprion_skeletal.png/330px-Ornithoprion_skeletal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ornithoprion_skeletal.png/440px-Ornithoprion_skeletal.png 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="1500"></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Skeletal reconstruction of Ornithoprion, with known material represented in white and implied/suggested material represented in gray </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Ornithoprion" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Chondrichthyes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subclass: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holocephali" title="Holocephali">Holocephali</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td>†<a href="/wiki/Eugeneodontida" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugeneodontida">Eugeneodontida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td>†<a href="/wiki/Caseodontidae" title="Caseodontidae">Caseodontidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td>†<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ornithoprion</a> Zangerl, 1966 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Ornithoprion hertwigi <div style="font-size: 85%;">Zangerl, 1966</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> Ornithoprion is unique among known eugeneodonts in possessing an extremely elongated structure connecting to the lower jaw, known as the mandibular <a href="/wiki/Rostrum_(anatomy)" title="Rostrum (anatomy)">rostrum</a>, which was protected by a beak of fused bony scales and which the precise function of is not known. It inhabited shallow marine environments and coexisted with a variety of other cartilaginous fishes. The structure of Ornithoprion's teeth suggests that it was a <a href="/wiki/Durophagy" title="Durophagy">durophage</a> which hunted marine invertebrates, and bite marks and damage to its fossils indicate it was fed on by other carnivores. The total length is uncertain due to the rear portion of the body being missing in all known specimens, but the largest skulls are approximately 10 cm (3.9 in) in length. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Discovery_and_naming">1 Discovery and naming</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Description">2 Description</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Skull">2.1 Skull</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Teeth">2.2 Teeth</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Postcranial_skeleton">2.3 Postcranial skeleton</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Dermal_denticles">2.4 Dermal denticles</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Classification">3 Classification</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Paleoecology_and_paleobiology">4 Paleoecology and paleobiology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Habitat_and_ecological_niche">4.1 Habitat and ecological niche</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Evidence_of_predation">4.1.1 Evidence of predation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Diet_and_proposed_feeding_methods">4.1.2 Diet and proposed feeding methods</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Use_in_reconstructing_Helicoprion">4.2 Use in reconstructing Helicoprion</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#See_also">5 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#References">6 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#External_links">7 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Discovery_and_naming">Discovery and naming</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ornithoprion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery and naming" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illinois_Basin_Pennsylvanian_stratigraphy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Illinois_Basin_Pennsylvanian_stratigraphy.jpg/220px-Illinois_Basin_Pennsylvanian_stratigraphy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1118" data-file-height="732"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Illinois_Basin_Pennsylvanian_stratigraphy.jpg/220px-Illinois_Basin_Pennsylvanian_stratigraphy.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Illinois_Basin_Pennsylvanian_stratigraphy.jpg/330px-Illinois_Basin_Pennsylvanian_stratigraphy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Illinois_Basin_Pennsylvanian_stratigraphy.jpg/440px-Illinois_Basin_Pennsylvanian_stratigraphy.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Stratigraphy of the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Basin" title="Illinois Basin">Illinois Basin</a>, where O. hertwigi's fossils have been found</figcaption></figure> The genus and species were named and described in 1966, by geologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainer_Zangerl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rainer Zangerl (page does not exist)">Rainer Zangerl</a>, in a paper published by the <a href="/wiki/Field_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Field Museum of Natural History">Field Museum of Natural History</a> (then the Chicago Museum of Natural History).<a href="#cite_note-:8-1">[1]</a> This description was based on material collected primarily from the Mecca Quarry of <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, in rocks which are part of the <a href="/wiki/Carbondale_Group" title="Carbondale Group">Linton Formation</a>. A single specimen was also collected from the Logan Quarry in an exposure of the <a href="/wiki/Raccoon_Creek_Group" title="Raccoon Creek Group">Staunton Formation</a>, also in Indiana, and another from a coal mine near <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Illinois" title="Wilmington, Illinois">Wilmington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>. All specimens are preserved in <a href="/wiki/Kerogen" title="Kerogen">organic</a> black shales, with the Illinois specimen being described as <a href="/wiki/Pyritization" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyritization">pyritic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> The Mecca and Logan Quarry material has been dated to the Moscovian or <a href="/wiki/Moscovian_(Carboniferous)" title="Moscovian (Carboniferous)">Desmoinesian</a> stage of the Pennsylvanian,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-1">[1]</a> which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> <a href="/wiki/Period_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (geology)">period</a> and which lasted from 315.2 to 307 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The precise age and locality of the Illinois specimen is unknown due to it being held in a <a href="/wiki/Private_collection" title="Private collection">private collection</a>. Nine specimens were initially described, with CNHM PF-2710 (now FMNH PF-2710) from the Mecca Quarry being designated as the <a href="/wiki/Holotype" title="Holotype">holotype</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Multiple additional specimens have subsequently been assigned to Ornithoprion, including occurrences from the <a href="/wiki/Excello_Shale" title="Excello Shale">Excello Shale</a> of Indiana.