CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Human rights in Iran - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"be1d62c1-9f95-43c8-8647-275b92fdb2c6","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Human_rights_in_Iran","wgTitle":"Human rights in Iran","wgCurRevisionId":1254881552,"wgRevisionId":1254881552,"wgArticleId":16652449,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 errors: periodical ignored","CS1 maint: unfit URL","CS1 Persian-language sources (fa)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from October 2020","Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2022","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Commons category link is on Wikidata","CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown", "All pages needing factual verification","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2013","Human rights in Iran","History of the Islamic Republic of Iran","Women's rights in Iran","Human rights by country"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Human_rights_in_Iran","wgRelevantArticleId":16652449,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[], "wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2914529","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready", "ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/1200px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1181"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/800px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="787"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/640px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="630"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Human rights in Iran - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Iran&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Human_rights_in_Iran rootpage-Human_rights_in_Iran skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Human+rights+in+Iran" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Human+rights+in+Iran" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Human+rights+in+Iran" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Human+rights+in+Iran" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Pahlavi_dynasty_(1925_to_1979)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pahlavi_dynasty_(1925_to_1979)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Pahlavi dynasty (1925 to 1979)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pahlavi_dynasty_(1925_to_1979)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pahlavi dynasty (1925 to 1979) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pahlavi_dynasty_(1925_to_1979)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reza_Shah_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reza_Shah_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Reza Shah era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reza_Shah_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mohammad_Reza_Shah_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mohammad_Reza_Shah_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Mohammad Reza Shah era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mohammad_Reza_Shah_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1971–77" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1971–77"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>1971–77</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1971–77-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Islamic Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_Republic,_(since_1979)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_Republic,_(since_1979)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Islamic Republic, (since 1979)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Islamic_Republic,_(since_1979)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Islamic Republic, (since 1979) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Islamic_Republic,_(since_1979)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post-revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Post-revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>New Constitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Velayat-e_faqih_and_regime_self-preservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Velayat-e_faqih_and_regime_self-preservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Velayat-e faqih and regime self-preservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Velayat-e_faqih_and_regime_self-preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_decade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_decade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>First decade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_decade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s_and_the_Chain_Murders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s_and_the_Chain_Murders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>1990s and the Chain Murders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s_and_the_Chain_Murders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_21st_century_and_mass_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_21st_century_and_mass_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Early 21st century and mass protests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_21st_century_and_mass_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2022_Mahsa_Amini_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022_Mahsa_Amini_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5.1</span> <span>2022 Mahsa Amini protests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022_Mahsa_Amini_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perspective_of_the_Islamic_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perspective_of_the_Islamic_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Perspective of the Islamic Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perspective_of_the_Islamic_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relative_openness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relative_openness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Relative openness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relative_openness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Comparison</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights_bodies_and_sources_of_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights_bodies_and_sources_of_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Human rights bodies and sources of information</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights_bodies_and_sources_of_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in Iran</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حقوق الإنسان في إيران – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حقوق الإنسان في إيران" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ইরানে মানবাধিকার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইরানে মানবাধিকার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drets_humans_a_l%27Iran" title="Drets humans a l'Iran – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Drets humans a l'Iran" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derechos_humanos_en_Ir%C3%A1n" title="Derechos humanos en Irán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Derechos humanos en Irán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حقوق بشر در ایران – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حقوق بشر در ایران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droits_de_l%27homme_en_Iran" title="Droits de l'homme en Iran – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Droits de l'homme en Iran" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diritti_umani_in_Iran" title="Diritti umani in Iran – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diritti umani in Iran" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9F" title="זכויות האדם באיראן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זכויות האדם באיראן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensenrechten_in_Iran" title="Mensenrechten in Iran – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mensenrechten in Iran" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%A8%A9" title="イラン・イスラーム共和国における人権 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イラン・イスラーム共和国における人権" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%90_%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="په ایران کې بشري حقونه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="په ایران کې بشري حقونه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawa_cz%C5%82owieka_w_Iranie" title="Prawa człowieka w Iranie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prawa człowieka w Iranie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direitos_humanos_no_Ir%C3%A3" title="Direitos humanos no Irã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Direitos humanos no Irã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Права человека в Иране – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Права человека в Иране" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran" title="Human rights in Iran – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Human rights in Iran" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihmisoikeudet_Iranissa" title="Ihmisoikeudet Iranissa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ihmisoikeudet Iranissa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%88%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="ஈரானில் மனித உரிமைகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஈரானில் மனித உரிமைகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran%27da_insan_haklar%C4%B1" title="İran'da insan hakları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İran'da insan hakları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2914529#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Human_rights_in_Iran" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Iran&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Iran&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Iran&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Iran&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Human_rights_in_Iran" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Human_rights_in_Iran" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Iran&oldid=1254881552" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Iran&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Human_rights_in_Iran&id=1254881552&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHuman_rights_in_Iran"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHuman_rights_in_Iran"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Human_rights_in_Iran&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Iran&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_rights_in_Iran" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2914529" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about human rights in Iran. For more details on human rights in post-<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">revolutionary</a> Iran, see <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran">Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran</a>. For more details on human rights under the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Imperial_State_of_Iran" title="Human rights in the Imperial State of Iran">Human rights in the Imperial State of Iran</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">Politics of Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Iran.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/135px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/203px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/270px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.4em;"> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Islamic Republic of Iran">Government of Islamic Republic of Iran</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Leadership</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts" title="Assembly of Experts">Assembly of Experts</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_Assembly_of_Experts" title="List of chairmen of the Assembly of Experts">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Ali_Movahedi_Kermani" title="Mohammad-Ali Movahedi Kermani">Mohammad-Ali Movahedi Kermani</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Executive</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Iran" title="List of presidents of Iran">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mokhber" title="Mohammad Mokhber">Mohammad Mokhber</a> (acting)</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Iran#First_Vice_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of Iran">First Vice President</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Iran#List" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of Iran">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mokhber" title="Mohammad Mokhber">Mohammad Mokhber</a></dd></dl></li> <li>Supervisor of <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Administration_of_Iran" title="Presidential Administration of Iran">Presidential Administration</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Gholam-Hossein_Esmaeili" title="Gholam-Hossein Esmaeili">Gholam-Hossein Esmaeili</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Iran" title="Cabinet of Iran">Cabinet</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ebrahim_Raisi_(2021%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Ebrahim Raisi (2021–present)">Government of Raisi</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_Iran" title="Legislature of Iran">Legislative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">Islamic Consultative Assembly</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Speakers of the Parliament of Iran">Speaker</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Bagher_Ghalibaf" title="Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf">Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Audit_Court_of_Iran" title="Supreme Audit Court of Iran">Supreme Audit Court</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chairmen_of_the_Guardian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chairmen of the Guardian Council">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Jannati" title="Ahmad Jannati">Ahmad Jannati</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial system of Iran">Judicial</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Iran" title="Chief Justice of Iran">Chief Justice</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Gholam-Hossein_Mohseni-Ezhe%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Ezhe'i">Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Ezhe'i</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecutor-General_of_Iran" title="Prosecutor-General of Iran">Attorney General</a> <dl><dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Movahedi-Azad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammad Movahedi-Azad (page does not exist)">Mohammad Movahedi-Azad</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Iran" title="Supreme Court of Iran">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Court" title="Islamic Revolutionary Court">Islamic Revolutionary Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Clerical_Court" title="Special Clerical Court">Special Clerical Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Inspection_Office_(Iran)" title="General Inspection Office (Iran)">General Inspection Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Council_for_Human_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="High Council for Human rights">High Council for Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Justice (Iran)">Ministry of Justice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Supreme Councils</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Security_Council" title="Supreme National Security Council">Supreme National Security Council</a></span> <dl><dd>Secretary: <a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Ahmadian" title="Ali Akbar Ahmadian">Ali Akbar Ahmadian</a></dd></dl></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Cultural_Revolution" title="Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution">Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expediency_Discernment_Council" title="Expediency Discernment Council">Expediency Discernment Council</a> <dl><dd>Chairman: <a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Larijani" title="Sadeq Larijani">Sadeq Larijani</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Local governments</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Municipality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State">Secretary of state</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/City_and_Village_Councils_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="City and Village Councils of Iran">City Council</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iran" title="Elections in Iran">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_Office_(Iran)" title="Election Office (Iran)">Election Office</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a></li></ul></div></div> <hr /> <ul><li>Recent and future elections <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_presidential_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Iranian presidential elections">Presidential</a>:</li><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Iranian_presidential_election" title="2021 Iranian presidential election">2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Iranian_presidential_election" title="2024 Iranian presidential election"><i>2024</i></a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_legislative_elections" title="List of Iranian legislative elections">Legislative</a>:</li><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Iranian_legislative_election" title="2020 Iranian legislative election">2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Iranian_legislative_election" title="2024 Iranian legislative election">2024</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Experts:</li><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Iranian_Assembly_of_Experts_election" title="2016 Iranian Assembly of Experts election">2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Iranian_Assembly_of_Experts_election" title="2024 Iranian Assembly of Experts election">2024</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Local:</li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_Iranian_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2021 Iranian local elections (page does not exist)">2021</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2025_Iranian_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2025 Iranian local elections (page does not exist)">2025</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Iran">Political parties</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_factions_in_Iran" title="Political factions in Iran">factions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;;text-align:center;"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Inside government</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Reformists" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Reformists">Reformists</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Principlists">Principlists</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Outside government</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Iran" title="Monarchism in Iran">Monarchism</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Iran" title="Liberalism in Iran">Liberalism</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationalism" title="Iranian nationalism">Nationalism</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranism" title="Pan-Iranism">Pan-Iranism</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Iran" title="Socialism in Iran">Socialism</a></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideology of the Iranian Revolution">Intellectual backdrop</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hossein_Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hossein Borujerdi">Hossein Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Ahmad Fardid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government" title="Islamic Government">Islamic Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Iran" title="Propaganda in Iran">Propaganda in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Foreign relations of Iran">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iran)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Iran)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Iran)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ali_Bagheri" title="Ali Bagheri">Ali Bagheri</a> (acting)</dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Iran" title="List of diplomatic missions of Iran">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Iran" title="List of diplomatic missions in Iran">in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationality_law" title="Iranian nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_passport" title="Iranian passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Iranian_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Iranian citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Iran" title="Visa policy of Iran">Visa policy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iran" title="Taxation in Iran">Taxation in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_of_iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces of iran">Armed forces of Iran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/16px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/24px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Iran" title="Template:Politics of Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Iran" title="Template talk:Politics of Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>From the Imperial <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty</a> (1925 to 1979), through the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Islamic Revolution</a> (1979), to the era of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Republic of Iran</a> (1979 to current), government treatment of Iranian citizens' rights has been criticized by Iranians, international <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> activists, writers, and <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGOs</a>. While the monarchy under the rule of the shahs was widely attacked by most Western watchdog organizations for having an abysmal human rights record, the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">government of the Islamic Republic</a> which succeeded it is considered still worse by many.