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<span>Historian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Scholar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politician" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politician"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Politician</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politician-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politician subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politician-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Before_1917" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_1917"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Before 1917</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_1917-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukrainian_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukrainian_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ukrainian Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukrainian_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emigration_and_return_to_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emigration_and_return_to_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Emigration and return to Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emigration_and_return_to_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Later life and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mykhailo Hrushevsky</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A" title="ميخايلو هروشيفسكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميخايلو هروشيفسكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixail_Qru%C5%9Fevski" title="Mixail Qruşevski – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mixail Qruşevski" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D1%8D%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Міхаіл Сяргеевіч Грушэўскі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Міхаіл Сяргеевіч Грушэўскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D1%8D%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Міхайла Грушэўскі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Міхайла Грушэўскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Михаил Грушевски – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Михаил Грушевски" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihajlo_Gru%C5%A1evski" title="Mihajlo Gruševski – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mihajlo Gruševski" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhailo_Hruixevski" title="Mikhailo Hruixevski – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mikhailo Hruixevski" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Грушевский Михаил Сергеевич – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Грушевский Михаил Сергеевич" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mychajlo_Hru%C5%A1evskyj" title="Mychajlo Hruševskyj – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mychajlo Hruševskyj" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mychajlo_Hruschewskyj" title="Mychajlo Hruschewskyj – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mychajlo Hruschewskyj" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B5hhailo_Hru%C5%A1evsk%C3%B5i" title="Mõhhailo Hruševskõi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mõhhailo Hruševskõi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mijailo_Hrushevski" title="Mijailo Hrushevski – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mijailo Hrushevski" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C4%A5ajlo_Hru%C5%9Devskij" title="Miĥajlo Hruŝevskij – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Miĥajlo Hruŝevskij" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="میخائیل گروشوسکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میخائیل گروشوسکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykha%C3%AFlo_Hrouchevsky" title="Mykhaïlo Hrouchevsky – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mykhaïlo Hrouchevsky" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%ED%95%98%EC%9D%BC%EB%A1%9C_%ED%9D%90%EB%A3%A8%EC%85%B0%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4%ED%82%A4" title="미하일로 흐루셰우스키 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미하일로 흐루셰우스키" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B8_%D5%80%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B7%D6%87%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%AB" title="Միխայիլո Հրուշևսկի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միխայիլո Հրուշևսկի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihajlo_Gru%C5%A1evski" title="Mihajlo Gruševski – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mihajlo Gruševski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykhailo_Hrushevskyi" title="Mykhailo Hrushevskyi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mykhailo Hrushevskyi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykhajlo_Hr%C3%BAsjevskyj" title="Mykhajlo Hrúsjevskyj – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mykhajlo Hrúsjevskyj" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mychajlo_Serhijovy%C4%8D_Hru%C5%A1evs%27kyj" title="Mychajlo Serhijovyč Hruševs'kyj – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mychajlo Serhijovyč Hruševs'kyj" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99" title="מיכאילו הרושבסקי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיכאילו הרושבסקי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="მიხეილ გრუშევსკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მიხეილ გრუშევსკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihailo_Hru%C5%A1evskis" title="Mihailo Hruševskis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mihailo Hruševskis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michailas_Hru%C5%A1evskis" title="Michailas Hruševskis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Michailas Hruševskis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihajlo_Szerhijovics_Hrusevszkij" title="Mihajlo Szerhijovics Hrusevszkij – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mihajlo Szerhijovics Hrusevszkij" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Михајло Хрушевски – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Михајло Хрушевски" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%89" title="ميخايلو هروشيفسكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ميخايلو هروشيفسكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mychajlo_Hroesjevsky" title="Mychajlo Hroesjevsky – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mychajlo Hroesjevsky" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%83%95%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC" title="ミハイロ・フルシェフスキー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミハイロ・フルシェフスキー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mychaj%C5%82o_Hruszewski" title="Mychajło Hruszewski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mychajło Hruszewski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%B1haylo_Gru%C5%9Fevsk%C4%B1y" title="Mıhaylo Gruşevskıy – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Mıhaylo Gruşevskıy" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AEhailo_Hru%C8%99evsk%C3%AEi" title="Mîhailo Hrușevskîi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mîhailo Hrușevskîi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Грушевский, Михаил Сергеевич – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Грушевский, Михаил Сергеевич" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Михајло Грушевски – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Михајло Грушевски" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihajlo_Gru%C5%A1evski" title="Mihajlo Gruševski – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mihajlo