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href="#Calorific_and_frigorific_radiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Calorific and frigorific radiation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calorific_and_frigorific_radiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inventions_and_design_improvements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inventions_and_design_improvements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Inventions and design improvements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inventions_and_design_improvements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_furnaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_furnaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Industrial furnaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_furnaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Light_and_photometry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light_and_photometry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Light and photometry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light_and_photometry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> 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<div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Benjamin Thompson</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="بنيامين طومسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بنيامين طومسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="بنجامین تامسون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بنجامین تامسون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Бенджамин Томпсън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бенджамин Томпсън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Benjamin Thompson" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Benjamin Thompson" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Benjamin Thompson" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Benjamin Thompson" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Benjamin Thompson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Benjamin Thompson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Benjamin Thompson" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="بنجامین تامسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بنجامین تامسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Benjamin Thompson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Benjamin Thompson" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%BC%ED%8D%BC%EB%93%9C_%EB%B0%B1%EC%9E%91_%EB%B2%A4%EC%A0%80%EB%AF%BC_%ED%86%B0%ED%94%84%EC%8A%A8" title="럼퍼드 백작 벤저민 톰프슨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="럼퍼드 백작 벤저민 톰프슨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="बेंजामिन थॉम्पसन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बेंजामिन थॉम्पसन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Benjamin Thompson" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Benjamin Thompson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Benjamin Thompson" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%92%27%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="בנג'מין תומפסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בנג'מין תומפסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Benjamin Thompson" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bend%C5%BEamins_Tompsons" title="Bendžamins Tompsons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bendžamins Tompsons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Benjamin Thompson" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="بنيامين تومسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بنيامين تومسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Benjamin Thompson" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E3%83%97%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="ベンジャミン・トンプソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベンジャミン・トンプソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Benjamin Thompson" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Benjamin Thompson" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Benjamin Thompson" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Benjamin Thompson" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Benjamin Thompson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4,_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Румфорд, Бенджамин Томпсон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Румфорд, Бенджамин Томпсон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Benjamin Thompson" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Benjamin Thompson" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Benjamin Thompson" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="เบนจามิน ทอมป์สัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เบนจามิน ทอมป์สัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Benjamin Thompson" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бенджамін Томпсон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бенджамін Томпсон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Benjamin Thompson" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E6%9C%AC%E6%9D%B0%E6%98%8E%C2%B7%E6%B1%A4%E6%99%AE%E6%A3%AE" title="伦福德伯爵本杰明·汤普森 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伦福德伯爵本杰明·汤普森" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American-born British military officer and scientist</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Benjamin Thompson, see <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Benjamin Thompson (disambiguation)">Benjamin Thompson (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_barons_of_Austria-Hungary" title="List of barons of Austria-Hungary">Gracious Lord</a></div><div class="fn">Count Rumford</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Benjamin_Thompson,_Count_von_Rumford_by_Moritz_Kellerhoven.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sir_Benjamin_Thompson%2C_Count_von_Rumford_by_Moritz_Kellerhoven.jpg/220px-Sir_Benjamin_Thompson%2C_Count_von_Rumford_by_Moritz_Kellerhoven.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sir_Benjamin_Thompson%2C_Count_von_Rumford_by_Moritz_Kellerhoven.jpg/330px-Sir_Benjamin_Thompson%2C_Count_von_Rumford_by_Moritz_Kellerhoven.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sir_Benjamin_Thompson%2C_Count_von_Rumford_by_Moritz_Kellerhoven.jpg/440px-Sir_Benjamin_Thompson%2C_Count_von_Rumford_by_Moritz_Kellerhoven.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2872" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Benjamin Thompson</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1753-03-26</span>)</span>26 March 1753<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Woburn,_Massachusetts" title="Woburn, Massachusetts">Woburn, Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 August 1814<span style="display:none">(1814-08-21)</span> (aged 61)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Kingdom of France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> (1792)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Rumford_Medal" title="Rumford Medal">Rumford Medal</a> (1800)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Benjamin_Thompson,_Count_Rumford_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Sir_Benjamin_Thompson%2C_Count_Rumford_signature.svg/150px-Sir_Benjamin_Thompson%2C_Count_Rumford_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Sir_Benjamin_Thompson%2C_Count_Rumford_signature.svg/225px-Sir_Benjamin_Thompson%2C_Count_Rumford_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Sir_Benjamin_Thompson%2C_Count_Rumford_signature.svg/300px-Sir_Benjamin_Thompson%2C_Count_Rumford_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="136" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Colonel (United Kingdom)">Colonel</a> <b>Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford</b>, <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a> (26 March 1753 – 21 August 1814), was an American-born British military officer, scientist, inventor and nobleman. Born in <a href="/wiki/Woburn,_Massachusetts" title="Woburn, Massachusetts">Woburn, Massachusetts</a>, he supported the <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalist</a> cause during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American War of Independence</a>, commanding the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_American_Dragoons" title="King's American Dragoons">King's American Dragoons</a> during the conflict. After the war ended in 1783, Thompson moved to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, where he was recognised for his administrative talents and received a <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knighthood</a> from <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> in 1784. </p><p>A prolific scientist and inventor, Thompson also created several new <a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">warship</a> designs. He subsequently moved to the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria" title="Electorate of Bavaria">Electorate of Bavaria</a> and entered into the employ of the Bavarian government, heavily reorganising the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Army" title="Bavarian Army">Bavarian Army</a>. Thompson was rewarded for his efforts by being made an <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Count" title="Imperial Count">Imperial Count</a> in 1792 before dying in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> in 1814.