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian-1983-85_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian-1983-85-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pahlavi dynasty—<a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Reza Shah Pahlavi">Reza Shah Pahlavi</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Shah_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi</a>—has sometimes been described as a "royal dictatorship",<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "one man rule",<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and employed <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">secret police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Executions" class="mw-redirect" title="Executions">executions</a> to stifle political dissent. During Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi's reign, estimates of the number of political prisoners executed vary from less than 100<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian-1983-85_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian-1983-85-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 300. </p><p>Under the Islamic Republic, the prison system was centralized and drastically expanded; in one early period (1981–1985), more than 7900 people were executed.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian-1983-85_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian-1983-85-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Islamic Republic has been criticized both for restrictions and punishments that follow the Islamic Republic's constitution and law, but not international human rights norms (harsh penalties for crimes, punishment of <a href="/wiki/Victimless_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Victimless crimes">victimless crimes</a>, restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">the press</a>, restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>, etc.); and for "extrajudicial" actions that follow neither, such as firebombings of newspaper offices, and beatings, torture, rape, and killing without trial of political prisoners and dissidents/civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ICHRIescalates_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICHRIescalates-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pahlavi_dynasty_(1925_to_1979)"><span id="Pahlavi_dynasty_.281925_to_1979.29"></span>Pahlavi dynasty (1925 to 1979)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pahlavi dynasty (1925 to 1979)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Imperial_State_of_Iran" title="Human rights in the Imperial State of Iran">Human rights in the Imperial State of Iran</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_State_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial State of Iran">Imperial State of Iran</a>, the government of Iran during the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty</a>, lasted from 1925 to 1979. The use of torture and abuse of prisoners varied at times during the Pahlavi reign, according to one history,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but both of two monarchs –  <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Reza Shah Pahlavi">Reza Shah Pahlavi</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Shah_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi</a> –  employed censorship, <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">secret police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Executions" class="mw-redirect" title="Executions">executions</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reza_Shah_era">Reza Shah era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reza Shah era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reign of Reza Shah was authoritarian and dictatorial at a time when <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian governments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorships</a> were common in both the region and the world, and the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> was some years away.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freedom of the press, workers' rights, and political freedoms were restricted under Reza Shah. Independent newspapers were closed down, <a href="/wiki/Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">political parties</a> –  even the loyal Revival party  –  were banned. The government banned all trade unions in 1927, and arrested 150 labor organizers between 1927 and 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Physical force was used against some kinds of prisoners –  common criminals, suspected spies, and those accused of plotting regicide. Burglars in particular were subjected to the <a href="/wiki/Foot_whipping" title="Foot whipping">bastinado</a> (beating the soles of the feet), and the <a href="/wiki/Strappado" title="Strappado">strappado</a> (suspended in the air by means of a rope tied around the victims arms) to "reveal their hidden loot". Suspected spies and assassins were "beaten, deprived of sleep, and subjected to the qapani" (the binding of arms tightly behind the back) which sometimes caused a joint to crack. But for political prisoners –  who were primarily <a href="/wiki/Communists#Marxist_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Communists">Communists</a> –  there was a "conspicuous absence of torture" under Reza Shah's rule.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main form of pressure was solitary confinement and the withholding of "books, newspapers, visitors, food packages, and proper medical care". While often threatened with the qapani, political prisoners "were rarely subjected to it."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mohammad_Reza_Shah_era">Mohammad Reza Shah era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mohammad Reza Shah era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Imperial_State_of_Iran#Mohammad_Reza_Shah" title="Human rights in the Imperial State of Iran">Human_rights_in_the_Imperial_State_of_Iran § Mohammad_Reza_Shah</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1963_demonstrations_in_Iran" title="1963 demonstrations in Iran">1963 demonstrations in Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MohammadReza_Pahlavi_visits_television_center_of_Habiblollah_Sabet,_There_are_also_Hormoz_Sabet,_Naser_Zolfaghari,_Ali_Mo%27ayyed_Sabeti,_Nematollah_Nasiri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/MohammadReza_Pahlavi_visits_television_center_of_Habiblollah_Sabet%2C_There_are_also_Hormoz_Sabet%2C_Naser_Zolfaghari%2C_Ali_Mo%27ayyed_Sabeti%2C_Nematollah_Nasiri.jpg/220px-MohammadReza_Pahlavi_visits_television_center_of_Habiblollah_Sabet%2C_There_are_also_Hormoz_Sabet%2C_Naser_Zolfaghari%2C_Ali_Mo%27ayyed_Sabeti%2C_Nematollah_Nasiri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/MohammadReza_Pahlavi_visits_television_center_of_Habiblollah_Sabet%2C_There_are_also_Hormoz_Sabet%2C_Naser_Zolfaghari%2C_Ali_Mo%27ayyed_Sabeti%2C_Nematollah_Nasiri.jpg/330px-MohammadReza_Pahlavi_visits_television_center_of_Habiblollah_Sabet%2C_There_are_also_Hormoz_Sabet%2C_Naser_Zolfaghari%2C_Ali_Mo%27ayyed_Sabeti%2C_Nematollah_Nasiri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/MohammadReza_Pahlavi_visits_television_center_of_Habiblollah_Sabet%2C_There_are_also_Hormoz_Sabet%2C_Naser_Zolfaghari%2C_Ali_Mo%27ayyed_Sabeti%2C_Nematollah_Nasiri.jpg/440px-MohammadReza_Pahlavi_visits_television_center_of_Habiblollah_Sabet%2C_There_are_also_Hormoz_Sabet%2C_Naser_Zolfaghari%2C_Ali_Mo%27ayyed_Sabeti%2C_Nematollah_Nasiri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nematollah_Nassiri" title="Nematollah Nassiri">Nematollah Nassiri</a>, head of shah's secret police <a href="/wiki/SAVAK" title="SAVAK">SAVAK</a>, with Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, 1970</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG/220px-%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG/330px-%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG/440px-%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Protesters killed by the Shah's regime on <a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1978)" title="Black Friday (1978)">Black Friday</a>, 1978</figcaption></figure> <p>Mohammad Reza became monarch after his father was deposed following the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a> in 1941. Political prisoners (mostly Communists) were released by the occupying powers, and the shah (crown prince at the time) no longer had control of the parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But after an attempted assassination of the Shah in 1949, he was able to declare martial law, imprison communists and other opponents, and restrict criticism of the royal family in the press.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the pro-Shah coup d'état that overthrew the Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammad Mosaddegh</a> in 1953, the Shah again cracked down on his opponents, and political freedom waned. He outlawed Mosaddegh's political group the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Iran)" title="National Front (Iran)">National Front</a>, and arrested most of its leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 4000 political activists of the Tudeh party were arrested,<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian,_Ervand_1999,_p.89_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian,_Ervand_1999,_p.89-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (including 477 in the armed forces), forty were executed, another 14 died under torture and over 200 were sentenced to life imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian,_1999,_p.92_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian,_1999,_p.92-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian,_1999,_p.84_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian,_1999,_p.84-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the height of its power, the shah's secret police <a href="/wiki/SAVAK" title="SAVAK">SAVAK</a> had virtually unlimited powers. The agency closely collaborated with the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Amnesty International's Annual Report for 1974–1975 "the total number of political prisoners has been reported at times throughout the year [1975] to be anything from 25,000 to 100,000."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1971–77"><span id="1971.E2.80.9377"></span>1971–77</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1971–77"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1971, a guerrilla attack on a <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarmerie</a> post (where three police were killed and two guerrillas freed, known as the "<a href="/wiki/Siahkal_incident" title="Siahkal incident">Siahkal incident</a>") sparked "an intense guerrilla struggle" against the government, and harsh government countermeasures.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leftist_guerrilla_groups_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Leftist guerrilla groups of Iran">Guerrillas</a> embracing "<a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">armed struggle</a>" to overthrow the Shah, and inspired by international <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-imperialist</a> revolutionaries (<a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a>), were quite active in the first half of the 1970s<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when hundreds of them died in clashes with government forces and dozens of Iranians were executed.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian,_1999_p.135-6_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian,_1999_p.135-6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, the Shah carried out at least 300 political executions.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Torture was used to locate arms caches, safe houses and accomplices of the guerrillas, and also in attempts to induce enemies of the state to become supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1975, the human rights group Amnesty International –  whose membership and international influence grew greatly during the 1970s<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> –  issued a report on treatment of political prisoners in Iran that was "extensively covered in the European and American Press".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1976, this repression was softened considerably thanks to publicity and scrutiny by "numerous international organizations and foreign newspapers" as well as the newly elected President of the United States, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islamic_Revolution">Islamic Revolution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Islamic Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1978–79 <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> overthrowing the Pahlavi government started with demonstrations in October 1977 and ended on 11 February 1979 with the defeat of the Shah's troops. During the revolution, protestors were fired upon by troops and prisoners were executed. The real and imaginary human rights violations contributed directly to the Shah's demise,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (as did <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Iranian_Revolution#Explanation" class="mw-redirect" title="Casualties of the Iranian Revolution">his scruples in not violating human rights</a> as much as his general urged him to, according to some).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The deaths of the popular and influential modernist Islamist leader <a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a> and the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini's son Mostafa, in 1977, were believed to be assassinations perpetrated by SAVAK by many Iranians.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taheri_1985_182-3_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taheri_1985_182-3-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 September 1978, (<a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1978)" title="Black Friday (1978)">Black Friday</a>) troops fired on religious demonstrators in Zhaleh (or Jaleh) Square. The clerical leadership announced that "thousands have been massacred by Zionist troops" (i.e. Israel troops rumored to be aiding the Shah),<sup id="cite_ref-Taheri,_1985_p._223_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taheri,_1985_p._223-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a> reported 4000 had been killed,<sup id="cite_ref-E._Baqi,_p.160-1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E._Baqi,_p.160-1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and another European journalist reported that the military left behind a `carnage`.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johann Beukes, author of <i>Foucault in Iran, 1978–1979</i>, notes that "Foucault seems to have adhered to this exaggerated death count at Djaleh Square, propagated by the revolting masses themselves. Thousands were wounded, but the death toll unlikely accounted to more than hundred casualties".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the historian <a href="/wiki/Abbas_Amanat" title="Abbas Amanat">Abbas Amanat</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The clerical activists, backed by the <a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Marja%27" title="Marja'">marja's</a></i>, capitalized on the Jaleh Square massacre to paint the regime as brutal and illegitimate. Aided by a rumor-mongering machine that became fully operational in the absence of reliable media and news reporting, the number of casualties, the “martyrs” on the path of Islam, was inflated to thousands, and the troops who opened fire on them were labeled as <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> mercenaries who were brought in to crush the revolution.</p></blockquote> <p>Post-revolutionary accounting by <a href="/wiki/Emadeddin_Baghi" title="Emadeddin Baghi">Emadeddin Baghi</a>, of the government <a href="/wiki/Foundation_of_Martyrs_and_Veterans_Affairs" title="Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans Affairs">Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans Affairs</a>, found 88 people killed on Black Friday: 64 (including two females) in Jaleh Square, and 24 (including one woman) in other parts of the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-Baghi_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baghi-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the military historian <a href="/wiki/Spencer_C._Tucker" title="Spencer C. Tucker">Spencer C. Tucker</a>, 94 were killed on Black Friday, consisting of 64 protesters and 30 government security forces.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_studies" title="Iranian studies">Iranologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Foltz" title="Richard Foltz">Richard Foltz</a>, 64 protesters died at Jaleh Square.<sup id="cite_ref-Foltz_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foltz-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islamic_Republic,_(since_1979)"><span id="Islamic_Republic.2C_.28since_1979.29"></span>Islamic Republic, (since 1979)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Islamic Republic, (since 1979)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran">Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-revolution">Post-revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Constitution">New Constitution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: New Constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a></div> <p>The new constitution of the Islamic Republic<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was <a href="/wiki/December_1979_Iranian_constitutional_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum">adopted by referendum</a> in December 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-Davari2004_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davari2004-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eur2002_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eur2002-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Ayatollah Khomeini was the undisputed leader of the revolution, he had many supporters who hoped the revolution would replace the Shah with democracy. Consequently, the constitution combined conventional <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democratic</a> mandates for an elected president and legislature,<sup id="cite_ref-Fukuyama_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fukuyama-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil and political rights</a> for its citizens, with theocratic elements Khomeini desired. But it was theocracy that was pre-eminent. The constitution vested sovereignty in God, mandated non-elected governing bodies/authorities to supervise the elected ones,<sup id="cite_ref-Fukuyama_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fukuyama-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and subordinated the civil/political rights<sup id="cite_ref-http_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-http-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the laws/precepts/principles of Islam,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Khomeinism#Human_rights" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism § Human_rights</a></div> <p>Some of the ways that basics of law in Iran clashed with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights after 1979 included: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a></div> <ul><li>The use Classical Islamic law (<a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>), such as <ul><li>victimless crimes: '“insulting the prophet,” “apostasy,” adultery, same-sex relations (all potentially punishable by death), drinking of alcoholic beverages,<sup id="cite_ref-HRW-2019_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW-2019-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> failure (for a woman) to wear hijab,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>harsh punishments: stoning to death, amputation, lashing,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> retribution (or <i>qisas</i>, aka "<a href="/wiki/Eye_for_an_eye" title="Eye for an eye">Eye for an eye</a>")<sup id="cite_ref-NATLEX_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NATLEX-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which can include blinding the offender.<sup id="cite_ref-Dehghan-5-3-2015_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dehghan-5-3-2015-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>unequal rights for women in several areas: a woman is not valued the same as a man in blood money (<i><a href="/wiki/Diya_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diya (Islam)">diya</a></i>), in inheritance, in court testimony (making conviction for rape of women difficult if not impossible in Iran), a woman needs her husband's permission to work outside the home or leave the country.<sup id="cite_ref-mehr2007_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mehr2007-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> covering of hair is compulsory.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Transwomen</a> are viewed as prostitutes and face judgment and danger from the law due to this.