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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940–1949:_Early_MGM_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 1940–1949: Early MGM films </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1940–1949:_Early_MGM_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cabin_in_the_Sky" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabin_in_the_Sky"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Cabin in the Sky </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabin_in_the_Sky-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-I_Dood_It" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#I_Dood_It"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 I Dood It </div> </a> <ul id="toc-I_Dood_It-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films_with_Judy_Garland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films_with_Judy_Garland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3 Films with Judy Garland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films_with_Judy_Garland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madame_Bovary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madame_Bovary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.4 Madame Bovary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madame_Bovary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950–1958:_Peak_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950–1958:_Peak_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 1950–1958: Peak years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950–1958:_Peak_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Father_of_the_Bride" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Father_of_the_Bride"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Father of the Bride </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Father_of_the_Bride-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-An_American_in_Paris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#An_American_in_Paris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 An American in Paris </div> </a> <ul id="toc-An_American_in_Paris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Bad_and_the_Beautiful" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Bad_and_the_Beautiful"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.3 The Bad and the Beautiful </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Bad_and_the_Beautiful-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Band_Wagon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Band_Wagon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.4 The Band Wagon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Band_Wagon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brigadoon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brigadoon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.5 Brigadoon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brigadoon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Cobweb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Cobweb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.6 The Cobweb </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Cobweb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lust_for_Life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lust_for_Life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.7 Lust for Life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lust_for_Life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tea_and_Sympathy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tea_and_Sympathy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.8 Tea and Sympathy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tea_and_Sympathy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Designing_Woman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Designing_Woman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.9 Designing Woman </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Designing_Woman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gigi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gigi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.10 Gigi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gigi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Some_Came_Running" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Some_Came_Running"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.11 Some Came Running </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Some_Came_Running-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1959–1963:_Last_years_at_MGM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1959–1963:_Last_years_at_MGM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 1959–1963: Last years at MGM </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1959–1963:_Last_years_at_MGM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Home_from_the_Hill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_from_the_Hill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 Home from the Hill </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_from_the_Hill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bells_Are_Ringing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bells_Are_Ringing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.2 Bells Are Ringing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bells_Are_Ringing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.3 Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Two_Weeks_in_Another_Town" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Two_Weeks_in_Another_Town"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.4 Two Weeks in Another Town </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Two_Weeks_in_Another_Town-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Courtship_of_Eddie's_Father" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Courtship_of_Eddie's_Father"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.5 The Courtship of Eddie's Father </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Courtship_of_Eddie's_Father-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1964–1976:_Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1964–1976:_Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 1964–1976: Later years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1964–1976:_Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Goodbye_Charlie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goodbye_Charlie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.1 Goodbye Charlie </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goodbye_Charlie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Sandpiper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Sandpiper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.2 The Sandpiper </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Sandpiper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_a_Clear_Day_You_Can_See_Forever" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_a_Clear_Day_You_Can_See_Forever"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.3 On a Clear Day You Can See Forever </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_a_Clear_Day_You_Can_See_Forever-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_Matter_of_Time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_Matter_of_Time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.4 A Matter of Time </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_Matter_of_Time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Personal life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personal life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marriages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Marriages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_orientation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_orientation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Sexual orientation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_orientation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filmography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filmography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Filmography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filmography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre_credits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre_credits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Theatre credits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre_credits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_and_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_and_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Sources and notes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources_and_notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources and notes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources_and_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Vincente Minnelli</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" > 50 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vincente Minnelli" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A" title="فنسنت مينيلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فنسنت مينيلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vincente Minnelli" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="ভিনসেন্ট মিনেলি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভিনসেন্ট মিনেলি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Вінсент Мінелі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вінсент Мінелі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Винсънт Минели – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Винсънт Минели" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vincente Minnelli" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vincente Minnelli" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Vincente Minnelli" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vincente Minnelli" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vincente Minnelli" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5_%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B9" title="Βινσέντε Μινέλι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βινσέντε Μινέλι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vincente Minnelli" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vincente Minnelli" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Vincente Minnelli" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%84%DB%8C" title="وینسنت مینلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وینسنت مینلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vincente Minnelli" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vincente Minnelli" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%88%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8_%EB%AF%B8%EB%84%AC%EB%A6%AC" title="빈센트 미넬리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="빈센트 미넬리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A9_%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%AB" title="Վինսենթ Մինելլի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վինսենթ Մինելլի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vincente Minnelli" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vincente Minnelli" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vincente Minnelli" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vincente Minnelli" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%99" title="וינסנט מינלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וינסנט מינלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ვინსენტ მინელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვინსენტ მინელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Винсент Миннелли – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Винсент Миннелли" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Vincente Minnelli" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinsente_Minelli" title="Vinsente Minelli – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vinsente Minelli" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Vincente Minnelli" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vincente Minnelli" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Винсент Минели – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Винсент Минели" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vincente Minnelli" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ვინსენტ მინელი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვინსენტ მინელი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%89" title="ڤينسينت مينيلى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ڤينسينت مينيلى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vincente Minnelli" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AA" title="ヴィンセント・ミネリ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴィンセント・ミネリ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vincente Minnelli" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Vincente Minnelli" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vincente Minnelli" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vincente Minnelli" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8,_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Миннелли, Винсент – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Миннелли, Винсент" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Винсент Минели – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Винсент Минели" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincente_Minelli" title="Vincente Minelli – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vincente Minelli" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vincente Minnelli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vincente Minnelli" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vincente Minnelli" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Вінсент Міннеллі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вінсент Міннеллі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Vincente Minnelli" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%A3%AE%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%98%8E%E5%86%85%E5%88%A9" title="文森特·明内利 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="文森特·明内利" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q51535#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="View the content page [c]" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American stage and film director (1903–1986)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Vincente Minnelli</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Vincent_Minelli_-_1950s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Vincent_Minelli_-_1950s.jpg/220px-Vincent_Minelli_-_1950s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Vincent_Minelli_-_1950s.jpg/330px-Vincent_Minelli_-_1950s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Vincent_Minelli_-_1950s.jpg/440px-Vincent_Minelli_-_1950s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="1395" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Vincente Minnelli, circa 1950s</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Lester Anthony Minnelli<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div> (1903-02-28)February 28, 1903 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 25, 1986(1986-07-25) (aged 83) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California" title="Beverly Hills, California">Beverly Hills, California</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Forest_Lawn_Memorial_Park_(Glendale)" title="Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)">Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Theatre director</li><li>film director</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1919–1976</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable work</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meet_Me_in_St._Louis" title="Meet Me in St. Louis">Meet Me in St. Louis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/An_American_in_Paris_(film)" title="An American in Paris (film)">An American in Paris</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bad_and_the_Beautiful" title="The Bad and the Beautiful">The Bad and the Beautiful</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Band_Wagon" title="The Band Wagon">The Band Wagon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gigi_(1958_film)" title="Gigi (1958 film)">Gigi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1945; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1951)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Georgette Magnani</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1954; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1958)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Denise Gigante</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1962; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1971)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Margaretta Lee Anderson</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1980)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2, including <a href="/wiki/Liza_Minnelli" title="Liza Minnelli">Liza Minnelli</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Vincente Minnelli (born Lester Anthony Minnelli; February 28, 1903 – July 25, 1986) was an American <a href="/wiki/Theatre_director" title="Theatre director">stage director</a> and film director. For a career spanning over half a century, he is best known for his sophisticated innovation and artistry in <a href="/wiki/Musical_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical films">musical films</a>. As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit">[update]</a>, six of his films have been selected for preservation in the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Registry" title="National Film Registry">National Film Registry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> Minnelli made his stage debut as an actor in a production of <a href="/wiki/East_Lynne" title="East Lynne">East Lynne</a>, staged by the Minnelli Brothers' Tent Theater (co-founded by his father and paternal uncle). After graduating from high school, he worked as an apprentice window designer at <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Field%27s" title="Marshall Field's">Marshall Field's</a> department store in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>. There, he attended the <a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago">Art Institute of Chicago</a> and became a costume designer for the <a href="/wiki/Balaban_and_Katz" title="Balaban and Katz">Balaban and Katz</a> theater chain. By the early 1930s, he moved to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and served as the art director for the <a href="/wiki/Radio_City_Music_Hall" title="Radio City Music Hall">Radio City Music Hall</a>. In 1935, Minnelli became a theatre director with <a href="/wiki/At_Home_Abroad" title="At Home Abroad">At Home Abroad</a> (1935), starring <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Lillie" title="Beatrice Lillie">Beatrice Lillie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Powell" title="Eleanor Powell">Eleanor Powell</a>. In 1937, Minnelli moved to Hollywood and served a brief stint at <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a> before returning to Broadway. In 1940, Minnelli was hired by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Freed" title="Arthur Freed">Arthur Freed</a> to work for <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer</a>, where he directed sequences in <a href="/wiki/Babes_on_Broadway" title="Babes on Broadway">Babes on Broadway</a> (1941) and <a href="/wiki/Panama_Hattie_(film)" title="Panama Hattie (film)">Panama Hattie</a> (1942). He made his directorial film debut with <a href="/wiki/Cabin_in_the_Sky_(film)" title="Cabin in the Sky (film)">Cabin in the Sky</a> (1943). A year later, Minnelli directed <a href="/wiki/Meet_Me_in_St._Louis" title="Meet Me in St. Louis">Meet Me in St. Louis</a> (1944) starring <a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a>. He married Garland a year later, and their daughter <a href="/wiki/Liza_Minnelli" title="Liza Minnelli">Liza</a> was born in 1946. He subsequently directed Garland in <a href="/wiki/The_Clock_(1945_film)" title="The Clock (1945 film)">The Clock</a> (1945), <a href="/wiki/Ziegfeld_Follies_(film)" title="Ziegfeld Follies (film)">Ziegfeld Follies</a> (1945) and <a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_(1948_film)" title="The Pirate (1948 film)">The Pirate</a> (1948). He divorced Garland in 1951. Throughout the 1950s, Minnelli directed numerous comedies, dramas and musicals, including <a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Bride_(1950_film)" title="Father of the Bride (1950 film)">Father of the Bride</a> (1950), <a href="/wiki/An_American_in_Paris_(film)" title="An American in Paris (film)">An American in Paris</a> (1951), <a href="/wiki/The_Bad_and_the_Beautiful" title="The Bad and the Beautiful">The Bad and the Beautiful</a> (1952), <a href="/wiki/Lust_for_Life_(1956_film)" title="Lust for Life (1956 film)">Lust for Life</a> (1956) and <a href="/wiki/Gigi_(1958_film)" title="Gigi (1958 film)">Gigi</a> (1958). An American in Paris and Gigi respectively both won the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture" title="Academy Award for Best Picture">Academy Award for Best Picture</a>, with Minnelli winning the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Academy Award for Best Director">Best Director</a> for the latter film. For over 26 years, Minnelli became the longest-tenured film director for MGM.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009191-4">[3]</a> By 1962, Minnelli's relationship with MGM worsened due to the commercial failures of <a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (film)">The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Two_Weeks_in_Another_Town" title="Two Weeks in Another Town">Two Weeks in Another Town</a>. He formed his production company called Venice Productions, partnering with MGM and <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Century Fox">20th Century Fox</a> on <a href="/wiki/The_Courtship_of_Eddie%27s_Father_(film)" title="The Courtship of Eddie's Father (film)">The Courtship of Eddie's Father</a> (1963) and <a href="/wiki/Goodbye_Charlie" title="Goodbye Charlie">Goodbye Charlie</a> (1964). He directed his final film <a href="/wiki/A_Matter_of_Time_(film)" title="A Matter of Time (film)">A Matter of Time</a> (1976), starring his daughter Liza. Ten years later, in 1986, Minnelli died at his Beverly Hills residence, at age 83. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> Lester Anthony Minnelli was born on February 28, 1903, to Marie Émilie Odile Lebeau and Vincent Charles Minnelli.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy20091–3-5">[4]</a> He was baptized in Chicago, and was the youngest of four known sons, only two of whom survived to adulthood. His mother, whose stage name was Mina Gennell,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197432-6">[5]</a> was born in Chicago. She was of <a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French-Canadian</a> descent, and there is a likelihood of <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a> lineage through her mother, who was born on <a href="/wiki/Mackinac_Island,_Michigan" title="Mackinac Island, Michigan">Mackinac Island, Michigan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin20103-7">[6]</a> His father co-founded the Minnelli Brothers' Tent Theater, serving as the <a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">musical conductor</a>. Both had met each other at a musical revue; although they initially argued over her accompaniment, they grew closer and were married in November 1894. Following the marriage, she joined the Minnelli Brothers troupe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197433-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin20103–4-9">[8]</a> His paternal grandfather, Vincenzo Minnelli, and grand-uncle, Domenico Minnelli, both <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Sicily" title="List of people from Sicily">Sicilian</a> <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionaries</a>, were forced to leave <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> after the collapse of the provisional Sicilian government that arose from the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_revolution_of_independence_of_1848" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicilian revolution of independence of 1848">1848 revolution</a> against <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand II and Bourbon rule</a>. Domenico Minnelli had been Vice-Chancellor of the Gran Corte Civile in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> at the time he helped organize the January 12, 1848, uprising there.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> After the Bourbon return to power Vincenzo reportedly hid in the <a href="/wiki/Catacombe_dei_Cappuccini" title="Catacombe dei Cappuccini">catacombs of Palermo</a> for 18 months before being successfully smuggled onto a New York-bound fruit <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">steamer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> At three years old, Minnelli made his debut stage performance portraying Little Willie in <a href="/wiki/East_Lynne" title="East Lynne">East Lynne</a>, alongside his mother performing dual roles as Lady Isabel and Madame Vine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197428–29-12">[11]</a> During the performance, Minnelli <a href="/wiki/Breaking_character" title="Breaking character">broke character</a> when his character was supposed to have died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy20095-13">[12]</a> His family moved to <a href="/wiki/Delaware,_Ohio" title="Delaware, Ohio">Delaware, Ohio</a>, where he spent the first three years of high school at St. Mary's. Since St. Mary's had no twelfth grade, he spent his last year at Willis High School <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://ohio5.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15963coll29/id/5896/">[1]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Delaware,_Ohio" title="Delaware, Ohio">Delaware</a>, graduating at 16 years of age.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy200913–14-14">[13]</a> There, he appeared in a school production of <a href="/wiki/H.M.S._Pinafore" title="H.M.S. Pinafore">H.M.S. Pinafore</a> and starred in The Fortune Hunter at the Delaware Opera House.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197442-15">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1919–1936:_Theatre_career">1919–1936: Theatre career</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1919–1936: Theatre career">edit</a>]</div> Following his high school graduation, Minnelli moved to Chicago, where he lived briefly with his maternal grandmother Le Beau and his aunt Amy. In search for a job, Minnelli took his portfolio of watercolor paintings to the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Field%27s" title="Marshall Field's">Marshall Field's</a> <a href="/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">department store</a>. Arthur Valair Fraser, the store's display director, reviewed his portfolio and hired him immediately as an apprentice <a href="/wiki/Window_dresser" title="Window dresser">window dresser</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin201014–15-16">[15]</a> There, the store windows were changed four times a year with elaborate themes matched to each corresponding season. Minnelli was first assigned to design the men's store, but he instead asked to design windows on Wabash Avenue where furniture and decorative antique items were frequently rearranged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197443–46-17">[16]</a> Meanwhile, Minnelli enrolled in the <a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago">Art Institute of Chicago</a> with personal ambitions to become a painter. However, he dropped out due to his work schedule and lack of interest in the curriculum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197446-18">[17]</a> While working at Marshall Field's, a blind female customer arrived to rent stage props for the Radical Playhouse. She asked Minnelli to join their acting group where they were performing one-act plays by <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a>. Minnelli agreed, and read for the part of a retired sea captain in O'Neill's Where the Cross is Made.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin201017-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy200918-20">[19]</a> He disliked this acting job, but Minnelli remained a frequent attendee of <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Loop" title="Chicago Loop">Chicago's theatre district</a>. In his spare time, he painted watercolor sketches of contemporary theatre actors, including <a href="/wiki/Ina_Claire" title="Ina Claire">Ina Claire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Nash_(actress)" title="Mary Nash (actress)">Mary Nash</a>. Encouraged by his friends, he sold his paintings backstage, and earned enough money to live on his own. One night, while selling his artwork backstage, he was approached by Paul Stone, who admired Minnelli's pictorial composition. "If you can do this sort of thing, you can become a fine photographer," Stone told him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197447–48-21">[20]</a> Minnelli left his Marshall Field's job, and worked for Stone as an assistant photographer. Stone specialized in photographing actors and socialites from Chicago's theater district at theatrical luminaries, society matrons and wedding parties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin201017-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy200919-22">[21]</a> At Stone's Raymor studio, Minnelli photographed numerous celebrities, including Ina Claire, where he coaxed them into capturing their best angles. Minnelli reflected, "Stone's photography was soft, but in sharp focus, so that it could reproduce on the printed page. This taught me a way of creating mood."