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0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup_rewrite plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/40px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/60px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/80px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may need to be rewritten</b> to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khandakhadyaka&action=edit">You can help</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Talk:Khandakhadyaka" title="Talk:Khandakhadyaka">talk page</a> may contain suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <i><b>Khaṇḍakhādyaka</b></i> (meaning "edible bite; morsel of food") is a <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>-language <a href="/wiki/Astronomical" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical">astronomical</a> treatise written by Indian mathematician and astronomer <a href="/wiki/Brahmagupta" title="Brahmagupta">Brahmagupta</a> in 665 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-enc_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treatise contains eight chapters covering such topics as the longitudes of the planets, diurnal rotation, <a href="/wiki/Lunar_eclipse" title="Lunar eclipse">lunar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">solar eclipses</a>, risings and settings, the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_phase" title="Lunar phase">moon's crescent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(astronomy)" title="Conjunction (astronomy)">conjunctions</a> of the planets. The treatise also includes an appendix which in some versions has only one chapter, and in other has three. </p><p>The treatise was written as a response to <a href="/wiki/Aryabhata" title="Aryabhata">Aryabhata</a>'s <i>Ardharatrikapaksa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-enc_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ama-raja alias Ama-sharman (c. 1200) of <a href="/wiki/Anandapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Anandapura">Anandapura</a> wrote a commentary titled <i>Vasana-bhashya</i> (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i>Vāsanābhāṣya</i>) on <i>Khanda-khadyaka</i> during the <a href="/wiki/Chaulukya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaulukya">Chaulukya</a> period. This work refers to earlier commentaries on Bhaskara's text, including those by <a href="/wiki/Lalla" title="Lalla">Lalla</a> (c. 748 CE), Prthudaka-svamin (c. 864), <a href="/wiki/Utpala_(astronomer)" title="Utpala (astronomer)">Utpala</a>, and Someshvara (c. 1040).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Khandakhadyaka</i> was known to <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">al-Biruni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-enc_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khandakhadyaka&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-enc-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-enc_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enc_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enc_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThomas_F._GlickSteven_LiveseyFaith_Wallis2014" class="citation book cs1">Thomas F. Glick; Steven Livesey; Faith Wallis, eds. (2014). <i>Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 464. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135459390" title="Special:BookSources/978-1135459390"><bdi>978-1135459390</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Medicine%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=464&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1135459390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhandakhadyaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Pingree1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Pingree" title="David Pingree">David Pingree</a>, ed. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/PingreeCESS/Pingree_CESS_A1_1970/"><i>Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit Series A</i></a>. Vol. 1. American Philosophical Society. p. 50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+the+Exact+Sciences+in+Sanskrit+Series+A&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FPingreeCESS%2FPingree_CESS_A1_1970%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhandakhadyaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_astronomy" title="Template:Indian astronomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_astronomy" title="Template talk:Indian astronomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_astronomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian astronomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_astronomy126" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Indian astronomy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apastamba" class="mw-redirect" title="Apastamba">Apastamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryabhata" title="Aryabhata">Aryabhata I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryabhata_II" title="Aryabhata II">Aryabhata II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainu_Bappu" title="Vainu Bappu">Vainu Bappu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81skara_I" title="Bhāskara I">Bhāskara I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81skara_II" title="Bhāskara II">Bhāskara II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baudhayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Baudhayana">Baudhayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmagupta" title="Brahmagupta">Brahmagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandip_Chakrabarti" title="Sandip Chakrabarti">Sandip Chakrabarti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radhagobinda_Chandra" class="mw-redirect" title="Radhagobinda Chandra">Radhagobinda Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amil_Kumar_Das" class="mw-redirect" title="Amil Kumar Das">Amil Kumar Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P_Devadas" class="mw-redirect" title="P Devadas">P. Devadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Siddha" title="Gautama Siddha">Gautama Siddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M_K_Das_Gupta" class="mw-redirect" title="M K Das Gupta">M. K. Das Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyesthadeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyesthadeva">Jyesthadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamalakara" title="Kamalakara">Kamalakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyayana">Katyayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagadha" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagadha">Lagadha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalla" title="Lalla">Lalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhava_of_Sangamagrama" title="Madhava of Sangamagrama">Madhava of Sangamagrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasanta_Chandra_Mahalanobis" title="Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis">Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira_(mathematician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavira (mathematician)">Mahavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manava" title="Manava">Manava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayant_Narlikar" title="Jayant Narlikar">Jayant Narlikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameshvara">Parameshvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyuta_Pisharati" class="mw-redirect" title="Achyuta Pisharati">Achyuta Pisharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkatraman_Radhakrishnan" title="Venkatraman Radhakrishnan">Venkatraman Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Rawal" class="mw-redirect" title="J. J. Rawal">J. J. Rawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megh_Nad_Saha" class="mw-redirect" title="Megh Nad Saha">Megh Nad Saha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Samrat" title="Jagannatha Samrat">Jagannatha Samrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bapudeva_Sastri" title="Bapudeva Sastri">Bapudeva Sastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Singh_II_of_Amber" class="mw-redirect" title="Jai Singh II of Amber">Jai Singh II of Amber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilakantha_Somayaji" title="Nilakantha Somayaji">Nilakantha Somayaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripati" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripati">Sripati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahendra_Suri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahendra Suri">Mahendra Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Swarup" title="Govind Swarup">Govind Swarup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utpala_(astronomer)" title="Utpala (astronomer)">Utpala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varahamihira" class="mw-redirect" title="Varahamihira">Varahamihira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankara_Variyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Shankara