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class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Return to England </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interlude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interlude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Interlude </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interlude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_voyage_(1772–1775)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_voyage_(1772–1775)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Second voyage (1772–1775) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_voyage_(1772–1775)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_voyage_(1776–1779)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_voyage_(1776–1779)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Third voyage (1776–1779) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Third_voyage_(1776–1779)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Third voyage (1776–1779) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Third_voyage_(1776–1779)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hawaii" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hawaii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Hawaii </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hawaii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 North America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Hawaii" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Hawaii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Return to Hawaii </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Hawaii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnographic_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnographic_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Ethnographic collections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnographic_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navigation_and_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navigation_and_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Navigation and science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navigation_and_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Memorials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Arms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biographical_dictionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographical_dictionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Biographical dictionaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographical_dictionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Journals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collections_and_museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collections_and_museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Collections and museums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collections_and_museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">James Cook</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 158 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-158" aria-hidden="true" > 158 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%84%E1%88%9D%E1%88%B5_%E1%8A%A9%E1%8A%AD" title="ጄምስ ኩክ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጄምስ ኩክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacobus_C%C5%8Dc" title="Iacobus Cōc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Iacobus Cōc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83" title="جيمس كوك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيمس كوك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9B_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95" title="জেমছ কুক – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জেমছ কুক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceyms_Kuk" title="Ceyms Kuk – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ceyms Kuk" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%A9" title="جئیمز کوک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جئیمز کوک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95" title="জেমস কুক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জেমস কুক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Джеймс Кук – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Джеймс Кук" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Джэймс Кук – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джэймс Кук" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B7_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Джэймз Кук – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джэймз Кук" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Джеймс Кук – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джеймс Кук" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Джеймс Кук – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Джеймс Кук" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83" title="دجيمس كوك – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="دجيمس كوك" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BA" title="Τζέιμς Κουκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζέιμς Κουκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%A9" title="جیمز کوک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جیمز کوک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%8B%E8%88%B9%E9%95%B7" title="庫克船長 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="庫克船長" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Җеймс Кук – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Җеймс Кук" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_%EC%BF%A1" title="제임스 쿡 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제임스 쿡" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B4%D5%BD_%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF" title="Ջեյմս Կուկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջեյմս Կուկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95" title="जेम्स कुक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जेम्स कुक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Кук, Джеймс – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кук, Джеймс" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A7" title="ג'יימס קוק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'יימס קוק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ჯეიმზ კუკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯეიმზ კუკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Джеймс Кук – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джеймс Кук" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Жеймс Кук – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жеймс Кук" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacobus_Cook" title="Iacobus Cook – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iacobus Cook" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEeimss_Kuks" title="Džeimss Kuks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džeimss Kuks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Джеймс Кук – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Джеймс Кук" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95" title="जेम्स कुक – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जेम्स कुक" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Џејмс Кук – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џејмс Кук" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ജെയിംസ് കുക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജെയിംസ് കുക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81pene_Kuki" title="Kāpene Kuki – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kāpene Kuki" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95" title="जेम्स कुक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जेम्स कुक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ჯეიმზ კუკი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯეიმზ კუკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83" title="جيمس كوك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيمس كوك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BA" title="Жэймс Күүк – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жэймс Күүк" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ဂျိမ်းစ် ကွတ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျိမ်းစ် ကွတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95" title="जेम्स कुक – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जेम्स कुक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95" title="जेम्स कूक – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जेम्स कूक" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="ジェームズ・クック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェームズ・クック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Кук, Джеймс – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Кук, Джеймс" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B8_%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%95" title="ଜେମସ କୁକ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜେମସ କୁକ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95" title="ਜੇਮਜ਼ ਕੁੱਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੇਮਜ਼ ਕੁੱਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%DA%A9%DA%A9" title="جیمز کک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جیمز کک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%90%D9%85%D8%B2_%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%A9" title="جېمز کوک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جېمز کوک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceyms_Kuk" title="Ceyms Kuk – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ceyms Kuk" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapena_Tute" title="Tapena Tute – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Tapena Tute" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Джеймс Кук – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Джеймс Кук" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Кук, Джеймс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кук, Джеймс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Джеймс Кук – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Джеймс Кук" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A0" title="ᱡᱮᱢᱥ ᱠᱩᱠ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱮᱢᱥ ᱠᱩᱠ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhejms_Kuk" title="Xhejms Kuk – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Xhejms Kuk" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B2_%DA%AA%DA%AA" title="جيمز ڪڪ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جيمز ڪڪ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%A9" title="جەیمز کوک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جەیمز کوک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Џејмс Кук – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џејмс Кук" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜேம்ஸ் குக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜேம்ஸ் குக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Джеймс Кук – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Джеймс Кук" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D" title="జేమ్స్ కుక్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జేమ్స్ కుక్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81" title="เจมส์ คุก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เจมส์ คุก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Ҷеймс Кук – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷеймс Кук" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Кук, Джеймс – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Кук, Джеймс" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Джеймс Кук – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джеймс Кук" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%DA%A9%DA%A9" title="جیمز کک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جیمز کک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuk_D%C5%BEeims" title="Kuk Džeims – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kuk Džeims" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%8B%E8%88%B9%E9%95%B7" title="庫克船長 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="庫克船長" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="James Cook" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%85%8B%E8%88%B9%E9%95%BF" title="库克船长 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="库克船长" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A7" title="דזשיימס קוק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דזשיימס קוק" 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decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British explorer, cartographer and naval officer (1728–1779)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Captain Cook" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Captain_Cook_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Captain Cook (disambiguation)">Captain Cook (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Cook_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="James Cook (disambiguation)">James Cook (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">James Cook</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Captainjamescookportrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Captainjamescookportrait.jpg/220px-Captainjamescookportrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Captainjamescookportrait.jpg/330px-Captainjamescookportrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Captainjamescookportrait.jpg/440px-Captainjamescookportrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6131" data-file-height="7692" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Dance-Holland" title="Nathaniel Dance-Holland">Nathaniel Dance-Holland</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1775</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">7 November [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 27 October] 1728 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Marton,_Middlesbrough" title="Marton, Middlesbrough">Marton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">14 February 1779(1779-02-14) (aged 50) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Kealakekua_Bay" title="Kealakekua Bay">Kealakekua Bay</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">British</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data">Postgate School, <a href="/wiki/Great_Ayton" title="Great Ayton">Great Ayton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Explorer, cartographer and naval officer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Batts_Cook" title="Elizabeth Batts Cook">Elizabeth Batts</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1762)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">6</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service years</th><td class="infobox-data">1755–1779</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Captain_(Royal_Navy)" title="Captain (Royal Navy)">Captain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Post-captain" title="Post-captain">Post-captain</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_New_France" title="Conquest of New France">Conquest of New France</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Cook_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/James_Cook_Signature.svg/150px-James_Cook_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/James_Cook_Signature.svg/225px-James_Cook_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/James_Cook_Signature.svg/300px-James_Cook_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="120" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Captain_(Royal_Navy)" title="Captain (Royal Navy)">Captain</a> James Cook <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a> (7 November [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 27 October] 1728 – 14 February 1779) was a British explorer, cartographer and naval officer famous for his three voyages between 1768 and 1779 in the Pacific Ocean and to New Zealand and Australia in particular. He made detailed maps of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> prior to making three voyages to the Pacific, during which he achieved the first recorded European contact with the eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands and the first recorded circumnavigation of New Zealand. Cook joined the British merchant navy as a teenager and joined the Royal Navy in 1755. He served during the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> and subsequently surveyed and mapped much of the entrance to the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Plains_of_Abraham" title="Battle of the Plains of Abraham">siege of Quebec</a>, which brought him to the attention of the <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_(United_Kingdom)" title="Admiralty (United Kingdom)">Admiralty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>. This acclaim came at a crucial moment for the direction of British overseas exploration, and it led to his commission in 1768 as commander of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Endeavour" title="HMS Endeavour">HMS Endeavour</a> for the first of three Pacific voyages. In these voyages, Cook sailed thousands of miles across largely uncharted areas of the globe. He mapped lands from New Zealand to Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean in greater detail and on a scale not previously charted by Western explorers. He surveyed and named features, and recorded islands and coastlines on European maps for the first time. He displayed a combination of seamanship, superior surveying and cartographic skills, physical courage, and an ability to lead men in adverse conditions. During his <a href="/wiki/Third_voyage_of_James_Cook" title="Third voyage of James Cook">third voyage in the Pacific</a>, Cook encountered the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian islands</a> in 1779. <a href="/wiki/Death_of_James_Cook" title="Death of James Cook">He was killed</a> while attempting to take hostage <a href="/wiki/Kalani%CA%BB%C5%8Dpu%CA%BBu" title="Kalaniʻōpuʻu">Kalaniʻōpuʻu</a>, chief of the island of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">Hawaii</a>, during a dispute. He left a legacy of scientific and geographical knowledge that influenced his successors well into the 20th century, and numerous memorials worldwide have been dedicated to him. He remains controversial for his occasionally violent encounters with indigenous peoples and there is debate on whether he can be held responsible for paving the way for <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British imperialism and colonialism</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_family">Early life and family</h2></div> James Cook was born on 7 November [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 27 October] 1728 in the village of <a href="/wiki/Marton,_Middlesbrough" title="Marton, Middlesbrough">Marton</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="North Riding of Yorkshire">North Riding of Yorkshire</a> and baptised on 14 November (N.S.) in the <a href="/wiki/Parish_church" title="Parish church">parish church</a> of <a href="/wiki/Marton,_Middlesbrough#St_Cuthbert's_Church" title="Marton, Middlesbrough">St Cuthbert</a>, where his name can be seen in the church register.<a href="#cite_note-Rigby25-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> He was the second of eight children of James Cook (1693–1779), a Scottish farm labourer from <a href="/wiki/Ednam" title="Ednam">Ednam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roxburghshire" title="Roxburghshire">Roxburghshire</a>, and his locally born wife, Grace Pace (1702–1765), from <a href="/wiki/Thornaby-on-Tees" title="Thornaby-on-Tees">Thornaby-on-Tees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rigby25-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-collingridge-4">[4]</a> In 1736, his family moved to Airey Holme farm at <a href="/wiki/Great_Ayton" title="Great Ayton">Great Ayton</a>, where his father's employer, Thomas Skottowe, paid for him to attend the local school. In 1741, after five years of schooling, he began work for his father, who had been promoted to farm manager. Despite not being formally educated, he became capable in mathematics, astronomy and charting by the time of his Endeavour voyage.<a href="#cite_note-Frost2018-5">[5]</a> For leisure, he would climb a nearby hill, <a href="/wiki/Roseberry_Topping" title="Roseberry Topping">Roseberry Topping</a>, enjoying the opportunity for solitude.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> In 1745, when he was 16, Cook moved 20 miles (32 km) to the fishing village of <a href="/wiki/Staithes" title="Staithes">Staithes</a>, to be apprenticed as a shop boy to grocer and <a href="/wiki/Haberdasher" title="Haberdasher">haberdasher</a> William Sanderson.<a href="#cite_note-Rigby25-1">[1]</a> Historians have speculated that this is where Cook first felt the lure of the sea while gazing out of the shop window.<a href="#cite_note-collingridge-4">[4]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Batts_Cook.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Elizabeth_Batts_Cook.jpg/220px-Elizabeth_Batts_Cook.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Elizabeth_Batts_Cook.jpg/330px-Elizabeth_Batts_Cook.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Elizabeth_Batts_Cook.jpg/440px-Elizabeth_Batts_Cook.jpg 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Batts_Cook" title="Elizabeth Batts Cook">Elizabeth Cook</a>, wife and for 56 years widow of James Cook, by William Henderson, 1830</figcaption></figure> After 18 months, not proving suited for shop work, Cook travelled to the nearby port town of <a href="/wiki/Whitby" title="Whitby">Whitby</a> to be introduced to Sanderson's friends John and Henry Walker.<a href="#cite_note-horwitz-7">[7]</a> The Walkers, who were <a href="/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Society of Friends">Quakers</a>, were prominent local ship-owners in the coal trade. Their house is now the <a href="/wiki/Captain_Cook_Memorial_Museum" title="Captain Cook Memorial Museum">Captain Cook Memorial Museum</a>. Cook was taken on as a merchant navy apprentice in their small fleet of vessels, plying coal along the English coast. His first assignment was aboard the <a href="/wiki/Collier_(ship_type)" class="mw-redirect" title="Collier (ship type)">collier</a> Freelove, and he spent several years on this and various other <a href="/wiki/Coastal_trading_vessel" title="Coastal trading vessel">coasters</a>, sailing between the <a href="/wiki/River_Tyne" title="River Tyne">Tyne</a> and London. As part of his apprenticeship, Cook applied himself to the study of algebra, geometry, trigonometry, navigation and astronomy – all skills he would need one day to command his own ship.<a href="#cite_note-collingridge-4">[4]</a> His three-year apprenticeship completed, Cook began working on <a href="/wiki/Merchant_ship" title="Merchant ship">merchant ships</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>. After passing his examinations in 1752, he soon progressed through the merchant navy ranks, starting with his promotion in that year to <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_mate" title="Master's mate">mate</a> aboard the collier <a href="/wiki/Brig" title="Brig">brig</a> Friendship.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In 1755, within a month of being offered command of this vessel, he volunteered for service in the Royal Navy, when Britain was re-arming for what was to become the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>. Despite the need to start back at the bottom of the naval hierarchy, Cook realised his career would advance more quickly in military service and entered the Navy at <a href="/wiki/Wapping" title="Wapping">Wapping</a> on 17 June 1755.<a href="#cite_note-Rigby27-9">[9]</a> Cook married <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Batts_Cook" title="Elizabeth Batts Cook">Elizabeth Batts</a>, the daughter of Samuel Batts, <a href="/wiki/Public_house#Inns" class="mw-redirect" title="Public house">keeper</a> of the Bell Inn in Wapping<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> and one of his mentors, on 21 December 1762 at <a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s_Church,_Barking" title="St Margaret's Church, Barking">St Margaret's Church, Barking</a>, Essex.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The couple had six children: James (1763–1794), Nathaniel (1764–1780, lost aboard <a href="/wiki/HMS_Thunderer_(1760)" title="HMS Thunderer (1760)">HMS Thunderer</a> which foundered with all hands in a hurricane in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>), Elizabeth (1767–1771), Joseph (1768–1768), George (1772–1772) and Hugh (1776–1793, who died of scarlet fever while a student at <a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="Christ's College, Cambridge">Christ's College, Cambridge</a>). When not at sea, Cook lived in the <a href="/wiki/East_End_of_London" title="East End of London">East End of London</a>. He attended <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Church,_Shadwell" title="St Paul's Church, Shadwell">St Paul's Church, Shadwell</a>, where his son James was baptised. Cook has no direct descendants – all of his children died before having children of their own.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Besant" title="Walter Besant">Walter Besant</a>, a biographer of Cook, described Cook as being "over six feet high" with "dark brown hair", "bushy eyebrows", and "small brown eyes".<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Start_of_Royal_Navy_career">Start of Royal Navy career</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Great Britain in the Seven Years' War</a></div> Cook's first posting was with <a href="/wiki/HMS_Eagle_(1745)" title="HMS Eagle (1745)">HMS Eagle</a>, serving as <a href="/wiki/Able_seaman_(rank)#Royal_Navy" title="Able seaman (rank)">able seaman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_mate" title="Master's mate">master's mate</a> under Captain Joseph Hamar for his first year aboard, and Captain <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Palliser" title="Hugh Palliser">Hugh Palliser</a> thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In October and November 1755, he took part in Eagle's capture of one French warship and the sinking of another, following which he was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Boatswain" title="Boatswain">boatswain</a> in addition to his other duties.<a href="#cite_note-Rigby27-9">[9]</a> His first temporary command was in March 1756 when he was briefly master of Cruizer, a small cutter attached to Eagle while on patrol.