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Thompson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Benjamin_Thompson.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Coat_of_Arms_of_Benjamin_Thompson.svg/175px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Benjamin_Thompson.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Coat_of_Arms_of_Benjamin_Thompson.svg/263px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Benjamin_Thompson.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Coat_of_Arms_of_Benjamin_Thompson.svg/350px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Benjamin_Thompson.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>Coat of Arms of Benjamin Thompson</figcaption></figure> <p>Thompson was born in rural <a href="/wiki/Woburn,_Massachusetts" title="Woburn, Massachusetts">Woburn</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province of Massachusetts Bay</a>, on 26 March 1753; his <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Thompson House">birthplace</a> is preserved as a museum. He was educated mainly at the village school, although he sometimes walked almost ten miles to <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a> with the older <a href="/wiki/Loammi_Baldwin" title="Loammi Baldwin">Loammi Baldwin</a> to attend lectures by Professor <a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop_(1714-1779)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Winthrop (1714-1779)">John Winthrop</a> of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a>. At the age of 13 he was apprenticed to John Appleton, a <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchant</a> of nearby <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts" title="Salem, Massachusetts">Salem</a>. Thompson excelled at his trade, and coming in contact with refined and well educated people for the first time, adopted many of their characteristics including an interest in <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>. While recuperating in Woburn in 1769 from an injury, Thompson conducted his first experiments studying the nature of <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a> and began to correspond with Baldwin and others about them. Later that year he worked several months for a Boston shopkeeper and then apprenticed himself briefly, and unsuccessfully, to a doctor in Woburn. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_Thompson_Statue_in_Woburn_Massachusetts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Benjamin_Thompson_Statue_in_Woburn_Massachusetts.jpg/220px-Benjamin_Thompson_Statue_in_Woburn_Massachusetts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Benjamin_Thompson_Statue_in_Woburn_Massachusetts.jpg/330px-Benjamin_Thompson_Statue_in_Woburn_Massachusetts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Benjamin_Thompson_Statue_in_Woburn_Massachusetts.jpg/440px-Benjamin_Thompson_Statue_in_Woburn_Massachusetts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4080" data-file-height="2296" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Benjamin Thompson in Woburn Massachusetts</figcaption></figure> <p>Thompson's prospects were dim in 1772 but in that year they changed abruptly. He met, charmed and married a rich and well-connected widow, an heiress named Sarah Rolfe (<a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Née">née</a> Walker). Her father was a minister, and her late husband left her property at Rumford, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">Province of New Hampshire</a>, which is today in the modern city of <a href="/wiki/Concord,_New_Hampshire" title="Concord, New Hampshire">Concord</a>. They moved to <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_New_Hampshire" title="Portsmouth, New Hampshire">Portsmouth</a>, and through his wife's influence with the governor, he was appointed a major in the <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Militia" title="New Hampshire Militia">New Hampshire Militia</a>. Their child (also named <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Thompson,_Countess_Rumford" title="Sarah Thompson, Countess Rumford">Sarah</a>) was born in 1774.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Count_Rumford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Count_Rumford.jpg/220px-Count_Rumford.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Count_Rumford.jpg/330px-Count_Rumford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Count_Rumford.jpg/440px-Count_Rumford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="2183" /></a><figcaption>Painting by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gainsborough" title="Thomas Gainsborough">Thomas Gainsborough</a> 1783</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_Revolutionary_War">American Revolutionary War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Thompson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: American Revolutionary War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> began, Thompson, by now a wealthy and influential landowner, came out in opposition to the uprising. He soon used his connections in the state militia to recruit and arm <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">loyalists</a> seeking to aid British forces fighting the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">rebels</a>. This earned him the enmity of New Hampshire's Patriot faction; he was stripped of his command and a mob attacked and burned Thompson's house. He fled to the British lines, abandoning his wife, as it turned out, permanently. Thompson became a political and military advisor to General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Thomas Gage</a> (whom he was already passing information on the Americans to), and later assisted Lord <a href="/wiki/George_Germain,_1st_Viscount_Sackville" title="George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville">George Germain</a> in the organization and provisioning of Loyalist units. </p><p>In 1781, Thompson financed his own military unit - The <a href="/wiki/King%27s_American_Dragoons" title="King's American Dragoons">King's American Dragoons</a> - which primarily served on <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a> in 1782 and early 1783, where they earned local notoriety for demolishing a church and burial ground in order to erect <a href="/wiki/Fort_Golgotha_and_the_Old_Burial_Hill_Cemetery" title="Fort Golgotha and the Old Burial Hill Cemetery">Fort Golgotha</a> in <a href="/wiki/Huntington,_New_York" title="Huntington, New York">Huntington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While working with the British armies in America he conducted experiments to measure the force of <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a>, the results of which were widely acclaimed when published in 1781 in the <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical Transactions">Philosophical Transactions</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the strength of this, he arrived in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> at the end of the war with a reputation as an accomplished scientist. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_Thompson_English_garden_Munich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Benjamin_Thompson_English_garden_Munich.jpg/220px-Benjamin_Thompson_English_garden_Munich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Benjamin_Thompson_English_garden_Munich.jpg/330px-Benjamin_Thompson_English_garden_Munich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Benjamin_Thompson_English_garden_Munich.jpg/440px-Benjamin_Thompson_English_garden_Munich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bavarian_maturity">Bavarian maturity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Thompson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bavarian maturity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rumford_Tyroff_BY_2-05_(cropped_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Rumford_Tyroff_BY_2-05_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/220px-Rumford_Tyroff_BY_2-05_%28cropped_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Rumford_Tyroff_BY_2-05_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/330px-Rumford_Tyroff_BY_2-05_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Rumford_Tyroff_BY_2-05_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/440px-Rumford_Tyroff_BY_2-05_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>Thompson's arms as <i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Count" title="Imperial Count">Reichsgraf</a> von Rumford</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Englischer_garten_fg02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Englischer_garten_fg02.jpg/220px-Englischer_garten_fg02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Englischer_garten_fg02.jpg/330px-Englischer_garten_fg02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Englischer_garten_fg02.jpg/440px-Englischer_garten_fg02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption>The beer garden "Am chinesischen Turm" in the <a href="/wiki/Englischer_Garten" title="Englischer Garten">Englischer