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197449-23">[22]</a> Months later, Stone suffered a <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">nervous breakdown</a>, and Minnelli assumed his photography duties. Feeling photography was not his suited profession, Minnelli grew dissatisfied and began reading <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Robins_Pennell" title="Elizabeth Robins Pennell">Elizabeth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pennell" title="Joseph Pennell">Joseph Pennell</a>'s 1911 biography of <a href="/wiki/James_McNeill_Whistler" title="James McNeill Whistler">James McNeill Whistler</a>, an American painter. Inspired by Whistler's art techniques, Minnelli immersed himself in <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">impressionist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">surrealist</a> painters, such as <a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Max Ernst</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a>. He also admired the experimental films of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Jean Cocteau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Luis Buñuel</a>, and the writings of <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy200919-22">[21]</a> Around this time, Minnelli dropped Lester from his name, replacing it with "Vincente"; the final "e" was added in order to seem more sophisticated and elegant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin201019-24">[23]</a> One day, Minnelli approached Frank Cambria, who headed the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Theatre" title="Chicago Theatre">Chicago Theatre</a>, which was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Balaban_and_Katz" title="Balaban and Katz">Balaban and Katz</a> theater chain. He told Cambria that he should open his own costume department, and allow him to run it. Cambria took Minnelli to <a href="/wiki/A._J._Balaban" title="A. J. Balaban">A. J. Balaban</a>'s office, where he was hired as a <a href="/wiki/Costume_design" title="Costume design">costume</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scenic_design" title="Scenic design">set designer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197451–52-25">[24]</a> Assigned to give the stage productions "a custom touch", Minnelli was shocked the costume department operated on meager budgets. At the time, theatre productions ran one week at the Chicago Theatre where the sets and costumes were disassembled and reused at the <a href="/wiki/Tivoli_Theatre_(Chicago)" title="Tivoli Theatre (Chicago)">Tivoli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uptown_Theatre_(Chicago)" title="Uptown Theatre (Chicago)">Uptown Theatre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197453–54-26">[25]</a> In 1931, Balaban and Katz merged with the <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures##Publix,_Balaban_and_Katz,_Loew's_competition_and_wonder_theaters" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount-Publix</a> theater chain, and Minnelli was asked to work on New York stage productions for $150 a week. He left Chicago and rented a tiny <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a> apartment. At Paramount, Minnelli worked exclusively in costumes, and restricted from designing sets because he wasn't in the set designers' union. He was eventually accepted into the union membership thanks to sponsorship from J. Woodman Thompson, a prominent stage designer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy200928-27">[26]</a> His first Broadway assignment was designing the show curtain for <a href="/wiki/Earl_Carroll" title="Earl Carroll">Earl Carroll</a>'s 1931 edition of the <a href="/wiki/The_Earl_Carroll_Vanities" title="The Earl Carroll Vanities">Vanities</a> musical revue. Taking inspiration from <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bakst" title="Léon Bakst">Léon Bakst</a>'s designs for the <a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a>, Minnelli fashioned a 300 feet (91 m)–tall green and silver curtain to accompany the <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> theatrical style. Impressed, Carroll rehired Minnelli as a costume and set designer for the 1932 Vanities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey198927-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197457-29">[28]</a> By this time, <a href="/wiki/Grace_Moore" title="Grace Moore">Grace Moore</a> asked Minnelli to supervise the art direction for the operetta, The Dubarry. During rehearsals, Minnelli and Moore had creative differences but remained cordial. The operetta had <a href="/wiki/Tryout_(theatre)" title="Tryout (theatre)">tryouts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, and premiered in New York in November 1932 where it ran for 87 performances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy200930-30">[29]</a> Based on his success, Paramount executives selected him for costume and set design for the 1933 edition of <a href="/wiki/Ziegfeld_Follies" title="Ziegfeld Follies">Ziegfeld Follies</a>. However, by 1933, Paramount-Publix filed for bankruptcy protection, in which <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Zukor" title="Adolph Zukor">Adolph Zukor</a> fired <a href="/wiki/B._P._Schulberg" title="B. P. Schulberg">B. P. Schulberg</a> as the studio's head of production and began a corporate restructuring.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> Paramount's East Coast studios were relocated to <a href="/wiki/Astoria,_Queens" title="Astoria, Queens">Astoria, New York</a>, but it was decided their <a href="/wiki/Touring_theatre" title="Touring theatre">touring theatre</a> unit was no longer profitable and was closed down in favor of touring <a href="/wiki/Big_bands" class="mw-redirect" title="Big bands">big bands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197460-32">[31]</a> Minnelli was eventually employed as a set designer at <a href="/wiki/Radio_City_Music_Hall" title="Radio City Music Hall">Radio City Music Hall</a>, after it opened in December 1932. During rehearsals, theatre businessman <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Roxy_Rothafel" title="Samuel Roxy Rothafel">Samuel "Roxy" Rothafel</a> harshly criticized Minnelli, art director Clark Robinson, and dance director Russell Markert. Following another heated discussion, Robinson immediately resigned, to which Minnelli assumed Robinson's former position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin201026-33">[32]</a> In July 1933, Minnelli's first art direction assignment was designing a "Water Lily" ballet, a Cuban potpourri illustrated with a backdrop of <a href="/wiki/Cockfight" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockfight">fighting cocks</a>, a Big Top interior for a circus number, and a <a href="/wiki/Rue_de_la_Paix,_Paris" title="Rue de la Paix, Paris">Rue de la Paix</a> dress shop to display <a href="/wiki/The_Rockettes" title="The Rockettes">the Roxettes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey198929-34">[33]</a> In December 1933, Minnelli art-directed a production of the <a href="/wiki/Scheherazade_(Rimsky-Korsakov)" title="Scheherazade (Rimsky-Korsakov)">Scheherazade</a> suite by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov</a>. His efforts were applauded in the mainstream press, including <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune" title="New York Herald Tribune">New York Herald Tribune</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy200931-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin201036-36">[35]</a> Despite this, Rothafel was later fired and was replaced by W. G. Van Schmus. In 1934, Schmus selected Minnelli to produce his first stage show titled Coast to Coast, which opened on October 25. Accompanied with music from <a href="/wiki/E._Y._Harburg" class="mw-redirect" title="E. Y. Harburg">E. Y. Harburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a>, the show displayed several sets, illustrating the <a href="/wiki/French_Riviera" title="French Riviera">French Riviera</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">British Gold Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a>. Backstage, Minnelli was offered a directing job by <a href="/wiki/Lee_Shubert" title="Lee Shubert">Lee Shubert</a> for his stage company.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197462–67-37">[36]</a> Despite the offer, Minnelli continued working for Radio City Music Hall until he left in April 1935. After months of considering, he joined Shubert's organization, signing a contract to produce three musical shows over eighteen months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey198931-38">[37]</a> Minnelli was handed his first directorial project titled <a href="/wiki/At_Home_Abroad" title="At Home Abroad">At Home Abroad</a>, with music composed by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schwartz" title="Arthur Schwartz">Arthur Schwartz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Howard_Dietz" title="Howard Dietz">Howard Dietz</a>. Starring <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Lillie" title="Beatrice Lillie">Beatrice Lillie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Waters" title="Ethel Waters">Ethel Waters</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Powell" title="Eleanor Powell">Eleanor Powell</a>, the Broadway musical centered on a married couple who flee the United States, and travel across Europe, Africa, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>. The musical had a try-out in Boston and opened at the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Garden_Theatre" title="Winter Garden Theatre">Winter Garden Theatre</a> on September 19, 1935.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy200941–42-39">[38]</a> In his New York Times review, <a href="/wiki/Brooks_Atkinson" title="Brooks Atkinson">Brooks Atkinson</a> praised Minnelli's efforts, writing: "Without resorting to opulence he has filled the stage with rich, glowing colors that give the whole work an extraordinary loveliness. Nothing quite so exhilarating as this has borne the Shubert seal before."<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> While At Home Aboard continued its Broadway run, Minnelli returned to costume and scenic design for the <a href="/wiki/Ziegfeld_Follies_of_1936" title="Ziegfeld Follies of 1936">Ziegfeld Follies of 1936</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Fannie_Brice" class="mw-redirect" title="Fannie Brice">Fannie Brice</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_Anderson" title="John Murray Anderson">John Murray Anderson</a> was the director, but during rehearsals, he transferred directing duties to Minnelli. To update the look, Minnelli used the <a href="/wiki/1880s" title="1880s">1880s</a> as inspiration for the hair styles and elegant costumes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197475–77-41">[40]</a> Opening on January 30, 1936, the Ziegfeld Follies was a commercial success, running for five months and reopened for another five months after a summer hiatus. Minnelli was not involved in the revival, but instead chose to direct a musical revue titled The Show Must Go. Minnelli devised an original story, featuring new songs from a team of <a href="/wiki/Tin_Pan_Alley" title="Tin Pan Alley">Tin Pan Alley</a> lyricists. The show premiered on Christmas Day 1936 and ran for 237 performances during its initial run.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197482–86-42">[41]</a> A reprise opened in September 1937 and played for two weeks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy200954-43">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1937:_Brief_stint_at_Paramount_Pictures">1937: Brief stint at Paramount Pictures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1937: Brief stint at Paramount Pictures">edit</a>]</div> Based on his Broadway success, Hollywood had taken notice of Minnelli as a rising director. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Goldwyn" title="Samuel Goldwyn">Samuel Goldwyn</a> tentatively approached Minnelli to direct <a href="/wiki/The_Goldwyn_Follies" title="The Goldwyn Follies">The Goldwyn Follies</a> (1938), and in 1937, <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a> offered him a contract to produce and direct films.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaremore199324-44">[43]</a> Although he was initially reluctant,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox197319-45">[44]</a> Minnelli accepted the offer and was paid $2,500 a week. His first project was Times Squares, a mystery film set on Broadway. <a href="/wiki/Leo_Birinski" title="Leo Birinski">Leo Birinski</a> was hired to write the script, with the plot detailing characters venturing throughout various musical numbers from Broadway shows to piece together vital clues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy200958-46">[45]</a> Minnelli also proposed a surrealist ballet featuring Paramount's contract actors, and held conversations with <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Kurt Weill</a> about a potential musical film.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaremore199325-47">[46]</a> Minnelli discussed the project with <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Zukor" title="Adolph Zukor">Adolph Zukor</a>, the head of Paramount, but he was uninterested; discussions with <a href="/wiki/William_LeBaron" title="William LeBaron">William LeBaron</a>, the studio's head of production, did not move the project forward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy200958-46">[45]</a> Meanwhile, Minnelli proposed the title <a href="/wiki/Shall_We_Dance_(1937_film)" title="Shall We Dance (1937 film)">Shall We Dance</a> (1937) to the <a href="/wiki/Fred_Astaire" title="Fred Astaire">Fred Astaire</a>–<a href="/wiki/Ginger_Rogers" title="Ginger Rogers">Ginger Rogers</a> film. He consulted on <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Walsh" title="Raoul Walsh">Raoul Walsh</a>'s 1937 film <a href="/wiki/Artists_and_Models_(1937_film)" title="Artists and Models (1937 film)">Artists and Models</a> devising the "Public Melody No. 1" number, featuring <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martha_Raye" title="Martha Raye">Martha Raye</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaremore199325-47">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1937–1939:_Return_to_Broadway">1937–1939: Return to Broadway</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1937–1939: Return to Broadway">edit</a>]</div> After six months of negotiating, Minnelli was released from his contract and returned to Broadway. Lee Shubert offered him the musical <a href="/wiki/Hooray_for_What!" title="Hooray for What!">Hooray for What!</a>, which starred <a href="/wiki/Ed_Wynn" title="Ed Wynn">Ed Wynn</a> and featured music and lyrics by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Arlen" title="Harold Arlen">Harold Arlen</a> and E. Y. Harburg. Minnelli was given only three months for preparation before its premiere on December 1, 1937. The musical was well-received,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy200963-48">[47]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a> magazine calling it "the funniest show of the year."<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine also applauded: "Sharing credit with Wynn for the show's success is able Vincente Minnelli, trained in the hard school of movie stage-shows, who directed it and designed the scenery."<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> Inspired by the musicals <a href="/wiki/Pins_and_Needles" title="Pins and Needles">Pins and Needles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Four_Saints_in_Three_Acts" title="Four Saints in Three Acts">Four Saints in Three Acts</a>, Minnelli began developing a surrealist fantasy titled The Light Fantastic, with Beatrice Lillie in mind to star. He offered her four musical numbers and four sketches outlining his vision, but Lillie, then in England, had not responded in time. He then shifted to a musicalization of <a href="/wiki/S._N._Behrman" title="S. N. Behrman">S. N. Behrman</a>'s play Serena Blandish, wanting to feature Black American actors. <a href="/wiki/Cole_Porter" title="Cole Porter">Cole Porter</a> was hired to write the musical score. Sid Perelman wrote the libretto, while <a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a> read for the title role. After six months of development, Minnelli abandoned the project.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974103–106-51">[50]</a> Exhausted, Minnelli took a sabbatical break until producer Max Gordon offered him to direct <a href="/wiki/Very_Warm_for_May" title="Very Warm for May">Very Warm for May</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Hammerstein_II" title="Oscar Hammerstein II">Oscar Hammerstein II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Kern" title="Jerome Kern">Jerome Kern</a> were hired to write the lyrics and compose the musical score, respectively. Pleased with the musical's first act, Minnelli unsuccessfully tried to rearrange the second act. The musical opened at the <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Alvin Theatre">Alvin Theatre</a> on November 17, 1939,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974107-52">[51]</a> with musical critic Brooks Atkinson writing in his review that Minnelli had not "solved the confusion of the story."<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Adjacent of this time, <a href="/wiki/William_Saroyan" title="William Saroyan">William Saroyan</a>'s play <a href="/wiki/The_Time_of_Your_Life" title="The Time of Your Life">The Time of Your Life</a> had opened three weeks before and was well-regarded. Minnelli became friends with Saroyan and they partnered on a black surrealist musical comedy, with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Richard Rodgers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Hart" title="Lorenz Hart">Lorenz Hart</a> composing the score. Both men collaborated with <a href="/wiki/David_Freeman_(screenwriter)" title="David Freeman (screenwriter)">David Freeman</a> on the script, but Saroyan exited the project.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974109-54">[53]</a> During the spring of 1940, Harburg brought <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Freed" title="Arthur Freed">Arthur Freed</a> into Minnelli's studio on East 54th Street.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy200970-55">[54]</a> Minnelli remembered, "Then Arthur Freed came to see me at my studio and convinced me to come to MGM to do the kind of thing that I liked, you know?"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox197319-45">[44]</a> After a discussion, Minnelli agreed to be paid $300 a week.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974110–112-56">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1940–1949:_Early_MGM_films">1940–1949: Early MGM films</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1940–1949: Early MGM films">edit</a>]</div> On April 2, 1940, Minnelli began working for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy200974-57">[56]</a> In 1941, he did minor consulting work, which included critiquing <a href="/wiki/Norman_Z._McLeod" title="Norman Z. McLeod">Norman Z. McLeod</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lady_Be_Good_(1941_film)" title="Lady Be Good (1941 film)">Lady Be Good</a> (1941) and advising <a href="/wiki/Pandro_Berman" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandro Berman">Pandro Berman</a> to change the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Rio_Rita_(1942_film)" title="Rio Rita (1942 film)">Rio Rita</a> (1942). Sometime later, McLeod had filmed <a href="/wiki/Panama_Hattie_(film)" title="Panama Hattie (film)">Panama Hattie</a> (1942) but received lackluster responses during test screenings. In reaction, Freed hired <a href="/wiki/Roy_Del_Ruth" title="Roy Del Ruth">Roy Del Ruth</a> to film reshoots and Minnelli to direct the musical numbers featuring <a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy200976–77-58">[57]</a> Meanwhile, Minnelli visited the set for <a href="/wiki/Strike_Up_the_Band_(film)" title="Strike Up the Band (film)">Strike Up the Band</a> (1940), starring <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Rooney" title="Mickey Rooney">Mickey Rooney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a>. Freed mentioned they needed a musical number for a scene where Rooney's character aspires to be like <a href="/wiki/Paul_Whiteman" title="Paul Whiteman">Paul Whiteman</a>, a bandleader. Minnelli suggested using a bowl of fruits, having spotted one on set.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin201060-59">[58]</a> Freed liked the idea and hired Henry Fox to create a tabletop,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974116–117-60">[59]</a> while <a href="/wiki/George_Pal" title="George Pal">George Pal</a> provided the <a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">stop motion</a> animation of the musicians made of fruit. During filming, Minnelli met Garland, who had just turned 18 years old, for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy200981-61">[60]</a> Minnelli subsequently worked on <a href="/wiki/Busby_Berkeley" title="Busby Berkeley">Busby Berkeley</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Babes_on_Broadway" title="Babes on Broadway">Babes on Broadway</a> (1941), which also starred Rooney and Garland, for the "Ghost Theater" sequence. Minnelli suggested they imitate veteran Broadway stars, but Berkeley rejected the idea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin201061-62">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cabin_in_the_Sky">Cabin in the Sky</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cabin in the Sky">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cabin_in_the_Sky_(film)" title="Cabin in the Sky (film)">Cabin in the Sky (film)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I_Dood_It_(1943)_trailer_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/I_Dood_It_%281943%29_trailer_1.jpg/220px-I_Dood_It_%281943%29_trailer_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/I_Dood_It_%281943%29_trailer_1.jpg/330px-I_Dood_It_%281943%29_trailer_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/I_Dood_It_%281943%29_trailer_1.jpg/440px-I_Dood_It_%281943%29_trailer_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Red Skelton and Eleanor Powell in I Dood It (1943)</figcaption></figure> In 1942, Minnelli was called to Freed's office where he was offered to direct Cabin in the Sky (1943). Minnelli accepted, writing he "interpreted the assignment, with more freedom than I'd dreamed possible, as just reward for past contributions."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974119-63">[62]</a> Based on the 1940 musical by <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Duke" title="Vernon Duke">Vernon Duke</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_La_Touche_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John La Touche (musician)">John La Touche</a>, Cabin in the Sky tells the story of Petunia (<a href="/wiki/Ethel_Waters" title="Ethel Waters">Ethel Waters</a>), a devout woman, who prays for the soul of her gambler-husband "Little" Joe Jackson (<a href="/wiki/Eddie_%22Rochester%22_Anderson" title="Eddie "Rochester" Anderson">Eddie "Rochester" Anderson</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy200988-64">[63]</a> Filming began in August 1942, with only Waters and <a href="/wiki/Rex_Ingram_(actor)" title="Rex Ingram (actor)">Rex Ingram</a> reprising their Broadway roles. Lena Horne was cast as Georgia Brown, a seductive woman who tempts Jackson.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey198941-65">[64]</a> During production, Minnelli had shot a musical number "Ain't It the Truth," featuring Horne in a bubble bath. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Breen" title="Joseph Breen">Joseph Breen</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hays_Code" title="Hays Code">Motion Picture Production Code</a> objected to the scene which then was excised from the film.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy200990-66">[65]</a> Modestly budgeted at $679,260 (in 1942 dollars), Cabin in the Sky earned $1.6 million at the box office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey198940,_42-67">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="I_Dood_It">I Dood It</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: I Dood It">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/I_Dood_It" title="I Dood It">I Dood It</a></div> Three weeks after he finished filming Cabin in the Sky, Minnelli was assigned to direct I Dood It (1943), starring <a href="/wiki/Red_Skelton" title="Red Skelton">Red Skelton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Powell" title="Eleanor Powell">Eleanor Powell</a>. Del Ruth was the film's original director but he had been drafted into the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>, leaving the film unfinished, and MGM dissatisfied with his cut.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey198945-68">[67]</a> The film's producer <a href="/wiki/Jack_Cummings_(director)" title="Jack Cummings (director)">Jack Cummings</a> hoped Minnelli would inject his style into the film. Onboard as director, Minnelli hired <a href="/wiki/Sig_Herzig" title="Sig Herzig">Sig Herzig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fred_Saidy" title="Fred Saidy">Fred Saidy</a> to rewrite the script.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974127-69">[68]</a> A loose remake of <a href="/wiki/Spite_Marriage" title="Spite Marriage">Spite Marriage</a> (1929), Skelton plays Joseph Renolds, a tailor's assistant, who becomes enamored with Constance Shaw (Powell), a Broadway star, and attends every performance of her Civil War melodrama. Shaw impulsively marries Renolds to spite her lover (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Ainley" title="Richard Ainley">Richard Ainley</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy200993-70">[69]</a> Herzig and Saidy updated the plot by having Skelton's character reveal <a href="/wiki/John_Hodiak" title="John Hodiak">John Hodiak</a>'s character to be a spy for the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey198945-68">[67]</a> Between projects, Minnelli directed Lena Horne in her "<a href="/wiki/Honeysuckle_Rose_(song)" title="Honeysuckle Rose (song)">Honeysuckle Rose</a>" segment in <a href="/wiki/Thousands_Cheer" title="Thousands Cheer">Thousands Cheer</a> (1943).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey198946-71">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Films_with_Judy_Garland">Films with Judy Garland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Films with Judy Garland">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Judy_Garland_in_Meet_Me_in_St_Louis_trailer_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Judy_Garland_in_Meet_Me_in_St_Louis_trailer_2.jpg/220px-Judy_Garland_in_Meet_Me_in_St_Louis_trailer_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Judy_Garland_in_Meet_Me_in_St_Louis_trailer_2.jpg/330px-Judy_Garland_in_Meet_Me_in_St_Louis_trailer_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Judy_Garland_in_Meet_Me_in_St_Louis_trailer_2.jpg/440px-Judy_Garland_in_Meet_Me_in_St_Louis_trailer_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Judy Garland in Meet Me in St. Louis (1944)</figcaption></figure> For <a href="/wiki/Meet_Me_in_St._Louis" title="Meet Me in St. Louis">Meet Me in St. Louis</a> (1944), Freed again hired Minnelli to direct. Framed around the four seasons, the film tells of the Smith family and their conflicts, with the conclusion focused on the family's celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition" title="Louisiana Purchase Exposition">1904 St. Louis World's Fair</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009100-72">[71]</a> Judy Garland was cast as Esther Smith, though she felt her role would be overshadowed by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_O%27Brien" title="Margaret O'Brien">Margaret O'Brien</a>, who was portraying Tootie. Principal photography began on December 7, 1943 though continued filming was frequently delayed by Garland's tardiness and claims of illness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke2000280-73">[72]</a> Determined to have Garland's physical beauty showcased, he requested make-up artist Dorothy Ponedel be assigned to Garland. Ponedel refined her appearance, which included extending and reshaping her eyebrows, changing her hairline, modifying her lip line and removing her nose discs and dental caps. Filming wrapped on April 7, 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke2000282-74">[73]</a> During filming, Garland and Minnelli had some creative differences, though Garland grew closer to him after watching the <a href="/wiki/Dailies" title="Dailies">dailies</a>. At the time, Garland was married to <a href="/wiki/David_Rose_(songwriter)" title="David Rose (songwriter)">David Rose</a>, but after they divorced, she began dating <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Mankiewicz" title="Joseph L. Mankiewicz">Joseph L. Mankiewicz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke2000289-75">[74]</a> Premiering in November 1944, the film received universal critical acclaim and exceeded box office expectations,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey198949-76">[75]</a> earning $7.56 million worldwide during its initial run.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordin1996118-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin201081-78">[77]</a> Meanwhile, the 1945 musical <a href="/wiki/Ziegfeld_Follies_(film)" title="Ziegfeld Follies (film)">Ziegfeld Follies</a> was in production with <a href="/wiki/George_Sidney" title="George Sidney">George Sidney</a> as the film's initial director. The film featured several musical numbers from the <a href="/wiki/Ziegfeld_Follies" title="Ziegfeld Follies">Ziegfeld Follies</a> musical revues, starring many of MGM's contracted talents. Midway through filming, Sidney asked to leave the production and Minnelli was hired to finish filming.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009117-79">[78]</a> Garland's segment was shot in July 1944,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke2000289-75">[74]</a> with principal photography concluding in August. Minnelli directed a total of ten segments, with the remaining four directed by Sidney, <a href="/wiki/Lemuel_Ayers" title="Lemuel Ayers">Lemuel Ayers</a>, Roy Del Ruth, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lewis_(director)" title="Robert Lewis (director)">Robert Lewis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974142-80">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Clock_(1945_film)" title="The Clock (1945 film)">The Clock</a> (1945) was Garland's first straight dramatic film after starring in several musical films. <a href="/wiki/Fred_Zinnemann" title="Fred Zinnemann">Fred Zinnemann</a> was initially hired to direct the film. By August 1944, he was removed at Garland's request after they could not get along and the dailes proved disappointing. When Freed asked who she wanted to replace him, Garland requested Minnelli to direct.