<a href="#cite_note-Rigby27-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In June 1757, Cook formally passed his <a href="/wiki/Master_(naval)" title="Master (naval)">master</a>'s examinations at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_House" title="Trinity House">Trinity House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deptford" title="Deptford">Deptford</a>, qualifying him to navigate and handle a ship of the King's fleet.<a href="#cite_note-G_Williams-16">[16]</a> He then joined the frigate HMS Solebay as master under Captain Robert Craig.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3></div> During the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, Cook served in North America as master aboard the <a href="/wiki/Fourth-rate" title="Fourth-rate">fourth-rate</a> Navy vessel <a href="/wiki/HMS_Pembroke_(1757)" title="HMS Pembroke (1757)">HMS Pembroke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> With others in Pembroke's crew, he took part in the major amphibious assault that <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1758)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1758)">captured</a> the <a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Fortress of Louisbourg</a> from the French in 1758, and in the siege of <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a> in 1759. Throughout his service he demonstrated a talent for <a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">surveying</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartography</a> and was responsible for mapping much of the entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence River</a> during the siege, thus allowing <a href="/wiki/James_Wolfe" title="James Wolfe">General Wolfe</a> to make his famous stealth attack during the 1759 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Plains_of_Abraham" title="Battle of the Plains of Abraham">Battle of the Plains of Abraham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Cook's surveying ability was also put to use in mapping the jagged coast of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> in the 1760s, aboard <a href="/wiki/HMS_Grenville_(1754)" title="HMS Grenville (1754)">HMS Grenville</a>. He surveyed the northwest stretch in 1763 and 1764, the south coast between the <a href="/wiki/Burin_Peninsula" title="Burin Peninsula">Burin Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Ray" title="Cape Ray">Cape Ray</a> in 1765 and 1766, and the west coast in 1767. At this time, Cook employed local pilots to point out the "rocks and hidden dangers" along the south and west coasts. During the 1765 season, four pilots were engaged at a daily pay of 4 <a href="/wiki/Shilling" title="Shilling">shillings</a> each: John Beck for the coast west of "<a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. Lawrence, Newfoundland and Labrador">Great St Lawrence</a>", Morgan Snook for <a href="/wiki/Fortune_Bay" title="Fortune Bay">Fortune Bay</a>, John Dawson for Connaigre and <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Bay" title="Hermitage Bay">Hermitage Bay</a>, and John Peck for the "<a href="/wiki/Bay_d%27Espoir" title="Bay d'Espoir">Bay of Despair</a>".<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> While in Newfoundland, Cook also conducted astronomical observations, in particular of the eclipse of the sun on 5 August 1766. By obtaining an accurate estimate of the time of the start and finish of the eclipse, and comparing these with the timings at a known position in England, it was possible to calculate the longitude of the observation site in Newfoundland. This result was communicated to the Royal Society in 1767.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> His five seasons in Newfoundland produced the first large-scale and accurate maps of the island's coasts and were the first scientific, large-scale, hydrographic surveys to use precise <a href="/wiki/Triangulation" title="Triangulation">triangulation</a> to establish land outlines.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> They also gave Cook his mastery of practical surveying, achieved under often adverse conditions, and brought him to the attention of the Admiralty and Royal Society at a crucial moment both in his career and in the direction of British overseas discovery. Cook's maps were used into the 20th century, with copies being referenced by those sailing Newfoundland's waters for 200 years.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Following his exertions in Newfoundland, Cook wrote that he intended to go not only "farther than any man has been before me, but as far as I think it is possible for a man to go".<a href="#cite_note-G_Williams-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_voyage_(1768–1771)">First voyage (1768–1771)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_voyage_of_James_Cook" title="First voyage of James Cook">First voyage of James Cook</a></div> On 25 May 1768,<a href="#cite_note-kippis1-24">[24]</a> the Admiralty commissioned Cook to command a scientific voyage to the Pacific Ocean. The purpose of the voyage was to observe and record the 1769 <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus" title="Transit of Venus">transit of Venus</a> across the Sun which, when combined with observations from other places, would help to determine the distance of the Earth from the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Cook, at age 39, was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(navy)" title="Lieutenant (navy)">lieutenant</a> to grant him sufficient status to take the command.<a href="#cite_note-Rigby30-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> For its part, the Royal Society agreed that Cook would receive a one hundred <a href="/wiki/Guinea_(coin)" title="Guinea (coin)">guinea</a> gratuity in addition to his Naval pay.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The expedition sailed aboard <a href="/wiki/HMS_Endeavour" title="HMS Endeavour">HMS Endeavour</a>, departing England on 26 August 1768.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Cook and his crew rounded <a href="/wiki/Cape_Horn" title="Cape Horn">Cape Horn</a> and continued westward across the Pacific, arriving at <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a> on 13 April 1769, where the <a href="/wiki/1769_Transit_of_Venus_observed_from_Tahiti" class="mw-redirect" title="1769 Transit of Venus observed from Tahiti">observations of the transit</a> were made.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> However, the result of the observations was not as conclusive or accurate as had been hoped. Once the observations were completed, Cook opened the sealed orders, which were additional instructions from the Admiralty for the second part of his voyage: to search the south Pacific for signs of the postulated rich southern continent of <a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis" title="Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Cook then sailed to New Zealand where he mapped the complete coastline, making only some minor errors. With the aid of <a href="/wiki/Tupaia_(navigator)" title="Tupaia (navigator)">Tupaia</a>, a Tahitian priest who had joined the expedition, Cook was the first European to communicate with the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> However, at least eight Māori were killed in violent encounters.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Cook then voyaged west, reaching the southeastern coast of Australia near today's Point Hicks on 19 April 1770, and in doing so his expedition became the first recorded Europeans to have encountered its eastern coastline.<a href="#cite_note-34">[NB 1]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cook%27s_landing_at_Botany_Bay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Cook%27s_landing_at_Botany_Bay.jpg/250px-Cook%27s_landing_at_Botany_Bay.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Cook%27s_landing_at_Botany_Bay.jpg/375px-Cook%27s_landing_at_Botany_Bay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Cook%27s_landing_at_Botany_Bay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>Cook landing at <a href="/wiki/Botany_Bay" title="Botany Bay">Botany Bay</a> (Kamay)</figcaption></figure>On 23 April, he made his first recorded direct observation of <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> at <a href="/wiki/Brush_Island" title="Brush Island">Brush Island</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bawley_Point,_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Bawley Point, New South Wales">Bawley Point</a>, noting in his journal: "... and were so near the Shore as to distinguish several people upon the Sea beach they appear'd to be of a very dark or black Colour but whether this was the real colour of their skins or the C[l]othes they might have on I know not."<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> Endeavour continued northwards along the coastline, keeping the land in sight with Cook charting and naming landmarks as he went. On 29 April, Cook and crew made their first landfall on the continent at a beach now known as <a href="/wiki/Silver_Beach_(New_South_Wales)" title="Silver Beach (New South Wales)">Silver Beach</a> on <a href="/wiki/Botany_Bay" title="Botany Bay">Botany Bay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kamay_Botany_Bay_National_Park" title="Kamay Botany Bay National Park">Kamay Botany Bay National Park</a>). Two Gweagal men of the Dharawal / Eora nation opposed their landing and in the confrontation one of them was shot and wounded.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto22-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> Cook and his crew stayed at Botany Bay for a week, collecting water, timber, fodder and botanical specimens and exploring the surrounding area. Cook sought to establish relations with the Indigenous population without success.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> At first Cook named the inlet "Sting-Ray Harbour" after the many stingrays found there. This was later changed to "Botanist Bay" and finally Botany Bay after the unique specimens retrieved by the botanists <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Solander" title="Daniel Solander">Daniel Solander</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> This first landing site was later to be promoted (particularly by Joseph Banks) as a suitable candidate for situating a settlement and <a href="/wiki/British_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="British colony">British colonial</a> outpost.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Endeavour_replica_in_Cooktown_harbour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Endeavour_replica_in_Cooktown_harbour.jpg/204px-Endeavour_replica_in_Cooktown_harbour.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Endeavour_replica_in_Cooktown_harbour.jpg/306px-Endeavour_replica_in_Cooktown_harbour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Endeavour_replica_in_Cooktown_harbour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HM_Bark_Endeavour_Replica" class="mw-redirect" title="HM Bark Endeavour Replica">Endeavour replica</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cooktown,_Queensland" title="Cooktown, Queensland">Cooktown, Queensland</a> harbour – anchored where the original Endeavour was beached for seven weeks in 1770</figcaption></figure>After his departure from Botany Bay, he continued northwards. He stopped at Bustard Bay (now known as <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Seventy,_Queensland" title="Seventeen Seventy, Queensland">Seventeen Seventy</a>) on 23 May 1770. On 24 May, Cook and Banks and others went ashore. Continuing north, on 11 June a mishap occurred when Endeavour ran aground on a shoal of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a>, and then "nursed into a river mouth on 18 June 1770".<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> The ship was badly damaged, and his voyage was delayed almost seven weeks while repairs were carried out on the beach (near the docks of modern <a href="/wiki/Cooktown,_Queensland" title="Cooktown, Queensland">Cooktown, Queensland</a>, at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Endeavour_River" title="Endeavour River">Endeavour River</a>).<a href="#cite_note-collingridge-4">[4]</a> The crew's encounters with the local Aboriginal people were mostly peaceful, although following a dispute over green turtles Cook ordered shots to be fired and one local was lightly wounded.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> The voyage then continued and at about midday on 22 August 1770, they reached the northernmost tip of the coast and, without leaving the ship, Cook named it York Cape (now <a href="/wiki/Cape_York_Peninsula" title="Cape York Peninsula">Cape York</a>).<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> Leaving the east coast, Cook turned west and nursed his battered ship through the dangerously shallow waters of <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait" title="Torres Strait">Torres Strait</a>. Searching for a vantage point, Cook saw a steep hill on a nearby island from the top of which he hoped to see "a passage into the Indian Seas". Cook named the island <a href="/wiki/Possession_Island_(Queensland)" title="Possession Island (Queensland)">Possession Island</a>, where he claimed the entire coastline that he had just explored as British territory.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_England">Return to England</h3></div> Cook returned to England via <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jakarta" title="History of Jakarta">Batavia</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, Indonesia), where many in his crew succumbed to <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, and then the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a>, arriving at the island of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> on 30 April 1771.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> The ship finally returned to England on 12 July 1771, anchoring in The Downs, with Cook going to Deal.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interlude">Interlude</h3></div> Cook's journals were published upon his return, and he became something of a hero among the scientific community. Among the general public, however, the aristocratic botanist Joseph Banks was a greater hero.<a href="#cite_note-collingridge-4">[4]</a> Banks even attempted to take command of Cook's second voyage but removed himself from the voyage before it began, and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Reinhold_Forster" title="Johann Reinhold Forster">Johann Reinhold Forster</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Georg_Forster" title="Georg Forster">Georg Forster</a> were taken on as scientists for the voyage. Cook's son George was born five days before he left for his second voyage.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_voyage_(1772–1775)">Second voyage (1772–1775)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_voyage_of_James_Cook" title="Second voyage of James Cook">Second voyage of James Cook</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Cook%27s_portrait_by_William_Hodges.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/James_Cook%27s_portrait_by_William_Hodges.jpg/220px-James_Cook%27s_portrait_by_William_Hodges.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/James_Cook%27s_portrait_by_William_Hodges.jpg/330px-James_Cook%27s_portrait_by_William_Hodges.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/James_Cook%27s_portrait_by_William_Hodges.jpg/440px-James_Cook%27s_portrait_by_William_Hodges.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2166" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of James Cook by <a href="/wiki/William_Hodges" title="William Hodges">William Hodges</a>, who accompanied Cook on his second voyage</figcaption></figure> Shortly after his return from the first voyage, Cook was promoted in August 1771 to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Commander_(Royal_Navy)" title="Commander (Royal Navy)">commander</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> In 1772, he was commissioned to lead another scientific expedition on behalf of the Royal Society, to search for the hypothetical Terra Australis. On his first voyage, Cook had demonstrated by circumnavigating New Zealand that it was not attached to a larger landmass to the south. Although he charted almost the entire eastern coastline of Australia, showing it to be continental in size, the Terra Australis was believed to lie further south. Despite this evidence to the contrary, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dalrymple" title="Alexander Dalrymple">Alexander Dalrymple</a> and others of the Royal Society still believed that a massive southern continent should exist.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> Cook commanded <a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS Resolution</a> on this voyage, while <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Tobias Furneaux</a> commanded its companion ship, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS Adventure</a>. Cook's expedition circumnavigated the globe at an extreme southern <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>, becoming one of the first to cross the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circle" title="Antarctic Circle">Antarctic Circle</a> on 17 January 1773. In the Antarctic fog, Resolution and Adventure became separated. Furneaux made his way to New Zealand, where he lost some of his men during an encounter with Māori, and eventually sailed back to Britain, while Cook continued to explore the Antarctic, reaching 71°10'S on 31 January 1774.<a href="#cite_note-G_Williams-16">[16]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Cook,_English_navigator,_witnessing_human_sacrifice_in_Taihiti_(Otaheite)_c._1773.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/James_Cook%2C_English_navigator%2C_witnessing_human_sacrifice_in_Taihiti_%28Otaheite%29_c._1773.jpg/250px-James_Cook%2C_English_navigator%2C_witnessing_human_sacrifice_in_Taihiti_%28Otaheite%29_c._1773.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/James_Cook%2C_English_navigator%2C_witnessing_human_sacrifice_in_Taihiti_%28Otaheite%29_c._1773.jpg/375px-James_Cook%2C_English_navigator%2C_witnessing_human_sacrifice_in_Taihiti_%28Otaheite%29_c._1773.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/James_Cook%2C_English_navigator%2C_witnessing_human_sacrifice_in_Taihiti_%28Otaheite%29_c._1773.jpg/500px-James_Cook%2C_English_navigator%2C_witnessing_human_sacrifice_in_Taihiti_%28Otaheite%29_c._1773.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3946" data-file-height="2016" /></a><figcaption>Illustration from the 1815 edition of Cook's Voyages, depicting Cook watching a human sacrifice in <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1773</figcaption></figure> Cook almost encountered the mainland of <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> but turned towards Tahiti to resupply his ship. He then resumed his southward course in a second fruitless attempt to find the supposed continent. On this leg of the voyage, he brought a young Tahitian named <a href="/wiki/Omai" title="Omai">Omai</a>, who proved to be somewhat less knowledgeable about the Pacific than <a href="/wiki/Tupaia_(navigator)" title="Tupaia (navigator)">Tupaia</a> had been on the first voyage. On his return voyage to New Zealand in 1774, Cook landed at the <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Friendly Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Before returning to England, Cook made a final sweep across the South Atlantic from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Horn" title="Cape Horn">Cape Horn</a> and surveyed, mapped, and took possession for Britain of <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia</a>, which had been explored by the English merchant <a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché">Anthony de la Roché</a> in 1675. Cook also discovered and named <a href="/wiki/Clerke_Rocks" title="Clerke Rocks">Clerke Rocks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Sandwich Islands</a> ("Sandwich Land"). He then turned north to South Africa and from there continued back to England. His reports upon his return home put to rest the popular myth of Terra Australis.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cook-1777.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Cook-1777.jpg/300px-Cook-1777.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Cook-1777.jpg/450px-Cook-1777.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Cook-1777.jpg/600px-Cook-1777.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1269" data-file-height="888" /></a><figcaption>James Cook's 1777 South-Up map of <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands#South_Georgia" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia</a>, which he named after King <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">George III</a></figcaption></figure> Cook's second voyage marked a successful employment of <a href="/wiki/Larcum_Kendall#K1" title="Larcum Kendall">Larcum Kendall's K1</a> copy of <a href="/wiki/John_Harrison" title="John Harrison">John Harrison</a>'s H4 <a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">marine chronometer</a>, which enabled Cook to calculate his longitudinal position with much greater accuracy. Cook's log was full of praise for this time-piece which he used to make charts of the southern Pacific Ocean that were so remarkably accurate that copies of them were still in use in the mid-20th century.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> Upon his return, Cook was promoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Post-captain" title="Post-captain">post-captain</a> and given an honorary retirement from the Royal Navy, with a posting as an officer of the <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Hospital,_London" title="Greenwich Hospital, London">Greenwich Hospital</a>. He reluctantly accepted, insisting that he be allowed to quit the post if an opportunity for active duty should arise.<a href="#cite_note-Beaglehole-55">[54]</a> His fame extended beyond the Admiralty; he was made a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a> and awarded the <a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Gold Medal</a> for completing his second voyage without losing a man to <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rigby79-56">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Dance-Holland" title="Nathaniel Dance-Holland">Nathaniel Dance-Holland</a> painted his portrait; he dined with <a href="/wiki/James_Boswell" title="James Boswell">James Boswell</a>; he was described in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> as "the first navigator in Europe".<a href="#cite_note-G_Williams-16">[16]</a> But he could not be kept away from the sea. A third voyage was planned, and Cook volunteered to find the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a>. He travelled to the Pacific and hoped to travel east to the Atlantic, while a simultaneous voyage travelled the opposite route.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Third_voyage_(1776–1779)">Third voyage (1776–1779)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Third_voyage_of_James_Cook" title="Third voyage of James Cook">Third voyage of James Cook</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hawaii">Hawaii</h3></div> On his last voyage, Cook again commanded HMS Resolution, while Captain <a href="/wiki/Charles_Clerke" title="Charles Clerke">Charles Clerke</a> commanded <a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1774)" title="HMS Discovery (1774)">HMS Discovery</a>. The voyage was ostensibly planned to return the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">Pacific Islander</a> <a href="/wiki/Omai" title="Omai">Omai</a> to Tahiti, or so the public was led to believe. The trip's principal goal was to locate a <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a> around the American continent.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> After dropping Omai at Tahiti, Cook travelled north and in 1778 became the first European to begin formal contact with the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Collingridge_2003_380-59">[58]</a> After his initial landfall in January 1778 at <a href="/wiki/Waimea,_Kauai_County,_Hawaii" title="Waimea, Kauai County, Hawaii">Waimea</a> harbour, <a href="/wiki/Kauai" title="Kauai">Kauai</a>, Cook named the <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> the "Sandwich Islands" after the <a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich">fourth Earl of Sandwich</a>—the acting <a href="/wiki/Lords_Commissioners_of_the_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Collingridge_2003_380-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3></div> From the Sandwich Islands, Cook sailed north and then northeast to explore the west coast of North America north of the Spanish settlements in <a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a>. He sighted the Oregon coast at approximately 44°30′ north latitude, naming <a href="/wiki/Cape_Foulweather" title="Cape Foulweather">Cape Foulweather</a>, after the bad weather which forced his ships south to about <a href="/wiki/43rd_parallel_north" title="43rd parallel north">43° north</a> before they could begin their exploration of the coast northward.<a href="#cite_note-Hayes_1999_42–43-60">[59]</a> He unknowingly sailed past the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Juan_de_Fuca" title="Strait of Juan de Fuca">Strait of Juan de Fuca</a> and soon after entered <a href="/wiki/Nootka_Sound" title="Nootka Sound">Nootka Sound</a> on <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a>. He anchored near the <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> village of <a href="/wiki/Yuquot,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuquot, British Columbia">Yuquot</a>. Cook's two ships remained in Nootka Sound from 29 March to 26 April 1778, in what Cook called Ship Cove, now Resolution Cove,<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> at the south end of <a href="/wiki/Bligh_Island_(Canada)" title="Bligh Island (Canada)">Bligh Island</a>. Relations between Cook's crew and the people of Yuquot were cordial but sometimes strained. In trading, the people of Yuquot demanded much more valuable items than the usual trinkets that had been acceptable in Hawaii. Metal objects were much desired, but the lead, pewter, and tin traded at first soon fell into disrepute. The most valuable items which the British received in trade were <a href="/wiki/Sea_otter" title="Sea otter">sea otter</a> pelts. During the stay, the Yuquot "hosts" essentially controlled the trade with the British vessels; the natives usually visited the British vessels at Resolution Cove instead of the British visiting the village of Yuquot at Friendly Cove.