Garten</a> in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uniform-Bilder_K%C3%B6niglich_Bayerisches_Infanterie-Regiment_Gro%C3%9Fherzog_Ernst_Ludwig_von_Hessen_003_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Uniform-Bilder_K%C3%B6niglich_Bayerisches_Infanterie-Regiment_Gro%C3%9Fherzog_Ernst_Ludwig_von_Hessen_003_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Uniform-Bilder_K%C3%B6niglich_Bayerisches_Infanterie-Regiment_Gro%C3%9Fherzog_Ernst_Ludwig_von_Hessen_003_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Uniform-Bilder_K%C3%B6niglich_Bayerisches_Infanterie-Regiment_Gro%C3%9Fherzog_Ernst_Ludwig_von_Hessen_003_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Uniform-Bilder_K%C3%B6niglich_Bayerisches_Infanterie-Regiment_Gro%C3%9Fherzog_Ernst_Ludwig_von_Hessen_003_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Uniform-Bilder_K%C3%B6niglich_Bayerisches_Infanterie-Regiment_Gro%C3%9Fherzog_Ernst_Ludwig_von_Hessen_003_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Uniform-Bilder_K%C3%B6niglich_Bayerisches_Infanterie-Regiment_Gro%C3%9Fherzog_Ernst_Ludwig_von_Hessen_003_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2244" data-file-height="1698" /></a><figcaption>Bavarian uniforms designed by Benjamin Thompson, also known in Bavaria as Reichsgraf von Rumford</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1785, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria" title="Electorate of Bavaria">Bavaria</a> where he became an <i><a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">aide-de-camp</a></i> to the <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">Prince-elector</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Theodore,_Elector_of_Bavaria" title="Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria">Charles Theodore</a>. He spent eleven years in Bavaria, reorganizing the army and establishing <a href="/wiki/Workhouse" title="Workhouse">workhouses</a> for the poor. He also invented <a href="/wiki/Rumford%27s_Soup" title="Rumford's Soup">Rumford's Soup</a>, a soup for the poor,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and established the cultivation of the <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a> in Bavaria. He studied methods of cooking, heating, and lighting, including the relative costs and efficiencies of <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a> <a href="/wiki/Candles" class="mw-redirect" title="Candles">candles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tallow" title="Tallow">tallow</a> <a href="/wiki/Candle" title="Candle">candles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oil_lamp" title="Oil lamp">oil lamps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Prince Charles' behalf he created the <a href="/wiki/Englischer_Garten" title="Englischer Garten">Englischer Garten</a> in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> in 1789; it remains today and is known as one of the largest urban public parks in the world. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1789.<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For his efforts, in 1791 Thompson was made an <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Count" title="Imperial Count">Imperial Count</a>, becoming <i>Reichsgraf von Rumford</i>. He took the name "Rumford" after the town of Rumford, New Hampshire, which was an older name for <a href="/wiki/Concord,_New_Hampshire" title="Concord, New Hampshire">Concord</a> where he had been married.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_and_engineering">Science and engineering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Thompson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Science and engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Benjamin Thompson ... has many claims on the interest of the historian of science. ... He founded the Royal Institution ... His methods of conservation of heat and economy of fuel, his designs of stoves, fireplaces and cooking utensils were widely used during his lifetime. He was consulted on the laying out of kitchens in hospitals and institutions ... He taught his contemporaries to recognise the fire built on an open hearth, the only means of domestic heating and cooking with which they were acquainted, for the ineffective and wasteful contrivance it really was. He held the most enlightened views, ... far in advance of his time, on the waste of fuel and the evils of atmospheric pollution in cities. ... Rumford's constant preoccupation ... was the application of scientific principles to the improvement of the lot of the poor and the working classes, and it was in the subject of heat and its utilization that he found the greatest outlet for his endeavours.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin1951144_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1951144-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Thomas Martin, The Experimental Researches of Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Experiments_on_heat">Experiments on heat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Thompson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Experiments on heat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer#History" title="Heat transfer">Heat transfer § History</a></div> <p>His experiments on gunnery and explosives led to an interest in heat. He devised a method for measuring the <a href="/wiki/Specific_heat" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific heat">specific heat</a> of a solid substance but was disappointed when <a href="/wiki/Johan_Wilcke" title="Johan Wilcke">Johan Wilcke</a> published his parallel discovery first. </p><p>Thompson next investigated the <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">insulating properties of various materials</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">fur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">feathers</a>. He correctly appreciated that the insulating properties of these natural materials arise from the fact that they inhibit the <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a> of air. He then made the somewhat reckless, and incorrect, inference that air and, in fact, all gases, were perfect non-<a href="/wiki/Heat_conduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat conduction">conductors</a> of heat.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He further saw this as evidence of the <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Argument from design">argument from design</a>, contending that <a href="/wiki/Divine_providence" title="Divine providence">divine providence</a> had arranged for fur on animals in such a way as to guarantee their comfort. </p><p>In 1797, he extended his claim about non-conductivity to liquids.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea raised considerable objections from the scientific establishment, <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/John_Leslie_(physicist)" title="John Leslie (physicist)">John Leslie</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making particularly forthright attacks. Instrumentation far exceeding anything available in terms of accuracy and precision would have been needed to verify Thompson's claim. Again, he seems to have been influenced by his theological beliefs<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is likely that he wished to grant water a privileged and providential status in the regulation of human life.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He is considered the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Sous-vide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sous-vide">sous-vide</a> food preparation method owing to his experiment with a mutton shoulder. He described this method in one of his essays.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical_equivalent_of_heat">Mechanical equivalent of heat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Thompson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mechanical equivalent of heat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/An_Experimental_Enquiry_Concerning_the_Source_of_the_Heat_which_is_Excited_by_Friction" class="mw-redirect" title="An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction">An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_equivalent_of_heat" title="Mechanical equivalent of heat">Mechanical equivalent of heat</a></div> <p>Rumford's most important scientific work took place in Munich, and centred on the nature of heat, which he contended in "<a href="/wiki/An_Experimental_Enquiry_Concerning_the_Source_of_the_Heat_which_is_Excited_by_Friction" class="mw-redirect" title="An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction">An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction</a>" (1798) was not the <a href="/wiki/Caloric_theory" title="Caloric theory">caloric</a> of then-current scientific thinking but a form of <i><a href="/wiki/Motion_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion (physics)">motion</a></i>. Rumford had observed the frictional heat generated by boring cannon at the arsenal in Munich. Rumford immersed a cannon barrel in water and arranged for a specially blunted boring tool.