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>restrictions on religious freedom and equality: <ul><li>Only Shia Muslims are eligible to become Supreme Leader or President.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (non-Shia Muslims did not have equal rights with Shia).<sup id="cite_ref-CfHRiI-17-9-2017_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CfHRiI-17-9-2017-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Religiously based punishments include <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy_law_in_Iran" title="Blasphemy law in Iran">blasphemy</a>.</li> <li>Non-Muslims are encouraged to convert to Islam, but <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">conversion from Islam to another religion</a> (apostasy) is prohibited, and may be punishable by death; This is widely thought to explain <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Iran#After_the_Islamic_Revolution" title="Baháʼí Faith in Iran">the brutal treatment of Baháʼís</a><sup id="cite_ref-fdih1_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fdih1-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who descend from Iranian Shia and hold that the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1b" title="Báb">Báb</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a> of Shia Islam and his revelations supersede the Quran.<sup id="cite_ref-KAZEMZADEH-2000_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KAZEMZADEH-2000-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The IRI insist the Bahai are traitors and subversives.)<sup id="cite_ref-CNNdestroy_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNdestroy-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>a Muslim man committing adultery with a Muslim woman is subject to 100 lashes, a non-Muslim man death.<sup id="cite_ref-framework_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-framework-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Others subject to religious discrimination include Protestant Christians, (at least in part because of their "readiness to accept and even seek out Muslim converts");<sup id="cite_ref-hrw97Minorities_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw97Minorities-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> irreligious,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and otherwise orthodox Shia charged with apostasy for questioning the IRI doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government" title="Islamic Government">obeying the political "guardianship" of the Supreme Leader</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rights_of_the_Child_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rights of the Child in Iran">Children's rights</a>: The age of maturity and <a href="/wiki/Age_of_criminal_responsibility" title="Age of criminal responsibility">criminal responsibility</a> in international norms is 18 years, but mainstream Shia <a href="/wiki/Ja%CA%BDfari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaʽfari jurisprudence">Jaʽfari jurisprudence</a> (and the Iranian Civil Code) hold that a female becomes an adult at the age of 8 years and 9 months (i.e. 9 lunar years), and a male at 14 years and 7 months (i.e. 15 lunar years);<sup id="cite_ref-Tavana-EJoIaMEL-2004-33_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tavana-EJoIaMEL-2004-33-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a disparity that has led to the execution in Iran of large numbers of (what international law says are) juvenile offenders.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>The laws of the IRI do not follow "<a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran#Modification_to_sharia" title="Judicial system of the Islamic Republic of Iran">sharia exactly</a> and some slight modifications to it have made since 1979 that slightly improve the IRI human rights record: <ul><li>in 2002, authorities placed a moratorium on execution by stoning,<sup id="cite_ref-Wooldridge-bbc-2010_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wooldridge-bbc-2010-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but as of 2018, women were still being sentenced to stoning in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-IFfHR-19-11-2019_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IFfHR-19-11-2019-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>in 2004 blood money was made more equal. Under traditional Islamic law, "blood money" (<i><a href="/wiki/Diya_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diya (Islam)">diya</a></i>, financial compensation paid to the victim or heirs of a victim in the cases of murder, bodily harm or property damage) varies based on the gender and religion of the victim (Muslims and men being worth more). The International Religious Freedom Report reports that in 2004 the IRI parliament and Guardian Council reformed the law to equalized diya (also diyeh) between Muslim, Christian, Jewish, and Zoroastrian men. (Baháʼí men were excluded, since according to law there is no "blood money" for Baháʼí since their blood is considered <i>Mobah</i>, i.e. it can be spilled with impunity).<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>on 10 February 2012, Iran's parliament raised the minimum age for adulthood to 18 (solar years).<sup id="cite_ref-iranwpd.com_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranwpd.com-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Velayat-e_faqih_and_regime_self-preservation">Velayat-e faqih and regime self-preservation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Velayat-e faqih and regime self-preservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The IRI has a number of laws and clauses in the constitution in violation of human rights provisions whose connection to classical sharia may be tenuous but that do mention protecting "principles of Islam" and have been used since 1979 to protect the government from dissent. <ul><li>Restrictions on expression and media. The 1985 press law established press courts with the power to impose criminal penalties on individuals and to order closures of newspapers and periodicals, involved in "discourse harmful to the principles of Islam" and "public interest".<sup id="cite_ref-1999-report-FRAMEWORK_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1999-report-FRAMEWORK-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Restrictions on political freedom. Article 27 of the constitution limits "Public gatherings and marches" to those that "are not detrimental to the fundamental principles of Islam," and according to <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, "broadly worded 'security laws'" in Iran are used "to arbitrarily suppress and punish individuals for peaceful political expression, association, and assembly, in breach of international human rights treaties to which Iran is party". For example, "connections to foreign institutions, persons, or sources of funding" are enough to bring criminal charges such as "undermining national security" against individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-hrw_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>In addition, some provisions of the constitution are believed to give the government license to go outside the constitution's <i>own</i> protections of civil and political rights, (for example article 167 of the constitution gives judges the discretion "to deliver his judgment on the basis of authoritative Islamic sources and authentic <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> (rulings issued by qualified clerical jurists))." Under the Islamic Republic, assassinations and other killings, beatings, rapes, torture and imprisonment of dissidents by government forces without any sort of due process were often described as "extrajudicial". But former <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Revolutionary Guard</a> turned dissident <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Ganji" title="Akbar Ganji">Akbar Ganji</a> argues these were actually <i>not</i> outside the penal code of the Islamic Republic since the code "authorises a citizen to assassinate another if he is judged to be 'impious'".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Historian <a href="/wiki/Ervand_Abrahamian" title="Ervand Abrahamian">Ervand Abrahamian</a> writes that the torture of prisoners and the <a href="/wiki/1988_executions_of_Iranian_political_prisoners" title="1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners">execution of thousands of political prisoners in 1988</a> have been reported to follow at least some form of Islamic law and legal procedures.)<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Abrahamian, in the eyes of Iranian officials, "the survival of the Islamic Republic –  and therefore of Islam itself –  justified the means used," and trumped any right of the individual.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Finally, in early 1988, shortly before his death, Imam Khomeini issued a fatwa ruling that Iran's Islamic government was "a branch of the Prophet's absolute Wilayat" and so important to Islam that it was one of "the primary (first order) rules of Islam" and that "ordinances of the law even praying, fasting and Hajj" were secondary ordinances over which Islamic government had "precedence".<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote: "The Islamic State could prevent implementation of everything – devotional and non- devotional – that ... seems against Islam's interests".<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Keyhan,_January_8,_1988_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keyhan,_January_8,_1988-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This doctrine -- <i>velayat-e motlaqaye faqih</i> ("the absolute authority of the jurist") -- indicated (according to Abrahamian) that "the survival of the Islamic Republic" and Islam itself were indeed tied together. It indicated to another scholar (Elizabeth Mayer) that the Islamic Republic was "freed ... to do as it chose — even if this meant violating fundamental pillars of the religion ..." (and, of course, the Iranian constitution) — and that <i>velayat-e motlaqaye faqih</i>, not sharia law, explained "the prevalence of torture and punishment of political dissent" in the Islamic Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayer-1996-269-absolute_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayer-1996-269-absolute-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_decade">First decade</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: First decade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vast majority of killings of political prisoners occurred in the first decade of the Islamic Republic, after which violent repression lessened.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the revolution, the new regime worked to consolidate its rule. Human rights groups estimated the number of casualties suffered by protesters and prisoners of the Islamic government to be several thousand. The first to be executed were members of the old system – senior generals, followed by over 200 senior civilian officials.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their trials were brief and lacked defense attorneys, juries, transparency or the opportunity for the accused to defend themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By January 1980 "at least 582 persons" had been executed.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid-August 1979, several dozen newspapers and magazines opposing Khomeini's idea of theocratic rule by jurists were shut down.<sup id="cite_ref-Schrirazi_1997_51_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schrirazi_1997_51-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Moin_2000_129-20_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moin_2000_129-20-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political parties were banned (the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Front_(Iran)" title="National Democratic Front (Iran)">National Democratic Front</a> in August 1979, the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_People%27s_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim People's Republican Party">Muslim People's Republican Party</a> in January 1980), a purge of universities started in March 1980. </p><p>Between January 1980 and June 1981 another 900 executions (at least) took place,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for everything from drug and sexual offenses to "corruption on earth", from plotting counter-revolution and spying for Israel to membership in opposition groups.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And in the year after that, at least 8,000 were executed.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian,_1999_p.135-6_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian,_1999_p.135-6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to estimates provided by the military historian <a href="/wiki/Spencer_C._Tucker" title="Spencer C. Tucker">Spencer C. Tucker</a>, in the period of 1980 to 1985, between 25,000 and 40,000 Iranians were arrested, 15,000 Iranians were tried and 8,000 to 9,500 Iranians were executed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EvinHouseofDetention.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/EvinHouseofDetention.jpg/220px-EvinHouseofDetention.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/EvinHouseofDetention.jpg/330px-EvinHouseofDetention.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/EvinHouseofDetention.jpg/440px-EvinHouseofDetention.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Evin_Prison" title="Evin Prison">Evin Prison</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1988_executions_of_Iranian_political_prisoners" title="1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners">1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/1988_executions_of_Iranian_political_prisoners" title="1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners">Somewhere between 3000 and 30,000 political prisoners were executed</a> between July and early September 1988 on orders of the Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. While the government attempted to keep the executions secret, by 2020 UN Special Rapporteurs had sent a letter to the IRI describing the killings as "crimes against humanity".<sup id="cite_ref-OotHCoHR_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OotHCoHR-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dariush_Forouhar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Dariush_Forouhar.jpg/150px-Dariush_Forouhar.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Dariush_Forouhar.jpg/225px-Dariush_Forouhar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Dariush_Forouhar.jpg/300px-Dariush_Forouhar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dariush_Forouhar" title="Dariush Forouhar">Dariush Forouhar</a>, leader of <a href="/wiki/Nation_Party_of_Iran" title="Nation Party of Iran">Nation Party</a> was one of the victims of <a href="/wiki/Chain_murders_of_Iran" title="Chain murders of Iran">Chain murders of Iran</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1990s_and_the_Chain_Murders">1990s and the Chain Murders</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1990s and the Chain Murders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chain_murders_of_Iran" title="Chain murders of Iran">Chain murders of Iran</a></div> <p>In the 1990s there were a number of unsolved murders and disappearances of intellectuals and political activists who had been critical of the Islamic Republic system in some way.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998 these complaints came to a head with the killing of three dissident writers (<a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Jafar_Pouyandeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Jafar Pouyandeh">Mohammad Jafar Pouyandeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mokhtari_(protester)" title="Mohammad Mokhtari (protester)">Mohammad Mokhtari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majid_Sharif" title="Majid Sharif">Majid Sharif</a>), a political leader (Dariush Forouhar) and his wife in the span of two months, in what became known as the "Chain murders" or 1998 Serial Murders of Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTJehl_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTJehl-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Altogether more than 80 writers, translators, poets, political activists, and ordinary citizens are thought to have been killed over the course of several years.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTJehl_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTJehl-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While reformist journalists and media were able to uncover the murders, the man responsible for much of the exposing of the chain murders—<a href="/wiki/Saeed_Hajjarian" title="Saeed Hajjarian">Saeed Hajjarian</a>, a Ministry of Intelligence operative-turned-journalist and reformer—came close to being murdered and ended up seriously crippled by a member of the <a href="/wiki/Basij" title="Basij">Basij</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the deputy security official of the Ministry of Information, <a href="/wiki/Saeed_Emami" title="Saeed Emami">Saeed Emami</a> blamed for the killings died in prison, allegedly committing suicide, though many believe he was killed and that "higher level officials were responsible for the killings".<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the rise of the Iranian reform movement and the election of moderate Iranian president <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Khatami" title="Mohammad Khatami">Mohammad Khatami</a> in 1997, numerous moves were made to modify the Iranian civil and penal codes in order to improve the human rights situation. The predominantly reformist parliament drafted several bills allowing increased freedom of speech, gender equality, and the banning of torture. These were all dismissed or significantly watered down by the <a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a> and leading conservative figures in the Iranian government at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_21st_century_and_mass_protests">Early 21st century and mass protests</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Early 21st century and mass protests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Peace_Laureate_Shirin_Ebadi_at_the_World_Summit_of_Nobel_Peace_Laureates_in_Barcelona,_2015_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Nobel_Peace_Laureate_Shirin_Ebadi_at_the_World_Summit_of_Nobel_Peace_Laureates_in_Barcelona%2C_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Nobel_Peace_Laureate_Shirin_Ebadi_at_the_World_Summit_of_Nobel_Peace_Laureates_in_Barcelona%2C_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Nobel_Peace_Laureate_Shirin_Ebadi_at_the_World_Summit_of_Nobel_Peace_Laureates_in_Barcelona%2C_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Nobel_Peace_Laureate_Shirin_Ebadi_at_the_World_Summit_of_Nobel_Peace_Laureates_in_Barcelona%2C_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Nobel_Peace_Laureate_Shirin_Ebadi_at_the_World_Summit_of_Nobel_Peace_Laureates_in_Barcelona%2C_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Nobel_Peace_Laureate_Shirin_Ebadi_at_the_World_Summit_of_Nobel_Peace_Laureates_in_Barcelona%2C_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi" title="Shirin Ebadi">Shirin Ebadi</a>, winner of 2003 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By 2007, <i>The Economist</i> magazine wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>The <a href="/wiki/Iranian_reform_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian reform movement">Tehran spring</a> of ten years ago has now given way to a bleak political winter. The new government continues to close down newspapers, silence dissenting voices and ban or censor books and websites. The peaceful demonstrations and protests of the <a href="/wiki/Khatami" class="mw-redirect" title="Khatami">Khatami</a> era are no longer tolerated: in January 2007 security forces attacked striking bus drivers in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> and arrested hundreds of them. In March police beat hundreds of men and women who had assembled to commemorate <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Several major recent protest movements — the <a href="/wiki/Iran_student_protests,_July_1999" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran student protests, July 1999">July 1999 Iran student protests</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election_protests" title="2009 Iranian presidential election protests">2009 Iranian presidential election protests</a>, <a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Iranian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2017–18 Iranian protests">2017–18 Iranian protests</a>, <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Iranian_protests" title="2019–2020 Iranian protests">2019–2020 Iranian protests</a> — have been met with violent crackdowns from the "parallel institution" of the <a href="/wiki/Basij" title="Basij">Basij</a>, with mass arrests, live ammunition, show trials.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright-NYer-15-january-2020_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-NYer-15-january-2020-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Iranian_protests" title="2019–2020 Iranian protests">November 2019 protests</a> led to hundreds of civilian deaths and thousands of injuries, and a nationwide internet blackout by the government,<sup id="cite_ref-Wright-NYer-15-january-2020_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-NYer-15-january-2020-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "reported abuse and torture in detention",<sup id="cite_ref-HRW-2019-events_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW-2019-events-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the "greenlighting" of "these rampant abuses" by the Supreme Leader <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HRW-events-2020_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW-events-2020-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates of the killed vary from 200<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 1500.