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke2000290-81">[80]</a> Minnelli accepted the assignment on two conditions: Zinnemann would not object to his hiring and he would have creative control over Garland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009121-82">[81]</a> Zinnemann's footage was discarded aside from exterior shots of New York. The <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Station_(1910%E2%80%931963)" title="Pennsylvania Station (1910–1963)">Pennsylvania Station</a> was recreated on the MGM soundstage while local New York sites were filmed using <a href="/wiki/Rear_projection" title="Rear projection">rear projection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974146-83">[82]</a> On January 9, 1945, before Garland was to film <a href="/wiki/The_Harvey_Girls" title="The Harvey Girls">The Harvey Girls</a> (1946), Minnelli and Garland were engaged to be married. The two married on June 15, inside Garland's mother's house in <a href="/wiki/Mid-Wilshire,_Los_Angeles" title="Mid-Wilshire, Los Angeles">Wilshire, Los Angeles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke2000290-81">[80]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yolanda_and_the_Thief_(1945)_trailer_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Yolanda_and_the_Thief_%281945%29_trailer_1.jpg/220px-Yolanda_and_the_Thief_%281945%29_trailer_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Yolanda_and_the_Thief_%281945%29_trailer_1.jpg/330px-Yolanda_and_the_Thief_%281945%29_trailer_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Yolanda_and_the_Thief_%281945%29_trailer_1.jpg/440px-Yolanda_and_the_Thief_%281945%29_trailer_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>Lucille Bremer and Fred Astaire in Yolanda and the Thief (1945)</figcaption></figure> Minnelli's next film was <a href="/wiki/Yolanda_and_the_Thief" title="Yolanda and the Thief">Yolanda and the Thief</a> (1945) starring <a href="/wiki/Fred_Astaire" title="Fred Astaire">Fred Astaire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucille_Bremer" title="Lucille Bremer">Lucille Bremer</a>. Before he was hired for The Clock, Yolanda and the Thief was intended to be Minnelli's next film.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009136-84">[83]</a> Adapted from the 1943 magazine short story by <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Bemelmans" title="Ludwig Bemelmans">Ludwig Bemelmans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Th%C3%A9ry" title="Jacques Théry">Jacques Théry</a>, the film tells of two con men (Astaire and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Morgan" title="Frank Morgan">Frank Morgan</a>) who are hiding from extradition in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. Both men learn about Yolanda, a young heiress living a sheltered life in a convent and decide to con her. One night, Yolanda prays for a "guardian angel" which Astaire's character impersonates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974146-83">[82]</a> Freed had come across the magazine story and hired Bemelmans and Théry to write a treatment, and Robert Nathan to write the final screenplay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordin1996162–163-85">[84]</a> Filming began on January 15, 1945 and wrapped four months later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009136-84">[83]</a> Upon its release, the film received mixed reviews with criticism towards its script and was a commercial disappointment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974169-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordin1996167-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009139-88">[87]</a> By this point, Garland had become pregnant with her first daughter, <a href="/wiki/Liza_Minnelli" title="Liza Minnelli">Liza</a>. A musicalized biopic of <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Kern" title="Jerome Kern">Jerome Kern</a> titled <a href="/wiki/Till_the_Clouds_Roll_By" title="Till the Clouds Roll By">Till the Clouds Roll By</a> (1946) was scheduled to begin production in October 1945. Garland had been cast as <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Miller" title="Marilyn Miller">Marilyn Miller</a> and Minnelli had been assigned to direct Garland's scenes. Her scenes took two weeks to complete and were finished on November 8, 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009146–150-89">[88]</a> However, one number "D'Ya Love Me?" was excised from the film.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin2010106–107-90">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Till_the_clouds_roll_by-judy_garland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Till_the_clouds_roll_by-judy_garland.jpg/200px-Till_the_clouds_roll_by-judy_garland.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Till_the_clouds_roll_by-judy_garland.jpg/300px-Till_the_clouds_roll_by-judy_garland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Till_the_clouds_roll_by-judy_garland.jpg/400px-Till_the_clouds_roll_by-judy_garland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>Minnelli directed Garland's scenes in Till the Clouds Roll By (1946).</figcaption></figure> Minnelli was next approached to direct <a href="/wiki/Undercurrent_(1946_film)" title="Undercurrent (1946 film)">Undercurrent</a> (1946) by <a href="/wiki/Pandro_S._Berman" title="Pandro S. Berman">Pandro Berman</a> with <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn" title="Katharine Hepburn">Katharine Hepburn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_(American_actor)" title="Robert Taylor (American actor)">Robert Taylor</a> cast in the lead roles. Based on a story by <a href="/wiki/Thelma_Strabel" title="Thelma Strabel">Thelma Strabel</a>, the film is about the daughter of a small-town college professor who marries an industrialist and moves into the city with him. She soon learns about her missing brother-in-law, whom her husband is suspected of murdering, and investigates his disappearance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974169–170-91">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mitchum" title="Robert Mitchum">Robert Mitchum</a>, who portrayed the missing brother, was loaned out to MGM by <a href="/wiki/RKO_Radio_Pictures" class="mw-redirect" title="RKO Radio Pictures">RKO Radio Pictures</a> to co-star in the film. During filming, Hepburn was initially displeased with Minnelli as her director, though both became cordial as production continued. Meanwhile, Taylor grew irritated at their developing friendship and was feeling overshadowed by Mitchum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974170–174-92">[91]</a> The idea to adapt S. N. Behrman's play <a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_(1948_film)" title="The Pirate (1948 film)">The Pirate</a> originated with Minnelli, with Garland suggesting it be adapted into a musical during their honeymoon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009160-93">[92]</a> The story tells of Manuela, a local Caribbean woman, who daydreams of the pirate Macoco, better known as Mack the Black. She is unknowingly engaged to him, now identifying as Don Pedro, the portly and elderly village mayor. Serafin, a traveling actor, roleplays as the pirate to win Manuela's affection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke2000294-94">[93]</a> Freed initially resisted the idea but reluctantly agreed to produce it after reading a treatment. To replicate the success of <a href="/wiki/For_Me_and_My_Gal_(film)" title="For Me and My Gal (film)">For Me and My Gal</a> (1942), <a href="/wiki/Gene_Kelly" title="Gene Kelly">Gene Kelly</a> was cast to reunite his pairing with Garland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009160-93">[92]</a> On December 27, 1946, a recording session with Garland had to be cancelled due to her illness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009160-93">[92]</a> Due to Garland's frequent absences, filming did not begin until February 1947. Out of 135 days for rehearsals, filming and reshoots, Garland was absent for 99.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke2000294-94">[93]</a> After a preview in October, Minnelli agreed to shorten the film's run time. Between October 21 and December 19, reshoots were taken with the musical number "Voodoo" replaced with a livelier reshoot of "Mack the Black". When filming concluded, the film had gone over budget, costing $3.7 million. The film earned over $2.9 million at the box office, but posted a net loss of $2.2 million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1989118–119-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordin1996212-96">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Madame_Bovary">Madame Bovary</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Madame Bovary">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Madame_Bovary_(1949_film)" title="Madame Bovary (1949 film)">Madame Bovary (1949 film)</a></div> Despite the financial failure of The Pirate, Minnelli was slated to direct <a href="/wiki/Easter_Parade_(film)" title="Easter Parade (film)">Easter Parade</a> (1948) with Garland and Gene Kelly cast in the lead roles (though Kelly was later replaced by Fred Astaire after a rehearsal injury). Rehearsals began on September 5, 1947, but five days later, Minnelli was called into Freed's office and removed from the film. Freed had cited Minnelli's removal based on the advice of Garland's psychiatrist. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Walters" title="Charles Walters">Charles Walters</a> was hired to replace him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordin1996225-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009169-98">[97]</a> For almost a year, Minnelli was without a film project while Garland filmed Easter Parade and <a href="/wiki/In_the_Good_Old_Summertime" title="In the Good Old Summertime">In the Good Old Summertime</a> (1949). Pandro Berman phoned Minnelli at his office, offering him to direct a film adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Gustave Flaubert</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Madame_Bovary" title="Madame Bovary">Madame Bovary</a>. Minnelli accepted as it was one of his favorite novels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974200–201-99">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lana_Turner" title="Lana Turner">Lana Turner</a> was initially offered the lead role but Minnelli rejected the idea as Turner was perceived as a <a href="/wiki/Sex_symbol" title="Sex symbol">sex symbol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009175-100">[99]</a> The Production Code also warned that Turner's onscreen image, along with the novel's portrayal of marriage infidelity, would violate its guidelines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin2010125-101">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Jones" title="Jennifer Jones">Jennifer Jones</a> was considered but was under contract to her husband <a href="/wiki/David_O._Selznick" title="David O. Selznick">David O. Selznick</a>, but MGM executive <a href="/wiki/Benny_Thau" title="Benny Thau">Benjamin Thau</a> successfully negotiated a stipulation deal to borrow her. <a href="/wiki/James_Mason" title="James Mason">James Mason</a> had wanted to play the role of Flaubert, while <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jourdan" title="Louis Jourdan">Louis Jourdan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alf_Kjellin" title="Alf Kjellin">Alf Kjellin</a> (billed as Christopher Kent) were lent onto the film courtesy of Selznick.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974202–204-102">[101]</a> Madame Bovary was shot from mid-December 1948 to February 1949.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009176-103">[102]</a> During production, Minnelli notably filmed an elaborate waltz sequence, utilizing 360-degree <a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">pan camera movements</a> accompanied to <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_R%C3%B3zsa" title="Miklós Rózsa">Miklós Rózsa</a>'s pre-recorded instrumental score. Biographer <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harvey_(author)" title="Stephen Harvey (author)">Stephen Harvey</a> called it "one of the audacious epiphanies in any Minnelli movie."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1989201-104">[103]</a> Released in August 1949, critics deemed Madame Bovary as an unusually distinguished film, adapting its source material with considerable drama and atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1989201-104">[103]</a> Sneak preview audiences responded favorably to the film and Jones's performance,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009180-105">[104]</a> though it earned $2 million at the box office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1989203-106">[105]</a> That same year, Minnelli reportedly directed the climax sequence in <a href="/wiki/Robert_Z._Leonard" title="Robert Z. Leonard">Robert Z. Leonard</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Bribe" title="The Bribe">The Bribe</a> (1949).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcElhaney2009435-107">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950–1958:_Peak_years">1950–1958: Peak years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1950–1958: Peak years">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Father_of_the_Bride">Father of the Bride</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Father of the Bride">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Bride_(1950_film)" title="Father of the Bride (1950 film)">Father of the Bride (1950 film)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Father_of_the_bride_1950_promo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Father_of_the_bride_1950_promo.jpg/200px-Father_of_the_bride_1950_promo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Father_of_the_bride_1950_promo.jpg/300px-Father_of_the_bride_1950_promo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Father_of_the_bride_1950_promo.jpg/400px-Father_of_the_bride_1950_promo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Minnelli directed Spencer Tracy and Elizabeth Taylor in Father of the Bride (1950).</figcaption></figure> Minnelli's subsequent collaboration with Berman was Father of the Bride (1950) based on the bestselling <a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Bride_(novel)" title="Father of the Bride (novel)">1949 novel</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Streeter" title="Edward Streeter">Edward Streeter</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jack_Benny" title="Jack Benny">Jack Benny</a> pursued the lead role and was given a screen test, but Minnelli wanted <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Tracy" title="Spencer Tracy">Spencer Tracy</a> and cast him. <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor" title="Elizabeth Taylor">Elizabeth Taylor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joan_Bennett" title="Joan Bennett">Joan Bennett</a> were cast as the bride and her mother respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974217–218-108">[107]</a> Filming began on January 16, 1950 and wrapped a month and a day later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009200-109">[108]</a> Released in May 1950, the film earned $4.15 million in distributor rentals at the box office.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> Critical reception was positive, with <a href="/wiki/Bosley_Crowther" title="Bosley Crowther">Bosley Crowther</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> calling the film "equally wonderful" when compared to the book, with "all the warmth and poignancy and understanding that makes the Streeter treatise much beloved."<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> The film was nominated for three Academy Awards for Best Picture, Best Actor, and Best Screenplay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009204-112">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="An_American_in_Paris">An American in Paris</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: An American in Paris">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/An_American_in_Paris_(film)" title="An American in Paris (film)">An American in Paris (film)</a></div> The basis for An American in Paris (1951) began from Freed's friendship with <a href="/wiki/Ira_Gershwin" title="Ira Gershwin">Ira Gershwin</a> at his residence. Freed told Ira he wanted to adapt his brother <a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin" title="George Gershwin">George</a>'s orchestral piece <a href="/wiki/An_American_in_Paris" title="An American in Paris">An American in Paris</a> into a film and potentially include a ballet sequence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox197337-113">[112]</a> In 1949, MGM and the estate of George Gershwin entered negotiations, by which the studio acquired the rights to Gershwin's catalogue for $158,750 (equivalent to $2,032,888 in 2023).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey198975-114">[113]</a> The story was inspired by a <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a> magazine article of American <a href="/wiki/G.I." title="G.I.">G.I.s</a> studying art in Paris on sponsorship from the <a href="/wiki/G.I._Bill" title="G.I. Bill">G.I. Bill</a>, which Freed had remembered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox197337-113">[112]</a> In the film, Jerry Mulligan (Kelly) is an artist studying in Paris. He meets Milo Roberts (<a href="/wiki/Nina_Foch" title="Nina Foch">Nina Foch</a>), an heiress and arts patron who expresses a romantic and professional interest in Jerry. Meanwhile, Jerry romances Lise Bouvier (<a href="/wiki/Leslie_Caron" title="Leslie Caron">Leslie Caron</a>), a young teen engaged to Henri Baurel (<a href="/wiki/Georges_Gu%C3%A9tary" title="Georges Guétary">Georges Guétary</a>), a friend of Jerry's.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009207-115">[114]</a> Filming began on August 1, 1950 at the MGM studios, though production was halted on September 15 to prepare for the ballet sequence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009210-116">[115]</a> Minnelli left to direct another film, <a href="/wiki/Father%27s_Little_Dividend" title="Father's Little Dividend">Father's Little Dividend</a> (1951), the sequel to Father of the Bride. Filming began on October 9 and was finished 23 days later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009204-112">[111]</a> After this, Minnelli returned to film the ballet sequence, starting on December 6 and wrapping on January 8, 1951.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009212-117">[116]</a> The film proved popular with audiences, earning over $8 million in the United States. Kelly and Caron were praised by film critics, though the film's dramatic continuity was criticized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009215-118">[117]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/24th_Academy_Awards" title="24th Academy Awards">1952 Academy Awards</a>, An American in Paris was nominated for eight Oscars, winning six including Best Picture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEames1975247-119">[118]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lana_Turner_and_Kirk_Douglas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Lana_Turner_and_Kirk_Douglas.jpg/200px-Lana_Turner_and_Kirk_Douglas.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Lana_Turner_and_Kirk_Douglas.jpg/300px-Lana_Turner_and_Kirk_Douglas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Lana_Turner_and_Kirk_Douglas.jpg/400px-Lana_Turner_and_Kirk_Douglas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1106" data-file-height="1387" /></a><figcaption>Lana Turner and Kirk Douglas during filming for The Bad and the Beautiful (1952)</figcaption></figure> On January 18, 1951, Minnelli was announced to direct a musical film adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Huckleberry_Finn" title="Huckleberry Finn">Huckleberry Finn</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dean_Stockwell" title="Dean Stockwell">Dean Stockwell</a> was cast in the title role. <a href="/wiki/William_Warfield" title="William Warfield">William Warfield</a> was cast as Jim, along with Gene Kelly and <a href="/wiki/Danny_Kaye" title="Danny Kaye">Danny Kaye</a> as the Duke and Dauphin respectively. Rehearsals began in August;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009230–231-120">[119]</a> simultaneously, Minnelli was enlisted to film the fashion show finale for <a href="/wiki/Mervyn_LeRoy" title="Mervyn LeRoy">Mervyn LeRoy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lovely_to_Look_At" title="Lovely to Look At">Lovely to Look At</a> (1952). <a href="/wiki/Adrian_(costume_designer)" title="Adrian (costume designer)">Adrian Greenburg</a> (also known as "Adrian") and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Duquette" title="Tony Duquette">Tony Duquette</a> had designed costumes for the sequence, costing over $100,000 (equivalent to $1,147,368 in 2023). Minnelli declined to be credited for the film.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974251-121">[120]</a> On September 21, production on Huckleberry Finn was postponed indefinitely due to Kelly and Kaye's withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1989110–111-122">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Bad_and_the_Beautiful">The Bad and the Beautiful</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The Bad and the Beautiful">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Bad_and_the_Beautiful" title="The Bad and the Beautiful">The Bad and the Beautiful</a></div> Due to similarities with An American in Paris (1951), Minnelli turned down the offer to direct <a href="/wiki/Lili_(1953_film)" title="Lili (1953 film)">Lili</a> (1953). During a lunch meeting at the Romanoff's, MGM producer <a href="/wiki/John_Houseman" title="John Houseman">John Houseman</a> showed Minnelli a screenplay draft titled Memorial to a Bad Man based on a short story by <a href="/wiki/George_Bradshaw_(writer)" title="George Bradshaw (writer)">George Bradshaw</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974251–252-123">[122]</a> It was later retitled The Bad and the Beautiful (1952). Minnelli agreed to direct, with <a href="/wiki/Kirk_Douglas" title="Kirk Douglas">Kirk Douglas</a> as his sole choice to portray ruthless film producer Jonathan Shields. However, MGM production head <a href="/wiki/Dore_Schary" title="Dore Schary">Dore Schary</a> had offered the role to <a href="/wiki/Clark_Gable" title="Clark Gable">Clark Gable</a> but he declined. Douglas read the script and accepted the role. Lana Turner was hired to portray Georgina Lorrison, the "beautiful"; when both casting choices were announced, the trades questioned: "when these two get together..."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1989247-124">[123]</a> The story focuses on Jonathan Shields (Douglas) and his Hollywood rise by manipulating three individuals: actress Georgina (Turner) whom he deceives by professing his love, director Fred Amiel (<a href="/wiki/Barry_Sullivan_(American_actor)" title="Barry Sullivan (American actor)">Barry Sullivan</a>) whose picture he expropriates, and screenwriter James Bartlow (<a href="/wiki/Dick_Powell" title="Dick Powell">Dick Powell</a>) who loses his wife to a scandalous affair.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974252-125">[124]</a> Upon its release, critics praised the film's seedy depiction of Hollywood and the performances from the cast, most particularly Douglas, Turner and <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Grahame" title="Gloria Grahame">Gloria Grahame</a>. The scene of Georgina's emotional breakdown inside a moving vehicle was highlighted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson195934–35-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1989215–216-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009227–228-128">[127]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/25th_Academy_Awards" title="25th Academy Awards">1953 Academy Awards</a>, The Bad and the Beautiful was nominated for six Oscars, winning five including Grahame for <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress" title="Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress">Best Supporting Actress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEames1975252-129">[128]</a> At the behest of <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Franklin_(director)" title="Sidney Franklin (director)">Sidney Franklin</a>, Minnelli was approached to direct two segments ("Mademoiselle" and "Why Should I Cry") for the 1953 anthology film <a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Three_Loves" title="The Story of Three Loves">The Story of Three Loves</a>. Minnelli agreed to direct the segment "Mademoiselle," adapted from the short story "Lucy and the Stranger" by <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Phillips" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold Phillips">Arnold Phillips</a>. Reuniting with Leslie Caron, the segment featured <a href="/wiki/Ricky_Nelson" title="Ricky Nelson">Ricky Nelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zsa_Zsa_Gabor" title="Zsa Zsa Gabor">Zsa Zsa Gabor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farley_Granger" title="Farley Granger">Farley Granger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Barrymore" title="Ethel Barrymore">Ethel Barrymore</a>. Filming lasted for three weeks before wrapping in February 1952.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974260-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009231–233-131">[130]</a> The segment "Why Should I Cry" was dropped and reworked into <a href="/wiki/Torch_Song_(1953_film)" title="Torch Song (1953 film)">Torch Song</a> (1953), starring <a href="/wiki/Joan_Crawford" title="Joan Crawford">Joan Crawford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1989207-132">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Band_Wagon">The Band Wagon</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The Band Wagon">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Band_Wagon" title="The Band Wagon">The Band Wagon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Band_Wagon_(1953)_trailer_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_Band_Wagon_%281953%29_trailer_3.jpg/220px-The_Band_Wagon_%281953%29_trailer_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_Band_Wagon_%281953%29_trailer_3.jpg/330px-The_Band_Wagon_%281953%29_trailer_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_Band_Wagon_%281953%29_trailer_3.jpg/440px-The_Band_Wagon_%281953%29_trailer_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="833" data-file-height="623" /></a><figcaption>The cast of The Band Wagon (1953) L–R: <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Levant" title="Oscar Levant">Oscar Levant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyd_Charisse" title="Cyd Charisse">Cyd Charisse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Buchanan" title="Jack Buchanan">Jack Buchanan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Astaire" title="Fred Astaire">Fred Astaire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nanette_Fabray" title="Nanette Fabray">Nanette Fabray</a></figcaption></figure> Because of the success of An American in Paris (1951) and <a href="/wiki/Singin%27_in_the_Rain_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Singin' in the Rain (film)">Singin' in the Rain</a> (1952), Freed decided to produce another film adapting the musical catalogue of renowned composers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordin1996397-133">[132]</a> For <a href="/wiki/The_Band_Wagon" title="The Band Wagon">The Band Wagon</a> (1953), it was decided to adapt the music and lyrics by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schwartz" title="Arthur Schwartz">Arthur Schwartz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Howard_Dietz" title="Howard Dietz">Howard Dietz</a>. To write a suitable storyline, Minnelli turned to the screenwriting team of <a href="/wiki/Betty_Comden" title="Betty Comden">Betty Comden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Green" title="Adolph Green">Adolph Green</a> to devise the script.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009234–235-134">[133]</a> The film tells of Tony Hunter, an aging musical star who hopes a Broadway show will restart his career. He meets with two writer friends and a Broadway producer who stage a musical, starring Hunter and a ballerina. Fred Astaire was cast as Troy Hunter, while the writers Lester and Lilly Marton (portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Levant" title="Oscar Levant">Oscar Levant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nanette_Fabray" title="Nanette Fabray">Nanette Fabray</a>) were loosely based by Comden and Green. <a href="/wiki/Cyd_Charisse" title="Cyd Charisse">Cyd Charisse</a> was cast as the ballerina Gabrielle Gerard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009236-135">[134]</a> Filming began on October 20, 1952 and was finished on January 28, 1953.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordin1996406,_418-136">[135]</a> Premiering in July 1953, The Band Wagon received enthusiastic critical reception and earned $5.6 million at the box office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009240-137">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordin1996418-138">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/Archer_Winsten" title="Archer Winsten">Archer Winsten</a>, writing for the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a>, called the film "the best musical of the month, year, the decade, or, for all I know, of all time."