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> After leaving Nootka Sound in search of the Northwest Passage, Cook explored and mapped the coast all the way to the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a>, on the way identifying what came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Cook_Inlet" title="Cook Inlet">Cook Inlet</a> in Alaska.<a href="#cite_note-Hayes_1999_42–43-60">[59]</a> In a single visit, Cook charted the majority of the North American northwest coastline on world maps for the first time, determined the extent of Alaska, and closed the gaps in Russian (from the west) and Spanish (from the south) exploratory probes of the northern limits of the Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-G_Williams-16">[16]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Cleveley_the_Younger,_Views_of_the_South_Seas_(No._3_of_4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/John_Cleveley_the_Younger%2C_Views_of_the_South_Seas_%28No._3_of_4%29.jpg/250px-John_Cleveley_the_Younger%2C_Views_of_the_South_Seas_%28No._3_of_4%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/John_Cleveley_the_Younger%2C_Views_of_the_South_Seas_%28No._3_of_4%29.jpg/375px-John_Cleveley_the_Younger%2C_Views_of_the_South_Seas_%28No._3_of_4%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/John_Cleveley_the_Younger%2C_Views_of_the_South_Seas_%28No._3_of_4%29.jpg/500px-John_Cleveley_the_Younger%2C_Views_of_the_South_Seas_%28No._3_of_4%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3308" data-file-height="2422" /></a><figcaption>HMS Resolution and Discovery in Tahiti</figcaption></figure> By the second week of August 1778, Cook was through the Bering Strait, sailing into the <a href="/wiki/Chukchi_Sea" title="Chukchi Sea">Chukchi Sea</a>. He headed northeast up the coast of Alaska until he was blocked by sea ice at a latitude of 70°44′ north. Cook then sailed west to the <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberian</a> coast, and then southeast down the Siberian coast back to the Bering Strait. By early September 1778, he was back in the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a> to begin the trip to the Sandwich (Hawaiian) Islands.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> He became increasingly frustrated on this voyage and perhaps began to suffer from a stomach ailment; it has been speculated that this led to irrational behaviour towards his crew, such as forcing them to eat walrus meat, which they had pronounced inedible.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Hawaii">Return to Hawaii</h3></div> Cook returned to Hawaii in 1779. After sailing around the archipelago for some eight weeks, he made landfall at <a href="/wiki/Kealakekua_Bay" title="Kealakekua Bay">Kealakekua Bay</a> on <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">Hawai'i Island</a>, the largest island in the Hawaiian Archipelago. Cook's arrival coincided with the <a href="/wiki/Makahiki" title="Makahiki">Makahiki</a>, a Hawaiian <a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival">harvest festival</a> of worship for the Polynesian god <a href="/wiki/Lono" title="Lono">Lono</a>. Coincidentally the form of Cook's ship, HMS Resolution, or more particularly the mast formation, sails and rigging, resembled certain significant artefacts that formed part of the season of worship.<a href="#cite_note-collingridge-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Similarly, Cook's clockwise route around the island of Hawaii before making landfall resembled the processions that took place in a clockwise direction around the island during the Lono festivals. It has been argued (most extensively by <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Sahlins" title="Marshall Sahlins">Marshall Sahlins</a>) that such coincidences were the reasons for Cook's (and to a limited extent, his crew's) initial <a href="/wiki/Apotheosis" title="Apotheosis">deification</a> by some Hawaiians who treated Cook as an incarnation of Lono.<a href="#cite_note-Sahlins1985-66">[65]</a> Though this view was first suggested by members of Cook's expedition, the idea that any Hawaiians understood Cook to be Lono, and the evidence presented in support of it, was challenged in 1992 by <a href="/wiki/Gananath_Obeyesekere" title="Gananath Obeyesekere">Gananath Obeyesekere</a> in the so-called <a href="/wiki/Sahlins%E2%80%93Obeyesekere_debate" title="Sahlins–Obeyesekere debate">Sahlins–Obeyesekere debate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_of_James_Cook" title="Death of James Cook">Death of James Cook</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawaii_WikiC_9015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hawaii_WikiC_9015.jpg/290px-Hawaii_WikiC_9015.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hawaii_WikiC_9015.jpg/435px-Hawaii_WikiC_9015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hawaii_WikiC_9015.jpg/580px-Hawaii_WikiC_9015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Marker at the shoreline of Kealakekua Bay, near the spot where Captain Cook was slain</figcaption></figure> After a month's stay, Cook attempted to resume his exploration of the northern Pacific. Shortly after leaving Hawaii Island, Resolution's foremast broke, so the ships returned to Kealakekua Bay for repairs.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Tensions rose, and quarrels broke out between the Europeans and Hawaiians at Kealakekua Bay, including the theft of wood from a Hawaiian burial ground under Cook's orders.<a href="#cite_note-Sparks1847-69">[68]</a> On 13 February 1779, an unknown group of Hawaiians stole one of Cook's longboats. By then the Hawaiian people had become "insolent", even with threats to fire upon them.<a href="#cite_note-Obeyesekere1997-70">[69]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Cook responded to the theft by attempting to kidnap and ransom the <a href="/wiki/Alii_Aimoku_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Alii Aimoku of Hawaii">King of Hawaiʻi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalani%CA%BB%C5%8Dpu%CA%BBu" title="Kalaniʻōpuʻu">Kalaniʻōpuʻu</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The following day, 14 February 1779, Cook marched through the village to retrieve the king. Cook took the king (aliʻi nui) by his own hand and led him away. One of Kalaniʻōpuʻu's favourite wives, <a href="/wiki/Kanekapolei" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanekapolei">Kanekapolei</a>, and two chiefs approached the group as they were heading to the boats. They pleaded with the king not to go. An old <a href="/wiki/Kahuna" title="Kahuna">kahuna</a> (priest), chanting rapidly while holding out a coconut, attempted to distract Cook and his men as a large crowd began to form at the shore. At this point, the king began to understand that Cook was his enemy.<a href="#cite_note-Obeyesekere1997-70">[69]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] As Cook turned his back to help launch the boats, he was struck on the head by the villagers and then stabbed to death as he fell on his face in the <a href="/wiki/Breaking_wave" title="Breaking wave">surf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> He was first struck on the head with a club by a chief named <a href="/wiki/Kalaimanokaho%CA%BBowaha" title="Kalaimanokahoʻowaha">Kalaimanokahoʻowaha</a> or Kanaʻina (namesake of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kana%27ina" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Kana'ina">Charles Kana'ina</a>) and then stabbed by one of the king's attendants, Nuaa.<a href="#cite_note-Samwell(Jr)1791-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> The Hawaiians carried his body away towards the back of the town, still visible to the ship through their spyglass. Four marines, Corporal James Thomas, Private Theophilus Hinks, Private Thomas Fatchett and Private John Allen, were also killed and two others wounded in the confrontation.<a href="#cite_note-Samwell(Jr)1791-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cook_Three_Voyages_59.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cook_Three_Voyages_59.png/390px-Cook_Three_Voyages_59.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cook_Three_Voyages_59.png/585px-Cook_Three_Voyages_59.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cook_Three_Voyages_59.png/780px-Cook_Three_Voyages_59.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>The routes of Captain James Cook's voyages. The first voyage is shown in red, second voyage in green, and third voyage in blue. The route of Cook's crew following his death is shown as a dashed blue line.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3></div> The esteem which the islanders nevertheless held for Cook caused them to retain his body. Following their practice of the time, they prepared his body with funerary rituals usually reserved for the chiefs and highest elders of the society. The body was <a href="/wiki/Disembowelment" title="Disembowelment">disembowelled</a> and baked to facilitate <a href="/wiki/Excarnation" title="Excarnation">removal of the flesh</a>, and the bones were carefully cleaned for preservation as religious icons in a fashion somewhat reminiscent of the treatment of European saints in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. Some of Cook's remains, thus preserved, were eventually returned to his crew for a formal <a href="/wiki/Burial_at_sea" title="Burial at sea">burial at sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Clerke assumed leadership of the expedition and made a final attempt to pass through the Bering Strait.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> He died of tuberculosis on 22 August 1779 and <a href="/wiki/John_Gore_(Royal_Navy_captain)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Gore (Royal Navy captain)">John Gore</a>, a veteran of Cook's first voyage, took command of Resolution and of the expedition. <a href="/wiki/James_King_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="James King (Royal Navy officer)">James King</a> replaced Gore in command of Discovery.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> The expedition returned home, reaching England in October 1780. After their arrival in England, King completed Cook's account of the voyage.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnographic_collections">Ethnographic collections</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/James_Cook_Collection:_Australian_Museum" title="James Cook Collection: Australian Museum">James Cook Collection: Australian Museum</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H000104-_Feather_Cape.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/H000104-_Feather_Cape.jpg/220px-H000104-_Feather_Cape.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/H000104-_Feather_Cape.jpg/330px-H000104-_Feather_Cape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/H000104-_Feather_Cape.jpg/440px-H000104-_Feather_Cape.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2953" data-file-height="1953" /></a><figcaption>Hawaiian <a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAhu_%CA%BBula" title="ʻAhu ʻula">ʻAhu ʻula</a> (feather cloak) held by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Museum" title="Australian Museum">Australian Museum</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Museum" title="Australian Museum">Australian Museum</a> acquired its "Cook Collection" in 1894 from the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_New_South_Wales" title="Government of New South Wales">Government of New South Wales</a>. At that time the collection consisted of 115 artefacts collected on Cook's three voyages throughout the Pacific Ocean, during the period 1768–1780, along with documents and memorabilia related to these voyages. Many of the <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnographic</a> artefacts were collected at a time of first contact between <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">Pacific Peoples</a> and Europeans. In 1935 most of the documents and memorabilia were transferred to the Mitchell Library in the <a href="/wiki/State_Library_of_New_South_Wales" title="State Library of New South Wales">State Library of New South Wales</a>. The provenance of the collection shows that the objects remained in the hands of Cook's widow Elizabeth Cook, and her descendants, until 1886. In this year John Mackrell, the great-nephew of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Smith_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Isaac Smith (Royal Navy officer)">Isaac Smith</a>, Elizabeth Cook's cousin, organised the display of this collection at the request of the NSW Government at the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_and_Indian_Exhibition" title="Colonial and Indian Exhibition">Colonial and Indian Exhibition</a> in London. In 1887 the London-based <a href="/wiki/Agent-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Agent-General">Agent-General</a> for the New South Wales Government, Saul Samuel, bought John Mackrell's items and also acquired items belonging to the other relatives Reverend Canon Frederick Bennett, Mrs Thomas Langton, H.M.C. Alexander, and William Adams. The collection remained with the Colonial Secretary of NSW until 1894, when it was transferred to the Australian Museum.<a href="#cite_note-Thomsett,_History_of_Acquisition-79">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navigation_and_science">Navigation and science</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cooks_Karte_von_Neufundland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cooks_Karte_von_Neufundland.jpg/290px-Cooks_Karte_von_Neufundland.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cooks_Karte_von_Neufundland.jpg/435px-Cooks_Karte_von_Neufundland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cooks_Karte_von_Neufundland.jpg/580px-Cooks_Karte_von_Neufundland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1462" /></a><figcaption> A 1775 chart of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>, made from James Cook's <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> surveyings</figcaption></figure> Cook's 12 years sailing around the Pacific Ocean contributed much to Europeans' knowledge of the area. Several islands, such as the Hawaiian group, were encountered for the first time by Europeans, and his more accurate navigational charting of large areas of the Pacific was a major achievement.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> To create accurate maps, latitude and longitude must be accurately determined. Navigators had been able to work out latitude accurately for centuries by measuring the angle of the sun or a star above the horizon with an instrument such as a <a href="/wiki/Backstaff" title="Backstaff">backstaff</a> or <a href="/wiki/Quadrant_(instrument)" title="Quadrant (instrument)">quadrant</a>. Longitude was more difficult to measure accurately because it requires precise knowledge of the time difference between points on the surface of the Earth. The Earth turns a full 360 degrees relative to the Sun each day. Thus longitude corresponds to time: 15 degrees every hour, or 1 degree every 4 minutes.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Cook gathered accurate longitude measurements during his first voyage from his navigational skills, with the help of astronomer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Green_(astronomer)" title="Charles Green (astronomer)">Charles Green</a>, and by using the newly published <a href="/wiki/The_Nautical_Almanac" title="The Nautical Almanac">Nautical Almanac</a> tables, via the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_distance_(navigation)" title="Lunar distance (navigation)">lunar distance</a> method – measuring the angular distance from the Moon to either the Sun during daytime or one of eight bright stars during night-time to determine the time at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Observatory,_Greenwich" title="Royal Observatory, Greenwich">Royal Observatory, Greenwich</a>, and comparing that to his local time determined via the altitude of the Sun, Moon, or stars.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On his second voyage, Cook used the K1 chronometer made by <a href="/wiki/Larcum_Kendall" title="Larcum Kendall">Larcum Kendall</a>, which was the shape of a large pocket watch, 5 inches (13 cm) in diameter. It was a copy of the <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Number_Four" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrison Number Four">H4</a> clock made by <a href="/wiki/John_Harrison" title="John Harrison">John Harrison</a>, which proved to be the first to keep accurate time at sea when used on the ship Deptford's journey to <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> in 1761–62.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> He succeeded in circumnavigating the world on his first voyage without losing a single man to <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a>, an unusual accomplishment at the time. He tested several preventive measures, most importantly the frequent replenishment of fresh food.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> For presenting a paper on this aspect of the voyage to the Royal Society he was presented with the <a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> in 1776.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> Cook became the first European to have extensive contact with various people of the Pacific. He correctly postulated a link among all the Pacific peoples, despite their being separated by great ocean stretches <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951">(see <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian languages</a>). Cook theorised that Polynesians originated from Asia, which scientist <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Sykes" title="Bryan Sykes">Bryan Sykes</a> later verified.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> In New Zealand the coming of Cook is often used to signify the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Colonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonisation">colonisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-collingridge-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-horwitz-7">[7]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hodges,_Resolution_and_Adventure_in_Matavai_Bay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Hodges%2C_Resolution_and_Adventure_in_Matavai_Bay.jpg/290px-Hodges%2C_Resolution_and_Adventure_in_Matavai_Bay.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Hodges%2C_Resolution_and_Adventure_in_Matavai_Bay.jpg/435px-Hodges%2C_Resolution_and_Adventure_in_Matavai_Bay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Hodges%2C_Resolution_and_Adventure_in_Matavai_Bay.jpg/580px-Hodges%2C_Resolution_and_Adventure_in_Matavai_Bay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1770" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Hodges" title="William Hodges">William Hodges'</a> painting of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS Resolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS Adventure</a> in <a href="/wiki/Matavai_Bay" title="Matavai Bay">Matavai Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a></figcaption></figure> Cook carried several scientists on his voyages; they made significant observations and discoveries. Two botanists, Joseph Banks and the Swede Daniel Solander, sailed on the first voyage. The two collected over 3,000 plant species.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> Banks subsequently strongly promoted British settlement of Australia,<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> leading to the establishment of New South Wales as a penal settlement in 1788. Artists also sailed on Cook's first voyage. <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Parkinson" title="Sydney Parkinson">Sydney Parkinson</a> was heavily involved in documenting the botanists' findings, completing 264 drawings before his death near the end of the voyage. They were of immense scientific value to British botanists.<a href="#cite_note-collingridge-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> Cook's second expedition included <a href="/wiki/William_Hodges" title="William Hodges">William Hodges</a>, who produced notable landscape paintings of Tahiti, <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>, and other locations. Several officers who served under Cook went on to distinctive accomplishments. <a href="/wiki/William_Bligh" title="William Bligh">William Bligh</a>, Cook's <a href="/wiki/Sailing_master" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailing master">sailing master</a>, was given command of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Bounty" title="HMS Bounty">HMS Bounty</a> in 1787 to sail to Tahiti and return with <a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">breadfruit</a>. Bligh became known for the <a href="/wiki/Mutiny_on_the_Bounty" title="Mutiny on the Bounty">mutiny of his crew</a>, which resulted in his being set adrift in 1789. He later became <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_South_Wales" title="Governor of New South Wales">Governor of New South Wales</a>, where he was the subject of another mutiny—the 1808 <a href="/wiki/Rum_Rebellion" title="Rum Rebellion">Rum Rebellion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Vancouver" title="George Vancouver">George Vancouver</a>, one of Cook's <a href="/wiki/Midshipman" title="Midshipman">midshipmen</a>, led a <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Expedition" title="Vancouver Expedition">voyage of exploration to the Pacific Coast of North America</a> from 1791 to 1794.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> In honour of Vancouver's former commander, his ship was named <a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1789)" title="HMS Discovery (1789)">Discovery</a>. <a href="/wiki/George_Dixon_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="George Dixon (Royal Navy officer)">George Dixon</a>, who sailed under Cook on his third expedition, later commanded his own.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> Cook's contributions to knowledge gained international recognition during his lifetime. In 1779, while the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">American colonies</a> were <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">fighting Britain for their independence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> wrote to captains of colonial warships at sea, recommending that if they came into contact with Cook's vessel, they were to "not consider her an enemy, nor suffer any plunder to be made of the effects contained in her, nor obstruct her immediate return to England by detaining her or sending her into any other part of Europe or to America; but that you treat the said Captain Cook and his people with all civility and kindness ... as common friends to mankind."<a href="#cite_note-Franklin1837-93">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials">Memorials</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorial_tablet_%E2%80%93_Captain_James_Cook_and_his_family,_Church_of_St_Andrew_the_Great,_Cambridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Memorial_tablet_%E2%80%93_Captain_James_Cook_and_his_family%2C_Church_of_St_Andrew_the_Great%2C_Cambridge.jpg/280px-Memorial_tablet_%E2%80%93_Captain_James_Cook_and_his_family%2C_Church_of_St_Andrew_the_Great%2C_Cambridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="401" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Memorial_tablet_%E2%80%93_Captain_James_Cook_and_his_family%2C_Church_of_St_Andrew_the_Great%2C_Cambridge.jpg/420px-Memorial_tablet_%E2%80%93_Captain_James_Cook_and_his_family%2C_Church_of_St_Andrew_the_Great%2C_Cambridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Memorial_tablet_%E2%80%93_Captain_James_Cook_and_his_family%2C_Church_of_St_Andrew_the_Great%2C_Cambridge.jpg/560px-Memorial_tablet_%E2%80%93_Captain_James_Cook_and_his_family%2C_Church_of_St_Andrew_the_Great%2C_Cambridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2278" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Memorial to James Cook and family in the church of <a href="/wiki/St_Andrew_the_Great" title="St Andrew the Great">St Andrew the Great</a>, Cambridge</figcaption></figure> A U.S. coin, the 1928 <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Sesquicentennial_half-dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaii Sesquicentennial half-dollar">Hawaii Sesquicentennial half-dollar</a>, carries Cook's image. Minted for the 150th anniversary of his discovery of the islands, its low mintage (10,008) has made this example of an <a href="/wiki/Early_United_States_commemorative_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Early United States commemorative coins">early United States commemorative coin</a> both scarce and expensive.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kealakekua_Bay" title="Kealakekua Bay">site where he was killed in Hawaii</a> was marked in 1874 by a white obelisk. This land, although in Hawaii, was deeded to the United Kingdom by Princess <a href="/wiki/Likelike" title="Likelike">Likelike</a> and her husband, <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Scott_Cleghorn" title="Archibald Scott Cleghorn">Archibald Scott Cleghorn</a>, to the British Consul to Hawaii, James Hay Wodehouse, in 1877.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] A nearby town is named <a href="/wiki/Captain_Cook,_Hawaii" title="Captain Cook, Hawaii">Captain Cook, Hawaii</a>; several Hawaiian businesses also carry his name. The <a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a> <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Command/Service_Module" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo Command/Service Module">Command/Service Module</a> Endeavour,<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour">Space Shuttle Endeavour</a>,<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Endeavour" title="Crew Dragon Endeavour">Crew Dragon Endeavour</a>;<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> are named after Cook's ship. Another Space Shuttle, <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery">Discovery</a>, was named after Cook's <a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1774)" title="HMS Discovery (1774)">HMS Discovery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cooks%27_Cottage" title="Cooks' Cottage">Cooks' Cottage</a>, his parents' last home, which he is likely to have visited, is now in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, Australia, having been moved from England at the behest of the Australian philanthropist Sir <a href="/wiki/Russell_Grimwade" title="Russell Grimwade">Russell Grimwade</a> in 1934.