Variyar">Shankara Variyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasistha">Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathani_Samanta" title="Pathani Samanta">Pathani Samanta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aryabhatiya" title="Aryabhatiya">Aryabhatiya</a></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmanas</a></b></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Brahmana" title="Aitareya Brahmana">Aitareya Brahmana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmana" title="Shatapatha Brahmana">Shatapatha Brahmana</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/B%E1%B9%9Bhat_Sa%E1%B9%83hit%C4%81" title="Bṛhat Saṃhitā">Bṛhat Saṃhitā</a></i></span></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganitagannadi" title="Ganitagannadi">Ganitagannadi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jyotirmimamsa" title="Jyotirmimamsa">Jyotirmimamsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shulba_Sutras" title="Shulba Sutras">Shulba Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khandakhadyaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi_(astronomy_book)" title="Mahadevi (astronomy book)">Mahādevī</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Makarandasarini" title="Makarandasarini">Makarandasarini</a></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Siddhanta_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddhanta (astronomy)">Siddhantas</a></b></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%81hmasphu%E1%B9%ADasiddh%C4%81nta" title="Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta">Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maha-Siddhanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Maha-Siddhanta">Maha-Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pancha-siddhantika" title="Pancha-siddhantika">Pancha-Siddhantika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paulisa_Siddhanta" title="Paulisa Siddhanta">Paulisa Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paitamaha_Siddhanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Paitamaha Siddhanta">Paitamaha Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81jam%E1%B9%9Bg%C4%81%E1%B9%85ka_(astronomy_book)" title="Rājamṛgāṅka (astronomy book)">Rājamṛgāṅka (astronomy book)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romaka_Siddhanta" title="Romaka Siddhanta">Romaka Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surya_Siddhanta" title="Surya Siddhanta">Surya Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vasishtha_Siddhanta" title="Vasishtha Siddhanta">Vasishtha Siddhanta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tantrasangraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantrasangraha">Tantrasangraha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Astrology_of_the_Kaiyuan_Era" title="Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era">Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81kyakara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vākyakaraṇa">Vākyakaraṇa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vedanga_Jyotisha" title="Vedanga Jyotisha">Vedanga Jyotisha</a></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></b></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yavanajataka" title="Yavanajataka">Yavanajataka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zij" title="Zij">Zij</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armillary_sphere" title="Armillary sphere">Armillary sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">Astrolabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillary_sphere" title="Armillary sphere">Celestial globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_staff" title="Jacob's staff">Cross-staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioptra" title="Dioptra">Dioptra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_ring" title="Equatorial ring">Equatorial ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_sundial" class="mw-redirect" title="Equatorial sundial">Equatorial sundial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe" title="Globe">Globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnomon" title="Gnomon">Gnomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mural_instrument" title="Mural instrument">Mural instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrant_(instrument)" title="Quadrant (instrument)">Quadrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextant_(astronomical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sextant (astronomical)">Sextant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">Sundial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triquetrum_(astronomy)" title="Triquetrum (astronomy)">Triquetrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">Water clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantraraja" title="Yantraraja">Yantraraja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">Axial tilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azimuth" title="Azimuth">Azimuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_direction" title="Cardinal direction">Cardinal direction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_equator" title="Celestial equator">Celestial equator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_sphere" title="Celestial sphere">Celestial sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_spheres" title="Celestial spheres">Celestial spheres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_mass" title="Center of mass">Center of mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_orbit" title="Circular orbit">Circular orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferent_and_epicycle" title="Deferent and epicycle">Deferent and epicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's rotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">Ecliptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliptic_orbit" title="Elliptic orbit">Elliptic orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equant" title="Equant">Equant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model">Geocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tychonic_system" title="Tychonic system">Geoheliocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe" title="Globe">Globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitation">Gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">Heliocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Jyoti%E1%B9%A3a" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotiṣa">Jyotiṣa</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_ahargana" title="Kali ahargana">Kali ahargaṇa</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(aeon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalpa (aeon)">Kalpa</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karana_(pancanga)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karana (pancanga)">Karana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manvantara" title="Manvantara">Manvantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonlight" title="Moonlight">Moonlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakshatra" title="Nakshatra">Nakshatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nityayoga" title="Nityayoga">Nityayoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">Parallax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precession" title="Precession">Precession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_(Indian_season)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritu (Indian season)">Ritu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spherical_Earth" title="Spherical Earth">Spherical Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithi" title="Tithi">Tithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81ra_(astronomy)" title="Vāra (astronomy)">Vāra</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yuga</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrological_sign" title="Astrological sign">Zodiacal sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar" title="Jantar Mantar">Jantar Mantar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar,_Jaipur" title="Jantar Mantar, Jaipur">Jaipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar,_New_Delhi" title="Jantar Mantar, New Delhi">New Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar,_Ujjain" title="Jantar Mantar, Ujjain">Ujjain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar,_Varanasi" title="Jantar Mantar, Varanasi">Varanasi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_school_of_astronomy_and_mathematics" title="Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics">Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Ancient Greek astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy#Hellenistic_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Hellenistic 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