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordin1996397-133">[132]</a> The film received three Academy Award nominations for <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Screenplay" title="Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay">Best Story and Screenplay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design" title="Academy Award for Best Costume Design">Best Costume Design (Color)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Score" title="Academy Award for Best Original Score">Best Scoring of a Musical Picture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1989112-139">[138]</a> Minnelli reteamed with Pandro Berman and the screenwriting team of <a href="/wiki/Albert_Hackett" title="Albert Hackett">Albert Hackett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frances_Goodrich" title="Frances Goodrich">Frances Goodrich</a> for <a href="/wiki/The_Long,_Long_Trailer" title="The Long, Long Trailer">The Long, Long Trailer</a> (1954), which starred <a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desi_Arnaz" title="Desi Arnaz">Desi Arnaz</a>. Adapted from the 1951 novel by Clinton Twiss, a married couple, Nicky and Tacy Collins, purchases a new <a href="/wiki/Travel_trailer" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel trailer">travel trailer</a> home and spend a year traveling across the United States. Shot during the summer hiatus for <a href="/wiki/I_Love_Lucy" title="I Love Lucy">I Love Lucy</a>, filming began on June 18, 1953 and wrapped the next month.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009243-140">[139]</a> On February 18, 1954, the film premiered at the Radio City Music Hall and earned $4.5 million in distributor rentals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1989129-141">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009245-142">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brigadoon">Brigadoon</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Brigadoon">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brigadoon_(film)" title="Brigadoon (film)">Brigadoon (film)</a></div> In March 1951, MGM acquired the screen rights to <a href="/wiki/Alan_Jay_Lerner" title="Alan Jay Lerner">Alan Jay Lerner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Loewe" title="Frederick Loewe">Frederick Loewe</a>'s Broadway musical <a href="/wiki/Brigadoon" title="Brigadoon">Brigadoon</a>. Gene Kelly and <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Grayson" title="Kathryn Grayson">Kathryn Grayson</a> were set to star, though Kelly's precommitments delayed production for two years. During the interim, Grayson departed and <a href="/wiki/Moira_Shearer" title="Moira Shearer">Moira Shearer</a> was considered as a replacement, but Freed ultimately cast Cyd Charisse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1989128-143">[142]</a> Brigadoon was also Minnelli's first film recorded in stereophonic sound and shot in the widescreen <a href="/wiki/CinemaScope" title="CinemaScope">CinemaScope</a> format, which Minnelli disliked due to concerns it would crop the actors' feet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974279-144">[143]</a> In 1953, Minnelli, Kelly and Freed initially planned to film on location in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> while interior scenes would be shot at the <a href="/wiki/MGM-British_Studios" title="MGM-British Studios">MGM-British Studios</a> in <a href="/wiki/Borehamwood" title="Borehamwood">Borehamwood</a>. During the spring, they scouted potential filming locations, though Minnelli stayed behind as he was occupied with The Long, Long Trailer. Kelly and Freed were convinced the Scottish climate was unreliable, and decided to film entirely on the MGM backlot in <a href="/wiki/Culver_City,_California" title="Culver City, California">Culver City, California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1989128-143">[142]</a> The story concerns two Americans Tommy Albright and Jeff Douglas (Kelly and <a href="/wiki/Van_Johnson" title="Van Johnson">Van Johnson</a>) who get lost during a hunting trip in Scotland. They wander into the village of Brigadoon, which becomes visible once every century. During a joyful wedding, Tommy becomes smitten with a local woman Fiona Campbell (Charisse) despite his engagement to Jane Ashton (<a href="/wiki/Elaine_Stewart_(actress)" title="Elaine Stewart (actress)">Elaine Stewart</a>) back home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordin1996246-145">[144]</a> During filming, Minnelli admittedly felt "frustrated by the picture" as he was unsure on how to salvage Lerner's script.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974281-146">[145]</a> Released in 1954, Brigadoon received a mixed reception from film critics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin2010273-147">[146]</a> In his New York Times review, Bosley Crowther dismissed the film as "curiously flat and out-of-joint, rambling all over creation and seldom generating warmth or charm."<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> During the fall of 1953, Minnelli began developing a film adaptation of <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Hudson" title="William Henry Hudson">William Henry Hudson</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Green_Mansions" title="Green Mansions">Green Mansions</a>. The next year, Lerner was recruited to write the screenplay. Intending to shoot on location in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, Minnelli scouted locations in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">British Guiana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>. There, he, art director <a href="/wiki/E._Preston_Ames" title="E. Preston Ames">E. Preston Ames</a>, and a skeletal film crew shot <a href="/wiki/16_mm" class="mw-redirect" title="16 mm">16 mm</a> test footage of the jungles in Venezuela. <a href="/wiki/Pier_Angeli" title="Pier Angeli">Pier Angeli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Purdom" title="Edmund Purdom">Edmund Purdom</a> were courted for the lead roles and given a screen test, but Freed was left unimpressed. The project was cancelled, though it later became a <a href="/wiki/Green_Mansions_(film)" title="Green Mansions (film)">1959 film</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn" title="Audrey Hepburn">Audrey Hepburn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin2010175–176-149">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Cobweb">The Cobweb</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The Cobweb">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Cobweb_(1955_film)" title="The Cobweb (1955 film)">The Cobweb (1955 film)</a></div> Minnelli then directed The Cobweb (1955) after John Houseman handed him the 1954 novel by <a href="/wiki/William_Gibson_(playwright)" title="William Gibson (playwright)">William Gibson</a>. The story concerns the staff working at a psychiatry clinic, who are embroiled in a dispute over the latest draperies to be installed in the library. Minnelli read <a href="/wiki/John_Paxton" title="John Paxton">John Paxton</a>'s script adaptation of the novel, but he felt it lacked "the flavor of the book." He then approached Gibson to write additional dialogue to the script.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974283–284-150">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Widmark" title="Richard Widmark">Richard Widmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lauren_Bacall" title="Lauren Bacall">Lauren Bacall</a>, Gloria Grahame, <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Gish" title="Lillian Gish">Lillian Gish</a>, and newcomers <a href="/wiki/John_Kerr_(actor)" title="John Kerr (actor)">John Kerr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Susan_Strasberg" title="Susan Strasberg">Susan Strasberg</a> were cast in the ensemble.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974283–284-150">[149]</a> The film was shot over seven weeks, starting in December 1954. Released in July 1955, the film received mixed reviews and failed at the box office, earning $1.5 million in distributor rentals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009261–265-151">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lust_for_Life">Lust for Life</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Lust for Life">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lust_for_Life_(1956_film)" title="Lust for Life (1956 film)">Lust for Life (1956 film)</a></div> While The Cobweb was being edited, Minnelli discussed with MGM president <a href="/wiki/Dore_Schary" title="Dore Schary">Dore Schary</a> a film version of the novel <a href="/wiki/Lust_for_Life_(novel)" title="Lust for Life (novel)">Lust for Life</a> by <a href="/wiki/Irving_Stone" title="Irving Stone">Irving Stone</a> as his next project. MGM had already obtained the film rights, though they requested an extension as its moratorium would lapse by December 1955.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974285-152">[151]</a> In the meantime, Schary and Arthur Freed wanted Minnelli to shoot <a href="/wiki/Kismet_(1955_film)" title="Kismet (1955 film)">a film adaptation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kismet_(musical)" title="Kismet (musical)">Kismet</a>. Minnelli resisted as he disliked the original Broadway production. Schary offered Minnelli creative autonomy to film Lust for Life provided he would film Kismet first.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordin1996437-153">[152]</a> Kismet (1955) tells of Haji, an opportunist street poet, whose powers are abused by the Wazir for personal gain. Meanwhile, Haji's daughter Marsinah falls in love with the young Caliph. The film began shooting on May 23, 1955. Ten days before filming was complete, Minnelli left for France to begin filming <a href="/wiki/Lust_for_Life_(1956_film)" title="Lust for Life (1956 film)">Lust for Life</a> (1956). <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Donen" title="Stanley Donen">Stanley Donen</a> was brought in to finish the film, which was completed on July 22, 1955. Kismet premiered on October 8, 1955 at the Radio City Music Hall, earning $2.9 million at the box office (against a production budget of $2.6 million).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordin1996439-154">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009265–268-155">[154]</a> Simultaneously, Kirk Douglas' production company <a href="/wiki/Byrna_Productions" class="mw-redirect" title="Byrna Productions">Byrna Productions</a> announced they were producing Lust for Life, with <a href="/wiki/Jean_Negulesco" title="Jean Negulesco">Jean Negulesco</a> as director. Soon after, Douglas was contacted by MGM, who noted they held the rights. A compromise was reached to have Minnelli direct and Douglas star as <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1989238–239-156">[155]</a> Filmed entirely on location in France, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, filming started in August 1955 and ended in December 1955. Throughout filming, Douglas notably remained in character.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1989241–242-157">[156]</a> Minnelli called the film his personal favorite of the ones he directed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974298-158">[157]</a> Released in September 1956, the film was mildly received by audiences, earning nearly $1.6 million in box office rentals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1989244-159">[158]</a> However, at the <a href="/wiki/29th_Academy_Awards" title="29th Academy Awards">1957 Academy Awards</a>, Lust for Life received four Academy Award nominations for Best Actor (Kirk Douglas), Best Supporting Actor (<a href="/wiki/Anthony_Quinn" title="Anthony Quinn">Anthony Quinn</a>), Best Screenplay and <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Production_Design" title="Academy Award for Best Production Design">Best Art Direction/Set Decoration — Color</a>. Quinn won for Best Supporting Actor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009279-160">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tea_and_Sympathy">Tea and Sympathy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Tea and Sympathy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tea_and_Sympathy_(film)" title="Tea and Sympathy (film)">Tea and Sympathy (film)</a></div> Before Minnelli left to Europe to film Lust for Life, he agreed to direct <a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(playwright)" title="Robert Anderson (playwright)">Robert Anderson</a>'s 1953 play <a href="/wiki/Tea_and_Sympathy_(play)" title="Tea and Sympathy (play)">Tea and Sympathy</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Tea_and_Sympathy_(film)" title="Tea and Sympathy (film)">feature film</a>. The story tells of a young student named Tom who is accused of being a homosexual at a boys' prep school. The headmaster's wife Laura takes a keen interest in him hoping to strengthen his masculinity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009280-161">[160]</a> Due to the themes of homosexuality, Anderson, who was hired to rewrite his own play, had to sanitize the script due to regulations from the Production Code. <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Kerr" title="Deborah Kerr">Deborah Kerr</a>, John Kerr (who previously starred in 1955's The Cobweb), and <a href="/wiki/Leif_Erikson" title="Leif Erikson">Leif Erikson</a> reprised their roles from the stage production.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974299-162">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009283–284-163">[162]</a> During its 1956 release, Tea and Sympathy received positive reviews from film critics. It earned nearly $2.2 million in box office rentals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009289-164">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Designing_Woman">Designing Woman</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Designing Woman">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Designing_Woman" title="Designing Woman">Designing Woman</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Designing_Woman" title="Designing Woman">Designing Woman</a> (1957) began as an original story by <a href="/wiki/Helen_Rose" title="Helen Rose">Helen Rose</a>, MGM's costume designer, loosely taken from <a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Year" title="Woman of the Year">Woman of the Year</a> (1942). Intended as a star vehicle for <a href="/wiki/Grace_Kelly" title="Grace Kelly">Grace Kelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Stewart" title="James Stewart">James Stewart</a> was cast opposite as the male lead and <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Logan" title="Joshua Logan">Joshua Logan</a> was to direct. However, Kelly departed from the project when she retired from acting, two months after marrying <a href="/wiki/Rainier_III,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Rainier III, Prince of Monaco">Rainier III, Prince of Monaco</a>. Stewart and Logan departed accordingly. In haste, Schary hired Minnelli to direct the film. As the new director, Minnelli selected <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Peck" title="Gregory Peck">Gregory Peck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lauren_Bacall" title="Lauren Bacall">Lauren Bacall</a> as the new leads.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1989170-165">[164]</a> Principal photography began on September 10, 1956 and was finished ten weeks later, with on-location filming at the <a href="/wiki/Newport_Beach,_California" title="Newport Beach, California">Newport Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverly Hills Hotel">Beverly Hills Hotel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marineland_of_the_Pacific" title="Marineland of the Pacific">Marineland</a>. Released in May 1957, the film earned $3.7 million worldwide, but resulted in a loss of $136,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1989170–171-166">[165]</a> During pre-production for <a href="/wiki/Gigi_(1958_film)" title="Gigi (1958 film)">Gigi</a> (1958), Minnelli replaced <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Neame" title="Ronald Neame">Ronald Neame</a> during filming for <a href="/wiki/The_Seventh_Sin" title="The Seventh Sin">The Seventh Sin</a> (1957), a film adaptation of <a href="/wiki/W._Somerset_Maugham" title="W. Somerset Maugham">W. Somerset Maugham</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/The_Painted_Veil_(novel)" title="The Painted Veil (novel)">The Painted Veil</a>. Neame had developed creative differences with MGM producer <a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(producer)" title="David Lewis (producer)">David Lewis</a>. Sidney Franklin replaced Lewis as producer. Despite his contributions, Minnelli personally requested not to be credited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974308-167">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gigi">Gigi</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Gigi">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gigi_(1958_film)" title="Gigi (1958 film)">Gigi (1958 film)</a></div> Gigi originated as a <a href="/wiki/Gigi_(novella)" title="Gigi (novella)">1944 novella</a> by <a href="/wiki/Colette" title="Colette">Colette</a>, which was adapted into a <a href="/wiki/Gigi_(1949_film)" title="Gigi (1949 film)">1949 film</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Dani%C3%A8le_Delorme" title="Danièle Delorme">Danièle Delorme</a>. In 1951, playwright <a href="/wiki/Anita_Loos" title="Anita Loos">Anita Loos</a> adapted the novella into a <a href="/wiki/Gigi_(play)" title="Gigi (play)">play</a>, which went to Broadway and starred <a href="/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn" title="Audrey Hepburn">Audrey Hepburn</a> in her first major role.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordin1996453–454-168">[167]</a> Minnelli and Arthur Freed had discussed adapting Gigi years prior, but in 1953, Freed's interest was renewed after seeing the Broadway play. Both approached Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe, fresh off their success from <a href="/wiki/My_Fair_Lady_(musical)" class="mw-redirect" title="My Fair Lady (musical)">My Fair Lady</a>, to compose songs for their adaptation. Lerner agreed on two conditions: to expand Honoré Lachaille's role and have <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Chevalier" title="Maurice Chevalier">Maurice Chevalier</a> cast in the film.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009296–297-169">[168]</a> Hepburn was approached to reprise the role but declined. Minnelli instead cast Leslie Caron, having directed her in An American in Paris (1951). <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jourdan" title="Louis Jourdan">Louis Jourdan</a> was cast as Gigi's lover Gaston, while Chevalier, <a href="/wiki/Hermione_Gingold" title="Hermione Gingold">Hermione Gingold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eva_Gabor" title="Eva Gabor">Eva Gabor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Jeans" title="Isabel Jeans">Isabel Jeans</a> filled the supporting roles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974310-170">[169]</a> Desiring to film entirely on location, Minnelli shot the film in Paris starting in July 1957 during a massive heat wave.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009300-171">[170]</a> Because of the heavy period clothes, cast members grew overheated and even Minnelli contracted a case of <a href="/wiki/Whooping_cough" title="Whooping cough">whooping cough</a>. Conflicts between Minnelli and Freed also arose. In September, having gone over budget, the crew decamped to California to film on the studio backlot; the <a href="/wiki/Venice,_Los_Angeles" title="Venice, Los Angeles">Venice Beach</a> was also used to represent <a href="/wiki/Trouville-sur-Mer" title="Trouville-sur-Mer">Trouville</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin2010216–217-172">[171]</a> Filming was finished on October 30, 1957.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009303-173">[172]</a> In early 1958, test previews for Gigi were poorly received, in which MGM president <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Vogel_(executive)" title="Joseph Vogel (executive)">Joseph Vogel</a> ordered nine days of reshoots. However, Minnelli was unavailable as he was filming <a href="/wiki/The_Reluctant_Debutante_(film)" title="The Reluctant Debutante (film)">The Reluctant Debutante</a> (1958) overseas. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Walters" title="Charles Walters">Charles Walters</a> was brought in to film the reshoots.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009303–304-174">[173]</a> The film premiered on May 15, 1958 at the <a href="/wiki/Bernard_B._Jacobs_Theatre" title="Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre">Royale Theatre</a> in New York, and went on to receive critical acclaim. At the <a href="/wiki/31st_Academy_Awards" title="31st Academy Awards">1959 Academy Awards</a>, the film won all nine Oscar nominations including Best Picture. Minnelli was awarded his first Oscar for Best Director.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009309-175">[174]</a> By the time of Gigi's premiere, Minnelli had spent seven weeks filming The Reluctant Debutante (1958) from mid-February to early April.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1989176-176">[175]</a> Adapted from the <a href="/wiki/The_Reluctant_Debutante_(play)" title="The Reluctant Debutante (play)">1955 play</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Douglas_Home" title="William Douglas Home">William Douglas Home</a>, the story centers on Jane Broadbent, an American teenage girl, who arrives in London to attend <a href="/wiki/Queen_Charlotte%27s_Ball" title="Queen Charlotte's Ball">debutante balls</a> for her wealthy father Lord Jimmy Broadbent and stepmother Lady Sheila. During the fall of 1957, Pandro Berman showed Minnelli a first draft of the script, which displeased Minnelli who felt Americanizing the play was the wrong approach. The original London locale was reinstated back into the script. Regardless, he agreed to direct, and after Berman had recommended them, Minnelli approached <a href="/wiki/Rex_Harrison" title="Rex Harrison">Rex Harrison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kay_Kendall" title="Kay Kendall">Kay Kendall</a> in New York with the central roles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974318-177">[176]</a> Berman nevertheless cast American actress <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Dee" title="Sandra Dee">Sandra Dee</a> so it would broaden American appeal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009311-178">[177]</a> The Reluctant Debutante premiered at Radio City Music Hall in August 1958 to indifferent box office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009315-179">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Some_Came_Running">Some Came Running</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Some Came Running">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Some_Came_Running_(film)" title="Some Came Running (film)">Some Came Running (film)</a></div> In spring 1958, MGM purchased the film rights to <a href="/wiki/James_Jones_(author)" title="James Jones (author)">James Jones</a>'s 1957 novel <a href="/wiki/Some_Came_Running_(novel)" title="Some Came Running (novel)">Some Came Running</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sol_C._Siegel" title="Sol C. Siegel">Sol Siegel</a>, who had succeeded Schary as the new production head, hired Minnelli to direct the <a href="/wiki/Some_Came_Running_(film)" title="Some Came Running (film)">film adaptation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974323–324-180">[179]</a> The novel tells of David Hirsh, an Army veteran and novelist, who returns home to the fictional town of Parkman, Indiana. He romances Gwen French, an emotionally repressed high school teacher, and befriends Ginny, a young, uneducated girl with loose morals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson195941-181">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a> was cast as David Hirsh, alongside <a href="/wiki/Shirley_MacLaine" title="Shirley MacLaine">Shirley MacLaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martha_Hyer" title="Martha Hyer">Martha Hyer</a>, and fellow <a href="/wiki/Rat_Pack" title="Rat Pack">Rat Pack</a> member <a href="/wiki/Dean_Martin" title="Dean Martin">Dean Martin</a> as Bama Dillert. Because of its potential as an <a href="/wiki/Oscar_bait" title="Oscar bait">Oscar contender</a>, Minnelli was given six months to complete the film for its winter 1958 release. During filming in <a href="/wiki/Madison,_Indiana" title="Madison, Indiana">Madison, Indiana</a>, Sinatra and Martin grew tired of Minnelli's meticulous shooting and walked off the film. Siegel however brought them back to finish the film.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009317–320-182">[181]</a> Critical response was mostly positive, though a review in Time magazine gave the film a mixed critique. The review praised the first half but felt after that it shows "occasional flickers of brilliant overacting by Shirley MacLaine, the chance to watch Frank Sinatra play Frank Sinatra, and the spectacle of Director Vincente Minnelli's talents dissolving in the general mess of the story, like sunlight in a slag heap."<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> Competing against Gigi (1958) at the Academy Awards, Some Came Running garnered Best Supporting acting nominations for MacLaine, Hyer, and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kennedy" title="Arthur Kennedy">Arthur Kennedy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974329–330-184">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1959–1963:_Last_years_at_MGM">1959–1963: Last years at MGM</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 1959–1963: Last years at MGM">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Home_from_the_Hill">Home from the Hill</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Home from the Hill">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Home_from_the_Hill_(film)" title="Home from the Hill (film)">Home from the Hill (film)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vincente_Minnelli_Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Vincente_Minnelli_Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame.jpg/175px-Vincente_Minnelli_Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Vincente_Minnelli_Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame.jpg/263px-Vincente_Minnelli_Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Vincente_Minnelli_Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame.jpg/350px-Vincente_Minnelli_Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2565" data-file-height="2565" /></a><figcaption>Vincente Minnelli's honorary star on the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame" title="Hollywood Walk of Fame">Hollywood Walk of Fame</a>.</figcaption></figure> The dual success of Gigi and Some Came Running solidified Minnelli's tenureship as director for MGM.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009323-185">[184]</a> On February 8, 1960, Minnelli received a star on the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame" title="Hollywood Walk of Fame">Hollywood Walk of Fame</a> for his contributions to the film industry.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> Overseas, his films had been acclaimed by French critics, some of whom published for the <a href="/wiki/Cahiers_du_Cin%C3%A9ma" title="Cahiers du Cinéma">Cahiers du Cinéma</a> film magazine. French critic <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Doniol-Valcroze" title="Jacques Doniol-Valcroze">Jacques Doniol-Valcroze</a> wrote a lengthy critique for The Bad and the Beautiful (1952), as did <a href="/wiki/Jean_Douchet" title="Jean Douchet">Jean Douchet</a> for Lust for Life (1956). Douchet and Jean Domarchi had written assessment essays on Minnelli's filmography and jointly interviewed him in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcElhaney20096-188">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Home_from_the_Hill_(film)" title="Home from the Hill (film)">Home from the Hill</a> (1960) was an adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/Home_from_the_Hill_(novel)" title="Home from the Hill (novel)">1958 novel of the same title</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Humphrey_(writer)" title="William Humphrey (writer)">William Humphrey</a>. It tells the story of a Texas family headed by patriarch Captain Wade Hunnicutt (<a href="/wiki/Robert_Mitchum" title="Robert Mitchum">Robert Mitchum</a>), who is married to Hannah (<a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Parker" title="Eleanor Parker">Eleanor Parker</a>), an embittered and sexually withdrawn wife, and the father to Theron (<a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton_(actor)" title="George Hamilton (actor)">George Hamilton</a>) and an illegitimate son Rafe (<a href="/wiki/George_Peppard" title="George Peppard">George Peppard</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009325-189">[188]</a> The film was shot on location in <a href="/wiki/Oxford,_Mississippi" title="Oxford, Mississippi">Oxford, Mississippi</a>, followed by a month of filming on the MGM backlot, and then shot in <a href="/wiki/Paris,_Texas" title="Paris, Texas">Paris, Texas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974331–333-190">[189]</a> A review in <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a> called the film a "powerful and absorbing story, and its production has the added interest of creating a vital and promising young star, George Peppard."<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bells_Are_Ringing">Bells Are Ringing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bells Are Ringing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bells_Are_Ringing_(film)" title="Bells Are Ringing (film)">Bells Are Ringing (film)</a></div> In 1958, Arthur Freed purchased the film rights to the Broadway musical <a href="/wiki/Bells_Are_Ringing_(musical)" title="Bells Are Ringing (musical)">Bells Are Ringing</a>, with its book and lyrics written by <a href="/wiki/Betty_Comden" title="Betty Comden">Betty Comden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Green" title="Adolph Green">Adolph Green</a> and music by <a href="/wiki/Jule_Styne" title="Jule Styne">Jule Styne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordin1996496-192">[191]</a> Comden and Green were hired to adapt the musical into a screenplay with instructions that the script be no longer than 110 pages and delivered by December 31, 1958.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordin1996504–505-193">[192]</a> Comden and Green met the deadline but delivered a 159-paged script, which Minnelli felt was too long. Filming was delayed twice until the script was ready. <a href="/wiki/Judy_Holliday" title="Judy Holliday">Judy Holliday</a> reprised her Broadway role as Ella Peterson, a switchboard operator who listens in on the lives of private clients. She involves herself with playwright Jeffrey Moss (Dean Martin), and falls in love with him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009332-194">[193]</a> Filming began on October 7, 1959 and lasted until December 24.