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He showed that the water could be boiled within roughly two and a half hours and that the supply of frictional heat was seemingly inexhaustible. Rumford confirmed that no physical change had taken place in the material of the cannon by comparing the specific heats of the material machined away and that remaining. </p><p>Rumford argued that the seemingly indefinite generation of heat was incompatible with the caloric theory. He contended that the only thing communicated to the barrel was motion. </p><p>Rumford made no attempt to further quantify the heat generated or to measure the mechanical equivalent of heat. Though this work met with a hostile reception, it was subsequently important in establishing the laws of <a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_energy" title="Conservation of energy">conservation of energy</a> later in the 19th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calorific_and_frigorific_radiation">Calorific and frigorific radiation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Thompson&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Calorific and frigorific radiation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He explained <a href="/wiki/Marc-Auguste_Pictet" title="Marc-Auguste Pictet">Pictet's experiment</a>, which demonstrates the reflection of cold, by supposing that all bodies emit invisible rays, undulations in the ethereal fluid.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did experiments to support his theories of calorific and frigorific radiation and said the communication of heat was the net effect of calorific (hot) rays and frigorific (cold) rays and the rays emitted by the object. When an object absorbs radiation from a warmer object (calorific rays) its temperature rises, and when it absorbs radiation from a colder object (frigorific rays) its temperature falls. See note 8, "An enquiry concerning the nature of heat and the mode of its communication" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, starting at page 112.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (May 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inventions_and_design_improvements">Inventions and design improvements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Thompson&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Inventions and design improvements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rumford_fire2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Rumford_fire2.jpg/220px-Rumford_fire2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Rumford_fire2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption>Section of Rumford fireplace</figcaption></figure> <p>Thompson was an active and prolific inventor, developing improvements for chimneys, fireplaces and industrial furnaces, as well as inventing the double boiler, a <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitchen range">kitchen range</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Coffee_percolator" title="Coffee percolator">coffee percolator roughly between 1810 and 1814</a>. He invented a percolating coffee pot following his pioneering work with the Bavarian Army, where he improved the diet of the soldiers as well as their clothes.<sup id="cite_ref-Kleppner_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleppner-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Rumford_fireplace" title="Rumford fireplace">Rumford fireplace</a> created a sensation in London when he introduced the idea of restricting the chimney opening to increase the updraught, which was a much more efficient way to heat a room than earlier fireplaces. He and his workers modified fireplaces by inserting bricks into the hearth to make the side walls angled, and added a choke to the chimney to increase the speed of air going up the flue. The effect was to produce a streamlined air flow, so all the smoke would go up into the chimney rather than lingering and entering the room. It also had the effect of increasing the efficiency of the fire, and gave extra control of the rate of combustion of the fuel, whether wood or <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>. Many fashionable London houses were modified to his instructions, and became smoke-free.<sup id="cite_ref-Kleppner_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleppner-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thompson became a celebrity when news of his success spread. His work was also very profitable, and much imitated when he published his analysis of the way chimneys worked. In many ways, he was similar to <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, who also invented a new kind of heating stove. </p><p>The retention of heat was a recurring theme in his work, as he is also credited with the invention of <a href="/wiki/Thermal_underwear" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal underwear">thermal underwear</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_furnaces">Industrial furnaces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Thompson&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Industrial furnaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rumford_oven.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rumford_oven.svg/220px-Rumford_oven.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="396" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rumford_oven.svg/330px-Rumford_oven.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rumford_oven.svg/440px-Rumford_oven.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption> Cross section of a <a href="/wiki/Rumford_furnace" title="Rumford furnace">Rumford furnace</a>, with the fuel chamber at the left</figcaption></figure> <p>Thompson also significantly improved the design of kilns used to produce <a href="/wiki/Quicklime" class="mw-redirect" title="Quicklime">quicklime</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rumford_furnace" title="Rumford furnace">Rumford furnaces</a> were soon being constructed throughout Europe. The key innovation involved separating the burning fuel from the limestone, so that the lime produced by the heat of the furnace was not contaminated by ash from the fire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Light_and_photometry">Light and photometry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Thompson&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Light and photometry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rumford worked in <a href="/wiki/Photometry_(optics)" title="Photometry (optics)">photometry</a>, the measurement of light. He made a photometer and introduced the <a href="/wiki/Candela#History" title="Candela">standard candle</a>, the predecessor of the <a href="/wiki/Candela" title="Candela">candela</a>, as a unit of <a href="/wiki/Luminous_intensity" title="Luminous intensity">luminous intensity</a>. His standard candle was made from the oil of a sperm whale, to rigid specifications.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also published studies of "illusory" or subjective complementary colours, induced by the shadows created by two lights, one white and one coloured; these observations were cited and generalized by <a href="/wiki/Michel-Eug%C3%A8ne_Chevreul" class="mw-redirect" title="Michel-Eugène Chevreul">Michel-Eugène Chevreul</a> as his "law of simultaneous colour contrast" in 1839.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Thompson&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Institution_-_Humphry_Davy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Royal_Institution_-_Humphry_Davy.jpg/220px-Royal_Institution_-_Humphry_Davy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Royal_Institution_-_Humphry_Davy.jpg/330px-Royal_Institution_-_Humphry_Davy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Royal_Institution_-_Humphry_Davy.jpg/440px-Royal_Institution_-_Humphry_Davy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>Satirical cartoon by <a href="/wiki/James_Gillray" title="James Gillray">James Gillray</a> showing a Royal Institution lecture on pneumatics with Davy holding the bellows and Count Rumford looking on at extreme right. Dr Garnett is the lecturer holding the victim's nose.</figcaption></figure> <p>After 1799, he divided his time between France and England. With Sir <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a>, he established the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution">Royal Institution</a> of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> in 1799. The pair chose Sir <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> as the first lecturer. The institution flourished and became world-famous as a result of Davy's pioneering research. His assistant, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a>, established the Institution as a premier research laboratory, and also justly famous for its series of public lectures popularizing science. That tradition continues to the present, and the Royal Institution <a href="/wiki/Christmas_lectures" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas lectures">Christmas lectures</a> attract large audiences through their TV broadcasts. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_Thompson_Count_Rumsford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Benjamin_Thompson_Count_Rumsford.jpg/220px-Benjamin_Thompson_Count_Rumsford.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Benjamin_Thompson_Count_Rumsford.jpg/330px-Benjamin_Thompson_Count_Rumsford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Benjamin_Thompson_Count_Rumsford.jpg/440px-Benjamin_Thompson_Count_Rumsford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A bust of Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, in Rumford, Rhode Island.