<a href="#cite_note-:7-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:23-8">[8]</a> Like many other chondrichthyans from the Mecca and Logan quarries,<a href="#cite_note-:10-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> the studies of the holotype and <a href="/wiki/Paratype" title="Paratype">paratypes</a> of Ornithoprion were primarily performed by radiographic imaging.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-11">[11]</a> The specimens were not extracted from the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Matrix_(geology)" title="Matrix (geology)">matrix</a>, but were instead <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">stereoscopically</a> scanned via <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a>, with the calcified elements of their skeletons appearing clearly against the shale. The captured images were subsequently printed and illustrated. The Staunton Formation specimen, FMNH PF-2656, was also cut into multiple cross-sections, with these being studied to reveal the internal anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Dermal_denticles" class="mw-redirect" title="Dermal denticles">dermal denticles</a> and teeth. At the time of its discovery, Ornithoprion represented one of the best preserved eugeneodonts, and one of the few known from <a href="/wiki/Postcrania" class="mw-redirect" title="Postcrania">postcranial</a> fossils.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> The genus name may be literally translated as 'bird saw',<a href="#cite_note-:22-11">[11]</a> and derives from the ancient Greek roots órnith- (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ornitho-" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ornitho-">ὄρνιθ-</a>) meaning 'bird' and priōn (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prion" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:prion">πρίων</a>), meaning 'saw'.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The suffix -prion is a common component in the names of eugeneodont fishes and is in reference to the saw-like form of their symphyseal (midline) tooth whorls,<a href="#cite_note-:22-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:18-14">[14]</a>: 70–93 while ornithos in this case refers to the animal's uniquely bird-like skull.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ornithoprion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ornithoprion_hertwigi.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ornithoprion_hertwigi.png/250px-Ornithoprion_hertwigi.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="107" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="1800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 107px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ornithoprion_hertwigi.png/250px-Ornithoprion_hertwigi.png" data-width="250" data-height="107" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ornithoprion_hertwigi.png/500px-Ornithoprion_hertwigi.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Life restoration of Ornithoprion hertwigi depicted with five <a href="/wiki/Gill_slit" title="Gill slit">gill slits</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fusiform" title="Fusiform">fusiform</a> body, and a lack of <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_fin" title="Pelvic fin">pelvic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anal_fins" class="mw-redirect" title="Anal fins">anal fins</a></figcaption></figure> O. hertwigi is known from multiple articulated but incomplete specimens, with none preserving skeletal material beyond the pectoral girdle. Most of these specimens are preserved in lateral view, and all, including the holotype, are heavily compressed.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-1">[1]</a> As in other eugeneodonts,<a href="#cite_note-:3-15">[15]</a> the preserved portion of the skeleton was composed primarily of cartilage reinforced by mineralized prismatic tesserae;<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> hexagonal structures which strengthen the cartilage and are also present in the skeletons of modern <a href="/wiki/Elasmobranchii" title="Elasmobranchii">Elasmobranchs</a> (sharks and rays).<a href="#cite_note-:4-16">[16]</a> While the <a href="/wiki/Postcrania" class="mw-redirect" title="Postcrania">postcranial</a> anatomy is incompletely known, it was likely similar to other caseodontids such as <a href="/wiki/Fadenia" title="Fadenia">Fadenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romerodus" title="Romerodus">Romerodus</a>, with a streamlined body, a homocercal (<a href="/wiki/Crescent" title="Crescent">crescent</a>-shaped) <a href="/wiki/Caudal_fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Caudal fin">caudal fin</a>, and reduced or absent <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_fin" title="Pelvic fin">pelvic fins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-17">[17]</a> The presence or absence of pelvic <a href="/wiki/Clasper" title="Clasper">claspers</a> in eugeneodonts is unknown, and it is debated if they possessed them in life.<a href="#cite_note-:18-14">[14]</a>: 167–169 The dorsal and pectoral fins of Ornithoprion are also unknown, but there is no indication they possessed fin spines like those seen in many other Carboniferous chondrichthyans.<a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-18">[18]</a> At least five <a href="/wiki/Branchial_arch" title="Branchial arch">branchial arches</a> are present,<a href="#cite_note-:1-17">[17]</a> although as with other eugeneodonts it remains unclear if these supported individual gill slits or an <a href="/wiki/Operculum_(fish)" title="Operculum (fish)">operculum</a> (plate-like cover).<a href="#cite_note-:18-14">[14]</a>: 143–144, 167 The total body length is uncertain due to the incomplete nature of the fossils, although the largest skull measures approximately 10 cm (3.9 in).<a href="#cite_note-:13-18">[18]</a> American illustrator <a href="/wiki/Ray_Troll" title="Ray Troll">Ray Troll</a> has proposed a total length of 60 cm (2 ft), although his reconstruction gives the species an elongated, <a href="/wiki/Anguilliformity" title="Anguilliformity">eel-like</a> body,<a href="#cite_note-:19-19">[19]</a> which is not phylogenetically supported.<a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:18-14">[14]</a>: 144 An estimate as high as 90 cm (3 ft) has been suggested by author <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ellis_(biologist)" title="Richard Ellis (biologist)">Richard Ellis</a>, based on an assumed skull length of 15 cm (6 in).