<sup id="cite_ref-do_whatever_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-do_whatever-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 2018 to 2020 human rights complaints included a high rate of executions, the targeting of "journalists, online media activists, and human rights defenders" by the "security apparatus and Iran's judiciary" in "blatant disregard of international and domestic legal standards",<sup id="cite_ref-HRW-2017-events_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW-2017-events-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including "decades-long prison sentences" for human rights defenders,<sup id="cite_ref-HRW-2019-events_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW-2019-events-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "excessive force ... arbitrary mass arrests and serious due process violations" in response to economic protests by the public.<sup id="cite_ref-HRW-2018-events_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW-2018-events-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="2022_Mahsa_Amini_protests">2022 Mahsa Amini protests</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2022 Mahsa Amini protests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 2022 a new round of "nationwide" protest began that has "spread across social classes, universities, the streets [and] schools", and been called "the biggest threat" to the government of Iran since its founding with the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Islamic Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian6November_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian6November-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unrest began with the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Mahsa_Amini" title="Death of Mahsa Amini">Death of Mahsa Amini</a> at the hands of Iranian morality Islamic police, after she was detained for allegedly wearing hijab incorrectly. as of 29 November 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Iran&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> at least 448 people, including 60 minors, <sup id="cite_ref-IHR448_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IHR448-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been killed as a result of the government's intervention in the protests. An estimated 18,170 have been arrested throughout 134 cities and towns, and at 132 universities.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perspective_of_the_Islamic_Republic">Perspective of the Islamic Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Perspective of the Islamic Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1984, Iran's representative to the United Nations, Sai Rajaie-Khorassani, declared the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to be representing a "secular understanding of the Judeo-Christian tradition", which did not "accord with the system of values recognized by the Islamic Republic of Iran" and whose provisions the IRI would "not hesitate to violate".<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Officials of the Islamic Republic have responded to criticism by stating that Iran has "the best human rights record" in the Muslim world (2012);<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that it is not obliged to follow "the West's interpretation" of human rights (2008);<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that the Islamic Republic is a victim of "biased propaganda of enemies" which is "part of a greater plan against the <a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_the_world_in_Islam" title="Divisions of the world in Islam">world of Islam</a>" (2008).<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While in 2004 reformist president Mohammad Khatami stated that Iran certainly has "people who are in prison for their ideas." In general Iranian officials have denied Iran has political prisoners (Judiciary chief Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Hashemi_Shahroudi" title="Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi">Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi</a> in 2004),<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or claimed that Iran's human rights record is better than that of countries that criticize it (President <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a> in 2007 and 2008),<sup id="cite_ref-Mottaki_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mottaki-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-democracynow.org_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-democracynow.org-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or better than Israel's.<sup id="cite_ref-Mottaki_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mottaki-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relative_openness">Relative openness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Relative openness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One observation made by some non-governmental individuals about the state of human rights in the Islamic Republic is that it is not so severe that the Iranian public is afraid to criticize its government publicly to strangers. While in neighboring Syria "taxi driver[s] rarely talk politics; the Iranian[s] will talk of nothing else."<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Explanations for why this is include the importance of "debate and discussion" among clerics in <a href="/wiki/Shiite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiite">Shiite</a> Islam that has spilled over into the Iranian public (journalist <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Sciolino" title="Elaine Sciolino">Elaine Sciolino</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that "notions of democracy and human rights" now have much deeper roots among Iranians than under the Shah (Akbar Ganji, Arzoo Osanloo, <a href="/wiki/Hooman_Majd" title="Hooman Majd">Hooman Majd</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in fact are "almost hegemonic" (Arzoo Osanloo),<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so that it is much harder to spread fear among them, even to the point that if Iranian intelligence services "were to arrest anyone who speaks ill of the government in private, they simply couldn't build cells fast enough to hold their prisoners" (journalist Hooman Majd).<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison">Comparison</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Islamic revolution is thought to have a significantly worse human rights record than the Pahlavi dynasty it overthrew. According to political historian Ervand Abrahamian, "whereas less than 100 <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a> had been executed between 1971 and 1979, more than 7900 were executed between 1981 and 1985. ... the prison system was centralized and drastically expanded ... Prison life was drastically worse under the Islamic Republic than under the Pahlavis. One who survived both writes that four months under [Islamic Republic warden] <a href="/wiki/Asadollah_Lajevardi" title="Asadollah Lajevardi">Ladjevardi</a> took the toll of four years under SAVAK.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian-1983-85_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian-1983-85-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the prison literature of the Pahlavi era, the recurring words had been ‘boredom’ and ‘monotony’. In that of the Islamic Republic, they were ‘fear’, ‘death’, ‘terror’, ‘horror’, and most frequent of all ‘nightmare’ (‘kabos’)."<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian,_1999_p.135-6_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian,_1999_p.135-6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights_bodies_and_sources_of_information">Human rights bodies and sources of information</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Human rights bodies and sources of information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the founding of the Islamic Republic, human rights violations have been the subject of resolutions and decisions by the United Nations and its human rights bodies, and by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-affolter_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-affolter-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1980 Iran became one of the few countries (where conditions were bad enough) to ever be investigated by a UN country rapporteur under the UN Special Procedures section. Four years later the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Commission on Human Rights">United Nations Commission on Human Rights</a> appointed a Special Representative on Iran to study its human rights situation and as of 2001 three men have filled that role. In addition to the UN Commission, more information on human rights violations has been provided by Human Rights NGOs and memoires by political prisoners who were released and which became available in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Afshari-2001-xvii_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Afshari-2001-xvii-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Minority_Rights_Group_International" title="Minority Rights Group International">The Minority Rights Group</a>, in 1985 Iran became "the fourth country ever in the history of the United Nations" to be placed on the agenda of the General Assembly because of "the severity and the extent of this human rights record".<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response, not only has the Islamic Republic not implement recommendations to improve conditions (according to the UNCHR), but it has retaliated "against witnesses who testified to the experts."<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR) has repeatedly passed resolutions criticizing human rights violations against Iran's religious minorities—especially the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼís">Baháʼís</a><sup id="cite_ref-affolter_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-affolter-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—as well as the Islamic Republic's "instances of torture, <a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">stoning</a> as a method of execution and punishment such as <a href="/wiki/Flogging" class="mw-redirect" title="Flogging">flogging</a> and amputations",<sup id="cite_ref-cbcnov07_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbcnov07-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the situation of a hunger striker (<a href="/wiki/Farhad_Meysami" title="Farhad Meysami">Farhad Meysami</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, non-governmental human rights groups such as Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Human_Rights_in_Iran" title="Center for Human Rights in Iran">Center for Human Rights in Iran</a>, have issued reports and expressed concern over issues such as the treatment of religious minorities, prison conditions, medical conditions of prisoners,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> deaths of prisoners<sup id="cite_ref-cbcnov07_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbcnov07-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Vahid_Sayadi_Nasiri" title="Vahid Sayadi Nasiri">Vahid Sayadi Nasiri</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mass arrests of anti-government demonstrators.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran has a track record of treating Afghan refugees and migrants poorly, with Human Rights Watch documenting violations including physical abuse, detention in unsanitary and inhumane conditions, forced payment for transportation and accommodation in deportation camps, forced labor, and forced separation of families.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/48px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/64px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Council_for_Human_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="High Council for Human rights">High Council for Human rights, Judiciary of Islamic Republic of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defenders_of_Human_Rights_Center" title="Defenders of Human Rights Center">Defenders of Human Rights Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of speech in Iran">Freedom of speech in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_for_Human_Rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran">International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iran">LGBT rights in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_religious_freedom_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of religious freedom in Iran">Status of religious freedom in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Iran" title="Women's rights in Iran">Women's rights in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran">Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the two and half years from mid 1973 through 1975, three United States colonels, an Iranian general, sergeant, and a Persian translator of the United States Embassy were all assassinated by guerrilla groups <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Persian-speaking British diplomat noted that the gulf between shah and public was now unbridgeable – both because of Black Friday and because of the Abadan fire.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The constitution was <a href="/wiki/1989_Iranian_constitutional_referendum" title="1989 Iranian constitutional referendum">and amended</a> almost ten years later but the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran#1989_Amendments" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran">changes</a> were about the eliminating the need for the Supreme Leader to be a marja chosen by popular acclaim, did not involve human rights.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Abrahamian-1983-85-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian-1983-85_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian-1983-85_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian-1983-85_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian-1983-85_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">source: Anonymous "Prison and Imprisonment", <i>Mojahed</i>, 174–256 (20 October 1983 – 8 August 1985).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=Pahlavi+royal+dictatorship">"Pahlavi royal dictatorship - Google Search"</a>. <i>www.google.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.google.com&rft.atitle=Pahlavi+royal+dictatorship+-+Google+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Ftbm%3Dbks%26hl%3Den%26q%3DPahlavi%2Broyal%2Bdictatorship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jRZ227eqm4sC&dq=Pahlavi+dynasty+%22ours+is+a+one+man+system%22&pg=PA15">Pahlavi Dynasty: An Entry from Encyclopedia of the World of Islam</a> By (ed.) Gholamali Haddad Adel, Mohammad Jafar Elmi, Hassan Taromi-Rad, p.15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ehsan Zarrokh (Ehsan and Gaeini, M. Rahman). "Iranian Legal System and Human Rights Protection" The Islamic Law and Law of the Muslim World e-journal, New York law school 3.2 (2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICHRIescalates-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICHRIescalates_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranhumanrights.org/2008/09/irancrackdown/">"Rights Crisis Escalates Faces and Cases from Ahmadinejad's Crackdown, 20 September 2008"</a>. Iranhumanrights.org. 20 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rights+Crisis+Escalates+Faces+and+Cases+from+Ahmadinejad%27s+Crackdown%2C+20+September+2008&rft.pub=Iranhumanrights.org&rft.date=2008-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranhumanrights.org%2F2008%2F09%2Firancrackdown%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ervand Abrahamian, <i>Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran</i>, (University of California), 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Age of the Dictators: A Study of the European Dictatorships, 1918–53</i>, D. G. Williamson.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ervand Abrahamian, <i>Iran Between Two Revolutions</i>, (Princeton University Press), 1982, p. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abrahamian, <i>Tortured Confessions</i>, 1999, p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abrahamian, <i>Tortured Confessions</i>, 1999, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qh_QotrY7RkC&dq=%22Gone+were+the+days+when+the+shah+could+arrange+the+return+of+his+faithful+deputies%22&pg=PA186">Iran between two revolutions</a> By Ervand Abrahamian, p. 186</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qmVUg_qHr2AC&dq=crack+down+on+religious+militants%2C+communists%2C+and+other+opponents&pg=PA150">The History of Iran</a> By Elton L. Daniel, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Iran in Revolution: The Opposition Forces</i> by E Abrahamian – MERIP Reports</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abrahamian,_Ervand_1999,_p.89-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian,_Ervand_1999,_p.89_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abrahamian, Ervand, <i>Tortured Confessions</i>, (University of California), 1999, pp. 89–90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abrahamian,_1999,_p.92-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian,_1999,_p.92_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamian1999" class="citation book cs1">Abrahamian, Ervand (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_mnrYNIVfCgC&pg=PA92"><i>Tortured Confessions</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21866-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21866-6"><bdi>978-0-520-21866-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tortured+Confessions&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21866-6&rft.aulast=Abrahamian&rft.aufirst=Ervand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_mnrYNIVfCgC%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abrahamian,_1999,_p.84-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian,_1999,_p.84_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamian1999" class="citation book cs1">Abrahamian, Ervand (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_mnrYNIVfCgC&pg=PA84"><i>Tortured Confessions</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21866-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21866-6"><bdi>978-0-520-21866-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tortured+Confessions&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21866-6&rft.aulast=Abrahamian&rft.aufirst=Ervand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_mnrYNIVfCgC%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fisk. <i>Great War for Civilisation</i>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaraheni1976" class="citation journal cs1">Baraheni, Reza (28 October 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1976/10/28/terror-in-iran/">"Terror in Iran"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Terror+in+Iran&rft.date=1976-10-28&rft.aulast=Baraheni&rft.aufirst=Reza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F1976%2F10%2F28%2Fterror-in-iran%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-QJgbEeoLfEC&dq=torture+Siahkal&pg=PA102">Abrahamian, <i>Tortured Confessions</i></a>, p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kurzman, Charles, <i>The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran</i>, Harvard University Press, 2004, p.145–46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">source: Fischer, Michael M.J., <i>Iran, From Religious Dispute to Revolution</i>, Harvard University Press, 1980 p. 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abrahamian,_1999_p.135-6-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian,_1999_p.135-6_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian,_1999_p.135-6_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian,_1999_p.135-6_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abrahamian, <i>Tortured Confessions</i> (1999), pp. 135–36, 167, 169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Washington Post</i>, 23 March 1980.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abrahamian, <i>Tortured Confessions</i>, 1999 p. 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amnesty International's membership increased from 15,000 in 1969 to 200,000 by 1979. <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Amnesty International Report 1968-69</i>. Amnesty International. 1969.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amnesty+International+Report+1968-69&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=1969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Amnesty International Report 1979</i>. Amnesty International. 1980.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amnesty+International+Report+1979&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H20Xt157iYUC&dq=%22amnesty+international%22+shah&pg=PA286">The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 7</a>, edited by W. William Bayne Fisher, P. Avery, G. R. G. Hambly, C. Melville, p. 286</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abrahamian, <i>Tortured Confessions</i>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JJEIQbUnGyYC&dq=human+right+under+the+shah&pg=PA224">Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism: The Liberation Movements of Iran ...