Gruševski" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myh%E2%80%99ailo_Hru%C5%A1evskyi" title="Myh’ailo Hruševskyi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Myh’ailo Hruševskyi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mychajlo_Hrusjevskyj" title="Mychajlo Hrusjevskyj – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mychajlo Hrusjevskyj" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykhailo_Hrushevsky" title="Mykhailo Hrushevsky – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mykhailo Hrushevsky" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihaylo_Hru%C5%9Fevski" title="Mihaylo Hruşevski – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mihaylo Hruşevski" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Грушевський Михайло Сергійович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Грушевський Михайло Сергійович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykhailo_Serhiiovych_Hrushevsky" title="Mykhailo Serhiiovych Hrushevsky – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mykhailo Serhiiovych Hrushevsky" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCqaylo_Hruj%C3%A4vsk%C3%BCy" title="Müqaylo Hrujävsküy – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Müqaylo Hrujävsküy" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%93%88%E4%BC%8A%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81%E8%88%8D%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="米哈伊尔·格鲁舍夫斯基 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="米哈伊尔·格鲁舍夫斯基" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ukrainian historian and politician (1866–1934)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is <i> Serhiiovych</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i> Hrushevsky</i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div 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font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="uk"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">Михайло Грушевський</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hrushevskyi_Mykhailo_XX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Hrushevskyi_Mykhailo_XX.jpg/250px-Hrushevskyi_Mykhailo_XX.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="392" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Hrushevskyi_Mykhailo_XX.jpg/375px-Hrushevskyi_Mykhailo_XX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Hrushevskyi_Mykhailo_XX.jpg/500px-Hrushevskyi_Mykhailo_XX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1003" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">President of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Council_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Council of Ukraine">Central Council of Ukraine</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />28 March [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 15 September] 1917<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 29 April 1918</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Pavlovych_Naumenko" title="Volodymyr Pavlovych Naumenko">Volodymyr Pavlovych Naumenko</a> (acting)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position abolished</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Pavlo_Skoropadskyi" title="Pavlo Skoropadskyi">Pavlo Skoropadskyi</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Hetman_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hetman of Ukraine">Hetman of Ukraine</a>)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Shevchenko_Scientific_Society" title="Shevchenko Scientific Society">Shevchenko Scientific Society</a> Chairman</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1897–1913</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oleksandr_Barvinsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleksandr Barvinsky">Oleksandr Barvinsky</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Stepan Tomashivskyi</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Mykhailo Serhiiovych Hrushevsky</div><br />29 September [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 17 September] 1866<br />Kholm, Congress Poland, Russian Empire (now <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82m" title="Chełm">Chełm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">24 November 1934<span style="display:none">(1934-11-24)</span> (aged 68)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kislovodsk" title="Kislovodsk">Kislovodsk</a>, North Caucasus Krai, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Russia)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data">Ukrainian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Socialist-Revolutionary_Party" title="Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party">Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maria-Ivanna_Hrushevska" title="Maria-Ivanna Hrushevska">Maria-Ivanna Hrushevska</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Kateryna Hrushevska</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko_National_University_of_Kyiv" title="Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv">Saint Volodymyr University</a>, Kyiv</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Academic, historian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Academic title</th><td class="infobox-data">Magister of History</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissertation</th><td class="infobox-data">"Bar starosta. <br />Historical outline."</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Masterpiece" title="Masterpiece">Magnum opus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine-Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ukraine-Rus'">History of Ukraine-Rus'</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Mykhailo_Hrushevskyi.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mykhailo Hrushevsky's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Signature_of_Mykhailo_Hrushevskyi.svg/128px-Signature_of_Mykhailo_Hrushevskyi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Signature_of_Mykhailo_Hrushevskyi.svg/192px-Signature_of_Mykhailo_Hrushevskyi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Signature_of_Mykhailo_Hrushevskyi.svg/256px-Signature_of_Mykhailo_Hrushevskyi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1493" data-file-height="384" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mykhailo Serhiiovych Hrushevsky</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Михайло Сергійович Грушевський</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">Mykhailo Serhiiovych Hrushevskyi</i></span>; 29 September [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 17 September] 1866 – 24 November 1934) was a Ukrainian academician, politician, historian and statesman who was one of the most important figures of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_national_revival" title="Ukrainian national revival">Ukrainian national revival</a> of the early 20th century. Hrushevsky is often considered the country's greatest modern historian, the foremost organiser of scholarship, the leader of the pre-revolution Ukrainian national movement, the head of the <a href="/wiki/Tsentral%27na_Rada" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsentral'na Rada">Central Rada</a> (Ukraine's 1917–1918 revolutionary parliament), and a leading cultural figure in the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a> during the 1920s. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mykhailo_Hrushevsky&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kryvorivnya_Grushevskyy_muzey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Kryvorivnya_Grushevskyy_muzey.jpg/265px-Kryvorivnya_Grushevskyy_muzey.