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href="/wiki/File:Garnaut-Review-logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/73/Garnaut-Review-logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="110" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="110" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Professor <a href="/wiki/Ross_Garnaut" title="Ross Garnaut">Ross Garnaut</a> led two climate change reviews, the first commencing in 2007 and the second in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first <b>Garnaut Climate Change Review</b> was a study by Professor <a href="/wiki/Ross_Garnaut" title="Ross Garnaut">Ross Garnaut</a>, commissioned by then Opposition Leader, <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Kevin Rudd</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a> <a href="/wiki/States_and_Territories_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="States and Territories of Australia">State and Territory</a> Governments on 30 April 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the election on 24 November 2007, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister of Australia</a> <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Kevin Rudd</a> confirmed the participation of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Australia">Commonwealth Government</a> in the Review. </p><p>The Review examined the impacts of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> on the Australian economy, and recommended medium to long-term policies and policy frameworks to improve the prospects for sustainable prosperity. Some observers have remarked that the Garnaut Review would be Australia's version of the <a href="/wiki/Stern_Review" title="Stern Review">Stern Review</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of forums were held around Australia to engage the public on various issues relating to the Review. The Secretariat to support the Review was based in the Victorian Department of Premier and Cabinet. The final report of the Garnaut Review was delivered on 30 September 2008. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interim_report_-_21_February_2008">Interim report - 21 February 2008</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garnaut_Climate_Change_Review&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Interim report - 21 February 2008"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>interim report of the Garnaut Review</i> was released on 21 February 2008. The executive summary states:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>"<a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Adaptation</a> to climate change, energy efficiency and the distribution of the costs of climate change across households and regions are not considered in any detail in the report, but will be addressed in the final report."</dd></dl> <dl><dd>"Australia’s interest lies in the world adopting a strong and effective position on <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a>. This interest is driven by two realities of Australia’s position relative to other developed countries: our exceptional sensitivity to climate change: and our exceptional opportunity to do well in a world of effective global mitigation. Australia playing its full part in international efforts on climate change can have a positive effect on global outcomes. The direct effects of Australia’s emissions reduction efforts are of secondary importance."</dd></dl> <p>Interim <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> reduction targets for 2020 to be set in 2008 are supported in addition to targets for 2050. An <a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Emissions trading scheme">emissions trading scheme</a> (ETS) is also supported, but there is little discussion as to why it is preferred over a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">carbon tax</a>. There seems to be support for the continued public funding of research into <a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">carbon capture and storage</a> in spite of the failure of the <a href="/wiki/FutureGen" title="FutureGen">FutureGen</a> project in the US to maintain public funding. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forestry_and_deforestation">Forestry and deforestation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garnaut_Climate_Change_Review&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Forestry and deforestation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The impact of deforestation is only considered for other countries, especially <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>. The report does not consider forestry or <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Deforestation in Australia">deforestation in Australia</a>. This contrasts the <a href="/wiki/McKinsey_%26_Company" title="McKinsey & Company">McKinsey</a> Report on Greenhouse Gas Reduction<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which places forestry as the sector with the most significant <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> abatement potential in Australia for reductions by 2020. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Draft_report_-_4_July_2008">Draft report - 4 July 2008</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garnaut_Climate_Change_Review&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Draft report - 4 July 2008"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The draft report of the Garnaut Review was released on 4 July 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main conclusions of the report are<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>An ETS is preferred to a tax or hybrid scheme.</li> <li>The ETS could have a transitional phase from 2010–2012</li> <li>Permits could be sold at a "low, fixed" price during the transitional phase.</li> <li>Spreading the costs across the economy will be achieved by including as many sectors as possible</li> <li>Transport should be included in the emissions trading scheme ("ETS").</li> <li>Emissions permits should be sold by competitive auction, and not given away or "grandfathered" to polluters.<sup id="cite_ref-garnaut_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garnaut-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Low income households will need compensation.</li> <li>Half of the funds collected from the sale of permits can provide compensation for low income families.</li> <li>Areas that rely on coal-based power stations will need specific support.</li> <li>Australia should lead the way in making carbon capture storage (for example through <a href="/wiki/Biosequestration" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosequestration">biosequestration</a>) commercially viable</li> <li>A new research council should be set up.</li> <li>$3 billion per year or 20% of the revenue raised from auctioning permits (whichever is greatest) should be allocated to low-emissions technology R&D</li> <li>The Building Australia Fund should also be used for energy infrastructure.</li> <li>Australia should help Asian countries reduce their levels of emissions.</li> <li>Energy prices will rise under the scheme and will hit low income households hardest</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Projected_impacts_of_climate_change">Projected impacts of climate change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garnaut_Climate_Change_Review&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Projected impacts of climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The report indicated that in the absence of a global effort to reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, climate change would have severe adverse effects on Australian <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and on the <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">natural environment</a>. <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Murray-Darling_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Murray-Darling Basin">Murray-Darling Basin</a> would be severely affected, and in the most adverse scenarios, would cease altogether. Severe damage, and even destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a> is also a likely impact of rapid climate change. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_report">Final report</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garnaut_Climate_Change_Review&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Final report"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Garnaut report was released on 30 September 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report recommended that Australia push internationally for a carbon dioxide equivalent concentrations of 450 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">ppm</a>, which would commit Australia to reductions of 25% on 2000 levels by 2020, and 90% by 2050. He also recommended that Australia have a fall-back position of 550 CO<sub>2</sub> -e concentration, which would entail a 10% reduction in emissions by 2020, and an 80% reduction by 2050. He further recommended that, should all negotiations collapse at the <a href="/wiki/COP-15" class="mw-redirect" title="COP-15">Copenhagen summit</a>, Australia should still reduce its emissions by 5% by 2020 on 2000 levels. </p><p>The report's key recommendation was to implement an <a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">emissions trading</a> scheme. However, the report did not recommend free permits be granted to major polluters, or that transport sector be protected by special <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_subsidies" title="Fossil fuel subsidies">fossil fuel subsidies</a> or tax excise cuts. </p><p>The report also recommended that up to $1 billion should be made available for matched funding for investment in <a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">reducing emissions in coal power generation</a>, as a form of preemptive <a href="/wiki/Structural_adjustment" title="Structural adjustment">structural adjustment</a> assistance. </p><p>Emission reductions from the agriculture and forestry sectors were excluded from the final report. </p><p>Professor Garnaut said that the overall cost to the Australian economy of tackling climate change under both the 450ppm and 550ppm scenarios was manageable and in the order of 0.1-0.2 per cent of annual economic growth to 2020. </p><p>The report estimated mitigation costs for 450ppm at almost a percentage point more than 550pmm mitigation of the present value of GNP through the 21st century. The report stated that stronger mitigation is justified by insurance value and non-market value benefits in the 21st century and much larger benefits beyond, and that the costs of action are less than the costs of inaction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reaction">Reaction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garnaut_Climate_Change_Review&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The report was criticised by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Chamber_of_Commerce_and_Industry" title="Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry">Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry</a> for the economic impact that reducing greenhouse gas emissions would have.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was also heavily criticised by environmental organisations, including <a href="/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth" title="Friends of the Earth">Friends of the Earth</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Rising_Tide_North_America" title="Rising Tide North America">Rising Tide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Conservation_Foundation" title="Australian Conservation Foundation">Australian Conservation Foundation</a> praised the report for advocating a 450 ppm target, but was critical of Professor Garnaut's 550ppm second best option and described the 2020 target of 10 per cent as weak.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dr <a href="/wiki/Clive_Hamilton" title="Clive Hamilton">Clive Hamilton</a> was heavily critical of the report, arguing that it reduced global expectations of what should be aimed for, naively exposed Australia's negotiating tactics to the international diplomatic sphere, alienated both the Australian public and the international community, misjudged the time frames necessary to <a href="/wiki/Avoiding_dangerous_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Avoiding dangerous climate change">avoid dangerous climate change</a>, recommended giving Australia numerous special deals, and would be rejected by the international community.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Responses from political parties were mixed. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Greens" title="Australian Greens">Australian Greens</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Bob_Brown" title="Bob Brown">Bob Brown</a> suggested that the report demonstrated that reducing greenhouse gas emissions would not come at the expense of Australia's economic growth.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Climate Change Minister <a href="/wiki/Penny_Wong" title="Penny Wong">Penny Wong</a> did not comment directly on the report but said that economic responsibility needed to be considered in responding to the report, and that the Government would wait for <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Treasury_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of the Treasury (Australia)">Treasury</a> modelling on climate change mitigation before responding.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economist John Humphreys criticised the report, arguing that it massively overstated the projected costs of global warming (about three times the estimate of the <a href="/wiki/Stern_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Stern Report">Stern Report</a>), and argued that therefore the costs of action in fact exceeded the costs of inaction. However, it must be recognised that the Stern Report related the cost of dealing with climate change in the United Kingdom to the GDP of the United Kingdom, whilst the Garnaut report compared these aspects in Australia and so such a comparison is not necessarily apt. <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garnaut_Climate_Change_Review&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Climate change in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_pricing_in_Australia" title="Carbon pricing in Australia">Carbon pricing in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming_on_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of global warming on Australia">Effects of global warming on Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitigation_of_global_warming_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitigation of global warming in Australia">Mitigation of global warming in Australia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Climate_Code_Red:_The_Case_for_Emergency_Action" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate Code Red: The Case for Emergency Action">Climate Code Red: The Case for Emergency Action</a></i> - a 2008 book</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Fourth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Fourth Assessment Report">IPCC Fourth Assessment Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garnaut_Climate_Change_Review&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.garnautreview.org.au/update-2011/about-review.html">"About the Garnaut Review"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Garnaut+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.garnautreview.org.au%2Fupdate-2011%2Fabout-review.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarnaut+Climate+Change+Review" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100722073431/http://www.garnautreview.org.au/CA25734E0016A131/pages/about.html"><i>About</i></a>, Garnaut Review Web Site, Commonwealth of Australia 2008, 16 October 2008, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.garnautreview.org.au/CA25734E0016A131/pages/about.html">the original</a> on 22 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=About&rft.series=Garnaut+Review+Web+Site&rft.pub=Commonwealth+of+Australia+2008&rft.date=2008-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.garnautreview.org.au%2FCA25734E0016A131%2Fpages%2Fabout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarnaut+Climate+Change+Review" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2007" class="citation news cs1">Kelly, Paul (5 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,21673358-12250,00.