<a href="#cite_note-:22-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skull">Skull</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ornithoprion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Skull" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ornithoprion_skull.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ornithoprion_skull.png/220px-Ornithoprion_skull.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ornithoprion_skull.png/220px-Ornithoprion_skull.png" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ornithoprion_skull.png/330px-Ornithoprion_skull.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ornithoprion_skull.png/440px-Ornithoprion_skull.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Restored skull of Ornithoprion hertwigi scaled to the largest figured specimen. Thin lines along the rostra represent rods of armor</figcaption></figure> The most diagnostic trait of Ornithoprion is the exaggerated rostrum extending from the <a href="/wiki/Lower_jaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower jaw">lower jaw</a>, which is nearly the length of the rest of the skull. The rostrum, as well as a corresponding section of the skull, was armored and reinforced by rods of <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:13-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-20">[20]</a> which appear to have been dermal structures formed separately from the underlying cartilage or tesserae.<a href="#cite_note-:23-8">[8]</a> The mandibular rostrum is connected to the <a href="/wiki/Meckel%27s_cartilage" title="Meckel's cartilage">Meckel's cartilage</a> (lower jaw) by an unfused joint, with a single whorl of teeth positioned along the midline of the rostrum, near the point of contact with the lower jaw. Below the whorl, a <a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">keel</a> of cartilage protrudes from the bottom of the rostrum. The tip of the rostrum is extremely elongated, and according to Zangerl's description was likely to have been cylindrical in cross section and spear-like in life.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> There is no evidence that sensory structures were present within the rostrum.<a href="#cite_note-:11-21">[21]</a> The Meckel's cartilage consists of a pair of thin, flattened cartilage plates which support the rostrum and which attach to the <a href="/wiki/Palatoquadrate" title="Palatoquadrate">palatoquadrates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:23-8">[8]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helicoprion_skull_diagram_(NP).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Helicoprion_skull_diagram_%28NP%29.png/220px-Helicoprion_skull_diagram_%28NP%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="940"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 240px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Helicoprion_skull_diagram_%28NP%29.png/220px-Helicoprion_skull_diagram_%28NP%29.png" data-width="220" data-height="240" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Helicoprion_skull_diagram_%28NP%29.png/330px-Helicoprion_skull_diagram_%28NP%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Helicoprion_skull_diagram_%28NP%29.png/440px-Helicoprion_skull_diagram_%28NP%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Restored skull of the distantly related <a href="/wiki/Helicoprion" title="Helicoprion">Helicoprion davidsii</a>, displaying well-developed <a href="/wiki/Palatoquadrate" title="Palatoquadrate">palatoquadrates</a> and a lack of a mandibular rostrum</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">cranium</a> is long and pointed and possesses large eye sockets, a condition which vaguely resembles the skull of a bird and inspired the name of the genus. An indentation set far forward on the snout is reported by Zangerl to have likely held the nasal capsule, although this region of the skull is poorly preserved.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> The palatoquadrates, which typically form the upper jaw of living cartilaginous fish, are reduced and immobile,<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:26-22">[22]</a> and articulate with the cranium in a greatly limited, modified <a href="/wiki/Jaw_suspension" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaw suspension">autodiastylic</a> (two jointed) manner.<a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-23">[23]</a> This reduced state is unique among cartilaginous fish,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> and differs greatly from that seen in other eugeneodonts such as <a href="/wiki/Helicoprion" title="Helicoprion">Helicoprion</a>, in which the palatoquadrates are large and specialized,<a href="#cite_note-:3-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-:20-25">[25]</a> and potentially <a href="/wiki/Sarcoprion" title="Sarcoprion">Sarcoprion</a>, which may have had them fused to the cranium or lost entirely.<a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:23-8">[8]</a> The palatoquadrate seen in Ornithoprion is most similar to that seen in other caseodonts such as <a href="/wiki/Caseodus" title="Caseodus">Caseodus</a>, which typically share its thin, band-like shape and limited cranial articulation.<a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a> The remains of what Zangerl speculated to be part of the <a href="/wiki/Hyoid_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyoid arch">hyoid arch</a> are also present along the back of the skull.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teeth">Teeth</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ornithoprion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Teeth" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The lower teeth of O. hertwigi consist of both multiple large tooth crowns extending from a connected root, known as a tooth whorl,<a href="#cite_note-:6-23">[23]</a> and tooth batteries (tightly stacked rows of crushing teeth) down the length of the lower jaw. The crushing teeth are plate-like, flattened, rectangular, and possessed deep pits and grooves in their surface.<a href="#cite_note-:23-8">[8]</a> They formed a flattened "tooth pavement" in life; likely used for processing shelled prey and similar to that of many other Paleozoic chondrichthyans.<a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:23-8">[8]</a> The structure of these pavement teeth was directly compared with those of <a href="/wiki/Erikodus" title="Erikodus">Erikodus</a>, a related genus, in Zangerl's 1966 description.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> The lower tooth whorl, a characteristic trait of the eugeneodonts, possessed up to seven broad, rounded, bulbous tooth crowns and was positioned along the midline of the body.