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordin1996508–509-195">[194]</a> Throughout filming, Holliday held creative differences with Minnelli as she disliked the script and his cinematic approach to the film.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009333-196">[195]</a> A review in Variety felt the musical adaptation was "ideally suited to the intimacy of the film medium" and complemented Freed for remaining "faithful to the buoyant spirit and whimsical personality of the original"; Minnelli's direction was praised as inserting "spirit and snap into the musical sequences[,] warmth and humor into the straight passages and manages to knit it all together without any traces of awkwardness in transition".<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> A review in Time magazine praised Holliday for her "showmanly style" while noting Minnelli "manages to jog and jazz and jigger a merely middling book and some fairly forgettable tunes into one of the year's liveliest and wittiest cinemusicals."<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> By January 1961, Bells Are Ringing had earned $2.825 million in anticipated box office rentals from the United States and Canada.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse_(1962_film)" title="The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1962 film)">The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1962 film)</a></div> While promoting Home from the Hill (1960), Minnelli was informed he was to direct a remake of the 1921 silent film <a href="/wiki/The_Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse_(1921_film)" title="The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1921 film)">The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974337-200">[199]</a> For the <a href="/wiki/The_Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse_(1962_film)" title="The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1962 film)">1962 remake</a>, the script was to occur during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> although it retained the events cultiminating in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Minnelli disagreed with this change; while <a href="/wiki/John_Gay_(screenwriter)" title="John Gay (screenwriter)">John Gay</a> was hired for rewrites, the revised script retained the updated setting. For the lead role, Minnelli had wanted French actor <a href="/wiki/Alain_Delon" title="Alain Delon">Alain Delon</a> but Sol Siegel disagreed. <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Ford" title="Glenn Ford">Glenn Ford</a> was cast instead after he had signed a new multi-picture contract with MGM.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974339–340-201">[200]</a> As typical with Minnelli's films, the film was shot in Paris with interior scenes filmed in California. Shot from October 1960 to March 1961, it was scheduled for released by winter 1961; however, there were reshoots done during the summer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1989269-202">[201]</a> Postponed for release in February 1962, the film received criticism for its script and production values.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1989271-203">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009338-204">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> It earned $2 million in distributor rentals,<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> against its $7 million production budget. Overseas, the film was appreciated by European critics and said to have influenced <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Bertolucci" title="Bernardo Bertolucci">Bernardo Bertolucci</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Conformist_(1970_film)" title="The Conformist (1970 film)">The Conformist</a> (1970) and <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_De_Sica" title="Vittorio De Sica">Vittorio De Sica</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_the_Finzi-Continis_(film)" title="The Garden of the Finzi-Continis (film)">The Garden of the Finzi-Continis</a> (1970).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974345-207">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Two_Weeks_in_Another_Town">Two Weeks in Another Town</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Two Weeks in Another Town">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Two_Weeks_in_Another_Town" title="Two Weeks in Another Town">Two Weeks in Another Town</a></div> In 1960, MGM purchased the film rights to <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Shaw" title="Irwin Shaw">Irwin Shaw</a>'s novel Two Weeks in Another Town for $55,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1989272-208">[207]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Houseman" title="John Houseman">John Houseman</a> was appointed producer and approached Minnelli to direct.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974345-207">[206]</a> Minnelli recognized the novel's similarities to The Bad and the Beautiful (1952) and hired the film's screenwriter <a href="/wiki/Charles_Schnee" title="Charles Schnee">Charles Schnee</a> and composer <a href="/wiki/David_Raksin" title="David Raksin">David Raksin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin2010254-209">[208]</a> The story tells of Jack Andrus, a washed-up actor, who arrives in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> to help his old mentor Maurice Kruger and supervise the dubbing of his latest film. Minnelli offered the lead role to Kirk Douglas, while <a href="/wiki/Edward_G._Robinson" title="Edward G. Robinson">Edward G. Robinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyd_Charisse" title="Cyd Charisse">Cyd Charisse</a> portrayed Kruger and Carlotta, Jack's ex-wife, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009339–340-210">[209]</a> Filming began in October 1961 in Rome with a scheduled nineteen-day on-location shoot. However, Minnelli did not finish until a month later. Filming resumed on the MGM backlot for eleven weeks, starting on November 9.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1989275-211">[210]</a> Minnelli had also shot an orgy sequence, which infuriated Siegel. In spring 1962, the film received poor test responses during sneak previews. Siegel was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Weitman" title="Robert M. Weitman">Robert Weitman</a> as production head, while <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Vogel_(executive)" title="Joseph Vogel (executive)">Joseph Vogel</a> appointed studio editor <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Booth" title="Margaret Booth">Margaret Booth</a> to drastically re-edit the film.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1989275-211">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1989315–316-212">[211]</a> The orgy sequence was condensed while Charisse's ending monologue was also removed. Minnelli and Houseman were not consulted during most of the film's post-production. The film was released without fanfare and was another box office failure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009342–343-213">[212]</a> By 1962, MGM was in financial turmoil due to severe commercial flops, including <a href="/wiki/Cimarron_(1960_film)" title="Cimarron (1960 film)">Cimarron</a> (1960), <a href="/wiki/Mutiny_on_the_Bounty_(1962_film)" title="Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)">Mutiny on the Bounty</a> (1962), and Minnelli's own Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1962). This, along with the re-editing of Two Weeks in Another Town (1962), fractured Minnelli's relationship with MGM.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009344-214">[213]</a> His contract with the studio was up for renewal, in which Minnelli formed his own production company Venice Productions to leverage greater <a href="/wiki/Bargaining_power" title="Bargaining power">bargaining power</a>. He negotiated to earn 25 percent of any net box office profits, in addition to his salary as director, as well as retain <a href="/wiki/Final_cut_privilege" title="Final cut privilege">final cut privilege</a> through the second previews. In April 1962, MGM and Venice Productions agreed to a co-production deal to produce six films over four years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009345-215">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Courtship_of_Eddie's_Father">The Courtship of Eddie's Father</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: The Courtship of Eddie's Father">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Courtship_of_Eddie%27s_Father_(film)" title="The Courtship of Eddie's Father (film)">The Courtship of Eddie's Father (film)</a></div> Under his new contract, Minnelli directed The Courtship of Eddie's Father (1963), having read the 1961 novel about a young son wanting his widowed father to remarry to be "warm and winning."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974350-216">[215]</a> The film's producer, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Pasternak" title="Joe Pasternak">Joe Pasternak</a>, cast <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Ford" title="Glenn Ford">Glenn Ford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ron_Howard" title="Ron Howard">Ron Howard</a> as the father and son respectively. Released in 1963, film critics found the film sentimental and mildly engaging.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009347-217">[216]</a> It earned $2 million in distributor rentals.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> Minnelli's next project was meant to be <a href="/wiki/My_Fair_Lady_(film)" title="My Fair Lady (film)">My Fair Lady</a> (1964), but <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a> had outbid MGM for the film rights at $5.5 million. Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe pleaded with <a href="/wiki/Jack_L._Warner" title="Jack L. Warner">Jack Warner</a> to hire Minnelli as director, but negotiations broke down due to salary disagreements; Warner instead hired <a href="/wiki/George_Cukor" title="George Cukor">George Cukor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009348-219">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1964–1976:_Later_years">1964–1976: Later years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: 1964–1976: Later years">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Goodbye_Charlie">Goodbye Charlie</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Goodbye Charlie">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Goodbye_Charlie" title="Goodbye Charlie">Goodbye Charlie</a></div> For most of 1963, Minnelli was without a film project. MGM allowed Minnelli to accept outside directing jobs, in which he selected <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Pictures" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Century Pictures">Twentieth Century Fox</a>'s offer to direct <a href="/wiki/Goodbye_Charlie" title="Goodbye Charlie">Goodbye Charlie</a> (1964) starring <a href="/wiki/Tony_Curtis" title="Tony Curtis">Tony Curtis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Reynolds" title="Debbie Reynolds">Debbie Reynolds</a>. This was his first film produced outside of MGM.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> Adapted from <a href="/wiki/George_Axelrod" title="George Axelrod">George Axelrod</a>'s 1959 play, the story involves Charlie Sorrel, a womanizer who is shot by a jealous husband and returns to Earth reincarnated as a beautiful blonde. As a woman, Charlie meets with his friend George Tracy (Curtis) to consult about her new identity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974353-221">[220]</a> Pre-production and filming lasted from January to July 1964 on Fox's studio backlot with location shoots in <a href="/wiki/Malibu,_California" title="Malibu, California">Malibu, California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009349–350-222">[221]</a> Released in November 1964, it received mixed reviews from film critics, with Bosley Crowther negatively stating "Debbie Reynolds and Tony Curtis [are] so sadly cast in distasteful roles that it causes even a hardened moviegoer to turn away from it in pain and shame."<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> By January 1966, the film had earned $3.7 million in distributor rentals from the United States and Canada.<a href="#cite_note-BigRentalPicturesof1965-224">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Sandpiper">The Sandpiper</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: The Sandpiper">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Sandpiper" title="The Sandpiper">The Sandpiper</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Burton_talking_with_director_Vincent_Minnelli_on_set_of_The_Sandpiper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Richard_Burton_talking_with_director_Vincent_Minnelli_on_set_of_The_Sandpiper.jpg/220px-Richard_Burton_talking_with_director_Vincent_Minnelli_on_set_of_The_Sandpiper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Richard_Burton_talking_with_director_Vincent_Minnelli_on_set_of_The_Sandpiper.jpg/330px-Richard_Burton_talking_with_director_Vincent_Minnelli_on_set_of_The_Sandpiper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Richard_Burton_talking_with_director_Vincent_Minnelli_on_set_of_The_Sandpiper.jpg/440px-Richard_Burton_talking_with_director_Vincent_Minnelli_on_set_of_The_Sandpiper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3850" data-file-height="2591" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_Burton" title="Richard Burton">Richard Burton</a> (left) in conversation with Minnelli (with cigarette) during filming</figcaption></figure> Minnelli returned to MGM to direct <a href="/wiki/The_Sandpiper" title="The Sandpiper">The Sandpiper</a> (1965) starring <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor" title="Elizabeth Taylor">Elizabeth Taylor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burton" title="Richard Burton">Richard Burton</a>. Intended as a vehicle for the star couple, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ransohoff" title="Martin Ransohoff">Martin Ransohoff</a> devised an original story of a love affair between a married Episcopalian minister and a free-spirited single mother. The couple first turned to <a href="/wiki/William_Wyler" title="William Wyler">William Wyler</a>, but he declined the offer. Taylor and Burton then asked Minnelli, who had previously directed Taylor in Father of the Bride (1950) and Father's Little Dividend (1951). Needing a box office success, Minnelli accepted the offer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009354–355-225">[224]</a> The film was shot on location in <a href="/wiki/Big_Sur" title="Big Sur">Big Sur</a>, California before filming in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974357-226">[225]</a> The film was released in 1965 and was a box office success earning $6.4 million in distributor rentals.<a href="#cite_note-BigRentalPicturesof1965-224">[223]</a> This was the last film produced under the MGM–Venice Productions deal. While the films were moderately successful, they failed to generate enough profit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974358-227">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="On_a_Clear_Day_You_Can_See_Forever">On a Clear Day You Can See Forever</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: On a Clear Day You Can See Forever">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/On_a_Clear_Day_You_Can_See_Forever_(film)" title="On a Clear Day You Can See Forever (film)">On a Clear Day You Can See Forever (film)</a></div> Minnelli then developed a musical film titled Say It With Music, a biographical film of <a href="/wiki/Irving_Berlin" title="Irving Berlin">Irving Berlin</a> he had been contemplating for several years. Frank Sinatra and <a href="/wiki/Julie_Andrews" title="Julie Andrews">Julie Andrews</a> were considered for the lead roles, but MGM president <a href="/wiki/James_T._Aubrey" title="James T. Aubrey">James Aubrey</a> shut down development by 1969 due to the declining commercial success of musical films. The Freed Unit was closed, and MGM and Minnelli agreed to part ways.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974358–360-228">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009334-229">[228]</a> In 1964, producer <a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Jacobs" title="Arthur P. Jacobs">Arthur P. Jacobs</a> asked Minnelli to direct a <a href="/wiki/Goodbye,_Mr._Chips_(1969_film)" title="Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969 film)">musical adaptation</a> of the novel <a href="/wiki/Goodbye,_Mr._Chips" title="Goodbye, Mr. Chips">Goodbye, Mr. Chips</a> with Rex Harrison in mind for the title role. Minnelli however declined the offer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974359-230">[229]</a> According to film historian <a href="/wiki/Mark_Harris_(journalist)" title="Mark Harris (journalist)">Mark Harris</a>, he agreed to direct <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Dolittle_(1967_film)" title="Doctor Dolittle (1967 film)">Doctor Dolittle</a> (1967), which would have reunited him with Harrison and Alan Jay Lerner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200842-231">[230]</a> The film was tentatively scheduled for a Christmas 1966 release, but Minnelli left the project and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Fleischer" title="Richard Fleischer">Richard Fleischer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200846,_79,_123-232">[231]</a> Lerner's then-latest Broadway musical <a href="/wiki/On_a_Clear_Day_You_Can_See_Forever" title="On a Clear Day You Can See Forever">On a Clear Day You Can See Forever</a> was optioned for a <a href="/wiki/On_a_Clear_Day_You_Can_See_Forever_(film)" title="On a Clear Day You Can See Forever (film)">film adaptation</a> by Paramount Pictures, with <a href="/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a> considered for the lead role. After failing to get Minnelli hired for My Fair Lady (1964), Lerner successfully campaigned to have Minnelli direct the adaptation. Filming began on January 6, 1969 for an intended 82-day shoot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1989285–286-233">[232]</a> The film was originally scheduled for a fall 1970 <a href="/wiki/Roadshow_theatrical_release" title="Roadshow theatrical release">roadshow release</a>, but after 1969's <a href="/wiki/Hello,_Dolly!_(1969_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hello, Dolly! (1969 film)">Hello, Dolly!</a> (which also starred Streisand) had disappointed at the box office, the film's release was pushed up to the summer. Fifteen minutes were removed from the film's run time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1989288-234">[233]</a> Released in June 1970, the film received decent reviews from film critics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009372-235">[234]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Champlin" title="Charles Champlin">Charles Champlin</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> wrote the film "is just about as good as it could be. It is bright, it is romantic, it is solidly produced, it centers on an expertly comedic performance by Barbra Streisand and a charming if remarkably unpersuasive turn by <a href="/wiki/Yves_Montand" title="Yves Montand">Yves Montand</a> as a psychiatrist, it is inventive, it is innocent."<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> By January 1971, the film had earned $4.75 million in box office rentals in the United States and Canada.<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A_Matter_of_Time">A Matter of Time</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: A Matter of Time">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/A_Matter_of_Time_(film)" title="A Matter of Time (film)">A Matter of Time (film)</a></div> Minnelli then turned to a film project, which would star his daughter <a href="/wiki/Liza_Minnelli" title="Liza Minnelli">Liza Minnelli</a>, who had been nominated for an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress" title="Academy Award for Best Actress">Academy Award for Best Actress</a> for <a href="/wiki/The_Sterile_Cuckoo" title="The Sterile Cuckoo">The Sterile Cuckoo</a> (1969). They brainstormed a biographical film of <a href="/wiki/Zelda_Fitzgerald" title="Zelda Fitzgerald">Zelda Fitzgerald</a>, but it failed to proceed after discussions with Paramount Pictures president <a href="/wiki/Frank_Yablans" title="Frank Yablans">Frank Yablans</a>. He concurrently began developing a biographical film of <a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a> with <a href="/wiki/Tina_Turner" title="Tina Turner">Tina Turner</a> in mind, but it fell through.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974367–368-238">[237]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liza_Minnelli_%26_Ingrid_Bergman_A_Matter_of_Time.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Liza_Minnelli_%26_Ingrid_Bergman_A_Matter_of_Time.jpg/220px-Liza_Minnelli_%26_Ingrid_Bergman_A_Matter_of_Time.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Liza_Minnelli_%26_Ingrid_Bergman_A_Matter_of_Time.jpg/330px-Liza_Minnelli_%26_Ingrid_Bergman_A_Matter_of_Time.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Liza_Minnelli_%26_Ingrid_Bergman_A_Matter_of_Time.jpg/440px-Liza_Minnelli_%26_Ingrid_Bergman_A_Matter_of_Time.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1206" /></a><figcaption>Liza Minnelli and Ingrid Bergman in A Matter of Time (1976)</figcaption></figure> In 1974, Minnelli became interested in adapting <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Druon" title="Maurice Druon">Maurice Druon</a>'s 1954 novel The Film of Memory (La Volupté d'être). Retitled <a href="/wiki/A_Matter_of_Time_(film)" title="A Matter of Time (film)">A Matter of Time</a> (1976), it tells of a financially distressed contessa who tutors a young chambermaid. He turned to veteran collaborators, including screenwriter John Gay and producer <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Grainger" title="Edmund Grainger">Edmund Grainger</a>. After several major studios declined, <a href="/wiki/American_International_Pictures" title="American International Pictures">American International Pictures</a> (AIP) agreed to finance the film with a $5 million production budget. <a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Bergman" title="Ingrid Bergman">Ingrid Bergman</a>, who had won her third Academy Award for <a href="/wiki/Murder_on_the_Orient_Express_(1974_film)" title="Murder on the Orient Express (1974 film)">Murder on the Orient Express</a> (1974), was cast as the Contessa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009379–380-239">[238]</a> Filming began in August 1975 in Rome and <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> for a 14-week shoot. However, filming lasted 20 weeks due to harsh winter conditions, labor strikes, and mandated shorter production hours. Minnelli's first assembly cut was over three hours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009381-240">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegaloff2013203–206-241">[240]</a> AIP president <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Z._Arkoff" title="Samuel Z. Arkoff">Samuel Z. Arkoff</a> subsequently wrestled control of the film away from Minnelli, deleting several flashbacks and restructuring the film entirely. Alarmed by the news, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a> had a petition signed by several prominent Hollywood directors, protesting Arkoff's treatment of Minnelli. Flattered by the support, Minnelli nevertheless disowned the film. The film premiered at the Radio City Music Hall on October 7, 1976 but was a financial disappointment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1989293–294-242">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriages">Marriages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Marriages">edit</a>]</div> Minnelli first met <a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a> during the filming for Strike Up the Band (1940).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy200981-61">[60]</a> They married on June 15, 1945 in Garland's mother's house in Wilshire, Los Angeles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke2000290-81">[80]</a> They had one child, <a href="/wiki/Liza_Minnelli" title="Liza Minnelli">Liza May Minnelli</a> (born 1946).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974174-243">[242]</a> The marriage fractured during the filming for The Pirate (1948). In 1949, Minnelli and Garland temporarily separated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009184-244">[243]</a> On June 16, 1950, MGM suspended Garland; three days later, Garland attempted suicide by slashing her throat with a piece of glass. On December 7, they announced their legal separation and intent to divorce. The divorce was finalized on March 29, 1951 with Garland retaining parental custody of Liza.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009192–194-245">[244]</a> On February 16, 1954, Minnelli married Georgette Magnani, the sister of <a href="/wiki/Miss_Universe_1953" title="Miss Universe 1953">Miss Universe 1953</a> <a href="/wiki/Christiane_Martel" title="Christiane Martel">Christiane Martel</a>. After winning for Miss Universe, Christiane was offered an acting contract with <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Pictures</a> and Georgette was assigned by their parents to chaperone her. At a Hollywood party, <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Duke" title="Vernon Duke">Vernon Duke</a> introduced Minnelli to Georgette.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin2010168–169-246">[245]</a> Smitten by her appearance, Minnelli offered Georgette a screen test, which she turned down.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009250-247">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1989129-141">[140]</a> The couple had one child, Christiane Nina Minnelli (born 1955).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009251-248">[247]</a> During post-production on Gigi (1958), Magnani filed for divorce.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009312-249">[248]</a> During his 1960 vacation in Italy, Minnelli met Danica ("Denise") Radosavljević Gay Giulianelli de Gigante, a Yugoslavian-born divorceé.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974339-250">[249]</a> She accompanied him during the filming of Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1962), and they were married in January 1962.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974344-251">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1989269-202">[201]</a> Minnelli and Gigante co-founded their production company Venice Productions, partnering with MGM on a new contract to produce six films over four years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1989179-252">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009345-215">[214]</a> By 1970, Minnelli had heard rumors Denise was having adulterous affairs with other men, which she denied. They divorced in August 1971.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009373-253">[252]</a> Minnelli met his fourth wife, Margaretta Lee Anderson, through his third wife who befriended her during the 1960s. After her divorce, Gigante encouraged Anderson to move in with Minnelli.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin2010300-254">[253]</a> After three failed marriages, Minnelli vowed never to marry again though they continued to be <a href="/wiki/Domestic_partnership" title="Domestic partnership">domestic partners</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009373-253">[252]</a> Minnelli was married to her from 1980 until his death in 1986.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1989297-255">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_orientation">Sexual orientation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sexual orientation">edit</a>]</div> For years, there was speculation in the entertainment community that Minnelli was gay or <a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">bisexual</a>.<a href="#cite_note-musto_1-256">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-musto_2-257">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-mcelhaney-258">[257]</a> Minnelli biographer <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Levy" title="Emanuel Levy">Emanuel Levy</a> claimed existing evidence that Minnelli did, in fact, live as an openly gay man in New York prior to his arrival in Hollywood, where the town that made him a film legend also pressured him back into the closet. According to Levy: "He was openly gay in New York – we were able to document names of companions and stories from <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Parker" title="Dorothy Parker">Dorothy Parker</a>. But when he came to Hollywood, I think he made the decision to repress that part of himself or to become bisexual."<a href="#cite_note-advocate-259">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lester_Gaba" title="Lester Gaba">Lester Gaba</a>, a retail display designer who knew Minnelli in New York, was reported to have frequently claimed having an affair with Minnelli, although the same person who related Gaba's claim also admitted that Gaba "was known to embellish quite a bit."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin201015–16-261">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> He had a <a href="/wiki/Pacemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacemaker">pacemaker</a> fitted at Christmas 1982.<a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a> On July 25, 1986, Minnelli died in his <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California" title="Beverly Hills, California">Beverly Hills</a> home, aged 83, from <a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">emphysema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, which had caused him to be repeatedly hospitalized in his final year.<a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a> He is interred in <a href="/wiki/Forest_Lawn_Memorial_Park_(Glendale)" title="Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)">Forest Lawn Memorial Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Glendale,_California" title="Glendale, California">Glendale, California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009392-265">[264]</a> Minnelli left an estate valued at slightly over US$1.1 million, the bulk of which was left to his daughter, Liza. He bequeathed US$100,000 to his widow. While his home in Beverly Hills was left to his daughter Liza, Minnelli requested in his will that his widow continue to live there.