<a href="#cite_note-CityMelb-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-horwitz-7">[7]</a> The first institution of higher education in North Queensland, Australia, was named after him, with <a href="/wiki/James_Cook_University" title="James Cook University">James Cook University</a> opening in <a href="/wiki/Townsville" title="Townsville">Townsville</a> in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> Numerous institutions, landmarks and place names reflect the importance of Cook's contributions, including the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cook_Strait" title="Cook Strait">Cook Strait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cook_Inlet" title="Cook Inlet">Cook Inlet</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cook_(crater)" title="Cook (crater)">Cook crater</a> on the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aoraki_/_Mount_Cook" title="Aoraki / Mount Cook">Aoraki / Mount Cook</a>, the highest summit in New Zealand, is named for him.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> Another <a href="/wiki/Mount_Cook_(Saint_Elias_Mountains)" title="Mount Cook (Saint Elias Mountains)">Mount Cook</a> is on the border between the U.S. state of Alaska and the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> territory, and is designated Boundary Peak 182 as one of the official <a href="/wiki/List_of_Boundary_Peaks_of_the_Alaska_%E2%80%93_British_Columbia/Yukon_border" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Boundary Peaks of the Alaska – British Columbia/Yukon border">Boundary Peaks</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hay%E2%80%93Herbert_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Hay–Herbert Treaty">Hay–Herbert Treaty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> There are <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_James_Cook,_Hyde_Park" title="Statue of James Cook, Hyde Park">statues</a> of Cook in <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Sydney" title="Hyde Park, Sydney">Hyde Park</a> in Sydney, and at <a href="/wiki/St_Kilda,_Victoria" title="St Kilda, Victoria">St Kilda</a> in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sum_2024-107">[106]</a> One of the earliest monuments to Cook in the United Kingdom is located at <a href="/wiki/The_Vache" title="The Vache">The Vache</a>, erected in 1780 by Admiral <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Palliser" title="Hugh Palliser">Hugh Palliser</a>, a contemporary of Cook and one-time owner of the estate.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> A large obelisk was built in 1827 as a monument to Cook on <a href="/wiki/Easby_Moor" title="Easby Moor">Easby Moor</a> overlooking his boyhood village of <a href="/wiki/Great_Ayton" title="Great Ayton">Great Ayton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> along with a smaller monument at the former location of Cook's cottage.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> There is also a monument to Cook in the church of <a href="/wiki/St_Andrew_the_Great" title="St Andrew the Great">St Andrew the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Street,_Cambridge" title="St Andrew's Street, Cambridge">St Andrew's Street, Cambridge</a>, where his sons Hugh, a student at Christ's College, and James were buried. Cook's widow Elizabeth was also buried in the church and in her will left money for the memorial's upkeep. The 250th anniversary of Cook's birth was marked at the site of his birthplace in <a href="/wiki/Marton,_Middlesbrough" title="Marton, Middlesbrough">Marton</a> by the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Captain_Cook_Birthplace_Museum" title="Captain Cook Birthplace Museum">Captain Cook Birthplace Museum</a>, located within <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Park_Middlesbrough" class="mw-redirect" title="Stewart Park Middlesbrough">Stewart Park</a> (1978). A granite vase just to the south of the museum marks the approximate spot where he was born.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> Tributes also abound in post-industrial <a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough" title="Middlesbrough">Middlesbrough</a>, including a primary school,<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> shopping square<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> and the Bottle 'O Notes, a public artwork by <a href="/wiki/Claes_Oldenburg" title="Claes Oldenburg">Claes Oldenburg</a>, that was erected in the town's Central Gardens in 1993. Also named after Cook is <a href="/wiki/James_Cook_University_Hospital" title="James Cook University Hospital">James Cook University Hospital</a>, a major teaching hospital which opened in 2003 with a railway station serving it called <a href="/wiki/James_Cook_railway_station" title="James Cook railway station">James Cook</a> opening in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> The Royal Research Ship <a href="/wiki/RRS_James_Cook" title="RRS James Cook">RRS James Cook</a> was built in 2006 to replace the <a href="/wiki/RRS_Charles_Darwin" title="RRS Charles Darwin">RRS Charles Darwin</a> in the UK's Royal Research Fleet,<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stepney_Historical_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Stepney Historical Trust">Stepney Historical Trust</a> placed a plaque on Free Trade Wharf in the Highway, Shadwell to commemorate his life in the East End of London. A <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Captain_James_Cook,_The_Mall" title="Statue of Captain James Cook, The Mall">statue</a> erected in his honour can be viewed near <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Arch" title="Admiralty Arch">Admiralty Arch</a> on the south side of <a href="/wiki/The_Mall,_London" title="The Mall, London">The Mall</a> in London. In 2002, Cook was placed at number 12 in the BBC's poll of the <a href="/wiki/100_Greatest_Britons" title="100 Greatest Britons">100 Greatest Britons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annual_re-enactment.of_Cook%27s_visit._Cooktown_1999.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Annual_re-enactment.of_Cook%27s_visit._Cooktown_1999.jpg/220px-Annual_re-enactment.of_Cook%27s_visit._Cooktown_1999.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Annual_re-enactment.of_Cook%27s_visit._Cooktown_1999.jpg/330px-Annual_re-enactment.of_Cook%27s_visit._Cooktown_1999.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Annual_re-enactment.of_Cook%27s_visit._Cooktown_1999.jpg/440px-Annual_re-enactment.of_Cook%27s_visit._Cooktown_1999.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1036" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>Annual re-enactment of James Cook's visit in <a href="/wiki/Cooktown,_Queensland" title="Cooktown, Queensland">Cooktown</a>, Queensland</figcaption></figure> In 1959, the Cooktown Re-enactment Association first performed a re-enactment of Cook's 1770 landing at the site of modern <a href="/wiki/Cooktown,_Queensland" title="Cooktown, Queensland">Cooktown</a>, Australia, and have continued the tradition each year, with the support and participation of many of the local <a href="/wiki/Guugu_Yimithirr_people" title="Guugu Yimithirr people">Guugu Yimithirr people</a>. They celebrate the first act of <a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_in_Australia" title="Reconciliation in Australia">reconciliation</a> between <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a> and non-Indigenous people, when a Guugu Yimithirr elder stepped in after some of Cook's men had violated custom by taking <a href="/wiki/Green_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Green turtle">green turtles</a> from the river and not sharing with the local people. He presented Cook with a broken-tipped spear as a peace offering, thus preventing possible bloodshed. Cook recorded the incident in his journal.<a href="#cite_note-kim-117">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3></div> Cook was a subject in many literary creations. <a href="/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon" title="Letitia Elizabeth Landon">Letitia Elizabeth Landon</a>, a popular poet known for her sentimental romantic poetry,<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> published a poetical illustration to a portrait of Captain Cook in 1837.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> In 1931, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Slessor" title="Kenneth Slessor">Kenneth Slessor</a>'s poem "<a href="/wiki/Five_Visions_of_Captain_Cook" title="Five Visions of Captain Cook">Five Visions of Captain Cook</a>" was the "most dramatic break-through" in Australian poetry of the 20th century according to poet <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Stewart_(poet)" title="Douglas Stewart (poet)">Douglas Stewart</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> Cook appears as a symbolic and generic figure in several <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal myths</a>, often from regions where Cook did not encounter Aboriginal people. Maddock states that Cook is usually portrayed as the bringer of Western colonialism to Australia and is presented as a villain who brings immense social change.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> Cook has been depicted in numerous films, documentaries and dramas.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> The Australian slang phrase "Have a Captain Cook" means to have a look or conduct a brief inspection.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversy">Controversy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyde_Park_Captain_Cook.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hyde_Park_Captain_Cook.JPG/220px-Hyde_Park_Captain_Cook.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hyde_Park_Captain_Cook.JPG/330px-Hyde_Park_Captain_Cook.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hyde_Park_Captain_Cook.JPG/440px-Hyde_Park_Captain_Cook.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_James_Cook,_Hyde_Park" title="Statue of James Cook, Hyde Park">Statue of James Cook</a>, Hyde Park, Sydney. The rear inscription reads: "Discovered this territory, 1770".</figcaption></figure> The period 2018 to 2021 marked the 250th anniversary of Cook's first voyage of exploration. Several countries, including Australia and New Zealand, arranged official events to commemorate the voyage,<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> leading to widespread public debate about Cook's legacy and the violence associated with his contacts with Indigenous peoples.<a href="#cite_note-Daley_2020-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> In the lead-up to the commemorations, various memorials to Cook in Australia and New Zealand were vandalised, and there were public calls for their removal or modification due to their alleged promotion of colonialist narratives.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> There were also campaigns for the return of Indigenous artefacts taken during Cook's voyages (see <a href="/wiki/Gweagal_shield" title="Gweagal shield">Gweagal shield</a>).<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> In July 2021, a statue of Cook in <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria, British Columbia</a>, Canada, was torn down in protests about the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">deaths of Indigenous residential school children</a> in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> In January 2024, a statue of Cook in <a href="/wiki/St_Kilda,_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="St Kilda, Melbourne">St Kilda, Melbourne</a> was cut down in a protest against colonialism; the premier of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria</a> pledged to work with the local council to repair the statue.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sum_2024-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> Alice Proctor argues that the controversies over public representations of Cook and the display of Indigenous artefacts from his voyages are part of a broader debate over the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_decolonization" title="Indigenous decolonization">decolonisation</a> of museums and public spaces and resistance to colonialist narratives.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> While a number of commentators argue that Cook enabled British imperialism and colonialism in the Pacific,<a href="#cite_note-Daley_2020-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Blainey" title="Geoffrey Blainey">Geoffrey Blainey</a>, among others, notes that Banks promoted Botany Bay as a site for colonisation after Cook's death.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Tombs" title="Robert Tombs">Robert Tombs</a> has defended Cook, arguing: "He epitomized the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> in which he lived" and in conducting his first voyage "was carrying out an enlightened mission, with instructions from the Royal Society to show 'patience and forbearance' towards native peoples".<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arms">Arms</h2></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="max-width: 100%"> <caption class="nowrap">Coat of arms of James Cook </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Cook_Coat_of_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/James_Cook_Coat_of_Arms.svg/220px-James_Cook_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/James_Cook_Coat_of_Arms.svg/330px-James_Cook_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/James_Cook_Coat_of_Arms.svg/440px-James_Cook_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="1029" /></a> </td> <td style="min-width:175px;"> <dl><dt>Notes</dt> <dd>Cook's coat of arms was granted to his widowed wife, the only known example of a posthumous grant.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> The Letters Patent further detail that <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Batts_Cook" title="Elizabeth Batts Cook">Elizabeth Batts Cook</a> petitioned for the grant six years after his death to preserve the memory of her late husband and to be placed on any monuments and memorials.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a></dd> <dt>Adopted</dt> <dd>3 September 1785</dd> <dt>Crest</dt> <dd>On a Wreath of the Colours, An Arm embowed, vested in the Uniform of a Captain of the Royal Navy, in the Hand the Union-Jack on a Staff proper; the Arm encircled by a Wreath of Palm and Laurel.</dd> <dt>Escutcheon</dt> <dd>Azure, between the two Polar Stars Or, a Sphere on the plane of the Meridian, North Pole elevated, Circles of Latitude for every ten degrees and of Longitude for fifteen, showing the Pacific Ocean between fifty and two hundred and forty West, bounded on one side by America, on the other by Asia and New Holland, in memory of his having explored and made Discoveries in that Ocean so very far beyond all former Navigators; His Track thereon marked with red Lines.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a></dd> <dt>Motto</dt> <dd>NIL INTENTATUM RELIQUIT & CIRCA ORBEM</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_places_named_by_James_Cook" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand places named by James Cook">New Zealand places named by James Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_places_named_by_James_Cook" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian places named by James Cook">Australian places named by James Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_and_American_voyages_of_scientific_exploration" title="European and American voyages of scientific exploration">European and American voyages of scientific exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Pacific" title="Exploration of the Pacific">Exploration of the Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_after_Captain_James_Cook" class="mw-redirect" title="List of places named after Captain James Cook">List of places named after Captain James Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sea_captains" title="List of sea captains">List of sea captains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Cook" title="Death of Cook">Death of Cook</a> (paintings)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port-Christmas" title="Port-Christmas">Port-Christmas</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> At this time, the <a href="/wiki/International_Date_Line" title="International Date Line">International Date Line</a> had yet to be established, so the dates in Cook's journal are a day earlier than those accepted today. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Rigby25-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rigby25_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rigby25_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rigby25_1-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRigbyvan_der_Merwe2002">Rigby & van der Merwe 2002</a>, p. 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobson2009">Robson 2009</a>, p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamp1978">Stamp 1978</a>, p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-collingridge-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-collingridge_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collingridge_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collingridge_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collingridge_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collingridge_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collingridge_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collingridge_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collingridge_4-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFCollingridge2003">Collingridge 2003</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frost2018-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Frost2018_5-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFrost2018" class="citation book cs1">Frost, Alan (19 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nxBzDwAAQBAJ">Mutiny, Mayhem, Mythology: Bounty's Enigmatic Voyage</a>. Sydney University Press. p. 255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74332-587-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74332-587-2"><bdi>978-1-74332-587-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803163945/https://books.google.com/books?id=nxBzDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020. 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London Borough of Barking and Dagenham. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lbbd.gov.uk/MuseumsAndHeritage/LocalHistoryResources/Documents/Infosheet22JamesCookDickTurpin.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 June 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Famous+18th+century+people+in+Barking+and+Dagenham%3A+James+Cook+and+Dick+Turpin&rft.pub=London+Borough+of+Barking+and+Dagenham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lbbd.gov.uk%2FMuseumsAndHeritage%2FLocalHistoryResources%2FDocuments%2FInfosheet22JamesCookDickTurpin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobson2009">Robson 2009</a>, pp. 120–21 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamp1978">Stamp 1978</a>, p. 138 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/cook-james/page-2">"Features and appearance of Cook"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia of New Zealand">Encyclopaedia of New Zealand</a>. 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BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110819202628/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/captaincook_01.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Captain+Cook%3A+Explorer%2C+Navigator+and+Pioneer&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Glyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fempire_seapower%2Fcaptaincook_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapper1985–1996" class="citation web cs1">Capper, Paul (1985–1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120721084524/http://www.captaincooksociety.com/ccsu62.htm">"The Captain Cook Society: Cook's Log"</a>. Life in the Royal Navy (1755–1767). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.captaincooksociety.com/ccsu62.htm">the original</a> on 21 July 2012. 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Newfoundland Historical Society Pamphlet Number 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.mun.ca/PDFs/cns/JamesCookInNewfoundland1762_1767.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newfoundland+Historical+Society+Pamphlet+Number+3&rft.atitle=James+Cook+in+Newfoundland+1762%E2%80%931767&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Whiteley&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.mun.ca%2FPDFs%2Fcns%2FJamesCookInNewfoundland1762_1767.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookBevis1767" class="citation journal cs1">Cook, James; Bevis, J. (1 January 1767). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philtrans04718464">"An Observation of an Eclipse of the Sun at the Island of New-Found-Land, August 5, 1766, by Mr. James Cook, with the Longitude of the Place of Observation Deduced from It"</a>. 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Retrieved 2 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historic+Sites+and+Monuments+Board+of+Canada&rft.atitle=Captain+James+Cook+R.N.&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Government+of+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3ACaptain_Cook_Monument_Corner_Brook.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHough1994">Hough 1994</a>, p. 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-kippis1-24"><a href="#cite_ref-kippis1_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKippis1788" class="citation book cs1">Kippis, Andrew (1788). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181003100841/https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/c/cook/james/c77n/chapter2.html">Narrative of the voyages round the world, performed by Captain James Cook; with an account of his life during the previous and intervening periods</a>. Chapter 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/c/cook/james/c77n/chapter2.html">the original</a> on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrative+of+the+voyages+round+the+world%2C+performed+by+Captain+James+Cook%3B+with+an+account+of+his+life+during+the+previous+and+intervening+periods&rft.pages=Chapter+2&rft.date=1788&rft.aulast=Kippis&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febooks.adelaide.edu.au%2Fc%2Fcook%2Fjames%2Fc77n%2Fchapter2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCollingridge2003">Collingridge 2003</a>, p. 95 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rigby30-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Rigby30_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRigbyvan_der_Merwe2002">Rigby & van der Merwe 2002</a>, p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeazley1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Raymond_Beazley" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Raymond Beazley">Beazley, Charles Raymond</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cook,_James">"Cook, James" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 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National Library of Australia. 2 May 1931. p. 12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240312061305/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/16774546">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1931-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article16774546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/cook_captain_james.shtml">"BBC – History – Captain James Cook"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141016100346/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/cook_captain_james.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2014. 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Retrieved 3 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secret+Instructions+to+Captain+Cook%2C+30+June+1768&rft.pub=National+Archives+of+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foundingdocs.gov.au%2Fresources%2Ftranscripts%2Fnsw1_doc_1768.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalmond1991" class="citation book cs1">Salmond, Anne (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26545658">Two worlds : first meetings between Māori and Europeans, 1642–1772</a>. 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Retrieved 18 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+worlds+%3A+first+meetings+between+M%C4%81ori+and+Europeans%2C+1642%E2%80%931772&rft.place=Auckland%2C+N.Z.&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26545658&rft.isbn=0-670-83298-7&rft.aulast=Salmond&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F26545658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeaglehole1974">Beaglehole 1974</a>, pp. 198–200, 202, 205–07 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/cook/17700422.html">"Cook's Journal: Daily Entries, 22 April 1770"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927080037/http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/cook/17700422.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cook%27s+Journal%3A+Daily+Entries%2C+22+April+1770&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsouthseas.nla.gov.au%2Fjournals%2Fcook%2F17700422.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gujaga.org.au/stories/voices-heard-but-not-understood">"Voices heard but not understood"</a>. Gujaga Foundation. 29 April 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308075129/https://www.gujaga.org.au/stories/voices-heard-but-not-understood">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gujaga+Foundation&rft.atitle=Voices+heard+but+not+understood&rft.date=2020-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gujaga.org.au%2Fstories%2Fvoices-heard-but-not-understood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto22-37"><a href="#cite_ref-auto22_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/cook/17700429.html">"Cook's Journal: Daily Entries, 29 April 1770"</a>. southseas.nla.gov.au. South Seas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20110408181719/http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/cook/17700429.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=southseas.nla.gov.au&rft.atitle=Cook%27s+Journal%3A+Daily+Entries%2C+29+April+1770&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsouthseas.nla.gov.au%2Fjournals%2Fcook%2F17700429.