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Kryvorivnya_Grushevskyy_muzey.jpg/398px-Kryvorivnya_Grushevskyy_muzey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Kryvorivnya_Grushevskyy_muzey.jpg/530px-Kryvorivnya_Grushevskyy_muzey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Hrushevskyi museum in <a href="/wiki/Kryvorivnia" title="Kryvorivnia">Kryvorivnia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hrushevsky was born on 29 September 1866 to a Ukrainian noble family in Kholm (<a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82m" title="Chełm">Chełm</a>), in <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a>, an autonomous polity in the Russian Empire. Hrushevsky grew up in <a href="/wiki/Tiflis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiflis">Tiflis</a>, where he attended a local school. His spiritual native land became <a href="/wiki/Podillia" class="mw-redirect" title="Podillia">Podillia</a>, in the area of the village of Sestrynivka, <a href="/wiki/Podolia_Governorate" title="Podolia Governorate">Podillia Governorate</a>. There, his mother, Glafira Zakharivna Okopova, was born into a family of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> priests. Glafira married Serhii Fedorovych Hrushevsky, who had come to Kholm to teach Russian language at a Greco-Catholic gymnasium in 1865. Serhii Fedorovych's father, Fedir Hrushevsky was a highly-decorated official (his awards included the two <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Anna" title="Order of Saint Anna">Orders of Saint Anna</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Bronze_Cross&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Bronze Cross (page does not exist)">Bronze Cross</a>, and a title of <a href="/wiki/Russian_nobility" title="Russian nobility">nobility</a>). Upon enrolling into <a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko_National_University_of_Kyiv" title="Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv">Saint Volodymyr University</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, Mykhailo has received blessings from his grandfather who has graduated from the History Department of this University. Mykhailo spoke warmly of his parents and described them as real patriots of Ukraine, who managed to instill a sense of national pride in their children. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1060_K%C3%B6stlergasse_10_-_Mychajlo_Hruschewskyj-Gedenktafel_IMG_8710.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1060_K%C3%B6stlergasse_10_-_Mychajlo_Hruschewskyj-Gedenktafel_IMG_8710.jpg/220px-1060_K%C3%B6stlergasse_10_-_Mychajlo_Hruschewskyj-Gedenktafel_IMG_8710.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1060_K%C3%B6stlergasse_10_-_Mychajlo_Hruschewskyj-Gedenktafel_IMG_8710.jpg/330px-1060_K%C3%B6stlergasse_10_-_Mychajlo_Hruschewskyj-Gedenktafel_IMG_8710.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1060_K%C3%B6stlergasse_10_-_Mychajlo_Hruschewskyj-Gedenktafel_IMG_8710.jpg/440px-1060_K%C3%B6stlergasse_10_-_Mychajlo_Hruschewskyj-Gedenktafel_IMG_8710.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Plaque in Vienna marking the home in which he lived during his exile.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historian">Historian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mykhailo_Hrushevsky&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In the 2021 Grand Prix for Excellence in Translation, it was said that: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Hrushevsky’s History of Ukraine-Rus’ represented a seismic break from the Russocentric paradigm that had previously driven historiography. Russian imperial domination of political history had sought to entrench a narrative advocating a direct continuity between Rus' and the Suzdalia-Muscovy-Russian Empire — an interpretation of medieval history that, for decades, Western scholarship had fully embraced.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Hrushevsky wrote his first academic book, <i>Bar Starostvo: Historical Notes: XV-XVIII</i>, on the history of <a href="/wiki/Bar,_Ukraine" title="Bar, Ukraine">Bar, Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a historian, he authored the first detailed scholarly synthesis of Ukrainian history, his ten-volume <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine-Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ukraine-Rus">History of Ukraine-Rus</a></i>, which was published in the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian language</a> and covered the period from <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a> to the 1660s. In the work, he balanced a commitment to the ordinary <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian people">Ukrainian people</a> with an appreciation for native Ukrainian political entities, autonomous polities, which steadily increased in the final volumes of his master work. In general, his approach combined <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">enlightenment</a> principles with a <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romantic</a> commitment to the cause of the nation and positivist methodology to produce a highly-authoritative history of his native land and people. Hrushevsky also wrote a multi-volume <i>History of Ukrainian Literature</i>, an <i>Outline History of the Ukrainian People</i> and a very popular <i>Illustrated History of Ukraine</i>, which appeared in both Ukrainian and <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> editions. In addition, he wrote numerous specialised studies in which he displayed a very acute critical acumen. His personal bibliography has over 2000 separate titles. </p><p>In Hrushevsky's varied historical writings, certain basic ideas come to the fore. Firstly, he saw continuity in Ukrainian history from ancient times to his own. Thus, he claimed the ancient Ukrainian steppe cultures from <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> as part of Ukrainian heritage. He viewed the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Galicia–Volhynia">Principality of Galicia–Volhynia</a> as the sole legitimate heir of Kievan Rus, which opposed the official scheme of Russian history, which claimed Kievan Rus' for the <a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdal Principality</a> and Imperial Russia. Secondly, to give real depth to the continuity, Hrushevsky stressed the role of the common people, the "popular masses" as he called them, throughout the eras. Thus, popular revolts against the various foreign states that ruled Ukraine were also a major theme. Thirdly, Hrushevsky always emphasised native Ukrainian factors rather than international ones as the causes of various phenomena. Thus, he was an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Normanism" title="Anti-Normanism">anti-Normanist</a>, who stressed the Slavic origins of Rus, internal discord as the primary reason for the fall of Kievan Rus' and the native Ukrainian ethnic makeup and origins of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Cossacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Cossacks">Ukrainian Cossacks</a>. (He considered runaway serfs especially important in the last regard.) Also, he stressed the national aspect to the Ukrainian Renaissance of the 16th and 17th centuries and considered that the great revolt of <a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky" title="Bohdan Khmelnytsky">Bohdan Khmelnytsky</a> and the Cossacks against the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> to be largely a national and social phenomenon, rather than simply a religious phenomenon. Thus, continuity nativism, and populism characterised his general histories. </p><p>On the role of statehood in Hrushevsky's historical thought, contemporary scholars still do not agree. Some believe that Hrushevsky retained a <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a> mistrust of the state throughout his career and that it was reflected by his deep <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> convictions, but others believe that Hrushevsky gradually became more and more for Ukrainian statehood in his various writings and that to be is reflected in his political work on the construction of a Ukrainian national state, during the revolution in 1917 and 1918. </p><p>Hrushevsky’s <i>History of Ukraine-Rus’</i> represented a seismic break from the Russocentric paradigm that had previously driven historiography </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholar">Scholar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mykhailo_Hrushevsky&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scholar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%E2%80%99%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%B7_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8_100-%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D1%87%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82_%C2%AB%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%97%D0%B4%D0%B8%C2%BB.