<a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> Despite his varied filmography of musicals, comedies and melodramas, Minnelli has been criticized as being a decorative artist than an auteur filmmaker, elevating artistic imagery while distracting audiences from the narrative and dialogue with elaborate camera angles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009398-267">[266]</a> In his 1968 book The American Cinema, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sarris" title="Andrew Sarris">Andrew Sarris</a> called Minnelli a "pure stylist" who "believes more in beauty than in art." Sarris further wrote: "Minnelli has always required relatively luxurious projects upon which to lavish his taste. If he has a fatal flaw as an artist, it is his naϊve belief that style can invariably transcend substance and that our way of looking at the world is important than the world itself."<a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a> In 1975, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Schickel" title="Richard Schickel">Richard Schickel</a> wrote Minnelli is "not by nature a storyteller. He does not have a very good eye—or memory—for revealing anecdotes. Nor does he have an analytical turn of mind. He seems mainly to feel his way toward the solution of creative problems, clued more by visual ideas (and of course, musical ones) than by any of the signs one might term 'literary.'"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchickel1975243-269">[268]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_American_in_Paris_(1951)_trailer_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/An_American_in_Paris_%281951%29_trailer_1.jpg/220px-An_American_in_Paris_%281951%29_trailer_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/An_American_in_Paris_%281951%29_trailer_1.jpg/330px-An_American_in_Paris_%281951%29_trailer_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/An_American_in_Paris_%281951%29_trailer_1.jpg/440px-An_American_in_Paris_%281951%29_trailer_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Caron" title="Leslie Caron">Leslie Caron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gene_Kelly" title="Gene Kelly">Gene Kelly</a> in <a href="/wiki/An_American_in_Paris_(film)" title="An American in Paris (film)">An American in Paris</a> (1951). Minnelli's films often centered around creative individuals, exploring their innate talents as well as their moral and professional fears.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009404-270">[269]</a></figcaption></figure> Emmanuel Levy sharply disagreed, writing Minnelli was "an auteur in thematic, stylistic, and ideological terms. His films demonstrate vividly that concepts of art and artificiality run throughout his work."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009399-271">[270]</a> In 1959, Albert Johnson, in an article for <a href="/wiki/Film_Quarterly" title="Film Quarterly">Film Quarterly</a>, called Minnelli "a master of the decorative image", to which he belongs "neither to the old school nor to the new, but remains in a special position of accomplishment, one which permits all spheres of the visual and decorative arts to embellish his films."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson195922-272">[271]</a> In a foreword for Minnelli's memoir I Remember It Well, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Jay_Lerner" title="Alan Jay Lerner">Alan Jay Lerner</a> (of <a href="/wiki/Lerner_and_Loewe" title="Lerner and Loewe">Lerner and Loewe</a>) called Minnelli "the greatest director of motion picture musicals the screen has ever seen."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974x-273">[272]</a> Film historian <a href="/wiki/Jeanine_Basinger" title="Jeanine Basinger">Jeanine Basinger</a> called Minnelli "a visual artist. His films have wit and charm and beauty, but they also have cinematic style. His ability just to decorate, make everything in the frame look right, look beautiful, look appropriate and complementary to other things inside it, was unparalleled. He was one of the few directors who could develop his own personal vision in musicals, a difficult genre for a director because there is no more collaborative genre, none more dependent on the talents of so many others to succeed."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasinger2019445-274">[273]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Donen" title="Stanley Donen">Stanley Donen</a>, a contemporary of Minnelli's and fellow director of musical films, once criticized Minnelli's musicals for their "sloppy" stories, and adopted a more bold, no-nonsense, and realistic style compared to Minnelli's impressionist visual style.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009239-275">[274]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_M._Silverman" title="Stephen M. Silverman">Stephen M. Silverman</a> also distinguished both filmmakers' camerawork, observing Minnelli tends to track forward or backwards while Donen frequently uses horizontal tracking and crane shots to support the story and choreography. On the contrary, Minnelli did not mind interrupting the stories for a grand and visual performance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009239-275">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman1996191-276">[275]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kidd" title="Michael Kidd">Michael Kidd</a>, a choreographer for MGM's most noted musicals, stated he preferred collaborating with Donen than Minnelli. He stated, "Vincente was a difficult person to communicate with. He was not very articulate, he would leave sentences unfinished. He had a great love of the visual aspects of moviemaking—he was originally a set designer, and people used to complain all the time, 'He shoots the scenery'—but Vincente was not one to engage in collaborative work."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman1996191–192-277">[276]</a> In 2012, film historian <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Bergan" title="Ronald Bergan">Ronald Bergan</a> contrastingly wrote: "What distinguished Minnelli from most of the other directors on the MGM roster was his <a href="/wiki/Mise-en-sc%C3%A8ne" title="Mise-en-scène">mise-en-scène</a> – his elegant compositions within an individual frame – the relation of objects and people, the interplay of light and dark, the pattern of colour."<a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a> <a href="/wiki/Drew_Casper" title="Drew Casper">Joseph Andrew Casper</a> noted Minnelli's <a href="/wiki/Metteur_en_sc%C3%A8ne" title="Metteur en scène">metteur en scène</a> as "essentially expressionistic" by which he uses decor to create "a spatial-temporal continuum, albeit researched and dramatically related, filtered through the director's spirit. As such, one gets the distillation or the essence of a place and period imbibing attitudes and feelings ... Minnelli holds no mirror up to nature but places a lamp next to it. His is the recreative rather than the mimetic tradition of art."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasper1977104–105-279">[278]</a> Basinger agreed: "His filmed universe was one of fantasy and reality mixed, of dreams and deceptions, and of a decor that is always carefully researched, designed, and executed with the purpose not only of being rewarding in and of itself, but also of defining character and setting."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasinger2019446-280">[279]</a> Throughout his career, Minnelli directed seven different actors in <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Oscar</a>-nominated performances: <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Tracy" title="Spencer Tracy">Spencer Tracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Grahame" title="Gloria Grahame">Gloria Grahame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirk_Douglas" title="Kirk Douglas">Kirk Douglas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Quinn" title="Anthony Quinn">Anthony Quinn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kennedy_(actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Kennedy (actor)">Arthur Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shirley_MacLaine" title="Shirley MacLaine">Shirley MacLaine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Martha_Hyer" title="Martha Hyer">Martha Hyer</a>. Grahame and Quinn were the two to win. Despite this, Minnelli is often perceived as not emphasizing enough of the actors' performances in his films.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009405-281">[280]</a> During filming for Some Came Running (1959), Minnelli spent hours setting up a single shot because he wanted a Ferris wheel in the background, or a vase to hold the right kind of flowers. Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin both grew frustrated with multiple takes for a brief scene, and stormed off the set.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009317–320-182">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Peppard" title="George Peppard">George Peppard</a>, an alumnus of the <a href="/wiki/Actors_Studio" title="Actors Studio">Actors Studio</a>, clashed with Minnelli during filming for Home from the Hill (1960). During one take of the last scene, Minnelli told Peppard: "George, you might be a seething volcano inside. But I've got news for you. Nothing's happening. You'll have to do it my way."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974332-282">[281]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Jones" title="Shirley Jones">Shirley Jones</a>, who starred in 1963's The Courtship of Eddie's Father, recalled Minnelli never gave her specific directions for her character during filming. She stated, "Vincente liked to draw pretty pictures with the camera, and it was always for me to move to a certain point, put my hand here when I say this line but never any direction about character, and I missed that."<a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filmography">Filmography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Filmography">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#B0C4DE;">Year </th> <th style="background:#B0C4DE;">Title </th> <th style="background:#B0C4DE;">Studio </th> <th style="background:#B0C4DE;">Genre </th> <th style="background:#B0C4DE;">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1943</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cabin_in_the_Sky_(film)" title="Cabin in the Sky (film)">Cabin in the Sky</a></td> <td rowspan="31"><a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">Musical</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/I_Dood_It" title="I Dood It">I Dood It</a></td> <td>Musical-<a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">comedy</a></td> <td>Alternate title: By Hook or by Crook </td></tr> <tr> <td>1944</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meet_Me_in_St._Louis" title="Meet Me in St. Louis">Meet Me in St. Louis</a></td> <td>Musical</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1945</td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Clock_(1945_film)" title="The Clock (1945 film)">The Clock</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romantic_Drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic Drama">Romantic drama</a></td> <td>Alternate title: Under the Clock </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ziegfeld_Follies_(film)" title="Ziegfeld Follies (film)">Ziegfeld Follies</a></td> <td rowspan="2">Musical comedy</td> <td>Primary director </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yolanda_and_the_Thief" title="Yolanda and the Thief">Yolanda and the Thief</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1946</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Undercurrent_(1946_film)" title="Undercurrent (1946 film)">Undercurrent</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1948</td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_(1948_film)" title="The Pirate (1948 film)">The Pirate</a></td> <td>Musical</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1949</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madame_Bovary_(1949_film)" title="Madame Bovary (1949 film)">Madame Bovary</a></td> <td>Romantic drama</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1950</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Bride_(1950_film)" title="Father of the Bride (1950 film)">Father of the Bride</a></td> <td rowspan="2">Comedy</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1951</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Father%27s_Little_Dividend" title="Father's Little Dividend">Father's Little Dividend</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/An_American_in_Paris_(film)" title="An American in Paris (film)">An American in Paris</a></td> <td>Musical</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1952</td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Bad_and_the_Beautiful" title="The Bad and the Beautiful">The Bad and the Beautiful</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">Melodrama</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1953</td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Three_Loves" title="The Story of Three Loves">The Story of Three Loves</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anthology_film" title="Anthology film">Anthology</a></td> <td>"Mademoiselle" segment </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Band_Wagon" title="The Band Wagon">The Band Wagon</a></td> <td>Musical comedy</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1954</td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Long,_Long_Trailer" title="The Long, Long Trailer">The Long, Long Trailer</a></td> <td>Comedy</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadoon_(film)" title="Brigadoon (film)">Brigadoon</a></td> <td>Musical</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1955</td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Cobweb_(1955_film)" title="The Cobweb (1955 film)">The Cobweb</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">Drama</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kismet_(1955_film)" title="Kismet (1955 film)">Kismet</a></td> <td>Musical comedy</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1956</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lust_for_Life_(1956_film)" title="Lust for Life (1956 film)">Lust for Life</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">Biographical</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tea_and_Sympathy_(film)" title="Tea and Sympathy (film)">Tea and Sympathy</a></td> <td>Drama</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1957</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Designing_Woman" title="Designing Woman">Designing Woman</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romantic comedy</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Seventh_Sin" title="The Seventh Sin">The Seventh Sin</a></td> <td>Drama</td> <td>Uncredited </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1958</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gigi_(1958_film)" title="Gigi (1958 film)">Gigi</a></td> <td>Musical-romance</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Reluctant_Debutante_(film)" title="The Reluctant Debutante (film)">The Reluctant Debutante</a></td> <td>Comedy</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Some_Came_Running_(film)" title="Some Came Running (film)">Some Came Running</a></td> <td rowspan="2">Drama</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1960</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Home_from_the_Hill_(film)" title="Home from the Hill (film)">Home from the Hill</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bells_Are_Ringing_(film)" title="Bells Are Ringing (film)">Bells Are Ringing</a></td> <td>Romantic comedy-musical</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1962</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (film)">The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></td> <td rowspan="2">Drama</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Two_Weeks_in_Another_Town" title="Two Weeks in Another Town">Two Weeks in Another Town</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1963</td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Courtship_of_Eddie%27s_Father_(film)" title="The Courtship of Eddie's Father (film)">The Courtship of Eddie's Father</a></td> <td>Romantic comedy</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Goodbye_Charlie" title="Goodbye Charlie">Goodbye Charlie</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Century Fox">20th Century Fox</a></td> <td>Comedy</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965</td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Sandpiper" title="The Sandpiper">The Sandpiper</a></td> <td>Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer</td> <td>Drama</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970</td> <td><a href="/wiki/On_a_Clear_Day_You_Can_See_Forever_(film)" title="On a Clear Day You Can See Forever (film)">On a Clear Day You Can See Forever</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a></td> <td>Musical <a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">comedy drama</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976</td> <td><a href="/wiki/A_Matter_of_Time_(film)" title="A Matter of Time (film)">A Matter of Time</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_International_Pictures" title="American International Pictures">American International Pictures</a></td> <td>Musical <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">fantasy</a></td> <td>Minnelli later disowned this film.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegaloff2013203–206-241">[240]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theatre_credits">Theatre credits</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Theatre credits">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#B0C4DE;">Title </th> <th style="background:#B0C4DE;">Run(s) </th> <th style="background:#B0C4DE;">Theatre </th> <th>Director </th> <th>Set designer </th> <th>Costume designer </th> <th>Sketches </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Earl_Carroll_Vanities" title="The Earl Carroll Vanities">Earl Carroll's Vanities</a> of 1930 </td> <td>July 1, 1930 – January 3, 1931</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam_Theatre" title="New Amsterdam Theatre">New Amsterdam Theatre</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Earl_Carroll_Vanities" title="The Earl Carroll Vanities">Earl Carroll's Vanities</a> of 1931 </td> <td>August 27, 1931 – April 9, 1932</td> <td><a href="/wiki/44th_Street_Theatre" title="44th Street Theatre">44th Street Theatre</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Earl_Carroll_Vanities" title="The Earl Carroll Vanities">Earl Carroll's Vanities</a> of 1932 </td> <td>September 27, 1932 – December 10, 1932</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Broadway_Theatre_(53rd_Street)" title="Broadway Theatre (53rd Street)">Broadway Theatre (53rd Street)</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The DuBarry </td> <td>November 22, 1932 – February 4, 1933</td> <td>George M. Cohan's Theatre </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/At_Home_Abroad" title="At Home Abroad">At Home Abroad</a> </td> <td>September 19, 1935 – March 7, 1936</td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Winter_Garden_Theatre" title="Winter Garden Theatre">Winter Garden Theatre</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ziegfeld_Follies_of_1936" title="Ziegfeld Follies of 1936">Ziegfeld Follies of 1936</a> </td> <td> <ol><li>January 30, 1936 – May 9, 1936</li> <li>September 14, 1936 – December 19, 1936</li></ol> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The Show is On </td> <td> <ol><li>December 25, 1936 – July 17, 1937</li> <li>September 18, 1937 – October 2, 1937</li></ol> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hooray_for_What!" title="Hooray for What!">Hooray for What!</a> </td> <td>December 1, 1937 – May 21, 1938 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Very_Warm_for_May" title="Very Warm for May">Very Warm for May</a> </td> <td>November 17, 1939 – January 6, 1940</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neil_Simon_Theatre" title="Neil Simon Theatre">Alvin Theatre</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dance Me a Song </td> <td>January 20, 1950 – February 18, 1950</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Royale_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Royale Theatre">Royale Theatre</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mata_Hari_(1967_musical)" title="Mata Hari (1967 musical)">Mata Hari</a> </td> <td>November 20, 1967 – December 9, 1967<a href="#cite_note-284">[283]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="National Theatre (Washington, D.C.)">National Theatre (Washington, D.C.)</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_and_notes">Sources and notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Sources and notes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> The films selected for the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Registry" title="National Film Registry">National Film Registry</a> are Cabin in the Sky (1943), Meet Me in St. Louis (1944), An American in Paris (1951), The Bad and the Beautiful (1952), The Band Wagon (1953) and Gigi (1958).<a href="#cite_note-loc-2">[2]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarson2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Barson, Michael (July 21, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vincente-Minnelli">"Vincente Minnelli – American director"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205062352/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vincente-Minnelli">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2024. Retrieved February 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vincente+Minnelli+%E2%80%93+American+director&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2020-07-21&rft.aulast=Barson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FVincente-Minnelli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-loc-2"><a href="#cite_ref-loc_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240119025038/https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing">"Complete National Film Registry Listing"</a>. Library of Congress. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/">the original</a> on January 19, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Complete+National+Film+Registry+Listing&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fprograms%2Fnational-film-preservation-board%2Ffilm-registry%2Fcomplete-national-film-registry-listing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009191-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2009191_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevy2009">Levy 2009</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy20091–3-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy20091–3_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevy2009">Levy 2009</a>, pp. 1–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197432-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197432_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMinnelliArce1974">Minnelli & Arce 1974</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin20103-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin20103_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGriffin2010">Griffin 2010</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197433-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197433_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMinnelliArce1974">Minnelli & Arce 1974</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin20103–4-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin20103–4_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGriffin2010">Griffin 2010</a>, pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Cospirazioni e rivolte di Francesco Bentivegna e compagni. tipografia del "Giornale di Sicilia". 1891. pp. 23–24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cospirazioni+e+rivolte+di+Francesco+Bentivegna+e+compagni&rft.pages=23-24&rft.pub=tipografia+del+%22Giornale+di+Sicilia%22&rft.date=1891&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"A Delaware Saga Moves From Torchlit Tent Show to Broadway". <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Dispatch" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbus Dispatch">Columbus Dispatch</a>. November 10, 1935.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbus+Dispatch&rft.atitle=A+Delaware+Saga+Moves+From+Torchlit+Tent+Show+to+Broadway&rft.date=1935-11-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197428–29-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197428–29_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMinnelliArce1974">Minnelli & Arce 1974</a>, pp. 28–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy20095-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy20095_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevy2009">Levy 2009</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy200913–14-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy200913–14_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevy2009">Levy 2009</a>, pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197442-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197442_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMinnelliArce1974">Minnelli & Arce 1974</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin201014–15-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin201014–15_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGriffin2010">Griffin 2010</a>, pp. 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197443–46-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197443–46_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMinnelliArce1974">Minnelli & Arce 1974</a>, pp. 43–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197446-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197446_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMinnelliArce1974">Minnelli & Arce 1974</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin201017-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin201017_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin201017_19-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGriffin2010">Griffin 2010</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy200918-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy200918_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevy2009">Levy 2009</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197447–48-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197447–48_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMinnelliArce1974">Minnelli & Arce 1974</a>, p. 47–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy200919-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy200919_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy200919_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevy2009">Levy 2009</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197449-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197449_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMinnelliArce1974">Minnelli & Arce 1974</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin201019-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin201019_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGriffin2010">Griffin 2010</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197451–52-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197451–52_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMinnelliArce1974">Minnelli & Arce 1974</a>, pp. 51–52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197453–54-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197453–54_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMinnelliArce1974">Minnelli & Arce 1974</a>, pp. 53–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy200928-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy200928_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevy2009">Levy 2009</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey198927-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey198927_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey1989">Harvey 1989</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197457-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197457_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMinnelliArce1974">Minnelli & Arce 1974</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy200930-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy200930_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevy2009">Levy 2009</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoherty2024" class="citation news cs1">Doherty, Thomas (February 29, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/paramount-pictures-studio-hollywood-movies-1235838109/">"The Ruthless Rise and Fall of Paramount Pictures During Hollywood's Golden Age"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240229164952/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/paramount-pictures-studio-hollywood-movies-1235838109/">Archived</a> from the original on February 29, 2024. Retrieved May 8, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=The+Ruthless+Rise+and+Fall+of+Paramount+Pictures+During+Hollywood%27s+Golden+Age&rft.date=2024-02-29&rft.aulast=Doherty&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fbusiness%2Fbusiness-news%2Fparamount-pictures-studio-hollywood-movies-1235838109%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197460-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197460_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMinnelliArce1974">Minnelli & Arce 1974</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin201026-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin201026_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGriffin2010">Griffin 2010</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey198929-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey198929_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey1989">Harvey 1989</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy200931-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy200931_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevy2009">Levy 2009</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin201036-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin201036_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGriffin2010">Griffin 2010</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197462–67-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce197462–67_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMinnelliArce1974">Minnelli & Arce 1974</a>, pp. 62–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey198931-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey198931_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey1989">Harvey 1989</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy200941–42-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy200941–42_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevy2009">Levy 2009</a>, pp. 41–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson1935" class="citation news cs1">Atkinson, Brooks (September 20, 1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1935/09/20/archives/beatrice-lillie-and-ethel-waters-in-a-musical-travelogue-entitled-a.html">"The Play: Beatrice Lillie and Ethel Waters in a Musical Travelogue Entitled 'At Home Abroad.'"