</figcaption></figure> <p>Thompson endowed the <a href="/wiki/Rumford_medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumford medal">Rumford medals</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>, and endowed the <a href="/wiki/Rumford_Chair_of_Physics" title="Rumford Chair of Physics">Rumford Chair of Physics</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. In 1803, he was elected a foreign member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a>, and as a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After several affairs and a close friendship with Mary Temple, Viscountess Palmerston,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1804, he married <a href="/wiki/Marie-Anne_Pierrette_Paulze" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie-Anne Pierrette Paulze">Marie-Anne Lavoisier</a>, the widow of the great French <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a> <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a>. (His American wife, Sarah—whom he had abandoned at the outbreak of the American Revolution—had died in 1792.)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thompson separated from his second wife after three years, but he settled in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and continued his scientific work until his death on 21 August 1814. Thompson is buried in the small cemetery of <a href="/wiki/Auteuil,_Paris" title="Auteuil, Paris">Auteuil</a> in Paris, just across from <a href="/wiki/Adrien-Marie_Legendre" title="Adrien-Marie Legendre">Adrien-Marie Legendre</a>. Upon his death, his daughter from his first marriage, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Thompson,_Countess_Rumford" title="Sarah Thompson, Countess Rumford">Sarah Thompson</a>, inherited his title as Countess Rumford. </p><p>He was also known to have been a lover of <a href="/wiki/George_Germain,_1st_Viscount_Sackville" title="George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville">George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Thompson&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Colonel, <a href="/wiki/King%27s_American_Dragoons" title="King's American Dragoons">King's American Dragoons</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knighted</a>, 1784.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of the Holy Roman Empire">Count of the Holy Roman Empire</a>, 1791.</li> <li>The crater <a href="/wiki/Rumford_(crater)" title="Rumford (crater)">Rumford</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> is named after him.</li> <li>Rumford <a href="/wiki/Baking_powder" title="Baking powder">baking powder</a> (patented 1859) is named after him, having been invented by a former Rumford professor at Harvard University, <a href="/wiki/Eben_Norton_Horsford" title="Eben Norton Horsford">Eben Norton Horsford</a> (1818–1893), cofounder of the Rumford Chemical Works of East Providence, RI.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Swallow_Richards#Rumford_Kitchen" title="Ellen Swallow Richards">Rumford Kitchen</a> at the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition">World's Fair in Chicago</a>, 1893.</li> <li>A street in the inner city of Munich is named after him.</li> <li>Rumford Street (and the nearby Rumford Place) in Liverpool, England, are so named due to a soup kitchen established to Count Rumford's plan which formerly stood on land adjacent to Rumford Street.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Poland–Lithuania"><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/23px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/35px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/45px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Poland)" title="Order of the White Eagle (Poland)">Order of the White Eagle</a> (1789).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Thompson&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kqU6zcQ0za4C"><i>An Essay on Chimney Fire-Places; With Proposals for Improving Them, to Save Fuel, to Render Dwelling-Houses More Comfortable and Salubrious, and Effectually to Prevent Chimnies from Smoking. Illustrated with Engravings</i></a>, (1796).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674139510"><i>Collected Works of Count Rumford, Volume I, The Nature of Heat</i></a>, (1968).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674139527"><i>Collected Works of Count Rumford, Volume II, Practical Applications of Heat</i></a>, (1969).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674139534"><i>Collected Works of Count Rumford, Volume III, Devices and Techniques</i></a>, (1969).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674139541"><i>Collected Works of Count Rumford, Volume IV, Light and Armament</i></a>, (1970).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674139558"><i>Collected Works of Count Rumford, Volume V, Public Institutions</i></a>, (1970).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Thompson&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_thermodynamics" title="History of thermodynamics">History of thermodynamics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Thompson&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Sir Benjamin Thompson, count von Rumford". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2014. Web. 1 July 2014 <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/592945/Sir-Benjamin-Thompson-count-von-Rumford">http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/592945/Sir-Benjamin-Thompson-count-von-Rumford</a>>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gribbin, John. <i>The Scientists: A History of Science Told Through the Lives of Its Greatest Inventors</i>. New York, Random House, 2002. p. 301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429024837/http://town.huntington.ny.us/permit_pics/215.pdf">"Old Burying Ground (17th Century) & Fort Golgotha (1782)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://town.huntington.ny.us/permit_pics/215.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Old+Burying+Ground+%2817th+Century%29+%26+Fort+Golgotha+%281782%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftown.huntington.ny.us%2Fpermit_pics%2F215.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Thompson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1781" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, Benjamin (1781). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1781.0039">"New Experiments upon Gun-Powder, with Occasional Observations and Practical Inferences"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</a></i>. <b>71</b>: <span class="nowrap">229–</span>328. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1781.0039">10.1098/rstl.1781.0039</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/106525">106525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=New+Experiments+upon+Gun-Powder%2C+with+Occasional+Observations+and+Practical+Inferences&rft.volume=71&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E229-%3C%2Fspan%3E328&rft.date=1781&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1781.0039&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F106525%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frstl.1781.0039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Thompson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelloggBaynesSmith1903" class="citation book cs1">Kellogg, D.O.; Baynes, T.S.; Smith, W.R. (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Su8hAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA673"><i>The Encyclopædia Britannica: New American supplement. A-ZUY</i></a>. The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. Original 9th Ed. in 25 Vols. Werner. p. 673<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%3A+New+American+supplement.+A-ZUY&rft.series=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Arts%2C+Sciences%2C+and+General+Literature.+Original+9th+Ed.+in+25+Vols&rft.pages=673&rft.pub=Werner&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Kellogg&rft.aufirst=D.O.&rft.au=Baynes%2C+T.S.&rft.au=Smith%2C+W.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSu8hAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Thompson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IbZPAAAAMAAJ&q=benjamin-thompson++wax+candle&pg=PA681">"Lamp"</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia Americana</i>. Vol. 16. Encyclopedia Americana Corp. 1919. p. 681.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lamp&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.pages=681&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Americana+Corp&rft.date=1919&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIbZPAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dbenjamin-thompson%2B%2Bwax%2Bcandle%26pg%3DPA681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Thompson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAS-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAAS_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterT.pdf">"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter T"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Academy of Arts and Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+of+Members%2C+1780%E2%80%932010%3A+Chapter+T&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fpublications%2FBookofMembers%2FChapterT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Thompson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouton,_Nathaniel1857" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Bouton" title="Nathaniel Bouton">Bouton, Nathaniel</a> (1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyconcordf01boutgoog"><i>The History of Concord: From Its First Grant in 1725 to the Organization of the City Government in 1853</i></a>. Concord: Benning W. Sanford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Concord%3A+From+Its+First+Grant+in+1725+to+the+Organization+of+the+City+Government+in+1853&rft.place=Concord&rft.pub=Benning+W.