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%E2%80%99%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%B7_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8_100-%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D1%87%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82_%C2%AB%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%97%D0%B4%D0%B8%C2%BB.jpeg/220px-%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%E2%80%99%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%B7_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8_100-%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D1%87%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82_%C2%AB%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%97%D0%B4%D0%B8%C2%BB.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%E2%80%99%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%B7_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8_100-%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D1%87%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82_%C2%AB%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%97%D0%B4%D0%B8%C2%BB.jpeg/440px-%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%E2%80%99%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%B7_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8_100-%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D1%87%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82_%C2%AB%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%97%D0%B4%D0%B8%C2%BB.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2488" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>The board and members of the <a href="/wiki/Shevchenko_Scientific_Society" title="Shevchenko Scientific Society">Shevchenko Scientific Society</a> celebrating the 100th anniversary of the publication of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kotliarevsky" title="Ivan Kotliarevsky">Ivan Kotliarevsky's</a> <a href="/wiki/Eneida" title="Eneida">Eneida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a>, 31 October 1898: Sitting in the first row: Mykhaylo Pavlyk, <a href="/wiki/Yevheniya_Yaroshynska" title="Yevheniya Yaroshynska">Yevheniya Yaroshynska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nataliya_Kobrynska" title="Nataliya Kobrynska">Natalia Kobrynska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olha_Kobylianska" title="Olha Kobylianska">Olha Kobylianska</a>, Sylvester Lepky, Andriy Chaykovsky, Kost Pankivsky. In the second row: Ivan Kopach, <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Hnatiuk" title="Volodymyr Hnatiuk">Volodymyr Hnatiuk</a>, Osyp Makovej, Mykhailo Hrushevsky, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Franko" title="Ivan Franko">Ivan Franko</a>, Oleksandr Kolessa, <a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Lepky" title="Bohdan Lepky">Bohdan Lepky</a>. Standing in the third row: Ivan Petrushevych, <a href="/wiki/Filaret_Kolessa" title="Filaret Kolessa">Filaret Kolessa</a>, Yossyp Kyshakevych, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Trush" title="Ivan Trush">Ivan Trush</a>, Denys Lukianovych, <a href="/wiki/Mykola_Ivasyuk" title="Mykola Ivasyuk">Mykola Ivasyuk</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>As an organiser of scholarship, Hrushevsky oversaw the transformation of the Shevchenko Literary Society, based in the province of Halychyna (<a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Central_Europe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia (Central Europe)">Galicia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, into a new <a href="/wiki/Shevchenko_Scientific_Society" title="Shevchenko Scientific Society">Shevchenko Scientific Society</a>, which published hundreds of volumes of scholarly literature before the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> and quickly grew to serve as an unofficial academy of sciences for Ukrainian on both sides of the border with Russia. After the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905" title="Russian Revolution of 1905">Russian Revolution of 1905</a>, Hrushevsky organised the Ukrainian Scientific Society in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> in 1907 that served as a prototype to the future Academy of Sciences. After the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">1917-1921 revolution</a>, he founded the Ukrainian Sociological Institute in exile in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>. After his return to Ukraine in the 1920s, he became a major figure of the new <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Ukraine" title="National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine">All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences</a> in Kyiv in 1923. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politician">Politician</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mykhailo_Hrushevsky&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Politician"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_1917">Before 1917</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mykhailo_Hrushevsky&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Before 1917"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a political leader, Hrushevsky first became active in Austrian Halychyna, where he spoke out against Polish political predominance and Ruthenian particularism and supported a national Ukrainian identity that would unite both eastern and western parts of the country. In 1899, he was a cofounder of the Galician-based National Democratic Party, which looked forward to eventual Ukrainian independence. After 1905, Hrushevsky advised the Ukrainian Club in the Russian State Duma, or Parliament. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukrainian_Revolution">Ukrainian Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mykhailo_Hrushevsky&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ukrainian Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grushevskiy_parad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Grushevskiy_parad.jpg/220px-Grushevskiy_parad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Grushevskiy_parad.jpg/330px-Grushevskiy_parad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Grushevskiy_parad.jpg/440px-Grushevskiy_parad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>Hrushevsky as leader of the Central Rada at a military parade in Kyiv in 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1917, Hrushevsky was elected head of the revolutionary parliament, the Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Central_Rada" title="Central Rada">Central Rada</a>, in Kyiv and gradually guided it from Ukrainian national autonomy within a democratic Russia through to complete independence. He chaired the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Peoples_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the Peoples of Russia">Congress of the Peoples of Russia</a>. Hrushevsky was then clearly revealed to be a radical democrat and a socialist. On February 17, 1918, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> published an article by Hrushevsky that outlined Ukraine's struggle for self-government.