<a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a> The tooth crowns on the lower whorl vary in size, with the smallest teeth being situated at the front of the whorl and the largest at the back.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a> It is thought that both another battery of pavement teeth and larger, pointed V-shaped teeth were attached directly to the underside of the cranium.<a href="#cite_note-:23-8">[8]</a> These V-shaped teeth are thought to have formed another symphyseal (midline) tooth whorl similar to that proposed in Sarcoprion,<a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a> although their precise arrangement in life is not known.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Based on <a href="/wiki/Thin_section" title="Thin section">thin sectioning</a>, the teeth of Ornithoprion were composed primarily of <a href="/wiki/Dentin" title="Dentin">trabecular dentin</a> (a spongy form of dentin present in <a href="/wiki/Holocephali" title="Holocephali">holocephalan</a> fishes) with an outer coating of <a href="/wiki/Dentin" title="Dentin">orthodentin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-:23-8">[8]</a> There is no indication of <a href="/wiki/Enameloid" title="Enameloid">enameloid</a> (vitrodentin), but a small layer may have been present in life.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postcranial_skeleton">Postcranial skeleton</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ornithoprion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Postcranial skeleton" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ornithoprion_holotype.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ornithoprion_holotype.png/220px-Ornithoprion_holotype.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 121px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ornithoprion_holotype.png/220px-Ornithoprion_holotype.png" data-width="220" data-height="121" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ornithoprion_holotype.png/330px-Ornithoprion_holotype.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ornithoprion_holotype.png/440px-Ornithoprion_holotype.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Illustrated diagram of the holotype, with damaged or poorly defined anatomy represented by dashed lines. Disarticulated teeth and <a href="/wiki/Dermal_denticle" class="mw-redirect" title="Dermal denticle">denticles</a> have been omitted for anatomical clarity</figcaption></figure> The known postcrania of Ornithoprion encompass the frontmost portion of the skeleton. The left and right <a href="/wiki/Scapulocoracoid" title="Scapulocoracoid">scapulocoradoids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shoulder_girdle" title="Shoulder girdle">pectoral girdle</a>) are not fused to each other, unlike living <a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">chondrichthyans</a>, and had a forward-angled <a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">scapular</a> portion.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-18">[18]</a> Either five or six pairs of <a href="/wiki/Ceratobranchial" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratobranchial">ceratobranchials</a> (gill arches) are present,<a href="#cite_note-:1-17">[17]</a> with what Zangerl tentatively identifies as <a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">sternal cartilage</a> running beneath them.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-26">[26]</a> This unpaired intercoracoidal cartilage has also been identified in living <a href="/wiki/Broadnose_sevengill_shark" title="Broadnose sevengill shark">broadnose sevengill sharks</a>,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> as well as the extinct <a href="/wiki/Iniopterygiformes" title="Iniopterygiformes">iniopterygians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> <a href="/wiki/Chimaera" title="Chimaera">chimaeriform</a> <a href="/wiki/Ischyodus" title="Ischyodus">Ischyodus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:16-26">[26]</a> and potentially the closely related Fadenia.<a href="#cite_note-:1-17">[17]</a> The function of this structure in Ornithoprion is unknown, although it is likely <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologous</a> to similar, paired cartilage structures observed in other extinct chondrichthyans.<a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_centra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral centra">vertebral centra</a> of Ornithoprion are not preserved and were likely uncalcified, although a series of diamond-shaped cartilage structures are present along the expected path of the vertebral column. These cartilage structures may represent heavily modified <a href="/wiki/Neural_arches" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural arches">neural arches</a>, the anatomy of which is unique to O. hertwigi. These specialized neural arches may be an adaptation associated with the morphology or function of the animal's pointed skull and rostrum.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dermal_denticles">Dermal denticles</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ornithoprion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dermal denticles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Unlike living <a href="/wiki/Chimaera" title="Chimaera">chimaeras</a>, in which dermal denticles (also called placoid scales) are only present in isolated regions,<a href="#cite_note-:4-16">[16]</a> the known body of Ornithoprion was completely covered in tiny, rounded,<a href="#cite_note-:5-28">[28]</a> tooth-like denticles similar to those of sharks.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> These denticles possessed a <a href="/wiki/Pulp_(tooth)" title="Pulp (tooth)">pulp cavity</a>, were predominantly made up of orthodentin, and grew from a flattened base, much like those of modern cartilaginous fish. However, the bases of the denticles may have been composed of <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a> rather than a form of <a href="/wiki/Dentin" title="Dentin">dentin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-18">[18]</a> and many denticles form fused, compound structures. These compound denticles, termed "polydontode scales", share a single mushroom-shaped base with multiple crowns and pulp cavities emerging from it, and in O. hertwigi may consist of more than seven crowns.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a> Similar polydontode scales are known to occur in the related Sarcoprion and potentially Helicoprion,<a href="#cite_note-:5-28">[28]</a> although it has not been noted that these contain bone. If Zangerl's interpretation of the dermal structures of O. hertwigi is correct, it would represent a rare example of bone among extinct <a href="/wiki/Euchondrocephali" class="mw-redirect" title="Euchondrocephali">euchondrocephalans</a>, which otherwise have denticles and armor composed of dentin.