+Sanford&rft.date=1857&rft.au=Bouton%2C+Nathaniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryconcordf01boutgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Thompson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1951144-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin1951144_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin1951">Martin 1951</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rumford (1786) "New experiments upon heat" <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical Transactions">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</a></i> <i>p.</i>273</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rumford (1792) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/106776">"Experiments upon heat"</a> <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</i> <i>p.</i>48-80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rumford (1797) "On the propagation of heat in fluids" <i><a href="/wiki/Nicholson%27s_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholson's Journal">Nicholson's Journal</a></i> <b>1</b> <i>pp</i>298–341</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cardwell (1971) <i>p.</i>99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeslie,_J.1804" class="citation book cs1">Leslie, J. (1804). <i>An Experimental Enquiry into the Nature and Propagation of Heat</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Experimental+Enquiry+into+the+Nature+and+Propagation+of+Heat&rft.pub=London&rft.date=1804&rft.au=Leslie%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Thompson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rumford (1804) "An enquiry concerning the nature of heat and the mode of its communication" <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</i> <i>p.</i>77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cardwell (1971) <i>p.</i>102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin Count of Rumford, "Essay X: On the construction of kitchen fire-places and kitchen utensils together with remarks and observations relating to the various processes of cookery; and proposals for improving that most useful art", <i>Essays, Political, Economical, and Philosophical</i>, vol. 3 (London, England: T. Cadell jun. and W. Davies, 1802), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gZg-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA18">pp. 18–20.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2010" class="citation book cs1">Rosen, William (2010). <i>The most powerful idea in the world : a story of steam, industry, and invention</i>. New York: Random House. p. 274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400067053" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400067053"><bdi>978-1400067053</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+most+powerful+idea+in+the+world+%3A+a+story+of+steam%2C+industry%2C+and+invention&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=274&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1400067053&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Thompson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Evans_and_Brian_Popp1985" class="citation web cs1">James Evans and Brian Popp (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ups.edu/faculty/jcevans/Pictet's%20experiment.pdf">"Pictet's experiment: The apparent radiation and reflection of cold"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Am. J. Phys. 53 (8). pp. <span class="nowrap">737–</span>753.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pictet%27s+experiment%3A+The+apparent+radiation+and+reflection+of+cold&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E737-%3C%2Fspan%3E753&rft.pub=Am.+J.+Phys.+53+%288%29&rft.date=1985&rft.au=James+Evans+and+Brian+Popp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ups.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fjcevans%2FPictet%27s%2520experiment.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Thompson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kleppner-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kleppner_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kleppner_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleppner1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kleppner" class="mw-redirect" title="Kleppner">Kleppner, Daniel</a> (1 September 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/article-abstract/45/9/9/407150/About-Benjamin-Thompson">"About Benjamin Thompson"</a>. <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>45</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">9–</span>11. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992PhT....45i...9K">1992PhT....45i...9K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2809791">10.1063/1.2809791</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=About+Benjamin+Thompson&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.date=1992-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.2809791&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992PhT....45i...9K&rft.aulast=Kleppner&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.aip.org%2Fphysicstoday%2Farticle-abstract%2F45%2F9%2F9%2F407150%2FAbout-Benjamin-Thompson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Thompson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/152.mf1i.spring02/What%20is%20Heat.htm">Prof. Michael Fowler of the University of Virginia, lecture notes</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Have_I_Got_News_For_You" class="mw-redirect" title="Have I Got News For You">Have I Got News For You</a></i>, first transmitted 16 December 2005, <a href="/wiki/BBC1" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC1">BBC1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldemar_Karwowski2006" class="citation book cs1">Waldemar Karwowski (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tl5YAj10BcsC&q=benjamin-thompson++photometry+candle&pg=PA1478"><i>International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 1478. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30430-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30430-6"><bdi>978-0-415-30430-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Ergonomics+and+Human+Factors&rft.pages=1478&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-30430-6&rft.au=Waldemar+Karwowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtl5YAj10BcsC%26q%3Dbenjamin-thompson%2B%2Bphotometry%2Bcandle%26pg%3DPA1478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Thompson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin_Thompson,_Count_Rumford1876" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=udu4AAAAIAAJ&q=%22count+rumford%22+experiments+coloured+shadows&pg=PA51"><i>The Complete Works of Count Rumford, Vol. 5</i></a>. American Academy of Arts and Sciences.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Works+of+Count+Rumford%2C+Vol.+5&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.date=1876&rft.au=Benjamin+Thompson%2C+Count+Rumford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dudu4AAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522count%2Brumford%2522%2Bexperiments%2Bcoloured%2Bshadows%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Thompson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Benjamin+Thompson&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DBenjamin%2BThompson%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Thompson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2023" class="citation journal cs1">James, Frank A. J. L. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/metrics/10.1080/00026980.2023.2234717?scroll=top">"When Ben met Mary: The Letters of Benjamin Thompson, Reichsgraf von Rumford, to Mary Temple, Viscountess Palmerston, 1793–1804"</a>. <i>Ambix</i>. <b>70</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">207–</span>328. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00026980.2023.2234717">10.1080/00026980.2023.2234717</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37615065">37615065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ambix&rft.atitle=When+Ben+met+Mary%3A+The+Letters+of+Benjamin+Thompson%2C+Reichsgraf+von+Rumford%2C+to+Mary+Temple%2C+Viscountess+Palmerston%2C+1793%E2%80%931804&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E328&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00026980.2023.2234717&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37615065&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Frank+A.+J.