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the German-supported <a href="/wiki/1918_Ukrainian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1918 Ukrainian coup d'état">coup</a> of General <a href="/wiki/Pavlo_Skoropadskyi" title="Pavlo Skoropadskyi">Pavlo Skoropadskyi</a>, he went into hiding. Hrushevsky felt that Skoropadsky had perverted the cause of Ukrainian statehood by associating it with <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">social conservatism</a>. Hrushevsky returned to public politics after the overthrow of Skoropadsky by the <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Ukraine" title="Directorate of Ukraine">Directory</a>. He did not, however, approve of the Directory and soon found himself in conflict with it. In 1919, he emigrated to Vienna, Austria, having acquired a mandate from the Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries to co-ordinate the activities of its representatives abroad. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emigration_and_return_to_Ukraine">Emigration and return to Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mykhailo_Hrushevsky&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Emigration and return to Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While an émigré, Hrushevsky began to become pro-Bolshevik. Along with other members of the Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries, he formed the Foreign Delegation of the Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries, which advocated reconciliation with the Bolshevik government. Though the group was critical of the Bolsheviks, especially because of their centralism and repressive activities in Ukraine, it felt that the criticisms had to be put aside because the Bolsheviks were the leaders of the international revolution. Hrushevsky and his group petitioned the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a> government to legalise the Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries and to allow the members of the Foreign Delegation to return. The <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a> government was unwilling to do so. By 1921, the Foreign Delegation of the Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries had ended its activity, but all of its members returned to Ukraine, including Hrushevsky, who did so in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life_and_death">Later life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mykhailo_Hrushevsky&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Back in Ukraine, Hrushevsky concentrated on academic work. Above all, he continued writing his monumental <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine-Rus%CA%B9" title="History of Ukraine-Rusʹ">History of Ukraine-Rusʹ</a></i>. Although political conditions prevented his return to public politics, he was caught up in the Stalinist purge of the Ukrainian intelligentsia. In 1931, after a long campaign against Hrushevsky in the Soviet press, he was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, where his health deteriorated due to difficult conditions and persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1934, while vacationing at the Academy of Sciences resort in <a href="/wiki/Kislovodsk" title="Kislovodsk">Kislovodsk</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he died soon after a routine minor surgery at the age of 68. He was buried at the <a href="/wiki/Baikove_Cemetery" title="Baikove Cemetery">Baikove Cemetery</a> in Kyiv.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of his death, he was being shadowed by the Soviet <a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">GPU</a> secret police after reports (probably fabricated by the GPU in Ukraine) were sent to Moscow that had been considering defection to the West, and afterwards the government resolution and approval of his official obituary were published remarkably promptly, as if already prepared: the suspicious circumstances effectively made him a martyr for the Ukrainian cause.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mykhailo_Hrushevsky&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:50-uah-2019-1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/50-uah-2019-1.png/265px-50-uah-2019-1.png" decoding="async" width="265" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/50-uah-2019-1.png/398px-50-uah-2019-1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/50-uah-2019-1.png/530px-50-uah-2019-1.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Hrushevskyi portrait on <a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Ukrainian_hryvnia" title="Banknotes of the Ukrainian hryvnia">₴ 50 bill</a>, 2019<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Hrushevsky is presently regarded as Ukraine's greatest 20th-century scholar and one of the most prominent Ukrainian statesmen in Ukraine's history, and he is still famous in Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hrushevsky has been more <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lionized" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:lionized">lionized</a> than <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Vynnychenko" title="Volodymyr Vynnychenko">Volodymyr Vynnychenko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symon_Petliura" title="Symon Petliura">Symon Petliura</a> were, despite both playing more important roles during the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a>, but Vynnychenko was too <a href="/wiki/Left_wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left wing">left wing</a> and Petliura too associated with violence to make a good symbolic figure.<sup id="cite_ref-Ukraine:_Birth_of_a_Modern_Nation_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ukraine:_Birth_of_a_Modern_Nation-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HrushevskyMonument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/HrushevskyMonument.jpg/265px-HrushevskyMonument.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/HrushevskyMonument.jpg/398px-HrushevskyMonument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/HrushevskyMonument.jpg/530px-HrushevskyMonument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Mykhailo Hrushevsky monument in Kyiv</figcaption></figure> <p>Hrushevsky's portrait appears on the 50 hryvnia note. A museum in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> and another in <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a> are devoted to his memory, and monuments to him have been erected in both cities. A street in Kyiv bears his name and houses the <a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Verkhovna Rada</a> (parliament) and many governmental offices. The Ukrainian Academy of Sciences recently initiated the publication of his <i>Collected Works</i>, in 50 volumes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mykhailo_Hrushevsky&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mykhailo Hrushevsky had two siblings: a brother, Oleksandr, and a sister, Hanna. </p> <ul><li>Oleksandr Hrushevsky (1877–1943) was married to Olha Hrushevska (Parfenenko) (1876–1961).</li> <li>Hanna Shamraieva had two children, Serhii and Olha.