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlainey2020">Blainey 2020</a>, pp. 141–43 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzSimons2019" class="citation book cs1">FitzSimons, Peter (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1109734011">James Cook : the story behind the man who mapped the world</a>. Sydney, NSW: Hachette Australia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7336-4127-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7336-4127-5"><bdi>978-0-7336-4127-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1109734011">1109734011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Cook+%3A+the+story+behind+the+man+who+mapped+the+world&rft.place=Sydney%2C+NSW&rft.pub=Hachette+Australia&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1109734011&rft.isbn=978-0-7336-4127-5&rft.aulast=FitzSimons&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1109734011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlainey2020">Blainey 2020</a>, pp. 146–57 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeaglehole1974">Beaglehole 1974</a>, p. 230 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlainey2020">Blainey 2020</a>, p. 287 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobson2004">Robson 2004</a>, p. 81 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlainey2020">Blainey 2020</a>, pp. 220–21 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook1770" class="citation web cs1">Cook, James (21 August 1770). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/cook/17700821.html">"Cook's Journal: Daily Entries"</a>. 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The Captain Cook Society (CCS). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200403121441/https://www.captaincooksociety.com/home/detail/the-first-voyage-1768-1771">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2020. 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Steve Ragnall. 2013"</a>. The Captain Cook Society (CCS). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010155340/http://www.captaincooksociety.com/home/detail/better-conceiv-d-than-describ-d-the-life-and-times-of-captain-james-king-1750-84-captain-cook-s-friend-and-colleague-steve-ragnall-2013">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017. 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English and Media Literacy, Documentaries. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110220205340/http://dl.nfsa.gov.au/module/1318/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2011. 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Retrieved 5 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RRS+James+Cook&rft.pub=Nautical+Environment+Research+Council&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nerc.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Fsites%2Ffacilities%2Fmarine%2Fjamescook.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021204214727/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/programmes/greatbritons/list.shtml/">"BBC – Great Britons – Top 100"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/programmes/greatbritons/list.shtml/">the original</a> on 4 December 2002. 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Retrieved 6 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cooktown%27s+Indigenous+people+help+commemorate+250+years+since+Captain+Cook%27s+landing+with+re-enactment&rft.place=Australia&rft.pub=ABC+News&rft.date=2020-06-19&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Sharnie&rft.au=Stephen%2C+Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2020-06-19%2Fcooktown-indigenous-commemorate-captain-cook-250th-anniversary%2F12363526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacolbe2019" class="citation web cs1">Jacolbe, Jessica (23 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daily.jstor.org/on-the-life-of-forgotten-poet-letitia-elizabeth-landon/">"Life of Forgotten Poet Letitia Elizabeth Landon"</a>. 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Retrieved 15 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Government%2C+Office+for+the+Arts&rft.atitle=250th+anniversary+of+Captain+Cook%27s+voyage+to+Australia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arts.gov.au%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fcultural-heritage%2F250th-anniversary-captain-cooks-voyage-australia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mch.govt.nz/tuia250">"Tuia Enounters 250"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210306135019/https://mch.govt.nz/tuia250">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2021. 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BBC News. 23 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414030114/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-41020363">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. 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Retrieved 16 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Captain+James+Cook+statue+defaced+in+Gisborne&rft.date=2020-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fnz%2Fcaptain-james-cook-statue-defaced-in-gisborne%2FRH3B2TD2CNMR6D2AP3QWSBX2F4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/stuff-the-british-stole/shots-fired/12868096">"Shots Fired"</a>. ABC Radio National. 13 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307042709/https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/stuff-the-british-stole/shots-fired/12868096">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+Radio+National&rft.atitle=Shots+Fired&rft.date=2020-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fradionational%2Fprograms%2Fstuff-the-british-stole%2Fshots-fired%2F12868096&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timescolonist.com/news/local/capt-james-cook-statue-recovered-from-victoria-harbour-what-s-next-is-undecided-1.24337872">"Capt. James Cook statue recovered from Victoria Harbour; what's next is undecided"</a>. Times Colonist. 3 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210703145332/https://www.timescolonist.com/news/local/capt-james-cook-statue-recovered-from-victoria-harbour-what-s-next-is-undecided-1.24337872">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+Colonist&rft.atitle=Capt.+James+Cook+statue+recovered+from+Victoria+Harbour%3B+what%27s+next+is+undecided&rft.date=2021-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timescolonist.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fcapt-james-cook-statue-recovered-from-victoria-harbour-what-s-next-is-undecided-1.24337872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2024" class="citation news cs1">Ellis, Fergus (25 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heraldsun.com.au/truecrimeaustralia/police-courts-victoria/captain-cook-statue-cut-down-on-eve-of-australia-day/news-story/aa6aa1f84cf25bc70dab5765d42a9031?amp&nk=89c859e6bc39eb7b8000c7309289cfd8-1706162324">"Captain Cook statue cut down on eve of Australia Day, vandals brazenly share footage"</a>. Herald Sun. Retrieved 26 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Herald+Sun&rft.atitle=Captain+Cook+statue+cut+down+on+eve+of+Australia+Day%2C+vandals+brazenly+share+footage&rft.date=2024-01-25&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Fergus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldsun.com.au%2Ftruecrimeaustralia%2Fpolice-courts-victoria%2Fcaptain-cook-statue-cut-down-on-eve-of-australia-day%2Fnews-story%2Faa6aa1f84cf25bc70dab5765d42a9031%3Famp%26nk%3D89c859e6bc39eb7b8000c7309289cfd8-1706162324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-01-25/melbourne-captain-cook-queen-victoria-statues-vandalised/103386996">"Melbourne statues of Queen Victoria and Captain Cook vandalised on Australia Day eve"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC News Online">ABC News Online</a>. 25 January 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240125000119/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-01-25/melbourne-captain-cook-queen-victoria-statues-vandalised/103386996">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News+Online&rft.atitle=Melbourne+statues+of+Queen+Victoria+and+Captain+Cook+vandalised+on+Australia+Day+eve&rft.date=2024-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2024-01-25%2Fmelbourne-captain-cook-queen-victoria-statues-vandalised%2F103386996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Proctor, Alice (2020) Chs 11, 21; pp. 255–62 and passim </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProctor2020" class="citation book cs1">Proctor, Alice (2020). The Whole Picture: The colonial story of the art in our museums and why we need to talk about it. London: Cassell. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78840-155-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78840-155-5"><bdi>978-1-78840-155-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Whole+Picture%3A+The+colonial+story+of+the+art+in+our+museums+and+why+we+need+to+talk+about+it&rft.place=London&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-78840-155-5&rft.aulast=Proctor&rft.aufirst=Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGapps2020" class="citation web cs1">Gapps, Stephen (28 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/make-no-mistake-cooks-voyages-were-part-of-a-military-mission-to-conquer-and-expand-134404">"Make no mistake: Cook's voyages were part of a military mission to conquer and expand"</a>. The Conversation. Retrieved 8 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Make+no+mistake%3A+Cook%27s+voyages+were+part+of+a+military+mission+to+conquer+and+expand&rft.date=2020-04-28&rft.aulast=Gapps&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fmake-no-mistake-cooks-voyages-were-part-of-a-military-mission-to-conquer-and-expand-134404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas2003">Thomas (2003)</a>, p. xxxiii </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlainey2020">Blainey 2020</a>, p. 287 </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTombs2021" class="citation news cs1">Tombs, Robert (4 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/2021/02/04/captain-cook-wasnt-genocidal-villain-true-enlightenment-man/">"Captain Cook wasn't a 'genocidal' villain. He was a true Enlightenment man"</a>. The Telegraph. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/2021/02/04/captain-cook-wasnt-genocidal-villain-true-enlightenment-man/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Captain+Cook+wasn%27t+a+%27genocidal%27+villain.+He+was+a+true+Enlightenment+man&rft.date=2021-02-04&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Tombs&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fopinion%2F2021%2F02%2F04%2Fcaptain-cook-wasnt-genocidal-villain-true-enlightenment-man%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129164549/https://www.npg.org.uk/whatson/makingamark/teaching-resources/objects/cook-coat-of-arms">"Cook coat of arms"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/whatson/makingamark/teaching-resources/objects/cook-coat-of-arms">the original</a> on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cook+coat+of+arms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npg.org.uk%2Fwhatson%2Fmakingamark%2Fteaching-resources%2Fobjects%2Fcook-coat-of-arms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220630202740/https://www.captaincooksociety.com/home/detail/cook-s-coat-of-arms">"Cook's Coat of Arms"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.captaincooksociety.com/home/detail/cook-s-coat-of-arms">the original</a> on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cook%27s+Coat+of+Arms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.captaincooksociety.com%2Fhome%2Fdetail%2Fcook-s-coat-of-arms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129163800/https://collection.sl.nsw.gov.au/record/n88ElePn">"Grant of arms made to Mrs Cook and to Cook's descendants in 1785"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.sl.nsw.gov.au/record/n88ElePn">the original</a> on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grant+of+arms+made+to+Mrs+Cook+and+to+Cook%27s+descendants+in+1785&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollection.sl.nsw.gov.au%2Frecord%2Fn88ElePn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaglehole1968" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/John_Cawte_Beaglehole" class="mw-redirect" title="John Cawte Beaglehole">Beaglehole, J. C.</a>, ed. (1968). The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery. Vol. I: The Voyage of the Endeavour 1768–1771. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/223185477">223185477</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journals+of+Captain+James+Cook+on+His+Voyages+of+Discovery&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F223185477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaglehole1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Cawte_Beaglehole" class="mw-redirect" title="John Cawte Beaglehole">Beaglehole, John Cawte</a> (1974). The Life of Captain James Cook. <a href="/wiki/A_%26_C_Black" title="A & C Black">A & C Black</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7136-1382-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7136-1382-7"><bdi>978-0-7136-1382-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Captain+James+Cook&rft.pub=A+%26+C+Black&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-7136-1382-7&rft.aulast=Beaglehole&rft.aufirst=John+Cawte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlainey2020" class="citation book cs1">Blainey, Geoffrey (2020). Captain Cook's Epic Voyage: the strange quest for a missing continent. Australia: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-76089-509-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-76089-509-9"><bdi>978-1-76089-509-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captain+Cook%27s+Epic+Voyage%3A+the+strange+quest+for+a+missing+continent&rft.place=Australia&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-76089-509-9&rft.aulast=Blainey&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollingridge2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Collingridge" title="Vanessa Collingridge">Collingridge, Vanessa</a> (2003). Captain Cook: The Life, Death and Legacy of History's Greatest Explorer. Ebury Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-188898-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-188898-5"><bdi>978-0-09-188898-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captain+Cook%3A+The+Life%2C+Death+and+Legacy+of+History%27s+Greatest+Explorer&rft.pub=Ebury+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-09-188898-5&rft.aulast=Collingridge&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandez-Armesto2006" class="citation book cs1">Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern">Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration</a>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06259-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06259-5"><bdi>978-0-393-06259-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pathfinders%3A+A+Global+History+of+Exploration&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06259-5&rft.aulast=Fernandez-Armesto&rft.aufirst=Felipe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpathfindersgloba00fern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1979" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Robin (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dhsOAAAAQAAJ">Captain James Cook and his times</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-0050-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-0050-4"><bdi>978-0-7099-0050-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captain+James+Cook+and+his+times&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-7099-0050-4&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdhsOAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes1999" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, Derek (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sl57oHrVXGoC">Historical Atlas of the Pacific Northwest: Maps of Exploration and Discovery</a>. Sasquatch Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57061-215-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57061-215-2"><bdi>978-1-57061-215-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Atlas+of+the+Pacific+Northwest%3A+Maps+of+Exploration+and+Discovery&rft.pub=Sasquatch+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-57061-215-2&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsl57oHrVXGoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorwitz2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Horwitz" title="Tony Horwitz">Horwitz, Tony</a> (October 2003). Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-6455-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-6455-3"><bdi>978-0-7475-6455-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blue+Latitudes%3A+Boldly+Going+Where+Captain+Cook+Has+Gone+Before&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2003-10&rft.isbn=978-0-7475-6455-3&rft.aulast=Horwitz&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHough1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hough" title="Richard Hough">Hough, Richard</a> (1994). Captain James Cook. Hodder and Stoughton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-82556-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-82556-3"><bdi>978-0-340-82556-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captain+James+Cook&rft.pub=Hodder+and+Stoughton&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-340-82556-3&rft.aulast=Hough&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKempDear2005" class="citation book cs1">Kemp, Peter; Dear, I. C. B. (2005). The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea. OUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860616-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860616-1"><bdi>978-0-19-860616-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Ships+and+the+Sea&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860616-1&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Dear%2C+I.+C.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKippis1788" class="citation book cs1">Kippis, Andrew (1788). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322140625/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/c/cook/james/c77n/complete.html">Narrative of the voyages round the world, performed by Captain James Cook; with an account of his life during the previous and intervening periods</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/c/cook/james/c77n/complete.html">the original</a> on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrative+of+the+voyages+round+the+world%2C+performed+by+Captain+James+Cook%3B+with+an+account+of+his+life+during+the+previous+and+intervening+periods&rft.date=1788&rft.aulast=Kippis&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Febooks.adelaide.edu.au%2Fc%2Fcook%2Fjames%2Fc77n%2Fcomplete.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLynn2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_McLynn" title="Frank McLynn">McLynn, Frank</a> (2011). Captain Cook: Master of the Seas. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11421-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11421-8"><bdi>978-0-300-11421-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captain+Cook%3A+Master+of+the+Seas&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11421-8&rft.aulast=McLynn&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorehead1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Moorehead" title="Alan Moorehead">Moorehead, Alan</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fatalimpactaccou0000moor">Fatal Impact: An Account of the Invasion of the South Pacific, 1767–1840</a>. H Hamilton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-90757-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-90757-3"><bdi>978-0-241-90757-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fatal+Impact%3A+An+Account+of+the+Invasion+of+the+South+Pacific%2C+1767%E2%80%931840&rft.pub=H+Hamilton&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-241-90757-3&rft.aulast=Moorehead&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffatalimpactaccou0000moor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMundle2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rob_Mundle" title="Rob Mundle">Mundle, Rob</a> (2013). Cook: from Sailor to Legend. ABC Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4607-0061-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4607-0061-7"><bdi>978-1-4607-0061-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cook%3A+from+Sailor+to+Legend&rft.pub=ABC+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4607-0061-7&rft.aulast=Mundle&rft.aufirst=Rob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObeyesekere1992" class="citation book cs1">Obeyesekere, Gananath (1992). The Apotheosis of Captain Cook: European Mythmaking in the Pacific. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05680-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05680-7"><bdi>978-0-691-05680-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apotheosis+of+Captain+Cook%3A+European+Mythmaking+in+the+Pacific&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-691-05680-7&rft.aulast=Obeyesekere&rft.aufirst=Gananath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObeyesekere1997" class="citation book cs1">Obeyesekere, Gananath (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/4886604/mod_resource/content/1/Gananath%20Obeyesekere-The%20Apotheosis%20of%20Captain%20Cook_%20European%20Mythmaking%20in%20the%20Pacific-Princeton%20University%20Press%20%281992%29.pdf">The Apotheosis of Captain Cook: European Mythmaking in the Pacific</a> (PDF). Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05752-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05752-1"><bdi>978-0-691-05752-1</bdi></a>. <q>With new preface and afterword replying to criticism from Sahlins</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apotheosis+of+Captain+Cook%3A+European+Mythmaking+in+the+Pacific&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-691-05752-1&rft.aulast=Obeyesekere&rft.aufirst=Gananath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedisciplinas.usp.br%2Fpluginfile.php%2F4886604%2Fmod_resource%2Fcontent%2F1%2FGananath%2520Obeyesekere-The%2520Apotheosis%2520of%2520Captain%2520Cook_%2520European%2520Mythmaking%2520in%2520the%2520Pacific-Princeton%2520University%2520Press%2520%25281992%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRigbyvan_der_Merwe2002" class="citation book cs1">Rigby, Nigel; van der Merwe, Pieter (2002). Captain Cook in the Pacific. National Maritime Museum, London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-948065-43-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-948065-43-9"><bdi>978-0-948065-43-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captain+Cook+in+the+Pacific&rft.pub=National+Maritime+Museum%2C+London&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-948065-43-9&rft.aulast=Rigby&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft.au=van+der+Merwe%2C+Pieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobson2004" class="citation book cs1">Robson, John (2004). The Captain Cook Encyclopædia. Random House Australia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7593-1011-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7593-1011-7"><bdi>978-0-7593-1011-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Captain+Cook+Encyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.pub=Random+House+Australia&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7593-1011-7&rft.aulast=Robson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobson2009" class="citation book cs1">Robson, John (2009). Captain Cook's War and Peace: The Royal Navy Years 1755–1768. University of New South Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74223-109-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74223-109-9"><bdi>978-1-74223-109-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captain+Cook%27s+War+and+Peace%3A+The+Royal+Navy+Years+1755%E2%80%931768&rft.pub=University+of+New+South+Wales+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-74223-109-9&rft.aulast=Robson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahlins1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_David_Sahlins" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshall David Sahlins">Sahlins, Marshall David</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islandsofhistory00sahl">Islands of history</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73358-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73358-6"><bdi>978-0-226-73358-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islands+of+history&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-226-73358-6&rft.aulast=Sahlins&rft.aufirst=Marshall+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislandsofhistory00sahl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahlins1995" class="citation book cs1">Sahlins, Marshall David (1995). How "Natives" Think: About Captain Cook, for example. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73368-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73368-5"><bdi>978-0-226-73368-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+%22Natives%22+Think%3A+About+Captain+Cook%2C+for+example&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-226-73368-5&rft.aulast=Sahlins&rft.aufirst=Marshall+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidney1981" class="citation book cs1">Sidney, John Baker (1981). The Australian Language: An Examination of the English Language and English Speech as Used in Australia, from Convict Days to the Present. Melbourne: Sun Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7251-0382-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7251-0382-8"><bdi>978-0-7251-0382-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Australian+Language%3A+An+Examination+of+the+English+Language+and+English+Speech+as+Used+in+Australia%2C+from+Convict+Days+to+the+Present&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Sun+Books&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-7251-0382-8&rft.aulast=Sidney&rft.aufirst=John+Baker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStamp1978" class="citation book cs1">Stamp, Tom and Cordelia (1978). James Cook Maritime Scientist. Whitby: Caedmon of Whitby Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-905355-04-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-905355-04-7"><bdi>978-0-905355-04-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Cook+Maritime+Scientist&rft.place=Whitby&rft.pub=Caedmon+of+Whitby+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-905355-04-7&rft.aulast=Stamp&rft.aufirst=Tom+and+Cordelia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSykes2001" class="citation book cs1">Sykes, Bryan (2001). <a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Daughters_of_Eve" title="The Seven Daughters of Eve">The Seven Daughters of Eve</a>. Norton Publishing: New York City and London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02018-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02018-2"><bdi>978-0-393-02018-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seven+Daughters+of+Eve&rft.pub=Norton+Publishing%3A+New+York+City+and+London&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-393-02018-2&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner1972" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, A. R. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicheraldry0000wagn">Historic Heraldry of Britain</a>. London: Phillimore & Co Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85033-022-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85033-022-9"><bdi>978-0-85033-022-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historic+Heraldry+of+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phillimore+%26+Co+Ltd&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-85033-022-9&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricheraldry0000wagn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWharton1893" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Wharton_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="William Wharton (Royal Navy officer)">Wharton, W. J. L.</a> (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322055659/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/c/cook/james/c77j/">Captain Cook's Journal during his first voyage round the world made in H.M. Bark "Endeavour" 1768–71</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/c/cook/james/c77j/complete.html">the original</a> on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captain+Cook%27s+Journal+during+his+first+voyage+round+the+world+made+in+H.M.+Bark+%22Endeavour%22+1768%E2%80%9371&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Wharton&rft.aufirst=W.+J.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Febooks.adelaide.edu.au%2Fc%2Fcook%2Fjames%2Fc77j%2Fcomplete.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Pacific#Bibliography" title="Exploration of the Pacific">Exploration of the Pacific § Bibliography</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAughton2002" class="citation book cs1">Aughton, Peter (2002). Endeavour: The Story of Captain Cook's First Great Epic Voyage. London: Cassell & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-36236-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-36236-3"><bdi>978-0-304-36236-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endeavour%3A+The+Story+of+Captain+Cook%27s+First+Great+Epic+Voyage&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell+%26+Co.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-304-36236-3&rft.aulast=Aughton&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeazley1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Raymond_Beazley" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Raymond Beazley">Beazley, Charles Raymond</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cook,_James">"Cook, James" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). pp. 71–72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cook%2C+James&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=71-72&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Beazley&rft.aufirst=Charles+Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2003" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Philip, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journalsofcaptai00jame">James Cook: The Journals</a>. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-043647-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-043647-1"><bdi>978-0-14-043647-1</bdi></a>. <q>Prepared from the original manuscripts by J. C. Beaglehole 1955–67</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Cook%3A+The+Journals&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-14-043647-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjournalsofcaptai00jame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2019" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Philip, ed. (2019). Captain James Cook: The Journals. London: Folio Society. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1066235678">1066235678</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captain+James+Cook%3A+The+Journals&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Folio+Society&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1066235678&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"> Three volumes and chart; deluxe edition.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForster1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Forster" title="Georg Forster">Forster, Georg</a>, ed. (1986). A Voyage Round the World. Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-05-000180-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-05-000180-7"><bdi>978-3-05-000180-7</bdi></a>. <q>Published first 1777 as: A Voyage round the World in His Britannic Majesty's Sloop Resolution, Commanded by Capt. James Cook, during the Years, 1772, 3, 4, and 5</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Voyage+Round+the+World&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-3-05-000180-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkesworthByronWallisCarteret1773" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Hawkesworth_(book_editor)" title="John Hawkesworth (book editor)">Hawkesworth, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Byron" title="John Byron">Byron, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Wallis" title="Samuel Wallis">Wallis, Samuel</a>; <a href="/wiki/Philip_Carteret" title="Philip Carteret">Carteret, Philip</a>; <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cook, James</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Banks, Joseph</a> (1773). <a href="/wiki/An_Account_of_the_Voyages" title="An Account of the Voyages">An account of the voyages undertaken by the order of His present Majesty for making discoveries in the Southern Hemisphere, and successively performed by Commodore Byron, Captain Wallis, Captain Carteret, and Captain Cook, in the Dolphin, the Swallow, and the Endeavour drawn up from the journals which were kept by the several commanders, and from the papers of Joseph Banks, esq</a>. London: Printed for W. Strahan and T. Cadell. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9299044">9299044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+account+of+the+voyages+undertaken+by+the+order+of+His+present+Majesty+for+making+discoveries+in+the+Southern+Hemisphere%2C+and+successively+performed+by+Commodore+Byron%2C+Captain+Wallis%2C+Captain+Carteret%2C+and+Captain+Cook%2C+in+the+Dolphin%2C+the+Swallow%2C+and+the+Endeavour+drawn+up+from+the+journals+which+were+kept+by+the+several+commanders%2C+and+from+the+papers+of+Joseph+Banks%2C+esq&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Printed+for+W.+Strahan+and+T.+Cadell&rft.date=1773&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9299044&rft.aulast=Hawkesworth&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Byron%2C+John&rft.au=Wallis%2C+Samuel&rft.au=Carteret%2C+Philip&rft.au=Cook%2C+James&rft.au=Banks%2C+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/hv01/contents.html">Volume I</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/hv23/contents.html">Volume II–III</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgler2013" class="citation book cs1">Igler, David (2013). The Great Ocean: Pacific Worlds from Captain Cook to the Gold Rush. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199914951" title="Special:BookSources/9780199914951"><bdi>9780199914951</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/811599695">811599695</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Ocean%3A+Pacific+Worlds+from+Captain+Cook+to+the+Gold+Rush&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F811599695&rft.isbn=9780199914951&rft.aulast=Igler&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKippis1904" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Kippis" title="Andrew Kippis">Kippis, Andrew</a> (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeandvoyagesc00kippgoog">The Life and Voyages of Captain James Cook</a>. London; New York: George Newnes Ltd.; Charles Scribner's Sons. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1836297">1836297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Voyages+of+Captain+James+Cook&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=George+Newnes+Ltd.%3B+Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1904&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1836297&rft.aulast=Kippis&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeandvoyagesc00kippgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2005" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Brian (2005). Longitude and Empire: How Captain Cook's Voyages Changed the World. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7748-1190-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7748-1190-0"><bdi>0-7748-1190-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/58930493">58930493</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longitude+and+Empire%3A+How+Captain+Cook%27s+Voyages+Changed+the+World&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F58930493&rft.isbn=0-7748-1190-0&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSides2024" class="citation book cs1">Sides, Hampton (2024). The Wide Wide Sea: Imperial Ambition, First Contact, and the Fateful Final Voyage of Captain James Cook. New York: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385544764" title="Special:BookSources/9780385544764"><bdi>9780385544764</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1416012934">1416012934</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wide+Wide+Sea%3A+Imperial+Ambition%2C+First+Contact%2C+and+the+Fateful+Final+Voyage+of+Captain+James+Cook&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1416012934&rft.isbn=9780385544764&rft.aulast=Sides&rft.aufirst=Hampton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/captaincookhisar0000unse/page/n3/mode/2up">Captain Cook: His Artists • His Voyages: The Daily Telegraph Portfolio of Original Works by Artists Who Sailed with Captain Cook</a>. Sydney: Australian Consolidated Press. 1970. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/896726172">896726172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captain+Cook%3A+His+Artists+%E2%80%A2+His+Voyages%3A+The+Daily+Telegraph+Portfolio+of+Original+Works+by+Artists+Who+Sailed+with+Captain+Cook&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Australian+Consolidated+Press&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F896726172&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcaptaincookhisar0000unse%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2003" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Nicholas (2003). The Extraordinary Voyages of Captain James Cook. New York: Walker & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8027-1412-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8027-1412-9"><bdi>0-8027-1412-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1030721339">1030721339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Extraordinary+Voyages+of+Captain+James+Cook&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Walker+%26+Co.&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1030721339&rft.isbn=0-8027-1412-9&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUglow2019" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Uglow" title="Jenny Uglow">Uglow, Jenny</a> (7 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2019/02/07/captain-cook-island-hopping/">"Island Hopping; Reviewed: Captain James Cook: The Journals, selected and edited by Philip Edwards, London, Folio Society, three volumes and a chart of the voyages, 1,309 pp.; and William Frame with Laura Walker, James Cook: The Voyages, McGill-Queen University Press, 224 pp"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>. Vol. LXVI, no. 2. pp. 18–20. Retrieved 4 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Island+Hopping%3B+Reviewed%3A+Captain+James+Cook%3A+The+Journals%2C+selected+and+edited+by+Philip+Edwards%2C+London%2C+Folio+Society%2C+three+volumes+and+a+chart+of+the+voyages%2C+1%2C309+pp.%3B+and+William+Frame+with+Laura+Walker%2C+James+Cook%3A+The+Voyages%2C+McGill-Queen+University+Press%2C+224+pp.&rft.volume=LXVI&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=18-20&rft.date=2019-02-07&rft.aulast=Uglow&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F2019%2F02%2F07%2Fcaptain-cook-island-hopping%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVilliers1956–57" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Villiers" title="Alan Villiers">Villiers, Alan</a> (Summer 1956–57). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quadrant.org.au/magazine/1956/">"James Cook, Seaman"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Quadrant_(magazine)" title="Quadrant (magazine)">Quadrant</a>. 1 (1): 7–16. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-5002">0033-5002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quadrant&rft.atitle=James+Cook%2C+Seaman&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-16&rft.date=1956%2F1957&rft.issn=0033-5002&rft.aulast=Villiers&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquadrant.org.au%2Fmagazine%2F1956%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Glyndwr_Williams" title="Glyndwr Williams">Williams, Glyndwr</a>, ed. (1997). Captain Cook's Voyages: 1768–1779. London: The Folio Society. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38549967">38549967</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captain+Cook%27s+Voyages%3A+1768%E2%80%931779&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Folio+Society&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38549967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"> "A selection of Cook's published journals (about one-fifth of the original)." —OCLC</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWithey1987" class="citation book cs1">Withey, Lynne (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voyagesofdiscove0000with/page/n7/mode/2up">Voyages of Discovery: Captain Cook and the Exploration of the Pacific</a>. New York: William Morrow and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0688051154" title="Special:BookSources/0688051154"><bdi>0688051154</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15488483">15488483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voyages+of+Discovery%3A+Captain+Cook+and+the+Exploration+of+the+Pacific&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+Morrow+and+Company&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15488483&rft.isbn=0688051154&rft.aulast=Withey&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvoyagesofdiscove0000with%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about James Cook <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Cook%2C+James%2C+1728%E2%80%931779">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Cook%2C+James%2C+1728%E2%80%931779&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" class="extiw" title="commons:James Cook">James Cook</a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:James_Cook" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:James Cook">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:James_Cook" class="extiw" title="s:Author:James Cook">James Cook</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Voyages_of_James_Cook#Q7324" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Voyages of James Cook">Voyages of James Cook</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.captaincooksociety.com/">Captain Cook Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ns1763.ca/hfxrm/cookjmon.html">Captain Cook historic plaque, Halifax</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/explorer-navigator-coloniser-revisit-captain-cooks-legacy-with-the-click-of-a-mouse-137390">"Explorer, navigator, coloniser: revisit Captain Cook's legacy with the click of a mouse"</a>. The Conversation. 29 April 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Explorer%2C+navigator%2C+coloniser%3A+revisit+Captain+Cook%27s+legacy+with+the+click+of+a+mouse&rft.date=2020-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fexplorer-navigator-coloniser-revisit-captain-cooks-legacy-with-the-click-of-a-mouse-137390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/au/topics/captain-cook-43377">"Articles on Captain Cook"</a>. The Conversation. 2017–2020. Retrieved 23 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Articles+on+Captain+Cook&rft.date=2017%2F2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fau%2Ftopics%2Fcaptain-cook-43377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon_(L._E._L.)_in_Fisher%27s_Drawing_Room_Scrap_Book,_1838/Captain_Cook" class="extiw" title="s:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838/Captain Cook">Captain Cook</a>., a poetical illustration to <a href="/wiki/John_Keyse_Sherwin" title="John Keyse Sherwin">Sherwin</a>'s engraving of <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Dance-Holland" title="Nathaniel Dance-Holland">Nathaniel Dance</a>'s portrait by <a href="/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon" title="Letitia Elizabeth Landon">Letitia Elizabeth Landon</a> in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/d/view?mid=1aCgWHxt6Lbic-tMXhVS39EOnVJop4HA&ll=-29.451594269458518%2C162.7671631965635&z=4">Map showing locations of Cook landings and Cook monuments in Australia and New Zealand</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographical_dictionaries">Biographical dictionaries</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/cook-james-1917/text2279">"Cook, James (1728–1779)"</a>. Australian Dictionary of Biography (online ed.). National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. 1966. Retrieved 8 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cook%2C+James+%281728%E2%80%931779%29&rft.btitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=National+Centre+of+Biography%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.date=1966&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadb.anu.edu.au%2Fbiography%2Fcook-james-1917%2Ftext2279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1979" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Williams, Glyndwr (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/cook_james_4E.html">"Cook, James"</a>. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a>. Vol. IV (1771–1800) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cook%2C+James&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Glyndwr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fcook_james_4E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackay" class="citation web cs1">Mackay, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1C25">"Cook, James"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_New_Zealand_Biography" title="Dictionary of New Zealand Biography">Dictionary of New Zealand Biography</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Culture_and_Heritage" title="Ministry for Culture and Heritage">Ministry for Culture and Heritage</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+New+Zealand+Biography&rft.atitle=Cook%2C+James&rft.aulast=Mackay&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fbiographies%2F1C25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journals">Journals</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.ms-ms1">The Endeavour journal (1)</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nla.gov.au/pub/endeavour/">The Endeavour journal (2)</a>, as kept by James Cook – digitised and held by the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" title="National Library of Australia">National Library of Australia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southseas.nla.gov.au/">The South Seas Project</a>: maps and online editions of the Journals of James Cook's First Pacific Voyage, 1768–1771. Includes full text of journals kept by Cook, Joseph Banks and Sydney Parkinson, as well as the complete text of John Hawkesworth's 1773 Account of Cook's first voyage.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606103401/http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/data/corral/adm55/adm55_index.html">Digitised copies of log books from James Cook's voyages</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://badc.nerc.ac.uk">British Atmospheric Data Centre</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Cook,+James">Works by James Cook</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Cook%2C%20James%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22James%20Cook%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Cook%2C%20James%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22James%20Cook%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Cook%2C%20J%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22James%20Cook%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Cook%2C%20James%22%20OR%20description%3A%22James%20Cook%22%29%20OR%20%28%221728-1779%22%20AND%20Cook%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about James Cook</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1650">Works by James Cook</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-RGO-00014-00058/1">Log book of Cook's second voyage</a>: high-resolution digitised version in Cambridge Digital Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/dbtw-wpd/virt-exhib/TapaCloth/index.htm">Digitised Tapa cloth catalogue</a> held at <a href="/wiki/Auckland_Libraries" title="Auckland Libraries">Auckland Libraries</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collections_and_museums">Collections and museums</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nma.gov.au/cook/">Cook's Pacific Encounters: Cook-Forster Collection online</a> Images and descriptions of more than 300 artefacts collected during the three Pacific voyages of James Cook.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/10800">Images and descriptions of items associated with James Cook at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F257063">"Archival material relating to James Cook"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+James+Cook&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF257063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Cook" class="Z3988"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7324#P3029" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.captcook-ne.co.uk/ccbm/index.htm">Captain Cook Birthplace Museum Marton</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720010546/http://www.captcook-ne.co.uk/ccbm/index.htm">Archived</a> 20 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cookmuseumwhitby.co.uk/">Captain Cook Memorial Museum Whitby</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uwm.edu/libraries/agsl/cook-maps/">Cook's manuscript maps</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150201032617/http://uwm.edu/libraries/agsl/cook-maps/">Archived</a> 1 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of the south-east coast of Australia, held at the American Geographical Society Library at UW Milwaukee.