<a href="#cite_note-:4-16">[16]</a> Extremely small denticles were also present in the mouth and throat, which were exclusively composed of orthodentin.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> In his original 1966 description, Zangerl speculates that the reinforcing "beak" of bony rods present on the snout and rostrum were formed by the compounding of these polydontode scales. He likens this phenomenon to that proposed by Oscar Hertwig as an explanation for the <a href="/wiki/Ostracoderm" title="Ostracoderm">origin of vertebrate dermal armor</a>, and although Zangerl acknowledges that this adaptation <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">evolved independently</a> in Ornithoprion, he honors Hertwig in the name of the type species.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ornithoprion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Classification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fossil_Holocephali_(Cobelodus,_Heteropetalus,_Falcatus,_Harpagofututor,_and_Delphyodontos).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Fossil_Holocephali_%28Cobelodus%2C_Heteropetalus%2C_Falcatus%2C_Harpagofututor%2C_and_Delphyodontos%29.jpg/239px-Fossil_Holocephali_%28Cobelodus%2C_Heteropetalus%2C_Falcatus%2C_Harpagofututor%2C_and_Delphyodontos%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="239" height="129" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="866"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 239px;height: 129px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Fossil_Holocephali_%28Cobelodus%2C_Heteropetalus%2C_Falcatus%2C_Harpagofututor%2C_and_Delphyodontos%29.jpg/239px-Fossil_Holocephali_%28Cobelodus%2C_Heteropetalus%2C_Falcatus%2C_Harpagofututor%2C_and_Delphyodontos%29.jpg" data-width="239" data-height="129" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Fossil_Holocephali_%28Cobelodus%2C_Heteropetalus%2C_Falcatus%2C_Harpagofututor%2C_and_Delphyodontos%29.jpg/359px-Fossil_Holocephali_%28Cobelodus%2C_Heteropetalus%2C_Falcatus%2C_Harpagofututor%2C_and_Delphyodontos%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Fossil_Holocephali_%28Cobelodus%2C_Heteropetalus%2C_Falcatus%2C_Harpagofututor%2C_and_Delphyodontos%29.jpg/478px-Fossil_Holocephali_%28Cobelodus%2C_Heteropetalus%2C_Falcatus%2C_Harpagofututor%2C_and_Delphyodontos%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>While today represented only by a single order (<a href="/wiki/Chimaeriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimaeriformes">Chimaeriformes</a>) the subclass Holocephali was far more diverse during the Paleozoic.<a href="#cite_note-:4-16">[16]</a> Pictured, from top to bottom: <a href="/wiki/Cobelodus" title="Cobelodus">Cobelodus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heteropetalus" title="Heteropetalus">Heteropetalus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falcatus" title="Falcatus">Falcatus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harpagofututor" title="Harpagofututor">Harpagofututor</a>, and a fetal <a href="/wiki/Delphyodontos" title="Delphyodontos">Delphyodontos</a> (not to scale)</figcaption></figure> Though often referred to as sharks in both formal and informal texts, the eugeneodonts are likely only distant relatives of living sharks. When first described, Ornithoprion was placed as a member of the family <a href="/wiki/Edestidae" title="Edestidae">Edestidae</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> (sometimes <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">class</a>) <a href="/wiki/Bradyodonti" title="Bradyodonti">Bradyodonti</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> although at the time Zangerl considered it to potentially be an <a href="/wiki/Elasmobranchii" title="Elasmobranchii">elasmobranch</a> instead.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In the 1971 edition of Paleozoic Fishes, researcher <a href="/w/index.php?title=R._S._Miles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R. S. Miles (page does not exist)">R. S. Miles</a> considered the genus to be of uncertain position within Chondrichthyes, and tentatively placed it within Holocephali. He suggested that its similarities to edestids might be the result of <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a> (independent evolution) due to differences in the anatomy of the gills, the tooth histology, and the palatoquadrates.<a href="#cite_note-:13-18">[18]</a> In 1981, Zangerl considered O. hertwigi as a member of Caseodontidae, as part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Superfamily_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfamily (biology)">superfamily</a> <a href="/wiki/Caseodontoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Caseodontoidea">Caseodontoidea</a> and the newly established order Eugeneodontida, in light of the numerous new <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a> and characteristics that had been observed since Ornithoprion's original description. In this publication, however, he considered all newly christened eugeneodonts to be members of the Elasmobranchii rather than the traditionally assumed Holocephali or Bradyodonti.<a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a> During the 1990s edestid specialist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bendix-Almgreen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bendix-Almgreen (page does not exist)">Svend Erik Bendix-Almgreen</a>, in his personal communications with artist Ray Troll, expressed belief that the features used to unite the Eugeneodontida may be the result of convergent evolution and that the group as defined by Zangerl was likely <a href="/wiki/Polyphyly" title="Polyphyly">polyphyletic</a> (not a natural group).<a href="#cite_note-:18-14">[14]</a>: 108–109 Bendix-Almgreen had expressed a similar attitude in earlier publications throughout the 1960s and 1970s, in these cases supported primarily by the apparent presence or absence of <a href="/wiki/Enameloid" title="Enameloid">enameloid</a> or vitrodentin between different edestid taxa,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a> or differences in the features of their skulls.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Today, while Zangerl's classification of eugeneodonts as elasmobranchs is no longer supported,<a href="#cite_note-:3-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-:20-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-23">[23]</a> his erected suborders and families within the group remain in use.