</a> By Houchang E Chehabi, p. 225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(source: D. Harney, <i>The Priest and the King: An Eyewitness Account of the Iranian Revolution</i>, (London: Turis, 1999), p. 25)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kurzman, <i>Unthinkable Revolution</i>, (2004), p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moin, <i>Khomeini</i>, (2000), pp. 184–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taheri_1985_182-3-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taheri_1985_182-3_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taheri, <i>The Spirit of Allah</i>, (1985), pp. 182–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taheri,_1985_p._223-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taheri,_1985_p._223_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taheri, <i>The Spirit of Allah</i>, (1985), p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-E._Baqi,_p.160-1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-E._Baqi,_p.160-1_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Baqi, `Figures for the Dead in the Revolution`, <i>Emruz</i>, 30 July 2003 (quoted in <i>A History of Modern Iran</i>, p. 160–61)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Gueyras, `Liberalization is the Main Casualty,` <i>The Guardian</i>, 17 September 1978.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeukes2020" class="citation book cs1">Beukes, Johann (2020). <i>Foucault in Iran, 1978–1979</i>. AOSIS. p. 53 (note 26).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foucault+in+Iran%2C+1978%E2%80%931979&rft.pages=53+%28note+26%29&rft.pub=AOSIS&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Beukes&rft.aufirst=Johann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmanat2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Amanat" title="Abbas Amanat">Amanat, Abbas</a> (2017). <i>Iran: A Modern History</i>. Yale University Press. p. 719.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+A+Modern+History&rft.pages=719&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Amanat&rft.aufirst=Abbas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baghi-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baghi_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emadbaghi.com/en/archives/000592.php#more">"A Question of Numbers"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140804172903/http://www.emadbaghi.com/en/archives/000592.php">Archived</a> 4 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> IranianVoice.org, 8 August 2003 Rouzegar-Now Cyrus Kadivar</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_C._Tucker" title="Spencer C. Tucker">Tucker, Spencer C.</a> (2017). <i>The Roots and Consequences of Civil Wars and Revolutions: Conflicts that Changed World History</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 439.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+and+Consequences+of+Civil+Wars+and+Revolutions%3A+Conflicts+that+Changed+World+History&rft.pages=439&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foltz-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foltz_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoltz2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Foltz" title="Richard Foltz">Foltz, Richard</a> (2016). <i>Iran in World History</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 108.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+in+World+History&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Foltz&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161027004409/https://en.parliran.ir/eng/en/Constitution">"Constitution"</a>. <i>Islamic Parliament of Iran</i>. Parliran.ir. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.parliran.ir/eng/en/Constitution">the original</a> on 27 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Parliament+of+Iran&rft.atitle=Constitution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.parliran.ir%2Feng%2Fen%2FConstitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davari2004-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davari2004_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahmood_T._Davari2004" class="citation book cs1">Mahmood T. Davari (1 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oYHi4AfofW8C&pg=PA138"><i>The Political Thought of Ayatollah Murtaza Mutahhari: An Iranian Theoretician of the Islamic State</i></a>. Routledge. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-29488-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-29488-6"><bdi>978-1-134-29488-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Thought+of+Ayatollah+Murtaza+Mutahhari%3A+An+Iranian+Theoretician+of+the+Islamic+State&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1-134-29488-6&rft.au=Mahmood+T.+Davari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoYHi4AfofW8C%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eur2002-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eur2002_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEur2002" class="citation book cs1">Eur (31 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4CfBKvsiWeQC&pg=PA414"><i>The Middle East and North Africa 2003</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 414. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-132-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-132-2"><bdi>978-1-85743-132-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East+and+North+Africa+2003&rft.pages=414&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002-10-31&rft.isbn=978-1-85743-132-2&rft.au=Eur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4CfBKvsiWeQC%26pg%3DPA414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060908083917/http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/ir__indx.html">"Constitutional Background"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/ir__indx.html">the original</a> on 8 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Background&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oefre.unibe.ch%2Flaw%2Ficl%2Fir__indx.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fukuyama-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fukuyama_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fukuyama_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_Fukuyama2009" class="citation web cs1">Francis Fukuyama (28 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203946904574300374086282670">"Francis Fukuyama: Iranian constitution democratic at heart - WSJ"</a>. <i>WSJ</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WSJ&rft.atitle=Francis+Fukuyama%3A+Iranian+constitution+democratic+at+heart+-+WSJ&rft.date=2009-07-28&rft.au=Francis+Fukuyama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052970203946904574300374086282670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140506150238/http://www.worldpolicy.org/blog/2010/10/12/detailed-analysis-iran%E2%80%99s-constitution">"A Detailed Analysis of Iran's Constitution - World Policy Institute"</a>. <i>worldpolicy.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldpolicy.org/blog/2010/10/12/detailed-analysis-iran%E2%80%99s-constitution">the original</a> on 6 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldpolicy.org&rft.atitle=A+Detailed+Analysis+of+Iran%27s+Constitution+-+World+Policy+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldpolicy.org%2Fblog%2F2010%2F10%2F12%2Fdetailed-analysis-iran%25E2%2580%2599s-constitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-http-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-http_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/iran/Iran99o-03.htm">"The Iranian Legal Framework And International Law"</a>. Human Rights Watch<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Iranian+Legal+Framework+And+International+Law&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F1999%2Firan%2FIran99o-03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProf._Dr._Axel_Tschentscher,_LL.M." class="citation web cs1">Prof. Dr. Axel Tschentscher, LL.M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html">"Iran – Constitution"</a>. Servat.unibe.ch<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran+%E2%80%93+Constitution&rft.pub=Servat.unibe.ch&rft.au=Prof.+Dr.+Axel+Tschentscher%2C+LL.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.servat.unibe.ch%2Ficl%2Fir00000_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRW-2019-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HRW-2019_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/iran">"Iran: Events of 2019"</a>. <i>World Report 2020. Iran. Events of 2019</i>. 12 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iran%3A+Events+of+2019&rft.btitle=World+Report+2020.+Iran.+Events+of+2019&rft.date=2019-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fworld-report%2F2020%2Fcountry-chapters%2Firan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070227113508/http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20070224/wl_mideast_afp/iranjusticesocial">Iran vows crackdown on 'inappropriately' dressed women</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Agence_France_Presse" class="mw-redirect" title="Agence France Presse">AFP</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! News">Yahoo! News</a></i>), 24 February 2007, via the <a href="/wiki/Digital_time_capsule" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital time capsule">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian_Moe" class="citation web cs1">Christian Moe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080827223352/http://www.strasbourgconference.org/papers/Refah%20Revisited-%20Strasbourg%27s%20Construction%20of%20Islam.pdf">"Refah Revisited: Strasbourg's Construction of Islam"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Norwegian Institute of Human Rights. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strasbourgconference.org/papers/Refah%20Revisited-%20Strasbourg's%20Construction%20of%20Islam.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Refah+Revisited%3A+Strasbourg%27s+Construction+of+Islam&rft.pub=Norwegian+Institute+of+Human+Rights&rft.au=Christian+Moe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.strasbourgconference.org%2Fpapers%2FRefah%2520Revisited-%2520Strasbourg%27s%2520Construction%2520of%2520Islam.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NATLEX-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NATLEX_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex_browse.details?p_lang=en&p_country=IRN&p_classification=01.04&p_origin=COUNTRY&p_sortby=SORTBY_COUNTRY">Iranian Civil Code</a>, NATLEX . Retrieved 21 August 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dehghan-5-3-2015-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dehghan-5-3-2015_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDehghan2015" class="citation news cs1">Dehghan, Saeed Kamali (5 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/05/eye-for-an-eye-iran-blinds-man-who-carried-out-acid-attack#:~:text=She%20told%20the%20Guardian%3A%20%E2%80%9CBlinding,carried%20out%20under%20any%20circumstances.%E2%80%9D">"Eye for an eye: Iran blinds acid attacker"</a>. The Guardian<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Eye+for+an+eye%3A+Iran+blinds+acid+attacker&rft.date=2015-03-05&rft.aulast=Dehghan&rft.aufirst=Saeed+Kamali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fmar%2F05%2Feye-for-an-eye-iran-blinds-man-who-carried-out-acid-attack%23%3A~%3Atext%3DShe%2520told%2520the%2520Guardian%253A%2520%25E2%2580%259CBlinding%2Ccarried%2520out%2520under%2520any%2520circumstances.%25E2%2580%259D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mehr2007-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mehr2007_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mehr.org/HumanRightsinIran07.pdf">Human Rights in Iran 2007 MEHR.org</a> p.4,5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mehr.org/Islamic_Penal_Code_of_Iran.pdf">"Islamic Penal Code of Iran, article 300"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Mehr.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islamic+Penal+Code+of+Iran%2C+article+300&rft.pub=Mehr.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmehr.org%2FIslamic_Penal_Code_of_Iran.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131003151252/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/report/women-act-against-repression-and-intimidation-iran-20080228">"Women act against repression and intimidation in Iran, 28 February 2008"</a>. Amnesty.org. 28 February 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/report/women-act-against-repression-and-intimidation-iran-20080228">the original</a> on 3 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+act+against+repression+and+intimidation+in+Iran%2C+28+February+2008&rft.pub=Amnesty.org&rft.date=2008-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fnews-and-updates%2Freport%2Fwomen-act-against-repression-and-intimidation-iran-20080228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaeidzadeh2020" class="citation journal cs1">Saeidzadeh, Zara (2 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09589236.2019.1635439">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Are trans men the manliest of men?" Gender practices, trans masculinity and mardānegī in contemporary Iran"</a>. <i>Journal of Gender Studies</i>. <b>29</b> (3): 295–309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09589236.2019.1635439">10.1080/09589236.2019.1635439</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0958-9236">0958-9236</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199145725">199145725</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Gender+Studies&rft.atitle=%22Are+trans+men+the+manliest+of+men%3F%22+Gender+practices%2C+trans+masculinity+and+mard%C4%81neg%C4%AB+in+contemporary+Iran&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=295-309&rft.date=2020-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A199145725%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0958-9236&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09589236.2019.1635439&rft.aulast=Saeidzadeh&rft.aufirst=Zara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F09589236.2019.1635439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 115 of the Constitution states, they must be from the "official religion of the country" which is described elsewhere as Twelver Ja’afari Shiism</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CfHRiI-17-9-2017-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CfHRiI-17-9-2017_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2017/09/former-sunni-mp-rouhani-government-failing-to-uphold-minority-rights-despite-supreme-leaders-call/">"Former Sunni MP: Rouhani Government Failing to Uphold Minority Rights Despite Supreme Leader's Cal"</a>. <i>Center for Human Rights in Iran</i>. 17 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Human+Rights+in+Iran&rft.atitle=Former+Sunni+MP%3A+Rouhani+Government+Failing+to+Uphold+Minority+Rights+Despite+Supreme+Leader%27s+Cal&rft.date=2017-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranhumanrights.org%2F2017%2F09%2Fformer-sunni-mp-rouhani-government-failing-to-uphold-minority-rights-despite-supreme-leaders-call%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fdih1-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fdih1_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/ir0108a.pdf">"Discrimination against religious minorities in Iran"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="International Federation of Human Rights">International Federation of Human Rights</a>. August 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discrimination+against+religious+minorities+in+Iran&rft.pub=International+Federation+of+Human+Rights&rft.date=2003-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fidh.org%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2Fir0108a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KAZEMZADEH-2000-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KAZEMZADEH-2000_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKAZEMZADEH2000" class="citation journal cs1">KAZEMZADEH, FIRUZ (Summer 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40971483">"The Baha'is in Iran: Twenty Years of Repression"</a>. <i>Social Research</i>. <b>67</b> (2): 537–558. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40971483">40971483</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Research&rft.atitle=The+Baha%27is+in+Iran%3A+Twenty+Years+of+Repression&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=537-558&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40971483%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=KAZEMZADEH&rft.aufirst=FIRUZ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40971483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNNdestroy-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CNNdestroy_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/05/22/iran.bahais/index.html">"22 May 2008. "Iran 'plans to destroy Baha'i community'""</a>. Cnn.com. 22 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=22+May+2008.+%22Iran+%27plans+to+destroy+Baha%27i+community%27%22&rft.date=2008-05-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2008%2FWORLD%2Fmeast%2F05%2F22%2Firan.bahais%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-framework-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-framework_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/1997/iran/Iran-04.htm">"hrw.org, Iran – THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK"</a>. Hrw.org. 22 May 1992<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=hrw.org%2C+Iran+%E2%80%93+THE+LEGAL+FRAMEWORK&rft.pub=Hrw.org&rft.date=1992-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F1997%2Firan%2FIran-04.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hrw97Minorities-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hrw97Minorities_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/1997/iran/Iran-05.htm">"Human Rights Watch: Religious minorities in Iran (1997)"</a>. Hrw.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+Watch%3A+Religious+minorities+in+Iran+%281997%29&rft.pub=Hrw.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F1997%2Firan%2FIran-05.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110809181642/http://amar.sci.org.ir/Detail.aspx?Ln=E&no=98322&S=TP">"Statistical Centre of Iran: 11. Population by sex and religion (2006)"</a>. Amar.sci.org.ir. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amar.sci.org.ir/Detail.aspx?Ln=E&no=98322&S=TP">the original</a> on 9 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistical+Centre+of+Iran%3A+11.+Population+by+sex+and+religion+%282006%29&rft.pub=Amar.sci.org.ir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famar.sci.org.ir%2FDetail.aspx%3FLn%3DE%26no%3D98322%26S%3DTP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2415751.stm">Iranian academic sentenced to death</a>| bbc.co.uk| 7 November 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20021113145848/http://hrw.org/press/2002/11/iranacademic.htm">"hrw.org, November 9, 2002 Iran: Academic's Death Sentence Condemned"</a>. Hrw.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/press/2002/11/iranacademic.htm">the original</a> on 13 November 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=hrw.org%2C+November+9%2C+2002+Iran%3A+Academic%27s+Death+Sentence+Condemned&rft.pub=Hrw.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fpress%2F2002%2F11%2Firanacademic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tavana-EJoIaMEL-2004-33-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tavana-EJoIaMEL-2004-33_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTavana2014" class="citation journal cs1">Tavana, Mohammad H. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/94902/1/MohammadHTavana_final-newFormat.pdf">"Three Decades of Islamic Criminal Law Legislation in Iran"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Electronic Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law</i>. <b>2</b>: 33<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Journal+of+Islamic+and+Middle+Eastern+Law&rft.atitle=Three+Decades+of+Islamic+Criminal+Law+Legislation+in+Iran&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=33&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Tavana&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zora.uzh.ch%2Fid%2Feprint%2F94902%2F1%2FMohammadHTavana_final-newFormat.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-09-17-child-executions_N.htm">"Iranian activists fight child executions"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Iranian+activists+fight+child+executions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2008-09-17-child-executions_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045053/http://www.enmcr.net/site/assets/files/1382/child_execution_in_iran_and_its_legality_under_islamic_law.pdf">"CHILD EXECUTION IN IRAN AND ITS LEGALITY UNDER THE ISLAMIC LAW"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.enmcr.net</i>. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.enmcr.net&rft.atitle=CHILD+EXECUTION+IN+IRAN+AND+ITS+LEGALITY+UNDER+THE+ISLAMIC+LAW&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enmcr.net%2Fsite%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2F1382%2Fchild_execution_in_iran_and_its_legality_under_islamic_law.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203024011/http://www.johnhowellmp.com/news/execution-of-children-in-iran/435">"John Howell MP"</a>. <i>johnhowellmp.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnhowellmp.com/news/execution-of-children-in-iran/435">the original</a> on 3 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=johnhowellmp.com&rft.atitle=John+Howell+MP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnhowellmp.com%2Fnews%2Fexecution-of-children-in-iran%2F435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wooldridge-bbc-2010-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wooldridge-bbc-2010_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWooldridge2010" class="citation news cs1">Wooldridge, Mike (9 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/10579121">"Iran's grim history of death by stoning"</a>. BBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+grim+history+of+death+by+stoning&rft.date=2010-07-09&rft.aulast=Wooldridge&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2F10579121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IFfHR-19-11-2019-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IFfHR-19-11-2019_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fidh.org/en/region/asia/iran/resolution-on-the-serious-and-systematic-human-rights-violations-in">"Resolution on the serious and systematic human rights violations in Iran"</a>. <i>International Federation for Human Rights</i>. 