</li></ul> <p>His wife, <a href="/wiki/Maria-Ivanna_Hrushevska" title="Maria-Ivanna Hrushevska">Maria-Ivanna Hrushevska</a> (November 8, 1868 – September 19, 1948), was from 1917 was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Rada" title="Central Rada">Central Rada</a> and a treasurer for the Ukrainian National Theatre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mykhailo_Hrushevsky&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hrushevsky, M., Bar Starostvo: Historical Notes: XV-XVIII, St. Volodymyr University Publishing House, Velyka-Vasyl'kivska, Building no. 29-31, Kyiv, Ukraine, 1894; Lviv, Ukraine, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-12-004335-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-12-004335-9">978-5-12-004335-9</a>, pp. 1 – 623, 1996.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mykhailo_Hrushevsky&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also <b>Hrushevskyi</b> in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:UKR" class="mw-disambig" title="Wikipedia:UKR">standard romanization</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mykhailo_Hrushevsky&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uinp.gov.ua/istorychnyy-kalendar/berezen/28/1917-zasidannya-ukrayinskoyi-centralnoyi-rady-yake-ocholyv-myhaylo-grushevskyymyhaylo-grushevskyy">"1917 - засідання Української Центральної Ради, яке очолив Михайло Грушевський"</a> [1917 – a meeting of the Ukrainian Central Rada, chaired by Mykhailo Hrushevskyi] (in Ukrainian). <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Institute_of_National_Memory" title="Ukrainian Institute of National Memory">Ukrainian Institute of National Memory</a> (UIMP)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1917+-+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%2C+%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft.pub=Ukrainian+Institute+of+National+Memory+%28UIMP%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuinp.gov.ua%2Fistorychnyy-kalendar%2Fberezen%2F28%2F1917-zasidannya-ukrayinskoyi-centralnoyi-rady-yake-ocholyv-myhaylo-grushevskyymyhaylo-grushevskyy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMykhailo+Hrushevsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPress" class="citation web cs1">Press, Ian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.petersonliteraryfund.com/award-winners-and-grant-recipients/history-of-ukraine-rus-volume-2">"History of Ukraine-Rus' Volume 2"</a>. <i>Peterson Literary Fund</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Peterson+Literary+Fund&rft.atitle=History+of+Ukraine-Rus%27+Volume+2&rft.aulast=Press&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.petersonliteraryfund.com%2Faward-winners-and-grant-recipients%2Fhistory-of-ukraine-rus-volume-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMykhailo+Hrushevsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hrushevsky, M., Bar Starostvo: Historical Notes: XV-XVIII, St. Volodymyr University Publishing House, Velyka-Vasyl'kivska, Building no. 29-31, Kyiv, Ukraine, 1894; Lviv, Ukraine, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-12-004335-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-12-004335-9">978-5-12-004335-9</a>, pp. 1 – 623, 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaelo1918" class="citation news cs1">Michaelo, Hrushevsky (17 February 1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyti.ms/2LveRAI">"Ukraine's Struggle for Self-Government"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ukraine%27s+Struggle+for+Self-Government&rft.date=1918-02-17&rft.aulast=Michaelo&rft.aufirst=Hrushevsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnyti.ms%2F2LveRAI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMykhailo+Hrushevsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Gilley, ‘The “Change of Signposts” in the Ukrainian emigration: Mykhailo Hrushevskyi and the Foreign Delegation of the Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries’, <i>Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas</i>, Vol. 54, 2006, No. 3, pp. 345-74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhloblynWynar" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oleksander_Ohloblyn" title="Oleksander Ohloblyn">Ohloblyn, Oleksander</a>; <a href="/wiki/Liubomyr_Vynar" title="Liubomyr Vynar">Wynar, Lubomyr</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CR%5CHrushevskyMykhailo.htm">"Hrushevsky, Mykhailo"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Ukraine&rft.atitle=Hrushevsky%2C+Mykhailo&rft.aulast=Ohloblyn&rft.aufirst=Oleksander&rft.au=Wynar%2C+Lubomyr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3Flinkpath%3Dpages%255CH%255CR%255CHrushevskyMykhailo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMykhailo+Hrushevsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlokhy2005" class="citation book cs1">Plokhy, Serhii (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/879109029"><i>Unmaking Imperial Russia : Mykhailo Hrushevsky and the writing of Ukrainian history</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. pp. 6, 275, 510 (note 233). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-3937-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-3937-5"><bdi>0-8020-3937-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/879109029">879109029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unmaking+Imperial+Russia+%3A+Mykhailo+Hrushevsky+and+the+writing+of+Ukrainian+history&rft.pages=6%2C+275%2C+510+%28note+233%29&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F879109029&rft.isbn=0-8020-3937-5&rft.aulast=Plokhy&rft.aufirst=Serhii&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F879109029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMykhailo+Hrushevsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bank.gov.ua/control/en/">"National bank of Ukraine. Banknotes. 50 UAH. Portrait details"</a>. March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+bank+of+Ukraine.+Banknotes.+50+UAH.+Portrait+details.&rft.date=2017-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bank.gov.ua%2Fcontrol%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMykhailo+Hrushevsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ratinggroup.com.ua/en/products/politic/data/entry/14005/">Famous Ukrainians of all times</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714151746/http://ratinggroup.com.ua/en/products/politic/data/entry/14005/">Archived</a> 2014-07-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociological_group_%22RATING%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociological group "RATING"">Sociological group "RATING"</a> (2012/05/28)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greatukrainians.com.ua/top_sto/">Top 11-100</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130324180250/http://greatukrainians.com.ua/top_sto/">Archived</a> 2013-03-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Velyki_Ukra%C3%AFntsi" title="Velyki Ukraïntsi">Velyki Ukraïntsi</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ukraine:_Birth_of_a_Modern_Nation-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ukraine:_Birth_of_a_Modern_Nation_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Serhy_Yekelchyk" title="Serhy Yekelchyk">Serhy Yekelchyk</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yZLtAAAAMAAJ&q=Ukraine:+Birth+of+a+Modern+Nation">Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> (2007), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530546-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530546-3">978-0-19-530546-3</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mykhailo_Hrushevsky&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Doroshenko" title="Dmytro Doroshenko">Dmytro Doroshenko</a>, "A Survey of Ukrainian Historiography," <i>Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the US</i>, V-VI, 4 (1957), 262-74: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Ukraine/_Topics/history/_Texts/DORSUH/home.html">online</a>.