</a>. 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The New York Times. p. 23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240222034630/https://www.nytimes.com/1939/11/18/archives/the-play-very-warm-for-may-with-score-by-jerome-kern-and-book-by.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 22, 2024. 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Retrieved July 7, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Senses+of+Cinema&rft.atitle=Images+of+Magic+and+Transformation&rft.date=2012-04-18&rft.aulast=McElhaney&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsensesofcinema.com%2F2004%2Fgreat-directors%2Fminnelli%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-advocate-259"><a href="#cite_ref-advocate_259-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierce2009" class="citation web cs1">Pierce, Harrison (May 15, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.advocate.com/arts-entertainment/film/2009/05/15/real-vincente-minnelli">"The Real Vincente Minnelli"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Advocate_(magazine)" title="The Advocate (magazine)">The Advocate</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240104221943/https://www.advocate.com/arts-entertainment/film/2009/05/15/real-vincente-minnelli">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2024. Retrieved July 7, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Advocate&rft.atitle=The+Real+Vincente+Minnelli&rft.date=2009-05-15&rft.aulast=Pierce&rft.aufirst=Harrison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.advocate.com%2Farts-entertainment%2Ffilm%2F2009%2F05%2F15%2Freal-vincente-minnelli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens2009" class="citation web cs1">Stevens, Dana (April 24, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/26/books/review/Stevens-t.html">"Book Review | 'Vincente Minnelli: Hollywood's Dark Dreamer,' by Emanuel Levy"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240314002049/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/26/books/review/Stevens-t.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Book+Review+%26%23124%3B+%27Vincente+Minnelli%3A+Hollywood%27s+Dark+Dreamer%2C%27+by+Emanuel+Levy&rft.date=2009-04-24&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F04%2F26%2Fbooks%2Freview%2FStevens-t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin201015–16-261"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin201015–16_261-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGriffin2010">Griffin 2010</a>, pp. 15–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcherd1982" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Army_Archerd" title="Army Archerd">Archerd, Army</a> (December 28, 1982). "Just For Variety". <a href="/wiki/Daily_Variety" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Variety">Daily Variety</a>. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Variety&rft.atitle=Just+For+Variety&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1982-12-28&rft.aulast=Archerd&rft.aufirst=Army&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Director Vincente Minnelli, 83, dies". Chicago Tribune. July 26, 1986. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Director+Vincente+Minnelli%2C+83%2C+dies&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1986-07-26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1986" class="citation news cs1">Harvey, Steve (July 26, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/archives/la-me-vincente-minnelli-19860726-snap-story.html">"Oscar Winner Vincente Minnelli Dies"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207015610/https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/archives/la-me-vincente-minnelli-19860726-snap-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Oscar+Winner+Vincente+Minnelli+Dies&rft.date=1986-07-26&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Flocal%2Fobituaries%2Farchives%2Fla-me-vincente-minnelli-19860726-snap-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009392-265"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2009392_265-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevy2009">Levy 2009</a>, p. 392. </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-08-01-mn-19185-story.html">"His Wish for Cremation Ignored: Minnelli Leaves Bulk of Estate to Liza"</a>. Los Angeles Times. August 1, 1986. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240314002656/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-08-01-mn-19185-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=His+Wish+for+Cremation+Ignored%3A+Minnelli+Leaves+Bulk+of+Estate+to+Liza&rft.date=1986-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1986-08-01-mn-19185-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009398-267"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2009398_267-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevy2009">Levy 2009</a>, p. 398. </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarris1968" class="citation book cs1">Sarris, Andrew (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americancinemadi0000sarr/">The American Cinema: Directors and Directions, 1929–1968</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/E._P._Dutton" title="E. P. Dutton">E. P. Dutton</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americancinemadi0000sarr/page/102/mode/2up">102</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-525-47227-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-525-47227-4"><bdi>0-525-47227-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Cinema%3A+Directors+and+Directions%2C+1929%E2%80%931968&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=E.+P.+Dutton&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-525-47227-4&rft.aulast=Sarris&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericancinemadi0000sarr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchickel1975243-269"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchickel1975243_269-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchickel1975">Schickel 1975</a>, p. 243. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009404-270"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2009404_270-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevy2009">Levy 2009</a>, p. 404. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009399-271"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2009399_271-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevy2009">Levy 2009</a>, p. 399. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson195922-272"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson195922_272-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson1959">Johnson 1959</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974x-273"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974x_273-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMinnelliArce1974">Minnelli & Arce 1974</a>, p. x. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasinger2019445-274"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasinger2019445_274-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBasinger2019">Basinger 2019</a>, p. 445. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009239-275">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2009239_275-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2009239_275-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevy2009">Levy 2009</a>, p. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman1996191-276"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman1996191_276-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSilverman1996">Silverman 1996</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman1996191–192-277"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman1996191–192_277-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSilverman1996">Silverman 1996</a>, pp. 191–192. </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergan2012" class="citation web cs1">Bergan, Ronald (April 2, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theartsdesk.com/film/vincente-minnelli-celebrating-mr-hollywood">"Vincente Minnelli: Celebrating Mr Hollywood"</a>. The Arts Desk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120404050024/https://theartsdesk.com/film/vincente-minnelli-celebrating-mr-hollywood">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved April 23, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Arts+Desk&rft.atitle=Vincente+Minnelli%3A+Celebrating+Mr+Hollywood&rft.date=2012-04-02&rft.aulast=Bergan&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheartsdesk.com%2Ffilm%2Fvincente-minnelli-celebrating-mr-hollywood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasper1977104–105-279"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasper1977104–105_279-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasper1977">Casper 1977</a>, pp. 104–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasinger2019446-280"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasinger2019446_280-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBasinger2019">Basinger 2019</a>, p. 446. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009405-281"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2009405_281-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevy2009">Levy 2009</a>, p. 405. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974332-282"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinnelliArce1974332_282-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMinnelliArce1974">Minnelli & Arce 1974</a>, p. 332. </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord2011" class="citation book cs1">Ford, Peter (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ICIPWfsWt4wC">Glenn Ford: A Life</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-28153-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-28153-3"><bdi>978-0-299-28153-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glenn+Ford%3A+A+Life&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-299-28153-3&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DICIPWfsWt4wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ovrtur.com/production/2881158">"Mata Hari"</a>. Ovrtur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240314003640/https://ovrtur.com/production/2881158">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ovrtur&rft.atitle=Mata+Hari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fovrtur.com%2Fproduction%2F2881158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> Biographies (chronological) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinnelliArce1974" class="citation book cs1">Minnelli, Vincente; Arce, Hector (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/irememberitwell00minn">I Remember it Well</a>. <a href="/wiki/Garden_City,_New_York" title="Garden City, New York">Garden City</a>: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-09522-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-09522-8"><bdi>0-385-09522-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Remember+it+Well&rft.place=Garden+City&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-385-09522-8&rft.aulast=Minnelli&rft.aufirst=Vincente&rft.au=Arce%2C+Hector&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firememberitwell00minn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWakeman1987" class="citation book cs1">Wakeman, John (1987). "Vincente Minnelli". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldfilmdirecto0000unse/">World Film Directors: Volume 1—1890–1945</a>. <a href="/wiki/H._W._Wilson_Company" title="H. W. Wilson Company">H. W. Wilson</a>. pp. 778–787. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-824-20757-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-824-20757-1"><bdi>978-0-824-20757-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vincente+Minnelli&rft.btitle=World+Film+Directors%3A+Volume+1%E2%80%941890%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=778-787&rft.pub=H.+W.+Wilson&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-824-20757-1&rft.aulast=Wakeman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldfilmdirecto0000unse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1989" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Stephen (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/directedbyvincen0000harv">Directed by Vincente Minnelli</a>. New York: Museum of Modern Art; Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87070-474-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87070-474-1"><bdi>978-0-87070-474-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Directed+by+Vincente+Minnelli&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Museum+of+Modern+Art%3B+Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-87070-474-1&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdirectedbyvincen0000harv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaremore1993" class="citation book cs1">Naremore, James (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oj1syNO_hpoC">The Films of Vincente Minnelli</a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38770-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38770-5"><bdi>978-0-521-38770-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Films+of+Vincente+Minnelli&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-38770-5&rft.aulast=Naremore&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doj1syNO_hpoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy2009" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Emmanuel (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vincenteminnelli00levy">Vincente Minnelli: Hollywood's Dark Dreamer</a>. New York: St. Martins Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-32925-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-32925-9"><bdi>978-0-312-32925-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vincente+Minnelli%3A+Hollywood%27s+Dark+Dreamer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martins+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-312-32925-9&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvincenteminnelli00levy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin2010" class="citation book cs1">Griffin, Mark (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hundredormorehid00grif">A Hundred or More Hidden Things: The Life and Films of Vincente Minnelli</a>. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-2099-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-2099-6"><bdi>978-0-7867-2099-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Hundred+or+More+Hidden+Things%3A+The+Life+and+Films+of+Vincente+Minnelli&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-2099-6&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhundredormorehid00grif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> Miscellaneous <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBart1999" class="citation book cs1">Bart, Peter (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gross00pete/">The Gross: The Hits, The Flops</a> (1st ed.). St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-19894-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-19894-9"><bdi>0-312-19894-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gross%3A+The+Hits%2C+The+Flops&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-312-19894-9&rft.aulast=Bart&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgross00pete%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasinger2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeanine_Basinger" title="Jeanine Basinger">Basinger, Jeanine</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ol2PEAAAQBAJ">The Movie Musical!</a>. New York: Alfred P. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1018-7406-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1018-7406-6"><bdi>978-1-1018-7406-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Movie+Musical%21&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+P.+Knopf&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-1018-7406-6&rft.aulast=Basinger&rft.aufirst=Jeanine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOl2PEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasper1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Drew_Casper" title="Drew Casper">Casper, Joseph Andrew</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vincenteminnelli0000casp/">Vincente Minnelli and the Film Musical</a>. South Brunswick, NJ: A. S. Barnes & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-498-01784-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-498-01784-1"><bdi>978-0-498-01784-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vincente+Minnelli+and+the+Film+Musical&rft.place=South+Brunswick%2C+NJ&rft.pub=A.+S.+Barnes+%26+Company&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-498-01784-1&rft.aulast=Casper&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvincenteminnelli0000casp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2000" class="citation magazine cs1">Clarke, Geralde (April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.vanityfair.com/article/2000/04/01/till-mgm-do-us-part">"Till MGM Do Us Part"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (magazine)">Vanity Fair</a>. pp. 278–309.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanity+Fair&rft.atitle=Till+MGM+Do+Us+Part&rft.pages=278-309&rft.date=2000-04&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Geralde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.vanityfair.com%2Farticle%2F2000%2F04%2F01%2Ftill-mgm-do-us-part&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalle-Vacche1992" class="citation journal cs1">Dalle-Vacche, Angela (1992). "A Painter in Hollywood: Vincente Minnelli's An American in Paris". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Cinema_and_Media_Studies" title="Journal of Cinema and Media Studies">Cinema Journal</a>. 32 (1). University of Texas Press: 63–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1225862">10.2307/1225862</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1225862">1225862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cinema+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Painter+in+Hollywood%3A+Vincente+Minnelli%27s+An+American+in+Paris&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63-83&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1225862&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1225862%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dalle-Vacche&rft.aufirst=Angela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelameter1981" class="citation book cs1">Delameter, Jerome (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/danceinhollywood0000dela/">Dance in the Hollywood Musical</a>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8357-1198-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8357-1198-2"><bdi>978-0-8357-1198-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dance+in+the+Hollywood+Musical&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Northwestern+University&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-8357-1198-2&rft.aulast=Delameter&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdanceinhollywood0000dela%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas1989" class="citation book cs1">Douglas, Kirk (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ragmanssonaut00doug_0/">The Ragman's Son: An Autobiography</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Pocket_Books" title="Pocket Books">Pocket Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-63718-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-63718-5"><bdi>0-671-63718-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ragman%27s+Son%3A+An+Autobiography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pocket+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-671-63718-5&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=Kirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fragmanssonaut00doug_0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEames1975" class="citation book cs1">Eames, John Douglas (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mgmstorycomplete0000eame/">The MGM Story: The Complete History of Fifty Roaring Years</a>. New York: Crown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0517523892" title="Special:BookSources/0517523892"><bdi>0517523892</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+MGM+Story%3A+The+Complete+History+of+Fifty+Roaring+Years&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0517523892&rft.aulast=Eames&rft.aufirst=John+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmgmstorycomplete0000eame%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFordin1996" class="citation book cs1">Fordin, Hugh (1996) [1975]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mgmsgreatestmusi0000ford/">M-G-M's Greatest Musicals: The Arthur Freed Unit</a>. New York: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80730-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80730-5"><bdi>978-0-306-80730-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M-G-M%27s+Greatest+Musicals%3A+The+Arthur+Freed+Unit&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80730-5&rft.aulast=Fordin&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmgmsgreatestmusi0000ford%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2008" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Mark (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/picturesatrevolu00harr_0">Pictures at A Revolution: Five Movies and the Birth of a New Hollywood</a>. New York: Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-143-11503-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-143-11503-8"><bdi>978-0-143-11503-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pictures+at+A+Revolution%3A+Five+Movies+and+the+Birth+of+a+New+Hollywood&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-143-11503-8&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpicturesatrevolu00harr_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHighamGreenberg1969" class="citation book cs1">Higham, Charles; Greenberg, Joel (1969). "Vincente Minnelli". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/celluloidmusehol00high/">The Celluloid Muse: Hollywood Directors Speak</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_American_Library" title="New American Library">New American Library</a>. pp. 197–208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-207-95123-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-207-95123-7"><bdi>978-0-207-95123-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vincente+Minnelli&rft.btitle=The+Celluloid+Muse%3A+Hollywood+Directors+Speak&rft.pages=197-208&rft.pub=New+American+Library&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-207-95123-7&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Greenberg%2C+Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcelluloidmusehol00high%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston1958" class="citation journal cs1">Johnston, Albert (December 1958). "The Films of Vincente Minnelli: Part I". <a href="/wiki/Film_Quarterly" title="Film Quarterly">Film Quarterly</a>. 12 (2). <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>: 21–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3186050">10.2307/3186050</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3186050">3186050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Film+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Films+of+Vincente+Minnelli%3A+Part+I&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=21-35&rft.date=1958-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3186050&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3186050%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1959" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Albert (April 1959). "The Films of Vincente Minnelli: Part II". Film Quarterly. 12 (3). University of California Press: 32–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3185981">10.2307/3185981</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3185981">3185981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Film+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Films+of+Vincente+Minnelli%3A+Part+II&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=32-42&rft.date=1959-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3185981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3185981%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnox1973" class="citation book cs1">Knox, Donald (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/magicfactory0000dona/">The Magic Factory: How MGM Made An American in Paris</a>. New York: Praeger Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Magic+Factory%3A+How+MGM+Made+An+American+in+Paris&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmagicfactory0000dona%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang1989" class="citation book cs1">Lang, Robert (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanfilmmelo0000lang/">American Film Melodrama: Griffith, Vidor, Minnelli</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04759-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04759-1"><bdi>978-0-691-04759-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Film+Melodrama%3A+Griffith%2C+Vidor%2C+Minnelli&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-691-04759-1&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanfilmmelo0000lang%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcElhaney2006" class="citation book cs1">McElhaney, Joe (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deathofclassical0000mcel">The Death of Classical Cinema: Hitchcock, Lang, Minnelli</a>. Albany: <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">SUNY Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-791-46888-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-791-46888-3"><bdi>978-0-791-46888-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+Classical+Cinema%3A+Hitchcock%2C+Lang%2C+Minnelli&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-791-46888-3&rft.aulast=McElhaney&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeathofclassical0000mcel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcElhaney2009" class="citation book cs1">McElhaney, Joe, ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UxrbJiOIcy0C">Vincente Minnelli: The Art of Entertainment</a>. Detroit: <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University_Press" title="Wayne State University Press">Wayne State University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-814-33307-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-814-33307-5"><bdi>978-0-814-33307-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vincente+Minnelli%3A+The+Art+of+Entertainment&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-814-33307-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUxrbJiOIcy0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchickel1975" class="citation book cs1">Schickel, Richard (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/menwhomademovies00capr">The Men Who Made the Movies</a>. New York: Atheneum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-89583-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-89583-2"><bdi>978-0-241-89583-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Men+Who+Made+the+Movies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Atheneum&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-241-89583-2&rft.aulast=Schickel&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmenwhomademovies00capr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegaloff2013" class="citation book cs1">Segaloff, Ned (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2wFWDwAAQBAJ">Final Cuts: The Last Films of 50 Great Directors</a>. Bear Manor Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-593-93233-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-593-93233-6"><bdi>978-1-593-93233-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+Cuts%3A+The+Last+Films+of+50+Great+Directors&rft.pub=Bear+Manor+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-593-93233-6&rft.aulast=Segaloff&rft.aufirst=Ned&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2wFWDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverman1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_M._Silverman" title="Stephen M. Silverman">Silverman, Stephen M.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dancingonceiling0000silv/">Dancing On the Ceiling: Stanley Donen and His Movies</a>. Alfred P. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-41412-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-41412-6"><bdi>0-679-41412-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dancing+On+the+Ceiling%3A+Stanley+Donen+and+His+Movies&rft.pub=Alfred+P.