19 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Federation+for+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=Resolution+on+the+serious+and+systematic+human+rights+violations+in+Iran&rft.date=2019-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fidh.org%2Fen%2Fregion%2Fasia%2Firan%2Fresolution-on-the-serious-and-systematic-human-rights-violations-in&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2004/35497.htm">"Iran. International Religious Freedom Report 2004. Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor"</a>. State.gov. 1 January 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran.+International+Religious+Freedom+Report+2004.+Released+by+the+Bureau+of+Democracy%2C+Human+Rights%2C+and+Labor&rft.pub=State.gov&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2004%2F35497.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iranwpd.com-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iranwpd.com_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120211072623/http://iranwpd.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=3066%3Airan-changes-law-for-execution-of-juveniles&Itemid=64">"Iran changes law for execution of juveniles"</a>. <i>Iran Independent News Service</i>. 10 February 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iranwpd.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=3066:iran-changes-law-for-execution-of-juveniles&Itemid=64">the original</a> on 11 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iran+Independent+News+Service&rft.atitle=Iran+changes+law+for+execution+of+juveniles&rft.date=2012-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firanwpd.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_k2%26view%3Ditem%26id%3D3066%3Airan-changes-law-for-execution-of-juveniles%26Itemid%3D64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1999-report-FRAMEWORK-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1999-report-FRAMEWORK_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/iran/Iran99o-03.htm">"1999 Report IV. THE IRANIAN LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND INTERNATIONAL LAW"</a>. <i>Human Rights Watch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=1999+Report+IV.+THE+IRANIAN+LEGAL+FRAMEWORK+AND+INTERNATIONAL+LAW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F1999%2Firan%2FIran99o-03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hrw-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hrw_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/01/06/iran-end-widespread-crackdown-civil-society">"Iran: End Widespread Crackdown on Civil Society"</a>. <i>Human Rights Watch</i>. 7 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Iran%3A+End+Widespread+Crackdown+on+Civil+Society&rft.date=2008-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2008%2F01%2F06%2Firan-end-widespread-crackdown-civil-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Interview with <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Ganji" title="Akbar Ganji">Akbar Ganji</a>, <i>Le Monde</i>, 6 June 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abrahamian, Ervand, <i>Tortured Confessions</i>, (1999), p.209-228</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abrahamian, <i>Tortured Confessions</i>, 1999, p. 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">in an early 1988 <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a>; cited in Hamid Algar, `Development of the Concept of velayat-i faqih since the Islamic Revolution in Iran,` paper presented at London Conference on <i>wilayat al-faqih</i>, in June 1988 [pp. 135–38]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also <i>Ressalat</i>, Tehran, 7 January 1988, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/khomeini_promises_kept.html#Laws_in_Islam">Khomeini on how Laws in Iran will strictly adhere to God's perfect and unchanging divine law</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sahife’ Noor (letters and lectures of Ayatollah Khomeini), Volume 20, p. 170. quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaezi2004" class="citation book cs1">Vaezi, Ahmed (2004). "The Dominion Of The Wali Al-Faqih". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-islam.org/shia-political-thought-ahmed-vaezi/what-wilayat-al-faqih#dominion_wali_al-faqih/"><i>Shia Political Thought</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Dominion+Of+The+Wali+Al-Faqih&rft.btitle=Shia+Political+Thought&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Vaezi&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-islam.org%2Fshia-political-thought-ahmed-vaezi%2Fwhat-wilayat-al-faqih%23dominion_wali_al-faqih%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keyhan,_January_8,_1988-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Keyhan,_January_8,_1988_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Keyhan</i>, January 8, 1988; quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMATSUNAGA2009" class="citation journal cs1">MATSUNAGA, Yasuyuki (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/orient/44/0/44_77/_pdf">"Revisiting Ayatollah Khomeini's Doctrine of Wilayat al-Faqıh (Velayat-e Faqıh)"</a>. <i>Orient</i>. <b>XLIV</b>: 81, 87<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orient&rft.atitle=Revisiting+Ayatollah+Khomeini%27s+Doctrine+of+Wilayat+al-Faq%C4%B1h+%28Velayat-e+Faq%C4%B1h%29&rft.volume=XLIV&rft.pages=81%2C+87&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=MATSUNAGA&rft.aufirst=Yasuyuki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Forient%2F44%2F0%2F44_77%2F_pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mayer-1996-269-absolute-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mayer-1996-269-absolute_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer1996" class="citation journal cs1">Mayer, Ann Elizabeth (Summer–Autumn 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4310998">"Islamic Rights or Human Rights: An Iranian Dilemma"</a>. <i>Iranian Studies</i>. <b>29</b> (3/4): 269–270. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210869608701851">10.1080/00210869608701851</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4310998">4310998</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranian+Studies&rft.atitle=Islamic+Rights+or+Human+Rights%3A+An+Iranian+Dilemma&rft.chron=summer%E2%80%93fall&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=269-270&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00210869608701851&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4310998%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Ann+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4310998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/64606/akbar-ganji/the-latter-day-sultan">"The Latter-Day Sultan, Power and Politics in Iran"</a> By Akbar Ganji From <i>Foreign Affairs</i>, November/December 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Moin">Moin</a>, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bakhash, <i>The Reign of the Ayatollahs</i> (1984), p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Mackey">Mackey</a>, p. 291</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxworthy2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Axworthy" title="Michael Axworthy">Axworthy, Michael</a> (2013). <i>Revolutionary Iran: A History of the Islamic Republic</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190468965" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190468965"><bdi>978-0190468965</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Iran%3A+A+History+of+the+Islamic+Republic&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0190468965&rft.aulast=Axworthy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schrirazi_1997_51-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schrirazi_1997_51_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Schirazi">Schirazi</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moin_2000_129-20-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moin_2000_129-20_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Moin">Moin</a>, pp. 219–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kayhan</i>, 20.8.78–21.8.78, ` quoted in <a href="#Schirazi">Schirazi</a>, p. 51, also <i>New York Times,</i> 8 August 1979</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Source: Letter from Amnesty International to the Shaul Bakhash, 6 July 1982. Quoted in <a href="#Bakhash">Bakhash</a>, p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bakhash">Bakhash</a>, p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abrahamian, Ervand, <i>History of Modern Iran</i>, Columbia University Press, 2008, p.181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OotHCoHR-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OotHCoHR_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spcommreports.ohchr.org/TMResultsBase/DownLoadPublicCommunicationFile?gId=25503">"Mandates of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances; ..."</a> <i>Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights</i>. 3 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+High+Commissioner+on+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=Mandates+of+the+Working+Group+on+Enforced+or+Involuntary+Disappearances%3B+...&rft.date=2020-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspcommreports.ohchr.org%2FTMResultsBase%2FDownLoadPublicCommunicationFile%3FgId%3D25503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sciolino, <i>Persian Mirrors</i>, 2000, p. 241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTJehl-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTJehl_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTJehl_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B05E2DE173DF937A25751C1A96E958260">"Killing of three rebel writers turns hope into fear in Iran"</a>, Douglas Jehl, <i>The New York Times</i>, 14 December 1998 p. A6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Pike2001" class="citation web cs1">John Pike (5 February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/iran/2001/5-050201.html">"RFE/RL Iran Report. 5 February 2001"</a>. Globalsecurity.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RFE%2FRL+Iran+Report.+5+February+2001&rft.pub=Globalsecurity.org&rft.date=2001-02-05&rft.au=John+Pike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fwmd%2Flibrary%2Fnews%2Firan%2F2001%2F5-050201.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://codir.net/?cat=4">"Human Rights Reports | CODIR"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+Reports+%7C+CODIR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcodir.net%2F%3Fcat%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120911141729/http://www.iranterror.com/content/view/33/52/">"A Man Called Saeed Emani"</a>. Iranterror.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranterror.com/content/view/33/52/">the original</a> on 11 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Man+Called+Saeed+Emani&rft.pub=Iranterror.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranterror.com%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F33%2F52%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/khatami-and-the-myth-of-reform-in-iran">"Khatami and the Myth of Reform in Iran"</a>. <i>washingtoninstitute.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=washingtoninstitute.org&rft.atitle=Khatami+and+the+Myth+of+Reform+in+Iran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtoninstitute.org%2Fpolicy-analysis%2Fview%2Fkhatami-and-the-myth-of-reform-in-iran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Men of principle", <i>The Economist</i>. London: 21 July 2007. Vol. 384, Iss. 8538; p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211123254/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/meast/9907/11/iran.unrest.03/">"Iran sacks police chiefs over student protest crackdown"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/meast/9907/11/iran.unrest.03/">the original</a> on 11 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Iran+sacks+police+chiefs+over+student+protest+crackdown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FWORLD%2Fmeast%2F9907%2F11%2Firan.unrest.03%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.web.amnesty.org/web/ar2001.nsf/webmepcountries/IRAN?OpenDocument">Report 2001, Islamic Republic of Iran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141004104217/http://www.web.amnesty.org/web/ar2001.nsf/webmepcountries/IRAN?OpenDocument">Archived</a> 4 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright-NYer-15-january-2020-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wright-NYer-15-january-2020_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wright-NYer-15-january-2020_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2020" class="citation news cs1">Wright, Robin (15 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/the-anger-and-anguish-fuelling-irans-protests">"The Anger and Anguish Fuelling Iran's Protests"</a>. New Yorker magazine<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Anger+and+Anguish+Fuelling+Iran%27s+Protests&rft.date=2020-01-15&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fnews%2Four-columnists%2Fthe-anger-and-anguish-fuelling-irans-protests&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRW-2019-events-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HRW-2019-events_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRW-2019-events_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www">".hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/iran "World Report 2020. Iran. Events of 2019"</a>. <i>Human Rights Watch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=World+Report+2020.+Iran.+Events+of+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww%22.hrw.org%2Fworld-report%2F2020%2Fcountry-chapters%2Firan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRW-events-2020-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HRW-events-2020_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2021/country-chapters/iran">"Iran: Events of 2020"</a>. <i>World Report 2021. Iran Events of 2020</i>. 15 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iran%3A+Events+of+2020&rft.btitle=World+Report+2021.+Iran+Events+of+2020&rft.date=2020-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fworld-report%2F2021%2Fcountry-chapters%2Firan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-52865225">"وزیر کشور ایران می‌گوید بیش از ۲۰۰ نفر در جریان اعتراضات آبان کشته شدند"</a>. <i>BBC News فارسی</i> (in Persian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C&rft.atitle=%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1+%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1+%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%85%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF+%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B4+%D8%A7%D8%B2+%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B0+%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1+%D8%AF%D8%B1+%D8%AC%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87+%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fpersian%2Firan-52865225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-do_whatever-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-do_whatever_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-protests-specialreport/special-report-irans-leader-ordered-crackdown-on-unrest-do-whatever-it-takes-to-end-it-idUSKBN1YR0QR">"Special Report: Iran's leader ordered crackdown on unrest – 'Do whatever it takes to end it'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 23 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223095916/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-protests-specialreport/special-report-irans-leader-ordered-crackdown-on-unrest-do-whatever-it-takes-to-end-it-idUSKBN1YR0QR">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Special+Report%3A+Iran%27s+leader+ordered+crackdown+on+unrest+%E2%80%93+%27Do+whatever+it+takes+to+end+it%27&rft.date=2019-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-iran-protests-specialreport%2Fspecial-report-irans-leader-ordered-crackdown-on-unrest-do-whatever-it-takes-to-end-it-idUSKBN1YR0QR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRW-2017-events-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HRW-2017-events_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www">".hrw.org/world-report/2018/country-chapters/iran "World Report 2018. Iran. Events of 2017"</a>. <i>Human Rights Watch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=World+Report+2018.+Iran.+Events+of+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww%22.hrw.org%2Fworld-report%2F2018%2Fcountry-chapters%2Firan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRW-2018-events-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HRW-2018-events_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www">".hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/iran "World Report 2019. Iran. Events of 2018"</a>. <i>Human Rights Watch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=World+Report+2019.+Iran.+Events+of+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww%22.hrw.org%2Fworld-report%2F2019%2Fcountry-chapters%2Firan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian6November-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian6November_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/06/iran-fresh-protests-universities-kurdish-region">"Fresh protests erupt in Iran's universities and Kurdish region"</a>. The Guardian. 6 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fresh+protests+erupt+in+Iran%27s+universities+and+Kurdish+region&rft.date=2022-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fnov%2F06%2Firan-fresh-protests-universities-kurdish-region&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IHR448-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IHR448_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranhr.net/en/articles/5608/">"Iran Protests: at Least 448 People Killed"</a>. Iran Human Rights. 29 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iran+Protests%3A+at+Least+448+People+Killed&rft.date=2022-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanhr.net%2Fen%2Farticles%2F5608%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-lawmakers-demand-severe-punishment-rioters-protests-rage-2022-11-06/">"Iran lawmakers demand severe punishment for 'rioters' as protests rage"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 6 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Iran+lawmakers+demand+severe+punishment+for+%27rioters%27+as+protests+rage&rft.date=2022-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Firan-lawmakers-demand-severe-punishment-rioters-protests-rage-2022-11-06%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United Nations General Assembly. 39th Session. Third Committee. 65th meeting, held on 7 December 1984 at 3 pm New York. A/C.3/39/SR.65. quoted by Luiza Maria Gontowska, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1010&context=honorscollege_theses">Human Rights Violations Under the Sharia'a, A Comparative Study of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran</a>,</i> May 2005, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120714205353/http://tehrantimes.com/politics/95920-iran-has-the-most-successful-human-rights-record-in-muslim-world-salehi">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Iran has best human rights record in the Muslim world' quoting Ali Akbar Salehi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Times" title="Tehran Times">Tehran Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tehrantimes.com/politics/95920-iran-has-the-most-successful-human-rights-record-in-muslim-world-salehi">the original</a> on 14 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tehran+Times&rft.atitle=%27Iran+has+best+human+rights+record+in+the+Muslim+world%27+quoting+Ali+Akbar+Salehi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftehrantimes.com%2Fpolitics%2F95920-iran-has-the-most-successful-human-rights-record-in-muslim-world-salehi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010202705/http://www2.irna.com/en/news/view/line-22/0805157506142314.htm">"Islamic world urged to stand against Western-style human rights Tehran, May 15"</a>. .irna.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.irna.com/en/news/view/line-22/0805157506142314.htm">the original</a> on 10 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islamic+world+urged+to+stand+against+Western-style+human+rights+Tehran%2C+May+15&rft.pub=.irna.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.irna.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fview%2Fline-22%2F0805157506142314.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080412025643/http://www2.irna.com/en/news/view/line-203/0804105767142324.htm">"Human rights fully respected in Iran: Judiciary chief Tehran, April 10"</a>. .irna.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.irna.com/en/news/view/line-203/0804105767142324.htm">the original</a> on 12 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+rights+fully+respected+in+Iran%3A+Judiciary+chief+Tehran%2C+April+10&rft.pub=.irna.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.irna.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fview%2Fline-203%2F0804105767142324.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Pike2004" class="citation web cs1">John Pike (3 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/iran/2004/16-030504.htm">"Iran Report, A Weekly Review of Developments in and Pertaining to Iran, 3 May 2004"</a>. Globalsecurity.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran+Report%2C+A+Weekly+Review+of+Developments+in+and+Pertaining+to+Iran%2C+3+May+2004&rft.pub=Globalsecurity.org&rft.date=2004-05-03&rft.au=John+Pike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fwmd%2Flibrary%2Fnews%2Firan%2F2004%2F16-030504.