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Our Stern' in for a fight"</a>. <i>The Australian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Garnaut+climate+change+review&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Garnaut&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.garnautreview.org.au%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarnaut+Climate+Change+Review" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarnaut2011" class="citation report cs1">Garnaut, Ross (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190519041231/http://www.garnautreview.org.au/update-2011/garnaut-review-2011/garnaut-review-2011.pdf">The Garnaut Review 2011: Australia in the Global Response to Climate Change</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. Archived from the original on 19 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Garnaut+Review+2011%3A+Australia+in+the+Global+Response+to+Climate+Change&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Garnaut&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.garnautreview.org.au%2Fupdate-2011%2Fgarnaut-review-2011%2Fgarnaut-review-2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarnaut+Climate+Change+Review" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_report" title="Template:Cite report">cite report</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.garnautreview.org.au/">"The Garnaut Climate Change Review—Update 2011"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20190510002336/http://www.garnautreview.org.au/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Garnaut+Climate+Change+Review%E2%80%94Update+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.garnautreview.org.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarnaut+Climate+Change+Review" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025034101/https://www.theage.com.au/national/climate-change-will-probably-beat-us-garnaut-20080605-2m8l.html">"Climate change will probably beat us: Garnaut"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a></i>. 5 June 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theage.com.au/national/climate-change-will-probably-beat-us-garnaut-20080605-2m8l.html">the original</a> on 25 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Climate+change+will+probably+beat+us%3A+Garnaut&rft.date=2008-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnational%2Fclimate-change-will-probably-beat-us-garnaut-20080605-2m8l.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarnaut+Climate+Change+Review" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearse2008" class="citation news cs1">Pearse, Guy (July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2008/july/1272508847/guy-pearse/comment">"Climate for change"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Monthly" title="The Monthly">The Monthly</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Ethiopia" title="Renewable energy in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Kenya" title="Renewable energy in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Morocco" title="Renewable energy in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Seychelles" title="Renewable energy in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_South_Africa" title="Renewable energy in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Asia" title="Renewable energy in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Afghanistan" title="Renewable energy in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Bangladesh" title="Renewable energy in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Bhutan" title="Renewable energy in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Brunei" title="Renewable energy in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_India" title="Renewable energy in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Kazakhstan" title="Renewable energy in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Nepal" title="Renewable energy in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Pakistan" title="Renewable energy in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Palestine" title="Renewable energy in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Philippines" title="Renewable energy in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Taiwan" title="Renewable energy in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Thailand" title="Renewable energy in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Vietnam" title="Renewable energy in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_European_Union" title="Renewable energy in the European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Austria" title="Renewable energy in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Renewable energy in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Cyprus#Renewable_energy" title="Energy in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Denmark" title="Renewable energy in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Finland" title="Renewable energy in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_France" title="Renewable energy in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Germany" title="Renewable energy in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Greece" title="Renewable energy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Hungary" title="Renewable energy in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Renewable energy in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Italy" title="Renewable energy in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Lithuania" title="Renewable energy in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Netherlands" title="Renewable energy in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Portugal" title="Renewable energy in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Spain" title="Renewable energy in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Albania" title="Renewable energy in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Armenia" title="Renewable energy in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Belarus" title="Renewable energy in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Norway" title="Renewable energy in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Russia" title="Renewable energy in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Switzerland#Renewable_energy_in_Switzerland" title="Energy in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Turkey" title="Renewable energy in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Ukraine" title="Renewable energy in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland" title="Renewable energy in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Canada" title="Renewable energy in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Costa_Rica" title="Renewable energy in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Honduras" title="Renewable energy in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Mexico" title="Renewable energy in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_States" title="Renewable energy in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Australia" title="Renewable energy in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Renewable energy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_French_Polynesia" title="Renewable energy in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_New_Zealand" title="Renewable energy in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Tuvalu" title="Renewable energy in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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