<a href="#cite_note-:1-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:23-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:24-33">[33]</a> Eugeneodontida is regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyletic</a> group on the <a href="/wiki/Stem_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem group">stem</a> of <a href="/wiki/Subclass_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subclass (biology)">subclass</a> Holocephali (sometimes defined as the more broadly-encompassing Euchondrocephali)<a href="#cite_note-:23-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:24-33">[33]</a> and as part of the class Chondrichthyes.<a href="#cite_note-:6-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Discrepancies in tooth histology previously used to argue against their close relation of different eugeneodonts has been alternatively explained by different members' variable rates of tooth replacement or wear.<a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a> The only extant members of the Euchondrocephali are three families of chimaeras, all of which are highly specialized deep-water fish and are not closely comparable to eugeneodonts in anatomy or lifestyle.<a href="#cite_note-:18-14">[14]</a> In the absence of living analogues, the higher level interrelationships between extinct members of the subclass remain enigmatic.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Eugeneodontia has been suggested to be most closely related to (or potentially descended from) the <a href="/wiki/Orodontidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Orodontidae">Orodontiformes</a>, a group of <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a>-Carboniferous euchondrocephs with similar dentition.<a href="#cite_note-:23-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The skull and vertebral morphology of Ornithoprion is very different from that of other known eugeneodonts,<a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-17">[17]</a> and key elements of the postcranial skeleton are missing.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Its classification within the Caseodontidae is based on the bulbous, rounded nature of its tooth crowns and reduction of its palatoquadrates, features which are also found in related genera such as Caseodus.<a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:23-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:24-33">[33]</a> Below is a <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a> as illustrated by Zangerl (1981) based on morphological traits, which places Ornithoprion as a <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> member of a <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> also containing Erikodus and Fadenia.<a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a><div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Eugeneodontida" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugeneodontida">Eugeneodontida</a> (=Eugeneodontiformes) </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Caseodontoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Caseodontoidea">Caseodontoidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Caseodontidae" title="Caseodontidae">Caseodontidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Fadenia" title="Fadenia">Fadenia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Erikodus" title="Erikodus">Erikodus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Ornithoprion </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Caseodus" title="Caseodus">Caseodus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Romerodus" title="Romerodus">Romerodus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Eugeneodontidae" title="Eugeneodontidae">Eugeneodontidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Bobbodus" title="Bobbodus">Bobbodus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Eugeneodus" title="Eugeneodus">Eugeneodus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Gilliodus" title="Gilliodus">Gilliodus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Edestoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Edestoidea">Edestoidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Agassizodontidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Agassizodontidae">Agassizodontidae</a> (=Helicoprionidae) </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Campyloprion" title="Campyloprion">Campyloprion</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Parahelicoprion" title="Parahelicoprion">Parahelicoprion</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Helicoprion" title="Helicoprion">Helicoprion</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Agassizodus" title="Agassizodus">Agassizodus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Toxoprion" title="Toxoprion">Toxoprion</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Sarcoprion" title="Sarcoprion">Sarcoprion</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Edestidae" title="Edestidae">Edestidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntomodus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syntomodus (page does not exist)">Syntomodus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Lestrodus" title="Lestrodus">Lestrodus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Edestus" title="Edestus">Edestus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Helicampodus" title="Helicampodus">Helicampodus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Parahelicampodus" title="Parahelicampodus">Parahelicampodus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Paleoecology_and_paleobiology">Paleoecology and paleobiology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ornithoprion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Paleoecology and paleobiology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitat_and_ecological_niche">Habitat and ecological niche</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ornithoprion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Habitat and ecological niche" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Mecca, Logan, and Excello shales all represent marine depositional environments, and all preserve a diverse assemblage of species.<a href="#cite_note-:9-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:17-39">[39]</a> In a 1963 publication, researchers Rainer Zangerl and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugene_S._Richardson_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugene S. Richardson Jr. (page does not exist)">Eugene Richardson</a> proposed that the Mecca and Logan sites were extremely shallow habitats, likely less than a meter (3.3 ft) of water, with small, isolated deeper areas.