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/003445">Newspaper clippings about James Cook</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Captain_James_Cook" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Captain_James_Cook" title="Template:Captain James Cook"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Captain_James_Cook" title="Template talk:Captain James Cook"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Captain_James_Cook" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Captain James Cook"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Captain_James_Cook" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Captain James Cook</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Voyages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_voyage_of_James_Cook" title="First voyage of James Cook">First voyage</a> (<a href="/wiki/1769_transit_of_Venus_observed_from_Tahiti" title="1769 transit of Venus observed from Tahiti">1769 transit of Venus observed from Tahiti</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_voyage_of_James_Cook" title="Second voyage of James Cook">Second voyage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_voyage_of_James_Cook" title="Third voyage of James Cook">Third voyage</a> (<a href="/wiki/Death_of_James_Cook" title="Death of James Cook">Death</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Captainjamescookportrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Captainjamescookportrait.jpg/120px-Captainjamescookportrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Captainjamescookportrait.jpg/180px-Captainjamescookportrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Captainjamescookportrait.jpg/240px-Captainjamescookportrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6131" data-file-height="7692" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_James_Cook" title="List of ships of James Cook">Vessels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1774)" title="HMS Discovery (1774)">HMS Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Eagle_(1745)" title="HMS Eagle (1745)">HMS Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Endeavour" title="HMS Endeavour">HMS Endeavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Grenville_(1754)" title="HMS Grenville (1754)">HMS Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Pembroke_(1757)" title="HMS Pembroke (1757)">HMS Pembroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS Resolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bayly_(astronomer)" title="William Bayly (astronomer)">William Bayly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bligh" title="William Bligh">William Bligh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Buchan_(artist)" title="Alexander Buchan (artist)">Alexander Buchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burney" title="James Burney">James Burney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clerke" title="Charles Clerke">Charles Clerke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Colnett" title="James Colnett">James Colnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dalrymple" title="Alexander Dalrymple">Alexander Dalrymple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Forster" title="Georg Forster">Georg Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Reinhold_Forster" title="Johann Reinhold Forster">Johann Reinhold Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Tobias Furneaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gore_(Royal_Navy_officer,_died_1790)" title="John Gore (Royal Navy officer, died 1790)">John Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Green_(astronomer)" title="Charles Green (astronomer)">Charles Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Hickes" title="Zachary Hickes">Zachary Hickes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_King_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="James King (Royal Navy officer)">James King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ledyard" title="John Ledyard">John Ledyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nelson_(botanical_collector)" title="David Nelson (botanical collector)">David Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omai" title="Omai">Omai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Palliser" title="Hugh Palliser">Hugh Palliser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Parkinson" title="Sydney Parkinson">Sydney Parkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Portlock" title="Nathaniel Portlock">Nathaniel Portlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Riou" title="Edward Riou">Edward Riou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Roberts_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Henry Roberts (Royal Navy officer)">Henry Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Samwell" title="David Samwell">David Samwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Solander" title="Daniel Solander">Daniel Solander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Sp%C3%B6ring_Jr." title="Herman Spöring Jr.">Herman Spöring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Taylor_(Royal_Navy_officer,_born_1760)" title="William Taylor (Royal Navy officer, born 1760)">William Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Trevenen" title="James Trevenen">James Trevenen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wales_(astronomer)" title="William Wales (astronomer)">William Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Watts_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Watts (Royal Navy officer)">John Watts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Webber" title="John Webber">John Webber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Willis_(sailor)" title="Thomas Willis (sailor)">Thomas Willis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artworks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Captain_James_Cook_(Zoffany)" title="The Death of Captain James Cook (Zoffany)">Zoffany's Death of Cook</a></li> <li>Statues <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_James_Cook_(Anchorage,_Alaska)" title="Statue of James Cook (Anchorage, Alaska)">Anchorage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_James_Cook,_Christchurch" title="Statue of James Cook, Christchurch">Christchurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Captain_James_Cook,_The_Mall" title="Statue of Captain James Cook, The Mall">The Mall, London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_James_Cook,_Fitzroy_Gardens" title="Statue of James Cook, Fitzroy Gardens">Fitzroy Gardens, Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_James_Cook,_St_Kilda" title="Statue of James Cook, St Kilda">St Kilda, Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_James_Cook,_Hyde_Park" title="Statue of James Cook, Hyde Park">Hyde Park, Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_James_Cook_(Victoria,_British_Columbia)" title="Statue of James Cook (Victoria, British Columbia)">Victoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Sesquicentennial_half_dollar" title="Hawaii Sesquicentennial half dollar">Hawaii Sesquicentennial half dollar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_Account_of_the_Voyages" title="An Account of the Voyages">An Account of the Voyages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Journal_of_a_Voyage_to_the_South_Seas" title="A Journal of a Voyage to the South Seas">A Journal of a Voyage to the South Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Characteres_generum_plantarum" title="Characteres generum plantarum">Characteres generum plantarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Voyage_Round_the_World" title="A Voyage Round the World">A Voyage Round the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observations_Made_During_a_Voyage_Round_the_World" title="Observations Made During a Voyage Round the World">Observations Made During a Voyage Round the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_catalogue_of_the_different_specimens_of_cloth_collected_in_the_three_voyages_of_Captain_Cook,_to_the_Southern_Hemisphere" title="A catalogue of the different specimens of cloth collected in the three voyages of Captain Cook, to the Southern Hemisphere">A catalogue of the different specimens of cloth collected in the three voyages of Captain Cook, to the Southern Hemisphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Cook_Birthplace_Museum" title="Captain Cook Birthplace Museum">Birthplace Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooks%27_Cottage" title="Cooks' Cottage">Cooks' Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook_Collection:_Australian_Museum" title="James Cook Collection: Australian Museum">James Cook Collection:</a> <a href="/wiki/Australian_Museum" title="Australian Museum">Australian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Cook_Memorial_Museum" title="Captain Cook Memorial Museum">Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puhi_Kai_Iti_/_Cook_Landing_Site" title="Puhi Kai Iti / Cook Landing Site">Puhi Kai Iti / Cook Landing Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Island,_Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Cook Island, Tierra del Fuego">Cook Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stormy_Was_the_Weather" title="Stormy Was the Weather">Stormy Was the Weather</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyage_on_a_Dinner_Table" title="Voyage on a Dinner Table">Voyage on a Dinner Table</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_James_Cook_(miniseries)" title="Captain James Cook (miniseries)">Captain James Cook</a> (1986)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copley_Medallists_(1751–1800)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copley_Medallists_1751%E2%80%931800" title="Template:Copley Medallists 1751–1800"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copley_Medallists_1751%E2%80%931800" title="Template talk:Copley Medallists 1751–1800"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copley_Medallists_1751%E2%80%931800" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copley Medallists 1751–1800"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copley_Medallists_(1751–1800)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medallists</a> (1751–1800)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Canton" title="John Canton">John Canton</a> (1751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Pringle,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Pringle, 1st Baronet">John Pringle</a> (1752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> (1753)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lewis_(scientist)" title="William Lewis (scientist)">William Lewis</a> (1754)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Huxham" title="John Huxham">John Huxham</a> (1755)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Charles_Cavendish" title="Lord Charles Cavendish">Charles Cavendish</a> (1757)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dollond" title="John Dollond">John Dollond</a> (1758)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton">John Smeaton</a> (1759)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wilson_(painter)" title="Benjamin Wilson (painter)">Benjamin Wilson</a> (1760)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Canton" title="John Canton">John Canton</a> (1764)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Brownrigg" title="William Brownrigg">William Brownrigg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Delaval" title="Edward Delaval">Edward Delaval</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cavendish" title="Henry Cavendish">Henry Cavendish</a> (1766)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ellis_(naturalist)" title="John Ellis (naturalist)">John Ellis</a> (1767)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Woulfe" title="Peter Woulfe">Peter Woulfe</a> (1768)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hewson_(surgeon)" title="William Hewson (surgeon)">William Hewson</a> (1769)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_(diplomat)" title="William Hamilton (diplomat)">William Hamilton</a> (1770)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Raper" title="Matthew Raper">Matthew Raper</a> (1771)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a> (1772)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Walsh_(scientist)" title="John Walsh (scientist)">John Walsh</a> (1773)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevil_Maskelyne" title="Nevil Maskelyne">Nevil Maskelyne</a> (1775)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Cook</a> (1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mudge" title="John Mudge">John Mudge</a> (1777)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hutton" title="Charles Hutton">Charles Hutton</a> (1778)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Vince" title="Samuel Vince">Samuel Vince</a> (1780)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a> (1781)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kirwan" title="Richard Kirwan">Richard Kirwan</a> (1782)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Goodricke" title="John Goodricke">John Goodricke</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hutchins_(naturalist)" title="Thomas Hutchins (naturalist)">Thomas Hutchins</a> (1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Waring" title="Edward Waring">Edward Waring</a> (1784)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Roy" title="William Roy">William Roy</a> (1785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hunter_(surgeon)" title="John Hunter (surgeon)">John Hunter</a> (1787)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Blagden" title="Charles Blagden">Charles Blagden</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morgan_(actuary)" title="William Morgan (actuary)">William Morgan</a> (1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rennell" title="James Rennell">James Rennell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean-Andr%C3%A9_Deluc" title="Jean-André Deluc">Jean-André Deluc</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson">Benjamin Thompson</a> (1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Ramsden" title="Jesse Ramsden">Jesse Ramsden</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Atwood" title="George Atwood">George Atwood</a> (1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shuckburgh-Evelyn" title="George Shuckburgh-Evelyn">George Shuckburgh-Evelyn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hatchett" title="Charles Hatchett">Charles Hatchett</a> (1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hellins" title="John Hellins">John Hellins</a> (1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Charles_Howard" title="Edward Charles Howard">Edward Charles Howard</a> (1800)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polar_exploration" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polar_exploration" title="Template:Polar exploration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polar_exploration" title="Template talk:Polar exploration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polar_exploration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polar exploration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polar_exploration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Polar_exploration" title="Polar exploration">Polar exploration</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arctic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">Arctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Ocean_*_History_*_Expeditions_*_Research_stations"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arctic_expeditions" title="List of Arctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_stations_in_the_Arctic" title="List of research stations in the Arctic">Research stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_North" title="Farthest North">Farthest North</a> <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Marmaduke" title="Thomas Marmaduke">Marmaduke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Carolus" title="Joris Carolus">Carolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_magnetic_pole" title="North magnetic pole">North magnetic pole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israel_Hayes" title="Isaac Israel Hayes">Hayes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaris_expedition" title="Polaris expedition">Polaris expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Polaris_(1871)" title="USS Polaris (1871)">Polaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Hall" title="Charles Francis Hall">C. F. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bessels" title="Emil Bessels">Bessels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Expedition" title="British Arctic Expedition">British Arctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Alert_(1856)" title="HMS Alert (1856)">HMS Alert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1874)" title="HMS Discovery (1874)">HMS Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick_Stephenson" title="Henry Frederick Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hastings_Markham" title="Albert Hastings Markham">Markham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Franklin_Bay_Expedition" title="Lady Franklin Bay Expedition">Lady Franklin Bay Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Greely" title="Adolphus Greely">Greely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Lockwood" title="James B. Lockwood">Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_L._Brainard" title="David L. Brainard">Brainard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nansen%27s_Fram_expedition" title="Nansen's Fram expedition">Nansen's Fram expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Johansen" title="Hjalmar Johansen">Johansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)">Jason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi" title="Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi">Amedeo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e%27s_Arctic_balloon_expedition" title="Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition">Andrée's balloon expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_August_Andr%C3%A9e" title="Salomon August Andrée">S. A. Andrée</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">F. Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Roosevelt_(1905)" title="SS Roosevelt (1905)">SS Roosevelt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henson" title="Matthew Henson">Henson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norge_(airship)" title="Norge (airship)">Norge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Nobile" title="Umberto Nobile">Nobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen" title="Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen">Riiser-Larsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ellsworth" title="Lincoln Ellsworth">Ellsworth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italia_(airship)" title="Italia (airship)">Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_O-12_(SS-73)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS O-12 (SS-73)">Nautilus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Wilkins" title="Hubert Wilkins">Wilkins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_ANT-25" title="Tupolev ANT-25">ANT-25</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Chkalov" title="Valery Chkalov">Chkalov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Baydukov" title="Georgy Baydukov">Baydukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vasilyevich_Belyakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Vasilyevich Belyakov">Belyakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drifting_ice_station" title="Drifting ice station">Drifting ice stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-1" title="North Pole-1">NP-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Papanin" title="Ivan Papanin">Papanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Shirshov" title="Pyotr Shirshov">Shirshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Fyodorov_(scientist)" title="Yevgeny Fyodorov (scientist)">E. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenkel" title="Ernst Krenkel">Krenkel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-36" title="North Pole-36">NP-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-37" title="North Pole-37">NP-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgiy_Sedov_(1908_icebreaker)" title="Georgiy Sedov (1908 icebreaker)">Georgiy Sedov</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Badygin" title="Konstantin Badygin">Badygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)" title="USS Nautilus (SSN-571)">USS Nautilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Skate_(SSN-578)" title="USS Skate (SSN-578)">USS Skate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Plaisted" title="Ralph Plaisted">Plaisted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Herbert" title="Wally Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika_(1972_icebreaker)" title="Arktika (1972 icebreaker)">NS Arktika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barneo" title="Barneo">Barneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika_2007" title="Arktika 2007">Arktika 2007</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)">Mir submersibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Sagalevich" title="Anatoly Sagalevich">Sagalevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Chilingarov" title="Artur Chilingarov">Chilingarov</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_the_Navigator" title="Brendan the Navigator">Brendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papar" title="Papar">Papar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Vikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naddodd" title="Naddodd">Naddodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_Svavarsson" title="Garðar Svavarsson">Garðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson" title="Ingólfr Arnarson">Ingólfr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnbj%C3%B6rn_Ulfsson" title="Gunnbjörn Ulfsson">Gunnbjörn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6bj%C3%B6rn_galti" title="Snæbjörn galti">Snæbjörn galti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_IV%27s_expeditions_to_Greenland" title="Christian IV's expeditions to Greenland">Christian IV's expeditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Hall_(explorer)" title="James Hall (explorer)">J. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cunningham_(explorer)" title="John Cunningham (explorer)">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godske_Lindenov" title="Godske Lindenov">Lindenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Richardson" title="Carsten Richardson">C. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Egede</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scoresby" title="William Scoresby">Scoresby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)">Jason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">Cabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Corte-Real" title="Gaspar Corte-Real">G. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Corte-Real" title="Miguel Corte-Real">M. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(explorer)" title="John Davis (explorer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_(1602_ship)" title="Discovery (1602 ship)">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bylot" title="Robert Bylot">Bylot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baffin" title="William Baffin">Baffin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Munk" title="Jens Munk">Munk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fyodorov_(navigator)" title="Ivan Fyodorov (navigator)">I. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS Resolution</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1774)" title="HMS Discovery (1774)">HMS Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clerke" title="Charles Clerke">Clerke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Kotzebue" title="Otto von Kotzebue">Kotzebue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Griper_(1813)" title="HMS Griper (1813)">HMS Griper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Hecla_(1815)" title="HMS Hecla (1815)">HMS Hecla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Lyon" title="George Francis Lyon">Lyon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Fury_(1814)" title="HMS Fury (1814)">HMS Fury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Parkyns_Hoppner" title="Henry Parkyns Hoppner">Hoppner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppermine_expedition" title="Coppermine expedition">Coppermine expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Back" title="George Back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Warren_Dease" title="Peter Warren Dease">Dease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Simpson_(explorer)" title="Thomas Simpson (explorer)">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Blossom_(1806)" title="HMS Blossom (1806)">HMS Blossom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Beechey" title="Frederick William Beechey">Beechey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition" title="Franklin's lost expedition">Franklin's lost expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS Erebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Collinson" title="Richard Collinson">Collinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rae%E2%80%93Richardson_Arctic_expedition" title="Rae–Richardson Arctic expedition">Rae–Richardson expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rae_(explorer)" title="John Rae (explorer)">Rae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)" title="John Richardson (naturalist)">J. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Thomas_Austin" title="Horatio Thomas Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McClure_Arctic_expedition" title="McClure Arctic expedition">McClure expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Investigator_(1848)" title="HMS Investigator (1848)">HMS Investigator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClure" title="Robert McClure">McClure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolute_(1850)" title="HMS Resolute (1850)">HMS Resolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kellett" title="Henry Kellett">Kellett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Belcher" title="Edward Belcher">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(explorer)" title="William Kennedy (explorer)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ren%C3%A9_Bellot" title="Joseph René Bellot">Bellot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_(1850_ship)" title="Isabel (1850 ship)">Isabel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Augustus_Inglefield" title="Edward Augustus Inglefield">Inglefield</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Grinnell_expedition" title="Second Grinnell expedition">2nd Grinnell expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Advance_(1847)" title="USS Advance (1847)">USS Advance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_(ship)" title="Fox (ship)">Fox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_McClintock" title="Leopold McClintock">McClintock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">HMS Pandora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Young" title="Allen Young">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B8a" title="Gjøa">Gjøa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_voyage_of_the_Karluk" title="Last voyage of the Karluk">Karluk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilhjalmur_Stefansson" title="Vilhjalmur Stefansson">Stefansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bartlett_(explorer)" title="Robert Bartlett (explorer)">Bartlett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Roch_(ship)" title="St. Roch (ship)">St. Roch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Larsen_(explorer)" title="Henry Larsen (explorer)">H. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Scott_Cowper" title="David Scott Cowper">Cowper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">North East Passage</a> <a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_(boat)" title="Koch (boat)">Koch boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Willoughby" title="Hugh Willoughby">Willoughby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Chancellor" title="Richard Chancellor">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangazeya" title="Mangazeya">Mangazeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Poole" title="Jonas Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Perfilyev" title="Ilya Perfilyev">Perfilyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Stadukhin" title="Mikhail Stadukhin">Stadukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Dezhnev" title="Semyon Dezhnev">Dezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedot_Alekseyevich_Popov" title="Fedot Alekseyevich Popov">Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurbat_Ivanov" title="Kurbat Ivanov">Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkury_Vagin" title="Merkury Vagin">Vagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Permyakov" title="Yakov Permyakov">Permyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Expedition" title="Great Northern Expedition">Great Northern Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering">Bering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Chirikov" title="Aleksei Chirikov">Chirikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Malygin" title="Stepan Malygin">Malygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ovtsyn" title="Dmitry Ovtsyn">Ovtsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Minin" title="Fyodor Minin">Minin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Pronchishchev" title="Vasili Pronchishchev">V. Pronchishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pronchishcheva" title="Maria Pronchishcheva">M. Pronchishcheva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Chelyuskin" title="Semyon Chelyuskin">Chelyuskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khariton_Laptev" title="Khariton Laptev">Kh. Laptev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Laptev" title="Dmitry Laptev">D. Laptev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Chichagov" title="Vasily Chichagov">Chichagov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lyakhov" title="Ivan Lyakhov">Lyakhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Billings" title="Joseph Billings">Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sannikov" title="Yakov Sannikov">Sannikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matvei_Gedenshtrom" title="Matvei Gedenshtrom">Gedenshtrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Wrangel" title="Ferdinand von Wrangel">Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matyushkin" title="Fyodor Matyushkin">Matyushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Anjou" title="Pyotr Anjou">Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Benjamin_von_L%C3%BCtke" title="Friedrich Benjamin von Lütke">Litke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lavrov" title="Mikhail Lavrov">Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Pakhtusov" title="Pyotr Pakhtusov">Pakhtusov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avgust_Tsivolko" title="Avgust Tsivolko">Tsivolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Middendorff" title="Alexander von Middendorff">Middendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_North_Pole_expedition" title="Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition">Austro-Hungarian Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weyprecht" title="Karl Weyprecht">Weyprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Payer" title="Julius von Payer">Payer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_Expedition" title="Vega Expedition">Vega Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Erik_Nordenski%C3%B6ld" title="Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld">A. E. Nordenskiöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Palander" title="Louis Palander">Palander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_expedition" title="Jeannette expedition">Jeannette expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">USS Jeannette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._De_Long" title="George W. De Long">De Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Melville" title="George W. Melville">Melville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yermak_(1898_icebreaker)" title="Yermak (1898 icebreaker)">Yermak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Makarov" title="Stepan Makarov">Makarov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(polar_ship)" title="Zarya (polar ship)">Zarya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Toll" title="Eduard von Toll">Toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kolomeitsev" title="Nikolai Kolomeitsev">Kolomeitsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matisen" title="Fyodor Matisen">Matisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Kolchak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusanov_expedition" title="Rusanov expedition">Rusanov expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Rusanov" title="Vladimir Rusanov">Rusanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kuchin" title="Alexander Kuchin">Kuchin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_expedition" title="Brusilov expedition">Brusilov expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svyataya_Anna" title="Svyataya Anna">Sv. Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Brusilov" title="Georgy Brusilov">Brusilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Albanov" title="Valerian Albanov">Albanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Konrad" title="Alexander Konrad">Konrad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nag%C3%B3rski" title="Jan Nagórski">Nagórski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taymyr_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Taymyr (1909 icebreaker)">Taymyr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vaygach_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Vaygach (1909 icebreaker)">Vaygach</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Vilkitsky" title="Boris Vilkitsky">Vilkitsky</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_(ship)" title="Maud (ship)">Maud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_and_Antarctic_Research_Institute" title="Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute">AARI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Samoylovich" title="Rudolf Samoylovich">Samoylovich</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikifor_Begichev" title="Nikifor Begichev">Begichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Urvantsev" title="Nikolay Urvantsev">Urvantsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadko_(1913_icebreaker)" title="Sadko (1913 icebreaker)">Sadko</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Ushakov" title="Georgy Ushakov">Ushakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_the_Northern_Sea_Route" title="Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route">Glavsevmorput</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schmidt" title="Otto Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviaarktika" title="Aviaarktika">Aviaarktika</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Shevelev" title="Mark Shevelev">Shevelev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Sibiryakov_(icebreaker)" title="A. Sibiryakov (icebreaker)">A. Sibiryakov</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Voronin_(captain)" title="Vladimir Voronin (captain)">Voronin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Chelyuskin" title="SS Chelyuskin">Chelyuskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krassin_(1916_icebreaker)" title="Krassin (1916 icebreaker)">Krassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Gakkel" title="Yakov Gakkel">Gakkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreaker" title="Nuclear-powered icebreaker">Nuclear-powered icebreakers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenin_(1957_icebreaker)" title="Lenin (1957 icebreaker)">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika-class_icebreaker" title="Arktika-class icebreaker">Arktika-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">icebreaker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic exploration">Antarctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Continent_*_History_*_Expeditions"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché">Roché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charles_Bouvet_de_Lozier" title="Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier">Bouvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves-Joseph_de_Kerguelen-Tr%C3%A9marec" title="Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec">Kerguelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS Resolution</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS Adventure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(mariner)" title="William Smith (mariner)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Telmo_(Spanish_ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Telmo (Spanish ship)">San Telmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(sloop-of-war)" title="Vostok (sloop-of-war)">Vostok</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Bellingshausen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_(sloop-of-war)" title="Mirny (sloop-of-war)">Mirny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lazarev" title="Mikhail Lazarev">Lazarev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bransfield" title="Edward Bransfield">Bransfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Palmer" title="Nathaniel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(sealer)" title="John Davis (sealer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell">Morrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Astrolabe_(1811)" title="French ship Astrolabe (1811)">Astrolabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dumont_d%27Urville" title="Jules Dumont d'Urville">Dumont d'Urville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition" title="United States Exploring Expedition">United States Exploring Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Vincennes_(1826)" title="USS Vincennes (1826)">USS Vincennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes">Wilkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Porpoise_(1836)" title="USS Porpoise (1836)">USS Porpoise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadwalader_Ringgold" title="Cadwalader Ringgold">Ringgold</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_expedition" title="Ross expedition">Ross expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS Erebus</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS Terror</a> (<a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercator_Cooper" title="Mercator Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challenger_expedition" title="Challenger expedition">Challenger expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(1858)" title="HMS Challenger (1858)">HMS Challenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(oceanographer)" title="John Murray (oceanographer)">Murray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)">Jason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Belgian Antarctic Expedition">Belgian Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RV_Belgica_(1884)" title="RV Belgica (1884)">Belgica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_de_Gerlache" title="Adrien de Gerlache">de Gerlache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lecointe_(explorer)" title="Georges Lecointe (explorer)">Lecointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Arctowski" title="Henryk Arctowski">Arctowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Emil Racoviță">Racoviță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Boles%C5%82aw_Dobrowolski" title="Antoni Bolesław Dobrowolski">Dobrowolski</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Southern_Cross_(1886)" title="SS Southern Cross (1886)">Southern Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RRS_Discovery" title="RRS Discovery">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Hut" title="Discovery Hut">Discovery Hut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauss_expedition" title="Gauss expedition">Gauss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauss_(ship)" title="Gauss (ship)">Gauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Drygalski" title="Erich von Drygalski">Drygalski</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Swedish Antarctic Expedition">Swedish Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_(ship)" title="Antarctic (ship)">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Nordenskj%C3%B6ld" title="Otto Nordenskjöld">O. Nordenskjöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Scottish National Antarctic Expedition">Scottish Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Speirs_Bruce" title="William Speirs Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_(barque)" title="Scotia (barque)">Scotia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcadas_Base" title="Orcadas Base">Orcadas Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(1867_ship)" title="Nimrod (1867 ship)">Nimrod</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Antarctic_Expedition" title="French Antarctic Expedition">French Antarctic Expeditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pourquoi-Pas_(1908)" title="Pourquoi-Pas (1908)">Pourquoi-Pas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charcot" title="Jean-Baptiste Charcot">Charcot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Japanese Antarctic Expedition">Japanese Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobu_Shirase" title="Nobu Shirase">Shirase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framheim" title="Framheim">Framheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_(ship)" title="Terra Nova (ship)">Terra Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Evans,_1st_Baron_Mountevans" title="Edward Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans">E. R. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Crean_(explorer)" title="Tom Crean (explorer)">Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lashly" title="William Lashly">Lashly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Filchner" title="Wilhelm Filchner">Filchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Australasian Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora" title="SY Aurora">SY Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Party" title="Far Eastern Party">Far Eastern Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship)">Endurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_the_James_Caird" title="Voyage of the James Caird">James Caird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea_party" title="Ross Sea party">Ross Sea party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Mackintosh" title="Aeneas Mackintosh">Mackintosh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shackleton%E2%80%93Rowett_Expedition" title="Shackleton–Rowett Expedition">Shackleton–Rowett Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_(ship)" title="Quest (ship)">Quest</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Polar_Year" title="International Polar Year">IPY</a> · <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">IGY</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Modern research</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Christensen" title="Lars Christensen">Christensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Australian_and_New_Zealand_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition">BANZARE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Graham_Land_expedition" title="British Graham Land expedition">BGLE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rymill" title="John Rymill">Rymill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ritscher" title="Alfred Ritscher">Ritscher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tabarin" title="Operation Tabarin">Operation Tabarin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Marr_(biologist)" title="James Marr (biologist)">Marr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Highjump" title="Operation Highjump">Operation Highjump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Arturo_Prat_Base" title="Captain Arturo Prat Base">Captain Arturo Prat Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windmill" title="Operation Windmill">Operation Windmill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ketchum" title="Gerald Ketchum">Ketchum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronne_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition">Ronne Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finn_Ronne" title="Finn Ronne">F. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Ronne" title="Jackie Ronne">E. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Schlossbach" title="Isaac Schlossbach">Schlossbach</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deep_Freeze" title="Operation Deep Freeze">Operation Deep Freeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Soviet Antarctic Expedition">Soviet Antarctic Expeditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition">1st</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Somov" title="Mikhail Somov">Somov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Klenova" title="Maria Klenova">Klenova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_Station" title="Mirny Station">Mirny</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">2nd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Tryoshnikov" title="Alexey Tryoshnikov">Tryoshnikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">3rd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transglobe_Expedition" title="Transglobe Expedition">Transglobe Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Fiennes" title="Ranulph Fiennes">Fiennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Burton" title="Charles R. Burton">Burton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kapitsa" title="Andrey Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_South" title="Farthest South">Farthest South</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS Resolution</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS Adventure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS Erebus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barne" title="Michael Barne">Barne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Marshall" title="Eric Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Adams" title="Jameson Adams">Adams</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_David" title="Edgeworth David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Mackay" title="Alistair Mackay">Mackay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olav_Bjaaland" title="Olav Bjaaland">Bjaaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmer_Hanssen" title="Helmer Hanssen">Helmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverre_Hassel" title="Sverre Hassel">Hassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Evans" title="Edgar Evans">E. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Oates" title="Lawrence Oates">Oates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Robertson_Bowers" title="Henry Robertson Bowers">Bowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsley_Cherry-Garrard" title="Apsley Cherry-Garrard">Cherry-Garrard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernt_Balchen" title="Bernt Balchen">Balchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Chadbourne_McKinley" title="Ashley Chadbourne McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Dufek" title="George J. Dufek">Dufek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Cold" title="Pole of Cold">Pole of Cold</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_Station" title="Vostok Station">Vostok Station</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_inaccessibility" title="Pole of inaccessibility">Pole of inaccessibility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Inaccessibility_research_station" title="Pole of Inaccessibility research station">Pole of Inaccessibility research station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_P._Crary" title="Albert P. Crary">Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arved_Fuchs" title="Arved Fuchs">A. Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner">Messner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7324#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7324#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7324#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118522027">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78091496">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11897579w">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11897579w">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00436531">Japan</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV088555">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35030799">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700325&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX872658">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/65242">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068742002">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/6041738">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000270690&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000071150&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000038759">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=85667">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000064346">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201934078">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/0xbdd8xj2s1p259">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810606380705606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/119602">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259895005171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511753306706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14832064">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00504401?l=en">CiNii</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Cook">International Plant Names Index</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500132086">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/260655">RKD Artists</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/b89f314c-bb6e-4c5b-8b5a-84cbc469b028">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1478026">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/cook-james-1917">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118522027.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118522027">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026798018">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w65n6vn2">SNAC</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w68s4p75">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/10800">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Cook&oldid=1258646610">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Cook&oldid=1258646610</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:James_Cook" title="Category:James Cook">James Cook</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1728_births" title="Category:1728 births">1728 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1779_deaths" title="Category:1779 deaths">1779 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_English_people" title="Category:18th-century English people">18th-century English people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_British_explorers" title="Category:18th-century British explorers">18th-century British explorers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Death_in_Hawaii" title="Category:Death in Hawaii">Death in Hawaii</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_explorers_of_the_Pacific" title="Category:English explorers of the Pacific">English explorers of the Pacific</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_military_personnel_of_the_French_and_Indian_War" title="Category:British military personnel of the French and Indian War">British military personnel of the French and Indian War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_navigators" title="Category:British navigators">British navigators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_people_executed_abroad" title="Category:British people executed abroad">British people executed abroad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Circumnavigators_of_the_globe" title="Category:Circumnavigators of the globe">Circumnavigators of the globe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_cartographers" title="Category:English cartographers">English cartographers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_explorers_of_North_America" title="Category:English explorers of North America">English explorers of North America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_hydrographers" title="Category:English hydrographers">English hydrographers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_people_of_Scottish_descent" title="Category:English people of Scottish descent">English people of Scottish descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_sailors" title="Category:English sailors">English sailors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Explorers_of_Alaska" title="Category:Explorers of Alaska">Explorers of Alaska</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_explorers_of_Antarctica" title="Category:British explorers of Antarctica">British explorers of Antarctica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Explorers_of_Australia" title="Category:Explorers of Australia">Explorers of Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Explorers_of_British_Columbia" title="Category:Explorers of British Columbia">Explorers of British Columbia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Explorers_of_New_Zealand" title="Category:Explorers of New Zealand">Explorers of New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Explorers_of_Oregon" title="Category:Explorers of Oregon">Explorers of Oregon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Explorers_of_Washington_(state)" title="Category:Explorers of Washington (state)">Explorers of Washington (state)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Category:Fellows of the Royal Society">Fellows of the Royal Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hydrographers" title="Category:Hydrographers">Hydrographers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Maritime_writers" title="Category:Maritime writers">Maritime writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Middlesbrough" title="Category:People from Middlesbrough">People from Middlesbrough</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance_(Canada)" title="Category:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)">Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Copley_Medal" title="Category:Recipients of the Copley Medal">Recipients of the Copley Medal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Royal_Navy_officers" title="Category:Royal Navy officers">Royal Navy officers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Q150_Icons" title="Category:Q150 Icons">Q150 Icons</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sea_captains" title="Category:Sea captains">Sea captains</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Royal_Navy_captains" title="Category:Royal Navy captains">Royal Navy captains</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_personnel_from_North_Yorkshire" title="Category:Military personnel from North Yorkshire">Military personnel from North Yorkshire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_Royal_Navy_personnel" title="Category:18th-century Royal Navy personnel">18th-century Royal Navy personnel</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a 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