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mottaki-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mottaki_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mottaki_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=164534">Tehran Times. Foreign Minister Manuchehr Mottaki has criticized discrimination against Muslim minorities in Western countries. 6 March 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-democracynow.org-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-democracynow.org_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2008/9/25/iranian_president_mahmoud_ahmadinejad_on_the">"Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad on the Threat of US Attack and International Criticism of Iran's Human Rights Record"</a>. <i>democracynow.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=democracynow.org&rft.atitle=Iranian+President+Mahmoud+Ahmadinejad+on+the+Threat+of+US+Attack+and+International+Criticism+of+Iran%27s+Human+Rights+Record&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracynow.org%2F2008%2F9%2F25%2Firanian_president_mahmoud_ahmadinejad_on_the&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/09/25/un.iran/index.html#cnnSTCVideo">cnn.com, Iran's leader slams 'arrogant' powers in U.N. address, 25 September 2007</a>. This was seen as "a veiled but unmistakable criticism of the United States" <a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_rendition_by_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraordinary rendition by the United States">extraordinary rendition</a> and domestic surveillance under the <a href="/wiki/USA_PATRIOT_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="USA PATRIOT Act">USA PATRIOT Act</a>:</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Molavi, Afshin, <i>The Soul of Iran</i>, Norton, (2005), p. 296</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sciolino, Elaine, <i>Persian Mirrors : the Elusive Face of Iran</i>, Free Press, 2000, 2005, p. 247</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Latter-Day Sultan, Power and Politics in Iran" by Akbar Ganji, <i>Foreign Affairs</i>, November/December 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sally E. Merry, New York University, writing about <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8918.html"><i>The Politics of Women's Rights in Iran</i> by Arzoo Osanloo</a> accessed 30-June-2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Majd, <i>The Ayatollah Begs to Differ</i>, 2008, p.183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-affolter-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-affolter_133-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-affolter_133-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAffolter2005" class="citation journal cs1">Affolter, Friedrich W. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100114215205/http://www.aa.psu.edu/journals/war-crimes/articles/V1/v1n1a3.pdf">"The Specter of Ideological Genocide: The Baháʼí of Iran"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>War Crimes, Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 59–89. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aa.psu.edu/journals/war-crimes/articles/V1/v1n1a3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=War+Crimes%2C+Genocide+and+Crimes+Against+Humanity&rft.atitle=The+Specter+of+Ideological+Genocide%3A+The+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+of+Iran&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-89&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Affolter&rft.aufirst=Friedrich+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.psu.edu%2Fjournals%2Fwar-crimes%2Farticles%2FV1%2Fv1n1a3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Afshari-2001-xvii-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Afshari-2001-xvii_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfshari2001" class="citation book cs1">Afshari, Reza (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t1-mfACVATsC&q=human+rights+in+iran+history"><i>Human Rights in Iran : The Abuse of Cultural Relativism</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. xvii–xx. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812221398" title="Special:BookSources/9780812221398"><bdi>9780812221398</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+in+Iran+%3A+The+Abuse+of+Cultural+Relativism&rft.pages=xvii-xx&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780812221398&rft.aulast=Afshari&rft.aufirst=Reza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt1-mfACVATsC%26q%3Dhuman%2Brights%2Bin%2Biran%2Bhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1995" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, R. (1995). <i>The Baháʼí of Iran: The Minority Rights Group Report 51</i>. London, UK: The Minority Rights Group LTD.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+of+Iran%3A+The+Minority+Rights+Group+Report+51&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=The+Minority+Rights+Group+LTD&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100804065758/http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2005/01/13/iran9803.htm">"Human Rights Overview 2005"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 31 December 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2005/01/13/iran9803.htm">the original</a> on 4 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+Overview+2005&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2004-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fenglish%2Fdocs%2F2005%2F01%2F13%2Firan9803.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbcnov07-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cbcnov07_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbcnov07_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/canadian-sponsored-human-rights-resolution-against-iran-passes-1.681992">"Canadian-sponsored human rights resolution against Iran passes"</a>. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canadian-sponsored+human+rights+resolution+against+Iran+passes&rft.pub=Canadian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fcanadian-sponsored-human-rights-resolution-against-iran-passes-1.681992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nysun.com/foreign/un-assembly-chides-iran-on-human-rights/66828/">"U.N. Assembly Chides Iran on Human Rights By BENNY AVNI, Staff Reporter of the Sun | 21 November 2007"</a>. Nysun.com. 21 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.N.+Assembly+Chides+Iran+on+Human+Rights+By+BENNY+AVNI%2C+Staff+Reporter+of+the+Sun+%26%23124%3B+21+November+2007&rft.pub=Nysun.com&rft.date=2007-11-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nysun.com%2Fforeign%2Fun-assembly-chides-iran-on-human-rights%2F66828%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.radiofarda.com/a/un-demand-iran-guarantee-rights-detained-defenders/29630167.html">"UN Experts Call On Iran To Guarantee Rights Of Detained Activists"</a>. <i>RFE/RL</i>. 30 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RFE%2FRL&rft.atitle=UN+Experts+Call+On+Iran+To+Guarantee+Rights+Of+Detained+Activists&rft.date=2018-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.radiofarda.com%2Fa%2Fun-demand-iran-guarantee-rights-detained-defenders%2F29630167.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/02/13/iran-investigate-suspicious-deaths-detention-release-activists">"Iran: Investigate Suspicious Deaths in Detention, Release Activists"</a>. 13 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+Investigate+Suspicious+Deaths+in+Detention%2C+Release+Activists&rft.date=2018-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2018%2F02%2F13%2Firan-investigate-suspicious-deaths-detention-release-activists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/01/irans-year-of-shame-more-than-7000-arrested-in-chilling-crackdown-on-dissent-during-2018/">"2018 will go down in history as a year of shame for Iran"</a>. <i>Amnesty International</i>. 24 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International&rft.atitle=2018+will+go+down+in+history+as+a+year+of+shame+for+Iran&rft.date=2019-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flatest%2Fnews%2F2019%2F01%2Firans-year-of-shame-more-than-7000-arrested-in-chilling-crackdown-on-dissent-during-2018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/11/20/iran-afghan-refugees-and-migrants-face-abuse">"Iran: Afghan Refugees and Migrants Face Abuse | Human Rights Watch"</a>. 20 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+Afghan+Refugees+and+Migrants+Face+Abuse+%26%23124%3B+Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2013-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2013%2F11%2F20%2Firan-afghan-refugees-and-migrants-face-abuse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamian1999" class="citation book cs1">Abrahamian, Ervand (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_mnrYNIVfCgC&pg=PP1"><i>Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21866-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21866-3"><bdi>0-520-21866-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tortured+Confessions%3A+Prisons+and+Public+Recantations+in+Modern+Iran&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-520-21866-3&rft.aulast=Abrahamian&rft.aufirst=Ervand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_mnrYNIVfCgC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbadiAzadeh_Moaveni2006" class="citation book cs1">Ebadi, Shirin; Azadeh Moaveni (2006). <a href="/wiki/Iran_Awakening:_A_Memoir_of_Revolution_and_Hope" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran Awakening: A Memoir of Revolution and Hope"><i>Iran Awakening: A Memoir of Revolution and Hope</i></a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4000-6470-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-4000-6470-8"><bdi>1-4000-6470-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+Awakening%3A+A+Memoir+of+Revolution+and+Hope&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-4000-6470-8&rft.aulast=Ebadi&rft.aufirst=Shirin&rft.au=Azadeh+Moaveni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Moin" class="citation book cs1">Moin, Baqer (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/khomeinilifeofay00moin"><i>Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah</i></a>. Thomas Dunne Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-26490-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-26490-9"><bdi>0-312-26490-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khomeini%3A+Life+of+the+Ayatollah&rft.pub=Thomas+Dunne+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-312-26490-9&rft.au=Moin%2C+Baqer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkhomeinilifeofay00moin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSciolino2000" class="citation book cs1">Sciolino, Elaine (2000). <i>Persian Mirrors : the Elusive Face of Iran</i>. Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-86290-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-86290-5"><bdi>0-684-86290-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persian+Mirrors+%3A+the+Elusive+Face+of+Iran&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-684-86290-5&rft.aulast=Sciolino&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Taheri" class="citation book cs1">Taheri, Amir (1985). <i>The Spirit of Allah</i>. Adler & Adler. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-160320-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-160320-X"><bdi>0-09-160320-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spirit+of+Allah&rft.pub=Adler+%26+Adler&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-09-160320-X&rft.au=Taheri%2C+Amir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Report_on_Human_Rights_Practices_in_Iran_%E2%80%93_1999" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Report on Human Rights Practices in Iran – 1999">Report on Human Rights Practices in Iran – 1999</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_rights_in_Iran" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Human rights in Iran">Human rights in Iran</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/mde130022012en.pdf">‘We are ordered to crush you.’ Expanding Repression of Dissent in Iran.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120302214820/http://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/mde130022012en.pdf">Archived</a> 2 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Amnesty International 2012</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/MDE13/010/2009/en">Iran: Human Rights in the spotlight on the 30th Anniversary of the Islamic Revolution</a>, 5 February 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://payvand.com/blog/blog/2010/05/29/amnesty-international-report-2010-on-iran/">Amnesty International report 2010 on Iran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140324051547/http://payvand.com/blog/blog/2010/05/29/amnesty-international-report-2010-on-iran/">Archived</a> 24 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111128052827/http://www.realite-eu.org/site/apps/nlnet/content3.aspx?c=9dJBLLNkGiF&b=2315291&ct=6447799">"REALITE-EU Human Rights Violations and Torture in Iran 2009"</a>. Archived from the original on 28 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=REALITE-EU+Human+Rights+Violations+and+Torture+in+Iran+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.realite-eu.org%2Fsite%2Fapps%2Fnlnet%2Fcontent3.aspx%3Fc%3D9dJBLLNkGiF%26b%3D2315291%26ct%3D6447799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iranhr.net/">Iran Human Rights</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070331225838/http://www.amnestyusa.org/countries/iran/index.do">Amnesty International's Concerns about Iran</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070313232527/http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/irn-summary-eng">"International 2005 report"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/irn-summary-eng">the original</a> on 13 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+2005+report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.amnesty.org%2Freport2005%2Firn-summary-eng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2011&country=8057">Freedom House: Freedom in the World Country Report: Iran</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=251&year=2010&country=7842">Freedom House: Freedom of the Press 2010 Report: Iran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109054919/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=251&year=2010&country=7842">Archived</a> 9 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109054935/http://www.freedomhouse.org/images/File/FotN/Iran2011.pdf">Freedom House: Freedom on the Net 2011: Iran</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrw.org/doc/?t=mideast_pub&c=iran">Human Rights Watch – Iran Documents</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrw.org/doc?t=mideast&c=iran">Human Rights Watch's Developments in Iran</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/01/13/iran9803.htm">Human Rights Watch 2005 report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100804065758/http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2005/01/13/iran9803.htm">Archived</a> 4 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irancharter.wordpress.com/">Iran Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranfocus.com/modules/news/index.php?storytopic=5&start=0">Various human rights news stories at <i>Iran Focus</i></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070207145709/http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/221/">"Freedom of Expression violations in Iran"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/221/">the original</a> on 7 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freedom+of+Expression+violations+in+Iran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifex.org%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fview%2Ffull%2F221%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span>, <a href="/wiki/International_Freedom_of_Expression_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="International Freedom of Expression Exchange">IFEX</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311041453/http://www.amnestyusa.org/news/document.do?id=ENGMDE130742006">"Human rights violations against Iranian Azeri Turks"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amnestyusa.org/news/document.do?id=ENGMDE130742006">the original</a> on 11 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+rights+violations+against+Iranian+Azeri+Turks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnestyusa.org%2Fnews%2Fdocument.do%3Fid%3DENGMDE130742006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (January 2013)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/iran/story/0,,1830835,00.html">Guardian Newspaper – Special Report – Death of a Teenager</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iranhrdc.org/">Iran Human Rights Documentation Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081026175039/http://www.abfiran.org/">Foundation for the Promotion of Human Rights and Democracy in Iran</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mehr.org/Islamic_Penal_Code_of_Iran.pdf">Translation of the Islamic Penal Code of Iran</a> Mission for Establishment of Human Rights in Iran (MEHR Iran)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170311161504/http://www.alaviandassociates.com/documents/civilcode.pdf">Translation of the Iranian Civil Code</a> by Alavi and Associates</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_rights_in_Iran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_rights_in_Iran" title="Template:Human rights in Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_rights_in_Iran" title="Template talk:Human rights in Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_rights_in_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human rights in Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_rights_in_Iran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human rights in Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childrens%27_Rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Childrens' Rights in Iran">Children's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iran" title="Freedom of religion in Iran">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iran">LGBT rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Iran" title="Transgender rights in Iran">Transgender rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Iran" title="Women's rights in Iran">Women's rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_rights_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_rights_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Asia" title="Human rights in Asia">Human rights in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Afghanistan" title="Human rights in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Armenia" title="Human rights in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Azerbaijan" title="Human rights in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bahrain" title="Human rights in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bangladesh" title="Human rights in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bhutan" title="Human rights in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Brunei" title="Human rights in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cambodia" title="Human rights in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cyprus" title="Human rights in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_East_Timor" title="Human rights in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Egypt" title="Human rights in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_India" title="Human rights in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Indonesia" title="Human rights in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iraq" title="Human rights in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Israel" title="Human rights in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Japan" title="Human rights in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Jordan" title="Human rights in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kazakhstan" title="Human rights in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_Korea" title="Human rights in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Korea" title="Human rights in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kuwait" title="Human rights in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Human rights in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Laos" title="Human rights in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Lebanon" title="Human rights in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Malaysia" title="Human rights in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Maldives" title="Human rights in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Mongolia" title="Human rights in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Myanmar" title="Human rights in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Nepal" title="Human rights in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Oman" title="Human rights in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Pakistan" title="Human rights in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Philippines" title="Human rights in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Qatar" title="Human rights in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Russia" title="Human rights in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Human rights in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Singapore" title="Human rights in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Human rights in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tajikistan" title="Human rights in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Thailand" title="Human rights in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkmenistan" title="Human rights in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Human rights in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Uzbekistan" title="Human rights in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Vietnam" title="Human