<a href="#cite_note-:15-40">[40]</a> The presence of peat and coal indicates that the deposits overlay drowned forests and are a recent transgression of a marine environment over a terrestrial one (known as a <a href="/wiki/Cyclothems" title="Cyclothems">cyclothem</a>). The rich, black, fissile shale which encases the fossils indicates massive amounts of decaying organic material such as algae were present, which led to <a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">anoxic</a> conditions and formed organic mud. Zangerl and Richardson also suggest that there is evidence of water levels lowering significantly during the dry season, often isolating fishes into small saltwater ponds or "fish traps" and creating ideal conditions for preservation.<a href="#cite_note-:10-9">[9]</a> The Logan and Mecca environment likely only existed for a brief period, with overlying invertebrate communities and limestone deposits indicating that deeper water eventually flooded the region and created a more stable habitat.<a href="#cite_note-:15-40">[40]</a> The presence of larger fish and cephalopods at the Logan Quarry site may suggest somewhat deeper waters.<a href="#cite_note-:10-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-40">[40]</a> Some subsequent authors have suggested that these shales were in fact formed in deep-water environments with anoxic mud bottoms, similar to the conditions seen in many other fossiliferous midwestern shales,<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> although other later authors have treated the conditions that formed the Mecca and Logan sites as distinct from those that formed deep-sea shales such as the <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Formation" title="Dennis Formation">Stark Shale</a> and continued to accept a shallow water environment.<a href="#cite_note-:15-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orodus_greggi_FMNH.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Orodus_greggi_FMNH.jpg/250px-Orodus_greggi_FMNH.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Orodus_greggi_FMNH.jpg/250px-Orodus_greggi_FMNH.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Orodus_greggi_FMNH.jpg/330px-Orodus_greggi_FMNH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Orodus_greggi_FMNH.jpg/500px-Orodus_greggi_FMNH.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The holotype of <a href="/wiki/Orodus" title="Orodus">Orodus greggi</a>, discovered at the Logan Quarry,<a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a> on display at the Field Museum of Natural History</figcaption></figure> Ornithoprion fossils often contain a number of other remains in the same shale slabs, although in different bedding planes and not directly associated. These include isolated spines and denticles from <a href="/wiki/Acanthodii" title="Acanthodii">acanthodians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listracanthus" title="Listracanthus">Listracanthus</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrodus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petrodus (page does not exist)">Petrodus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> The Mecca fauna, which includes both the Mecca and Logan Quarry sites, also preserves an assemblage of <a href="/wiki/Conodont" title="Conodont">conodonts</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:15-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Palaeonisciformes" title="Palaeonisciformes">palaeoniscoids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">brachiopods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthocone" title="Orthocone">orthocones</a>, and cartilaginous fishes such as <a href="/wiki/Orodus" title="Orodus">Orodus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Denaea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Denaea (page does not exist)">Denaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobelodus" title="Cobelodus">Cobelodus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symmorium" title="Symmorium">Symmorium</a>, and other holocephalans, including members of Iniopterygii.<a href="#cite_note-:9-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-9">[9]</a> The Logan Quarry was inhabited by, in addition to many chondrichthyans, an unnamed <a href="/wiki/Chondrostei" title="Chondrostei">chondrost</a>-like <a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">actinopterygian</a> with a similarly elongated rostrum, which was entirely unrelated to Ornithoprion.<a href="#cite_note-:11-21">[21]</a> Invertebrates such as brachiopods and <a href="/wiki/Ammonoidea" title="Ammonoidea">ammonoids</a> are known from the Excello Shale, as are a wide variety of cartilaginous fishes including Listracanthus, Caseodus, Edestus, and <a href="/wiki/Stethacanthus" title="Stethacanthus">Stethacanthus</a>, all of which were roughly contemporaneous with Ornithoprion.<a href="#cite_note-:17-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Evidence_of_predation">Evidence of predation</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ornithoprion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Evidence of predation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Numerous specimens of O. hertwigi show damage which Zangerl interprets as feeding traces left by predators or scavengers. Portions of the skeleton are often broken, maimed or missing, and it has been suggested that the unpreserved rear halves of the animals may have been severed by predation attempts.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> In a 2019 publication, author Wayne Itano suggests that the bisected fish remains of the Mecca and Logan shales, such as the known fossils of O. hertwigi, may be the result of a novel feeding method displayed by the contemporaneous and much larger Edestus, which cut prey in half in a manner similar to modern <a href="/wiki/Sawfish" title="Sawfish">sawfish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:25-44">[44]</a> The skulls of several Ornithoprion specimens also display crushed or missing chunks, which are proposed to have resulted from other fishes biting them and fracturing the cartilage.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coprolite" title="Coprolite">Coprolites</a> and fossilized <a href="/wiki/Bolus_(digestion)" title="Bolus (digestion)">pellets</a> containing fish remains are often found in the same formations as Ornithoprion and were likely produced by larger predators.<a href="#cite_note-:10-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diet_and_proposed_feeding_methods">Diet and proposed feeding methods</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ornithoprion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Diet and proposed feeding methods" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saurodon_Sternberg_skull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Saurodon_Sternberg_skull.jpg/250px-Saurodon_Sternberg_skull.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Saurodon_Sternberg_skull.jpg/250px-Saurodon_Sternberg_skull.