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fmetrics%2F10.1080%2F00026980.2023.2234717%3Fscroll%3Dtop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Thompson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_E._Ellis1875" class="citation book cs1">George E. Ellis (1875). <i>Memoir of Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, with Notices of his Daughter</i>. London: Macmillan and Company. p. 43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoir+of+Sir+Benjamin+Thompson%2C+Count+Rumford%2C+with+Notices+of+his+Daughter&rft.place=London&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Company&rft.date=1875&rft.au=George+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Thompson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wng.org/sift/happy-fourth-of-july-thanks-to-two-loutish-british-lords-1617407797">"Happy Fourth of July—thanks to two loutish British lords"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Happy+Fourth+of+July%E2%80%94thanks+to+two+loutish+British+lords&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwng.org%2Fsift%2Fhappy-fourth-of-july-thanks-to-two-loutish-british-lords-1617407797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Thompson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://bobarnebeck.com/homosexuality.html">https://bobarnebeck.com/homosexuality.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.elisarolle.com/queerplaces/fghij/George%20Germain,%201st%20Viscount%20Sackville.html">http://www.elisarolle.com/queerplaces/fghij/George%20Germain,%201st%20Viscount%20Sackville.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010801171159/http://www.liverpoolpictorial.co.uk/streetnames.htm">"Liverpool Street Names"</a>. <i>liverpoolpictorial.co.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://liverpoolpictorial.co.uk/streetnames.htm">the original</a> on 1 August 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=liverpoolpictorial.co.uk&rft.atitle=Liverpool+Street+Names&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fliverpoolpictorial.co.uk%2Fstreetnames.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Thompson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Thompson&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Rumford,_Benjamin_Thompson,_Count" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rumford, Benjamin Thompson, Count">Rumford, Benjamin Thompson, Count</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardwell,_D.S.L.1971" class="citation book cs1">Cardwell, D.S.L. (1971). <i>From Watt to Clausius: The Rise of Thermodynamics in the Early Industrial Age</i>. London: Heinemann. pp. <span class="nowrap">95–</span>107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-435-54150-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-435-54150-1"><bdi>0-435-54150-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Watt+to+Clausius%3A+The+Rise+of+Thermodynamics+in+the+Early+Industrial+Age&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-435-54150-1&rft.au=Cardwell%2C+D.S.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Thompson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1951" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, T. (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4024834">"The Experimental Researches of Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the British Society for the History of Science</i>. <b>1</b> (6): 144–158). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0950563600000567">10.1017/S0950563600000567</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4024834">4024834</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+British+Society+for+the+History+of+Science&rft.atitle=The+Experimental+Researches+of+Benjamin+Thompson%2C+Count+Rumford&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=144-158%29&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0950563600000567&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4024834%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4024834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Thompson" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Thompson&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Rumford,_Benjamin_Thompson,_Count" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rumford, Benjamin Thompson, Count">Rumford, Benjamin Thompson, Count</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley,_D.1967" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, D. (1967). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/countrumford00brad"><i>Count Rumford</i></a></span>. Van Nostrand. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000CM48T">B0000CM48T</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Count+Rumford&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0000CM48T%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.au=Bradley%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcountrumford00brad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Thompson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown,_G.I.2001" class="citation book cs1">Brown, G.I. (2001). <i>Count Rumford: The Extraordinary Life of a Scientific Genius – Scientist, Soldier, Statesman, Spy</i>. Sutton Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-02138-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-02138-2"><bdi>0-262-02138-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Count+Rumford%3A+The+Extraordinary+Life+of+a+Scientific+Genius+%E2%80%93+Scientist%2C+Soldier%2C+Statesman%2C+Spy&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-262-02138-2&rft.au=Brown%2C+G.I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Thompson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown,_S.C.1962" class="citation book cs1">Brown, S.C. (1962). <i>Count Rumford: Physicist Extraordinary</i>. Doubleday & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Count+Rumford%3A+Physicist+Extraordinary&rft.pub=Doubleday+%26+Co&rft.date=1962&rft.au=Brown%2C+S.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Thompson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown,_S.C.1981" class="citation book cs1">Brown, S.C. (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/benjaminthompson00brow"><i>Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford</i></a></span>. Cambridge USA: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-02138-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-02138-2"><bdi>0-262-02138-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benjamin+Thompson%2C+Count+Rumford&rft.place=Cambridge+USA&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-262-02138-2&rft.au=Brown%2C+S.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbenjaminthompson00brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Thompson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarsen,_E.1953" class="citation book cs1">Larsen, E. (1953). <i>An American in Europe: The life of Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford</i>. Rider. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000CII01">B0000CII01</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+American+in+Europe%3A+The+life+of+Benjamin+Thompson%2C+Count+Rumford&rft.pub=Rider&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0000CII01%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.au=Larsen%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Thompson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrton,_V.2000" class="citation book cs1">Orton, V. (2000). <i>The Forgotten Art of Building a Good Fireplace: The Story of Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, an American Genius & His Principles of Fireplace Design Which Have Remained Unchanged for 174 Years</i>. Alan C. Hood and Company Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-911469-17-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-911469-17-6"><bdi>0-911469-17-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Art+of+Building+a+Good+Fireplace%3A+The+Story+of+Sir+Benjamin+Thompson%2C+Count+Rumford%2C+an+American+Genius+%26+His+Principles+of+Fireplace+Design+Which+Have+Remained+Unchanged+for+174+Years&rft.pub=Alan+C.+Hood+and+Company+Inc&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-911469-17-6&rft.au=Orton%2C+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Thompson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparrow,_W.J.1964" class="citation book cs1">Sparrow, W.J. (1964). <i>Knight of the White Eagle: A biography of Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, 1753-1814</i>. Hutchinson. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000CM48T">B0000CM48T</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knight+of+the+White+Eagle%3A+A+biography+of+Sir+Benjamin+Thompson%2C+Count+Rumford%2C+1753-1814&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0000CM48T%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.au=Sparrow%2C+W.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Thompson" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Thompson&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Benjamin_Thompson" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Benjamin Thompson">Benjamin Thompson</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li>Eric Weisstein's World of Science. "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Rumford.html">Rumford, Benjamin Thompson</a></i>". (1753–1814)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jasna.org/persuasions/on-line/vol23no1/rowlinson.html">Dr. Hugh C. Rowlinson "<i>The Contribution of Count Rumford to Domestic Life in Jane Austen’s Time</i>"</a> An article not only detailing the Rumford fireplace, but also Rumford's life and other achievements.