</li> <li>Thomas M. Prymak, <i>Mykhailo Hrushevsky: The Politics of National Culture</i> (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-5737-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-5737-2">978-0-8020-5737-2</a>.</li> <li>Lubomyr R. Wynar, <i>Mykhailo Hrushevsky: Ukrainian-Russian Confrontation in Historiography</i> (Toronto-New York-Munich: Ukrainian Historical Association, 1988).</li> <li>Thomas M. Prymak, "Mykhailo Hrushevsky in History and Legend," <i>Ukrainian Quarterly</i>,LX, 3-4 (2004), pp. 216–30. A brief summary of this author's views.</li> <li>Serhii Plokhy, <i>Unmaking Imperial Russia: Mykhailo Hrushevsky and the Writing of Ukrainian History</i> (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3937-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3937-8">978-0-8020-3937-8</a>.</li> <li>Pyrig, Ruslan. Mykhailo Grushevsky and the Bolshevik Rule: The Price of Compromises in <i><a href="/wiki/Zerkalo_Nedeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Zerkalo Nedeli">Zerkalo Nedeli</a></i>, September 30, 2006. Available in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070128092334/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/616/54623/">Russian</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061005040711/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/nn/show/616/54623/">Ukraine</a></li> <li>Christopher Gilley, <i>The 'Change of Signposts' in the Ukrainian Emigration. A Contribution to the History of Sovietophilism in the 1920s</i>, Ibidem: Stuttgart, 2009, Chapter 4.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mykhailo_Hrushevsky&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/48px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/64px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ukraine" title="Portal:Ukraine">Ukraine portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciuspress.com/authors/62/mykhailo-hrushevsky">Collection of Hrushevsky's Works at the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies press</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200127115021/http://www.ciuspress.com/authors/62/mykhailo-hrushevsky">Archived</a> 27 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleksander_Ohloblyn" title="Oleksander Ohloblyn">Oleksander Ohloblyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liubomyr_Vynar" title="Liubomyr Vynar">Lubomyr Wynar</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CR%5CHrushevskyMykhailo.htm">Hrushevsky, Mykhailo</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Ukraine" title="Encyclopedia of Ukraine">Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></i>, vol. 2 (1989).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/16834">Works by Mykhailo Hrushevsky</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li>Yershova, O. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z39xpthPFVY">Unknown Ukraine: Mykhailo Hrushevsky</a></i>. Film 86. "Kyivnaukfilm", 1993.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kost_Levytsky" title="Kost Levytsky">Kost Levytsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevhen_Petrushevych" title="Yevhen Petrushevych">Yevhen Petrushevych</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.4em"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Hetmanate</a> (1918)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavlo_Skoropadskyi" title="Pavlo Skoropadskyi">Pavlo Skoropadskyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.4em"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> (1920–1992)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Livytskyi" title="Andriy Livytskyi">Andriy Livytskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Vytvytskyi" title="Stepan Vytvytskyi">Stepan Vytvytskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Livytskyi" title="Mykola Livytskyi">Mykola Livytskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Plaviuk" title="Mykola Plaviuk">Mykola Plaviuk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.4em"><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Ukrainian_Independence,_1941" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Ukrainian Independence, 1941">Ukrainian National Council</a><sup><small>2</small></sup> (1941)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kost_Levytsky" title="Kost Levytsky">Kost Levytsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.4em"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic</a><sup><small>3</small></sup> (1922–1991)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine">First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.4em"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (since 1991)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Kravchuk" title="Leonid Kravchuk">Leonid Kravchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Kuchma" title="Leonid Kuchma">Leonid Kuchma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yushchenko" title="Viktor Yushchenko">Viktor Yushchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yanukovych" title="Viktor Yanukovych">Viktor Yanukovych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleksandr_Turchynov" title="Oleksandr Turchynov">Oleksandr Turchynov</a> (Acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Poroshenko" title="Petro Poroshenko">Petro Poroshenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup>Presidents of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>2</small></sup> Chairman of the Ukrainian National Council.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>3</small></sup>During the Soviet period the republican leader was the 1st secretary of the party, while a head of state de jure was the chairman of the parliament's presidium.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modern_Ukraine_after_the_Russian_Revolution_(1917–1921)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_in_(current)_Ukraine_between_1917_and_1920" title="Template:Politics in (current) Ukraine between 1917 and 1920"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_in_(current)_Ukraine_between_1917_and_1920" title="Template talk:Politics in (current) Ukraine between 1917 and 1920"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_in_(current)_Ukraine_between_1917_and_1920" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics in (current) Ukraine between 1917 and 1920"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_Ukraine_after_the_Russian_Revolution_(1917–1921)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_after_the_Russian_Revolution" title="Ukraine after the Russian Revolution">Modern Ukraine after the Russian Revolution</a> (1917–1921)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universals_(Central_Council_of_Ukraine)" title="Universals (Central Council of Ukraine)">Universals (Central Council of Ukraine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_Zluky" class="mw-redirect" title="Act Zluky">Act Zluky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukrainian national states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Ukrainian State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a> <small>(led by <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Ukraine" title="Directorate of Ukraine">Directorate</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crimean national states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_People%27s_Republic" title="Crimean People's Republic">Crimean People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Regional_Government" title="Crimean Regional Government">Crimean Regional Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soviet