+Knopf&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-679-41412-6&rft.aulast=Silverman&rft.aufirst=Stephen+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdancingonceiling0000silv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVincente+Minnelli" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincente_Minnelli&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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Minnelli">Vincente Minnelli</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0591486/">Vincente Minnelli</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/8964">Vincente Minnelli</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Broadway_Database" title="Internet Broadway Database">Internet Broadway Database</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51535#P1220" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.oscars.org/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=66022">Vincente Minnelli papers</a>, Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Films_directed_by_Vincente_Minnelli" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vincente_Minnelli" title="Template:Vincente Minnelli"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vincente_Minnelli" title="Template talk:Vincente Minnelli"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vincente_Minnelli" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vincente Minnelli"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Films_directed_by_Vincente_Minnelli" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Films directed by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vincente Minnelli</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabin_in_the_Sky_(film)" title="Cabin in the Sky (film)">Cabin in the Sky</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Dood_It" title="I Dood It">I Dood It</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meet_Me_in_St._Louis" title="Meet Me in St. Louis">Meet Me in St. Louis</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Clock_(1945_film)" title="The Clock (1945 film)">The Clock</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziegfeld_Follies_(film)" title="Ziegfeld Follies (film)">Ziegfeld Follies</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolanda_and_the_Thief" title="Yolanda and the Thief">Yolanda and the Thief</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undercurrent_(1946_film)" title="Undercurrent (1946 film)">Undercurrent</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_(1948_film)" title="The Pirate (1948 film)">The Pirate</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Bovary_(1949_film)" title="Madame Bovary (1949 film)">Madame Bovary</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Bride_(1950_film)" title="Father of the Bride (1950 film)">Father of the Bride</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father%27s_Little_Dividend" title="Father's Little Dividend">Father's Little Dividend</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_American_in_Paris_(film)" title="An American in Paris (film)">An American in Paris</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bad_and_the_Beautiful" title="The Bad and the Beautiful">The Bad and the Beautiful</a> (1952)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Three_Loves#Mademoiselle" title="The Story of Three Loves">Mademoiselle</a>" from <a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Three_Loves" title="The Story of Three Loves">The Story of Three Loves</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Band_Wagon" title="The Band Wagon">The Band Wagon</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Long,_Long_Trailer" title="The Long, Long Trailer">The Long, Long Trailer</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigadoon_(film)" title="Brigadoon (film)">Brigadoon</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cobweb_(1955_film)" title="The Cobweb (1955 film)">The Cobweb</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kismet_(1955_film)" title="Kismet (1955 film)">Kismet</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust_for_Life_(1956_film)" title="Lust for Life (1956 film)">Lust for Life</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_and_Sympathy_(film)" title="Tea and Sympathy (film)">Tea and Sympathy</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designing_Woman" title="Designing Woman">Designing Woman</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigi_(1958_film)" title="Gigi (1958 film)">Gigi</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reluctant_Debutante_(film)" title="The Reluctant Debutante (film)">The Reluctant Debutante</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Some_Came_Running_(film)" title="Some Came Running (film)">Some Came Running</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_from_the_Hill_(film)" title="Home from the Hill (film)">Home from the Hill</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bells_Are_Ringing_(film)" title="Bells Are Ringing (film)">Bells Are Ringing</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse_(1962_film)" title="The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1962 film)">The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Weeks_in_Another_Town" title="Two Weeks in Another Town">Two Weeks in Another Town</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Courtship_of_Eddie%27s_Father_(film)" title="The Courtship of Eddie's Father (film)">The Courtship of Eddie's Father</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodbye_Charlie" title="Goodbye Charlie">Goodbye Charlie</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sandpiper" title="The Sandpiper">The Sandpiper</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_a_Clear_Day_You_Can_See_Forever_(film)" title="On a Clear Day You Can See Forever (film)">On a Clear Day You Can See Forever</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Matter_of_Time_(film)" title="A Matter of Time (film)">A Matter of Time</a> (1976)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Awards_for_Vincente_Minnelli" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Awards_for_Vincente_Minnelli" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Awards for Vincente Minnelli</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Academy_Award_for_Best_Director" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #EEDD82"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Academy_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Template:Academy Award for Best Director"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Academy_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Template talk:Academy Award for Best Director"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Academy_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Academy Award for Best Director"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Academy_Award_for_Best_Director" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Academy Award for Best Director">Academy Award for Best Director</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">1927–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Borzage" title="Frank Borzage">Frank Borzage</a> (1927/28; Dramatic Picture)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Milestone" title="Lewis Milestone">Lewis Milestone</a> (1927/28; Comedy Picture)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd" title="Frank Lloyd">Frank Lloyd</a> (1928/29)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Milestone" title="Lewis Milestone">Lewis Milestone</a> (1929/30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Taurog" title="Norman Taurog">Norman Taurog</a> (1930/31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Borzage" title="Frank Borzage">Frank Borzage</a> (1931/32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd" title="Frank Lloyd">Frank Lloyd</a> (1932/33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Capra" title="Frank Capra">Frank Capra</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Capra" title="Frank Capra">Frank Capra</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_McCarey" title="Leo McCarey">Leo McCarey</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Capra" title="Frank Capra">Frank Capra</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Fleming" title="Victor Fleming">Victor Fleming</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wyler" title="William Wyler">William Wyler</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Curtiz" title="Michael Curtiz">Michael Curtiz</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_McCarey" title="Leo McCarey">Leo McCarey</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wyler" title="William Wyler">William Wyler</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Huston" title="John Huston">John Huston</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Mankiewicz" title="Joseph L. Mankiewicz">Joseph L. Mankiewicz</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Mankiewicz" title="Joseph L. Mankiewicz">Joseph L. Mankiewicz</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Stevens" title="George Stevens">George Stevens</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Zinnemann" title="Fred Zinnemann">Fred Zinnemann</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delbert_Mann" title="Delbert Mann">Delbert Mann</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stevens" title="George Stevens">George Stevens</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a> (1957)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vincente Minnelli</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wyler" title="William Wyler">William Wyler</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Robbins" title="Jerome Robbins">Jerome Robbins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise">Robert Wise</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Richardson" title="Tony Richardson">Tony Richardson</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cukor" title="George Cukor">George Cukor</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise">Robert Wise</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Zinnemann" title="Fred Zinnemann">Fred Zinnemann</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Nichols" title="Mike Nichols">Mike Nichols</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Reed" title="Carol Reed">Carol Reed</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Schlesinger" title="John Schlesinger">John Schlesinger</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_J._Schaffner" title="Franklin J. Schaffner">Franklin J. Schaffner</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Friedkin" title="William Friedkin">William Friedkin</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Fosse" title="Bob Fosse">Bob Fosse</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Roy_Hill" title="George Roy Hill">George Roy Hill</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Forman" title="Miloš Forman">Miloš Forman</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Avildsen" title="John G. Avildsen">John G. Avildsen</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cimino" title="Michael Cimino">Michael Cimino</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Benton" title="Robert Benton">Robert Benton</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Redford" title="Robert Redford">Robert Redford</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Beatty" title="Warren Beatty">Warren Beatty</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Attenborough" title="Richard Attenborough">Richard Attenborough</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Brooks" title="James L. Brooks">James L. Brooks</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Forman" title="Miloš Forman">Miloš Forman</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Pollack" title="Sydney Pollack">Sydney Pollack</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stone" title="Oliver Stone">Oliver Stone</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Bertolucci" title="Bernardo Bertolucci">Bernardo Bertolucci</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Levinson" title="Barry Levinson">Barry Levinson</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stone" title="Oliver Stone">Oliver Stone</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Costner" title="Kevin Costner">Kevin Costner</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Demme" title="Jonathan Demme">Jonathan Demme</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Zemeckis" title="Robert Zemeckis">Robert Zemeckis</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Gibson" title="Mel Gibson">Mel Gibson</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Minghella" title="Anthony Minghella">Anthony Minghella</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Mendes" title="Sam Mendes">Sam Mendes</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Soderbergh" title="Steven Soderbergh">Steven Soderbergh</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Howard" title="Ron Howard">Ron Howard</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Polanski" title="Roman Polanski">Roman Polanski</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson" title="Peter Jackson">Peter Jackson</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ang_Lee" title="Ang Lee">Ang Lee</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coen_brothers" title="Coen brothers">Joel Coen and Ethan Coen</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Boyle" title="Danny Boyle">Danny Boyle</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Bigelow" title="Kathryn Bigelow">Kathryn Bigelow</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hooper" title="Tom Hooper">Tom Hooper</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Hazanavicius" title="Michel Hazanavicius">Michel Hazanavicius</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ang_Lee" title="Ang Lee">Ang Lee</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Cuar%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso Cuarón">Alfonso Cuarón</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Gonz%C3%A1lez_I%C3%B1%C3%A1rritu" title="Alejandro González Iñárritu">Alejandro González Iñárritu</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Gonz%C3%A1lez_I%C3%B1%C3%A1rritu" title="Alejandro González Iñárritu">Alejandro González Iñárritu</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damien_Chazelle" title="Damien Chazelle">Damien Chazelle</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro" title="Guillermo del Toro">Guillermo del Toro</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Cuar%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso Cuarón">Alfonso Cuarón</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bong_Joon-ho" title="Bong Joon-ho">Bong Joon-ho</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlo%C3%A9_Zhao" title="Chloé Zhao">Chloé Zhao</a> (2020/21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Campion" title="Jane Campion">Jane Campion</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniels_(directors)" title="Daniels (directors)">Daniel Kwan and Daniel Scheinert</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nolan" title="Christopher Nolan">Christopher Nolan</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Directors_Guild_of_America_Award_for_Outstanding_Directing_–_Feature_Film" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #ABCDEF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Directors_Guild_of_America_Award_Feature_Film" title="Template:Directors Guild of America Award Feature Film"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Directors_Guild_of_America_Award_Feature_Film" title="Template talk:Directors Guild of America Award Feature Film"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Directors_Guild_of_America_Award_Feature_Film" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Directors Guild of America Award Feature Film"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Directors_Guild_of_America_Award_for_Outstanding_Directing_–_Feature_Film" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Directors_Guild_of_America_Award_for_Outstanding_Directing_%E2%80%93_Feature_Film" title="Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film">Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #ABCDEF;width:1%">1948–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Mankiewicz" title="Joseph L. Mankiewicz">Joseph L. Mankiewicz</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rossen" title="Robert Rossen">Robert Rossen</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Mankiewicz" title="Joseph L. Mankiewicz">Joseph L. Mankiewicz</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stevens" title="George Stevens">George Stevens</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Zinnemann" title="Fred Zinnemann">Fred Zinnemann</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delbert_Mann" title="Delbert Mann">Delbert Mann</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stevens" title="George Stevens">George Stevens</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a> (1957)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vincente Minnelli</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wyler" title="William Wyler">William Wyler</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Robbins" title="Jerome Robbins">Jerome Robbins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise">Robert Wise</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Richardson" title="Tony Richardson">Tony Richardson</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cukor" title="George Cukor">George Cukor</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise">Robert Wise</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Zinnemann" title="Fred Zinnemann">Fred Zinnemann</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Nichols" title="Mike Nichols">Mike Nichols</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Harvey" title="Anthony Harvey">Anthony Harvey</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Schlesinger" title="John Schlesinger">John Schlesinger</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_J._Schaffner" title="Franklin J. Schaffner">Franklin J. Schaffner</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Friedkin" title="William Friedkin">William Friedkin</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Roy_Hill" title="George Roy Hill">George Roy Hill</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Forman" title="Miloš Forman">Miloš Forman</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #ABCDEF;width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Avildsen" title="John G. Avildsen">John G. Avildsen</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cimino" title="Michael Cimino">Michael Cimino</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Benton" title="Robert Benton">Robert Benton</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Redford" title="Robert Redford">Robert Redford</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Beatty" title="Warren Beatty">Warren Beatty</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Attenborough" title="Richard Attenborough">Richard Attenborough</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Brooks" title="James L. Brooks">James L. Brooks</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Forman" title="Miloš Forman">Miloš Forman</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stone" title="Oliver Stone">Oliver Stone</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Bertolucci" title="Bernardo Bertolucci">Bernardo Bertolucci</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Levinson" title="Barry Levinson">Barry Levinson</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stone" title="Oliver Stone">Oliver Stone</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Costner" title="Kevin Costner">Kevin Costner</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Demme" title="Jonathan Demme">Jonathan Demme</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Zemeckis" title="Robert Zemeckis">Robert Zemeckis</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Howard" title="Ron Howard">Ron Howard</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Minghella" title="Anthony Minghella">Anthony Minghella</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Mendes" title="Sam Mendes">Sam Mendes</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ang_Lee" title="Ang Lee">Ang Lee</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #ABCDEF;width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Howard" title="Ron Howard">Ron Howard</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Marshall" title="Rob Marshall">Rob Marshall</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson" title="Peter Jackson">Peter Jackson</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ang_Lee" title="Ang Lee">Ang Lee</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coen_brothers" title="Coen brothers">Joel Coen and Ethan Coen</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Boyle" title="Danny Boyle">Danny Boyle</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Bigelow" title="Kathryn Bigelow">Kathryn Bigelow</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hooper" title="Tom Hooper">Tom Hooper</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Hazanavicius" title="Michel Hazanavicius">Michel Hazanavicius</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Affleck" title="Ben Affleck">Ben Affleck</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Cuar%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso Cuarón">Alfonso Cuarón</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Gonz%C3%A1lez_I%C3%B1%C3%A1rritu" title="Alejandro González Iñárritu">Alejandro G. Iñárritu</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Gonz%C3%A1lez_I%C3%B1%C3%A1rritu" title="Alejandro González Iñárritu">Alejandro G. Iñárritu</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damien_Chazelle" title="Damien Chazelle">Damien Chazelle</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro" title="Guillermo del Toro">Guillermo del Toro</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Cuar%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso Cuarón">Alfonso Cuarón</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Mendes" title="Sam Mendes">Sam Mendes</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlo%C3%A9_Zhao" title="Chloé Zhao">Chloé Zhao</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Campion" title="Jane Campion">Jane Campion</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniels_(directors)" title="Daniels (directors)">Daniel Kwan and Daniel Scheinert</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nolan" title="Christopher Nolan">Christopher Nolan</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Director" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #CFB53B"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Template:Golden Globe Award for Best Director"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Template talk:Golden Globe Award for Best Director"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Golden Globe Award for Best Director"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Director" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Golden Globe Award for Best Director">Golden Globe Award for Best Director</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #CFB53B;width:1%">1943–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_King_(director)" title="Henry King (director)">Henry King</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_McCarey" title="Leo McCarey">Leo McCarey</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Capra" title="Frank Capra">Frank Capra</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Huston" title="John Huston">John Huston</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rossen" title="Robert Rossen">Robert Rossen</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Benedek" title="László Benedek">László Benedek</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille" title="Cecil B. DeMille">Cecil B. DeMille</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Zinnemann" title="Fred Zinnemann">Fred Zinnemann</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Logan" title="Joshua Logan">Joshua Logan</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a> (1957)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vincente Minnelli</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wyler" title="William Wyler">William Wyler</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Cardiff" title="Jack Cardiff">Jack Cardiff</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kramer" title="Stanley Kramer">Stanley Kramer</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cukor" title="George Cukor">George Cukor</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Zinnemann" title="Fred Zinnemann">Fred Zinnemann</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Nichols" title="Mike Nichols">Mike Nichols</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Newman" title="Paul Newman">Paul Newman</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Jarrott" title="Charles Jarrott">Charles Jarrott</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hiller" title="Arthur Hiller">Arthur Hiller</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Friedkin" title="William Friedkin">William Friedkin</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Friedkin" title="William Friedkin">William Friedkin</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Polanski" title="Roman Polanski">Roman Polanski</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Forman" title="Miloš Forman">Miloš Forman</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #CFB53B;width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lumet" title="Sidney Lumet">Sidney Lumet</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Ross" title="Herbert Ross">Herbert Ross</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cimino" title="Michael Cimino">Michael Cimino</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Redford" title="Robert Redford">Robert Redford</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Beatty" title="Warren Beatty">Warren Beatty</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Attenborough" title="Richard Attenborough">Richard Attenborough</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Forman" title="Miloš Forman">Miloš Forman</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Huston" title="John Huston">John Huston</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stone" title="Oliver Stone">Oliver Stone</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Bertolucci" title="Bernardo Bertolucci">Bernardo Bertolucci</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stone" title="Oliver Stone">Oliver Stone</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Costner" title="Kevin Costner">Kevin Costner</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stone" title="Oliver Stone">Oliver Stone</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Zemeckis" title="Robert Zemeckis">Robert Zemeckis</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Gibson" title="Mel Gibson">Mel Gibson</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Forman" title="Miloš Forman">Miloš Forman</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Mendes" title="Sam Mendes">Sam Mendes</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ang_Lee" title="Ang Lee">Ang Lee</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #CFB53B;width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Altman" title="Robert Altman">Robert Altman</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson" title="Peter Jackson">Peter Jackson</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ang_Lee" title="Ang Lee">Ang Lee</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Schnabel" title="Julian Schnabel">Julian Schnabel</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Boyle" title="Danny Boyle">Danny Boyle</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Fincher" title="David Fincher">David Fincher</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Affleck" title="Ben Affleck">Ben Affleck</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Cuar%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso Cuarón">Alfonso Cuarón</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Linklater" title="Richard Linklater">Richard Linklater</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Gonz%C3%A1lez_I%C3%B1%C3%A1rritu" title="Alejandro González Iñárritu">Alejandro G. Iñárritu</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damien_Chazelle" title="Damien Chazelle">Damien Chazelle</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro" title="Guillermo del Toro">Guillermo del Toro</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Cuar%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso Cuarón">Alfonso Cuarón</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Mendes" title="Sam Mendes">Sam Mendes</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlo%C3%A9_Zhao" title="Chloé Zhao">Chloé Zhao</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Campion" title="Jane Campion">Jane Campion</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nolan" title="Christopher Nolan">Christopher Nolan</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51535#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51535#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51535#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000080960714">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/17226864">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/40172/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJk8X6R69WtyhQ6P94MVmd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118784145">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79085042">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11916225d">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11916225d">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0109851&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1089058">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000238337&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201104742">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810592308905606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007272345105171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513190706706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA06930570?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500476233">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/c3044489-b8a4-407d-a02d-a3a6b5cf834e">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/107777">RKD Artists</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/26654">Museum of Modern Art</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118784145.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028110943">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w66j7716">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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