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/513">Works by Benjamin Thompson</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28+Benjamin+AND+%28Thompson+OR+%221753%E21814%22%29+AND+Rumford+%29">Works by or about Benjamin Thompson</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070605151504/http://www.homeofourfathers.com/lisbeth/benjaminthompsonjrlifestory.htm">A Biography of Benjamin Thompson, Jr. Written in 1868</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.numericana.com/arms/rumford.htm">Escutcheons of Science</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100105042435/http://www.countrumford.com/">Count Rumford's Birth Place and Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rumford.com/Rumford.html">Count Rumford Fireplaces website</a></li></ul> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Texts on Wikisource: </p> <ul><li><ul><li>"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_9/June_1876/Sketch_of_Benjamin_Thompson_(Count_Rumford)" class="extiw" title="s:Popular Science Monthly/Volume 9/June 1876/Sketch of Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford)">Sketch of Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford)</a>," <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Science Monthly">Popular Science Monthly</a></i>, Vol. 9, June 1876.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Thompson,_Benjamin_(1754-1814)" class="extiw" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Thompson, Benjamin (1754-1814)">Thompson, Benjamin (1754-1814)</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. 1885–1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thompson%2C+Benjamin+%281754-1814%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.date=1885%2F1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Thompson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Rumford,_Benjamin_Thompson,_Count" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Rumford, Benjamin Thompson, Count">Rumford, Benjamin Thompson, Count</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rumford%2C+Benjamin+Thompson%2C+Count&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Thompson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Count_Rumford" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Count Rumford">Count Rumford</a>". <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work">The New Student's Reference Work</a></i>. 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Count+Rumford&rft.btitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Thompson" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">W. Knox<br />T. De Grey</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Under-Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies">Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies</a><br /><small>with W. Knox</small> </b><br />1780–1781 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">W. Knox<br />J. Fisher</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Copley Medal">Copley Medallists</a> (1751–1800)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Canton" title="John Canton">John Canton</a> (1751)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Pringle,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Pringle, 1st Baronet">John Pringle</a> (1752)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> (1753)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Lewis_(scientist)" title="William Lewis (scientist)">William Lewis</a> (1754)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Huxham" title="John Huxham">John Huxham</a> (1755)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Charles_Cavendish" title="Lord Charles Cavendish">Charles Cavendish</a> (1757)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Dollond" title="John Dollond">John Dollond</a> (1758)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton">John Smeaton</a> (1759)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wilson_(painter)" title="Benjamin Wilson (painter)">Benjamin Wilson</a> (1760)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Canton" title="John Canton">John Canton</a> (1764)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Brownrigg" title="William Brownrigg">William Brownrigg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Delaval" title="Edward Delaval">Edward Delaval</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cavendish" title="Henry Cavendish">Henry Cavendish</a> (1766)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Ellis_(naturalist)" title="John Ellis (naturalist)">John Ellis</a> (1767)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Woulfe" title="Peter Woulfe">Peter Woulfe</a> (1768)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Hewson_(surgeon)" title="William Hewson (surgeon)">William Hewson</a> (1769)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_(diplomat)" title="William Hamilton (diplomat)">William Hamilton</a> (1770)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Raper" title="Matthew Raper">Matthew Raper</a> (1771)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a> (1772)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Walsh_(scientist)" title="John Walsh (scientist)">John Walsh</a> (1773)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nevil_Maskelyne" title="Nevil Maskelyne">Nevil Maskelyne</a> (1775)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> (1776)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Mudge" title="John Mudge">John Mudge</a> (1777)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hutton" title="Charles Hutton">Charles Hutton</a> (1778)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Vince" title="Samuel Vince">Samuel Vince</a> (1780)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a> (1781)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kirwan" title="Richard Kirwan">Richard Kirwan</a> (1782)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Goodricke" title="John Goodricke">John Goodricke</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hutchins_(naturalist)" title="Thomas Hutchins (naturalist)">Thomas Hutchins</a> (1783)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Waring" title="Edward Waring">Edward Waring</a> (1784)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Roy" title="William Roy">William Roy</a> (1785)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Hunter_(surgeon)" title="John Hunter (surgeon)">John Hunter</a> (1787)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Blagden" title="Charles Blagden">Charles Blagden</a> (1788)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Morgan_(actuary)" title="William Morgan (actuary)">William Morgan</a> (1789)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Rennell" title="James Rennell">James Rennell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean-Andr%C3%A9_Deluc" title="Jean-André Deluc">Jean-André Deluc</a> (1791)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Benjamin Thompson</a> (1792)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a> (1794)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Ramsden" title="Jesse Ramsden">Jesse Ramsden</a> (1795)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Atwood" title="George Atwood">George Atwood</a> (1796)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Shuckburgh-Evelyn" title="George Shuckburgh-Evelyn">George Shuckburgh-Evelyn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hatchett" title="Charles Hatchett">Charles Hatchett</a> (1798)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Hellins" title="John Hellins">John Hellins</a> (1799)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Charles_Howard" title="Edward Charles Howard">Edward Charles Howard</a> (1800)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44645#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3126" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44645#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3126" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44645#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqQC4B9KVFCJqVJDHG8md">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118750372">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79060711">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12159120q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12159120q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621409">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35468293">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20000091913&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1668924">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/144733">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071558233">Netherlands</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070034877">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/98001474">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=257139">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810618805305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/37775">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007267346105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058529281106706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14041151">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500234957">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/964029">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118750372.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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