rights in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Yemen" title="Human rights in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Abkhazia" title="Human rights in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Human rights in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Human rights in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Ossetia" title="Human rights in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Taiwan" title="Human rights in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Hong_Kong" title="Human rights in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Macau" title="Human rights in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template:Human rights in the Middle East"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template talk:Human rights in the Middle East"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human rights in the Middle East"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human rights in the Middle East">Human rights in the Middle East</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bahrain" title="Human rights in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cyprus" title="Human rights in Cyprus">Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Human rights in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Egypt" title="Human rights in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Imperial_State_of_Iran" title="Human rights in the Imperial State of Iran">Pahlavi Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Iran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iraq" title="Human rights in Iraq">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_pre-Saddam_Iraq" title="Human rights in pre-Saddam Iraq">Pre-Saddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Human rights in Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'ath era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Human rights in post-invasion Iraq">Post-Saddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kurdistan_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Kurdistan Region">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Israel" title="Human rights in Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_against_Palestinians_by_Israel" title="Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel">Palestinians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Jordan" title="Human rights in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kuwait" title="Human rights in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Lebanon" title="Human rights in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Oman" title="Human rights in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Human rights in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Qatar" title="Human rights in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Human rights in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Rojava">Rojava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Human rights in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Dubai" title="Human rights in Dubai">Dubai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Yemen" title="Human rights in Yemen">Yemen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="War crimes in the Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom_in_the_Middle_East" title="Academic freedom in the Middle East">Academic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">Arbitrary arrest and detention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Middle_East" title="Capital punishment in the Middle East">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruel,_inhuman,_or_degrading_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment">Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy in the Middle East">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of religion in the Middle East">Freedom of religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Irreligion in the Middle East">Irreligion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Human right to water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human trafficking in the Middle East">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafala_system" title="Kafala system">Kafala system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Middle East">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in the Middle East">Racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">Right to a fair trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_development" title="Right to development">Right to development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Right to health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Arab_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Arab societies">Status of women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Women's suffrage, timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_anti_male-guardianship_campaign" title="Saudi anti male-guardianship campaign">Male guardianship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-governmental organisation">NGOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pan-Arab" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-Arab</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Network_for_Human_Rights_Information" title="Arabic Network for Human Rights Information">Arabic Network for Human Rights Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Commission_for_Human_Rights" title="Arab Commission for Human Rights">Arab Commission for Human Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Human_Rights_Project" title="Kurdish Human Rights Project">Kurdish Human Rights Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Initiative_for_Personal_Rights" title="Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights">Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defenders_of_Human_Rights_Center" title="Defenders of Human Rights Center">Defenders of Human Rights Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%27Tselem" title="B'Tselem">B'Tselem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Mezan_Center_for_Human_Rights" title="Al Mezan Center for Human Rights">Al Mezan Center for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_Najdeh" title="Association Najdeh">Association Najdeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Marsad" title="Al-Marsad">al-Marsad</a></li> <li><i>Saudi Arabia:</i> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_First_Society" title="Human Rights First Society">HRFS (founded 2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Protection_and_Defense_of_Women%27s_Rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Association for the Protection and Defense of Women's Rights in Saudi Arabia">APDWRSA (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Civil_and_Political_Rights_Association" title="Saudi Civil and Political Rights Association">ACPRA (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Development_and_Change" title="Society for Development and Change">SDC (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Saudi_Organisation_for_Human_Rights" title="European Saudi Organisation for Human Rights">ESOHR (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALQST" title="ALQST">ALQST (2014)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government-organized_non-governmental_organization" title="Government-organized non-governmental organization">GONGOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Saudi Arabia:</i> <a href="/wiki/National_Society_for_Human_Rights" title="National Society for Human Rights">NSHR (2004)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_punishment" title="Collective punishment">Collective punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_humanitarian_crisis_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Gaza humanitarian crisis (2023–present)">Humanitarian crisis in Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Asia" title="Human rights in Asia">Human rights in Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Muslim-majority_countries" title="Human rights in Muslim-majority countries">Human rights in Muslim-majority countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_against_Palestinians_by_Israel" title="Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel">Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel and apartheid">Israel and apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Association_of_Victims_of_Grave_Human_Rights_Violations_Committed_by_the_Moroccan_State" title="Sahrawi Association of Victims of Grave Human Rights Violations Committed by the Moroccan State">Sahrawi Association of Victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_Marocaine_des_Droits_Humaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Association Marocaine des Droits Humaine">Association Marocaine des Droits Humaine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_foreign_nationals_detained_in_Iran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_foreign_nationals_detained_in_Iran" title="Template:List of foreign nationals detained in Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_foreign_nationals_detained_in_Iran" title="Template talk:List of foreign nationals detained in Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_foreign_nationals_detained_in_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of foreign nationals detained in Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_foreign_nationals_detained_in_Iran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_nationals_detained_in_Iran" title="List of foreign nationals detained in Iran">List of foreign nationals detained in Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Citizens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saeed_Abedini" title="Saeed Abedini">Saeed Abedini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shane_Bauer" title="Shane Bauer">Shane Bauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haleh_Esfandiari" title="Haleh Esfandiari">Haleh Esfandiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%932011_detention_of_American_hikers_by_Iran" title="2009–2011 detention of American hikers by Iran">Joshua Fattal</a></li> <li>Gerald F. Seib</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Mirza_Hekmati" title="Amir Mirza Hekmati">Amir Hekmati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorhead_C._Kennedy_Jr." title="Moorhead C. Kennedy Jr.">Moorhead C. Kennedy Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosratollah_Khosravi-Roodsari" title="Nosratollah Khosravi-Roodsari">Nosratollah Khosravi-Roodsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Laingen" title="Bruce Laingen">Bruce Laingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Robert_Levinson" title="Disappearance of Robert Levinson">Robert Levinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Limbert" title="John W. Limbert">John Limbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esha_Momeni" title="Esha Momeni">Esha Momeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baquer_Namazi" title="Baquer Namazi">Baquer Namazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamak_Namazi" title="Siamak Namazi">Siamak Namazi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jon_Pattis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jon Pattis (page does not exist)">Jon Pattis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Queen" title="Richard Queen">Richard Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_David_Rabhan" title="Erwin David Rabhan">David Rabhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Rezaian" title="Jason Rezaian">Jason Rezaian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barry_Rosen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barry Rosen (page does not exist)">Barry Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxana_Saberi" title="Roxana Saberi">Roxana Saberi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shakeri" title="Ali Shakeri">Ali Shakeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emad_Shargi" title="Emad Shargi">Emad Shargi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Shourd" title="Sarah Shourd">Sarah Shourd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morad_Tahbaz" title="Morad Tahbaz">Morad Tahbaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kian_Tajbakhsh" title="Kian Tajbakhsh">Kian Tajbakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_L._Tomseth" title="Victor L. Tomseth">Victor L. Tomseth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Trevithick" title="Matthew Trevithick">Matthew Trevithick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karan_Vafadari" title="Karan Vafadari">Karan Vafadari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiyue_Wang" title="Xiyue Wang">Xiyue Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_R._White_(U.S._veteran)" title="Michael R. White (U.S. veteran)">Michael White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Residents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afarin_Neyssari" title="Afarin Neyssari">Afarin Neyssari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afshin_Sheikholeslami_Vatani" title="Afshin Sheikholeslami Vatani">Afshin Sheikholeslami Vatani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Citizens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maziar_Bahari" title="Maziar Bahari">Maziar Bahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hossein_Derakhshan" title="Hossein Derakhshan">Hossein Derakhshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolrasoul_Dorri-Esfahani" title="Abdolrasoul Dorri-Esfahani">Abdolrasoul Dorri-Esfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Ghassemi-Shall" title="Hamid Ghassemi-Shall">Hamid Ghassemi-Shall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_Hoodfar" title="Homa Hoodfar">Homa Hoodfar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahra_Kazemi" title="Zahra Kazemi">Zahra Kazemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramin_Jahanbegloo" title="Ramin Jahanbegloo">Ramin Jahanbegloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavous_Seyed-Emami" title="Kavous Seyed-Emami">Kavous Seyed-Emami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Residents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saeed_Malekpour" title="Saeed Malekpour">Saeed Malekpour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Citizens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kameel_Ahmady" title="Kameel Ahmady">Kameel Ahmady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoosheh_Ashoori" title="Anoosheh Ashoori">Anoosheh Ashoori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iason_Athanasiadis" title="Iason Athanasiadis">Iason Athanasiadis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Cooper_(British_businessman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Cooper (British businessman) (page does not exist)">Roger Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Edalat" title="Abbas Edalat">Abbas Edalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Foroughi" title="Kamal Foroughi">Kamal Foroughi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoncheh_Ghavami" title="Ghoncheh Ghavami">Ghoncheh Ghavami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roya_Saberi_Negad_Nobakht" title="Roya Saberi Negad Nobakht">Roya Saberi Negad Nobakht</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nahid_Taghavi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nahid Taghavi (page does not exist)">Nahid Taghavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazanin_Zaghari-Ratcliffe" title="Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe">Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Residents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aras_Amiri" title="Aras Amiri">Aras Amiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Citizens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Louis Arnaud</li> <li>Cécile Kohler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fariba_Adelkhah" title="Fariba Adelkhah">Fariba Adelkhah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazak_Afshar" title="Nazak Afshar">Nazak Afshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Bri%C3%A8re" title="Benjamin Brière">Benjamin Brière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Marchal" title="Roland Marchal">Roland Marchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotilde_Reiss" title="Clotilde Reiss">Clotilde Reiss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Residents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Zam" title="Ruhollah Zam">Ruhollah Zam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habib_Chaab" title="Habib Chaab">Habib Chaab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_of_Johan_Floderus" title="Detention of Johan Floderus">Johan Floderus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Reza_Djalali" title="Ahmad Reza Djalali">Ahmad Reza Jalali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Hellwig" title="Marcus Hellwig">Marcus Hellwig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arrest_of_Helmut_Hofer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arrest of Helmut Hofer (page does not exist)">Helmut Hofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Koch" title="Jens Koch">Jens Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamshid_Sharmahd" title="Jamshid Sharmahd">Jamshid Sharmahd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nahid_Taghavi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nahid Taghavi (page does not exist)">Nahid Taghavi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arrest_of_Helmut_Szimkus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arrest of Helmut Szimkus (page does not exist)">Helmut Szimkus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Jolie_King_and_Mark_Firkin" title="Arrest of Jolie King and Mark Firkin">Mark Firkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Jolie_King_and_Mark_Firkin" title="Arrest of Jolie King and Mark Firkin">Jolie King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kylie_Moore-Gilbert" title="Kylie Moore-Gilbert">Kylie Moore-Gilbert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamran_Ghaderi" title="Kamran Ghaderi">Kamran Ghaderi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Vandecasteele" title="Olivier Vandecasteele">Olivier Vandecasteele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zahra_Bahrami" title="Zahra Bahrami">Zahra Bahrami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ana_Diamond" title="Ana Diamond">Ana Diamond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nizar_Zakka" title="Nizar Zakka">Nizar Zakka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Topher Richwhite</li> <li>Bridget Thackwray</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yulia_Yuzik" title="Yulia Yuzik">Yulia Yuzik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Foreign_nationals_detained_in_Iran" title="Category:Foreign nationals detained in Iran">Category:Foreign nationals detained in Iran</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Iran&oldid=1254881552">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Iran&oldid=1254881552</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_in_Iran" title="Category:Human rights in Iran">Human rights in Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="Category:History of the Islamic Republic of Iran">History of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women%27s_rights_in_Iran" title="Category:Women's rights in Iran">Women's rights in Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_by_country" title="Category:Human rights by country">Human rights by country</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">CS1 maint: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Persian-language_sources_(fa)" title="Category:CS1 Persian-language sources (fa)">CS1 Persian-language sources (fa)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2020">Use dmy dates from October 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_November_2022" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2022">Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification" title="Category:All pages needing factual verification">All pages needing factual verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_January_2013" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2013">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2013</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 November 2024, at 04:06<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Iran&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-q7dns","wgBackendResponseTime":162,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.411","walltime":"1.664","ppvisitednodes":{"value":19762,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":270628,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10370,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":404845,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1396.317 1 -total"," 38.29% 534.639 2 Template:Reflist"," 19.94% 278.424 50 Template:Cite_web"," 18.14% 253.265 7 Template:Navbox"," 14.87% 207.677 1 Template:Asia_topic"," 12.67% 176.966 56 Template:Iso2country"," 10.99% 153.520 1 Template:Politics_of_Iran"," 10.77% 150.379 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 7.76% 108.368 21 Template:Cite_book"," 6.74% 94.108 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.732","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7588299,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-8wmj8","timestamp":"20241122150500","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Human rights in Iran","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_rights_in_Iran","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2914529","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2914529","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-03-29T03:55:49Z","dateModified":"2024-11-02T04:06:06Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4e\/Emblem_of_Iran.svg","headline":"human rights compliance and violation in pre- and post-revolution Iran"}</script> </body> </html>