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Saurodon_Sternberg_skull.jpg/330px-Saurodon_Sternberg_skull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Saurodon_Sternberg_skull.jpg/500px-Saurodon_Sternberg_skull.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The skull of the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> actinopterygian <a href="/wiki/Saurodon" title="Saurodon">Saurodon</a>, which Rainer Zangerl considers the closest morphological analogue for the rostrum of Ornithoprion<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a></figcaption></figure> Similar to many of its close relatives,<a href="#cite_note-:12-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-:21-46">[46]</a> Ornithoprion is believed to have been a <a href="/wiki/Durophagy" title="Durophagy">durophage</a> that fed on <a href="/wiki/Benthic" class="mw-redirect" title="Benthic">benthic</a> invertebrates. The rounded, bulbous crowns of the lower symphyseal whorl, as well as the immobile upper jaw, appear to be adaptations for crushing,<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:26-22">[22]</a> and the remains of <a href="/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">brachiopod</a> shells are known from the stomach of the related Fadenia.<a href="#cite_note-:21-46">[46]</a> The mandibular rostrum is believed to have been utilized in feeding, although the exact mechanism is unclear. Zangerl (1966) proposes that it was used to disturb or probe sediment while hunting for prey living on or within the seabed, and potentially flinging dislodged prey into the water column. He notes that this possible feeding mode is entirely speculative,<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> although a later study agrees with the conclusion that the rostra of caseodonts could have been used to dislodge brachiopods.<a href="#cite_note-:21-46">[46]</a> The anatomy of the rostrum is inconsistent with its use as a sensory structure due to the lack of grooves and pits to house <a href="/wiki/Electroreceptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroreceptors">electroreceptors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:11-21">[21]</a> Some features of the animal's skull, such as the armor and articulation of the upper and lower jaws, are suggested by Zangerl to be shock-absorbing adaptations, although he considers it unlikely that the rostrum was used as a weapon. The mandibular rostrum of Ornithoprion has been compared with those of the unrelated extinct bony fish <a href="/wiki/Saurodon" title="Saurodon">Saurodon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saurocephalus" title="Saurocephalus">Saurocephalus</a>, in which the function is also not confidently known.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_reconstructing_Helicoprion">Use in reconstructing Helicoprion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ornithoprion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Use in reconstructing Helicoprion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Because of its phylogenetic proximity, Ornithoprion has been used as a basis for restoring the anatomy and physiology of other eugeneodonts. Ray Troll, an <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaskan</a> illustrator, has cited the taxon as one of his references while reconstructing the potential close relative and more widely publicized genus Helicoprion.<a href="#cite_note-:18-14">[14]</a>: 144, 151 Both murals and a life-sized model of Helicoprion davidsii, designed by Troll and displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Idaho_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Idaho Museum of Natural History">Idaho Museum of Natural History</a>,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> directly reference features of O. hertwigi such as gill anatomy.<a href="#cite_note-:18-14">[14]</a>: 151 <a href="#cite_note-:3-15">[15]</a> The genus is also cited as one of the taxa which indicated the position of Helicoprion's whorl in the lower jaw prior to descriptions of its own fossils becoming available. Edestid researcher Bendix-Almgreen had, however, criticized the use of caseodonts as the basis for Helicoprion in Troll's art, as he believed they did not represent close phylogenetic or ecological analogues.<a href="#cite_note-:18-14">[14]</a>: 108, 109 </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ornithoprion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alienacanthus" title="Alienacanthus">Alienacanthus</a>, an unrelated <a href="/wiki/Arthrodira" title="Arthrodira">arthrodire</a> with a similarly elongated mandibular rostrum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_cartilaginous_fish_genera" title="List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish genera">List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish genera</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ornithoprion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:8-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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.id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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Retrieved 25 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Idaho+State+University+News&rft.atitle=Idaho+Museum+of+Natural+History%27s+buzzsaw+sharks+featured+story+in+December+National+Geographic+Magazine&rft.date=2019-12-05&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isu.edu%2Fnews%2F2019-fall%2Fidaho-museum-of-natural-historys-buzzsaw-sharks-featured-story-in-december-national-geographic-magazine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrnithoprion" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ornithoprion&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/25235#page/11/mode/1up">Original description published in Fieldiana Geology</a>, provided by the <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library" title="Biodiversity Heritage Library">Biodiversity Heritage Library</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Pleuroceras_ammonite_with_no_background.png/29px-Pleuroceras_ammonite_with_no_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Pleuroceras_ammonite_with_no_background.png/38px-Pleuroceras_ammonite_with_no_background.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Paleontology" title="Portal:Paleontology">paleontology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Antennarius_striatus.jpg/21px-Antennarius_striatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="209"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 13px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Antennarius_striatus.jpg/21px-Antennarius_striatus.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="13" 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