states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_Soviets" title="Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets">Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Republic">Ukrainian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurida_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic">Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odessa_Soviet_Republic" title="Odessa Soviet Republic">Odessa Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk%E2%80%93Krivoy_Rog_Soviet_Republic" title="Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic">Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Galician Soviet Socialist Republic">Galician Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholodny_Yar_Republic" title="Kholodny Yar Republic">Kholodny Yar Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuban_People%27s_Republic" title="Kuban People's Republic">Kuban People's Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parliaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Council_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Council of Ukraine">Central Council of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_Council_(Central_Council_of_Ukraine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor Council (Central Council of Ukraine)">Minor Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Ukraine" title="Directorate of Ukraine">Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Constituent_Assembly_election,_1918" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Constituent Assembly election, 1918">Constituent Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Executive_Committee_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Executive Committee of Ukraine">Central Executive Committee of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ukrainian Socialist Parties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party">USDLP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Communist_Party" title="Ukrainian Communist Party">independent left</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Party_of_Socialist-Independists" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Party of Socialist-Independists">Socialists-Sovereigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Democratic_Party_(1904)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Democratic Party (1904)">UPSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Socialist-Revolutionary_Party" title="Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party">UPSR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borotbists" title="Borotbists">Borotbists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Social_Democratic_Party_(1899)" title="Ukrainian Social Democratic Party (1899)">Ukrainian Social Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Radical_Party" title="Ukrainian Radical Party">Ukrainian Radical Party</a></li></ul></li> <li>Soviet of Peasants Deputies <ul><li>Ukrainian Peasant Society</li></ul></li> <li>Soviet of Workers Deputies</li> <li>Soviet of Soldiers Deputies</li> <li>Jewish Socialist Parties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Jewish_Socialist_Workers_Party" title="United Jewish Socialist Workers Party">Fareynikte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund_in_Lithuania,_Poland_and_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia">The Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Poalei_Zion)" title="Jewish Social Democratic Labour Party (Poalei Zion)">Poalei Zion</a></li></ul></li> <li>Polish Socialist Parties <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_Democratic_Center_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polish Democratic Center Party (page does not exist)">Polish Democratic Center Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party" title="Polish Socialist Party">Polish Socialist Party</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russian Socialist Parties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Socialist Revolutionary Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Left Socialist Revolutionary Party">Left</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)">Bolsheviks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Menshevik">Mensheviks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Democratic_Alliance" title="Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance">Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mykhailo Hrushevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Vynnychenko" title="Volodymyr Vynnychenko">Volodymyr Vynnychenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Holubovych" title="Vsevolod Holubovych">Vsevolod Holubovych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symon_Petliura" title="Symon Petliura">Symon Petliura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlo_Skoropadskyi" title="Pavlo Skoropadskyi">Pavlo Skoropadskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noman_%C3%87elebicihan" title="Noman Çelebicihan">Noman Çelebicihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukhym_Medvediev" title="Yukhym Medvediev">Yukhym Medvediev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zatonsky" title="Volodymyr Zatonsky">Volodymyr Zatonsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Pyatakov" title="Georgy Pyatakov">Georgiy Pyatakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gaven" title="Yuri Gaven">Yuri Gaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Kun" title="Béla Kun">Béla Kun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Nikiforova" title="Maria Nikiforova">Maria Nikiforova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>All-Ukrainian National Congress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Enslaved_Peoples_of_Russia" title="Congress of the Enslaved Peoples of Russia">Congress of the Enslaved Peoples of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Ukrainian_Congress_of_Soviets" title="All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets">All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labor_Congress_of_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labor Congress of Ukraine (page does not exist)">Labor Congress of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371322#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371322#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371322#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000010861681X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/169609">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/94527/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjyx7GmHGKvRVjpgpycbbb">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118707361">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82085907">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135249218">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135249218">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35209980">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990210285&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073722596">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1006348">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000042141&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000340783&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/31fhcwdm1v38g8d">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810583775705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/187264">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007279254905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05832168?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/866610">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118707361.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118707361">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/05855890X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w67s8c1z">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span 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