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id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Habilitations_for_associate_and_full_professorships_in_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habilitations_for_associate_and_full_professorships_in_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Habilitations for associate and full professorships in universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habilitations_for_associate_and_full_professorships_in_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_qualifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_qualifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Professional qualifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_qualifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equivalent_degrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equivalent_degrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Equivalent degrees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equivalent_degrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Debate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Debate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Debate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-German_habilitation_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_habilitation_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>German habilitation debate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_habilitation_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Habilitation" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="شهادة التأهل للأستاذية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شهادة التأهل للأستاذية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Хабілітацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хабілітацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitacija" title="Habilitacija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Habilitacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitace" title="Habilitace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Habilitace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Habilitation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Habilitation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitatsioon" title="Habilitatsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Habilitatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%86%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Υφηγεσία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υφηγεσία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitaci%C3%B3n" title="Habilitación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Habilitación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habiliti%C4%9Do" title="Habilitiĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Habilitiĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%AF%DB%8C_(%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C)" title="شایستگی (درجه علمی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شایستگی (درجه علمی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitation_universitaire" title="Habilitation universitaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Habilitation universitaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitaci%C3%B3n" title="Habilitación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Habilitación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%B9%8C%EB%A6%AC%ED%83%80%EC%B9%98%EC%98%A8" title="하빌리타치온 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하빌리타치온" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitacija" title="Habilitacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Habilitacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abilitazione" title="Abilitazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Abilitazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94" title="הביליטציה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הביליטציה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitacija" title="Habilitacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Habilitacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilit%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Habilitáció – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Habilitáció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitatie" title="Habilitatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Habilitatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E6%95%99%E6%8E%88%E8%B3%87%E6%A0%BC" title="大学教授資格 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大学教授資格" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitasjon" title="Habilitasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Habilitasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitacja" title="Habilitacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Habilitacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilita%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Habilitação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Habilitação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abilitare" title="Abilitare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Abilitare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хабилитация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хабилитация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitimi" title="Habilitimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Habilitimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Habilitation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilit%C3%A1cia" title="Habilitácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Habilitácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Хабилитација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хабилитација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitacija" title="Habilitacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Habilitacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitaatio" title="Habilitaatio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Habilitaatio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Habilitation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitasyon" title="Habilitasyon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Habilitasyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitasyon" title="Habilitasyon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Habilitasyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Габілітація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Габілітація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E8%AE%B8%E4%BB%BB%E6%95%99%E8%B5%84%E6%A0%BC" title="特许任教资格 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="特许任教资格" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q308678#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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searchaux" style="display:none">Postdoctoral degree</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Habilitation_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Habilitation (disambiguation)"> Habilitation</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Habilitation</b> is the highest <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">university degree</a>, or the procedure by which it is achieved, in Germany, France, Italy and some other European and non-English-speaking countries. The candidate fulfills a university's set criteria of excellence in research, teaching, and further education, which usually includes a dissertation. The degree, sometimes abbreviated <i><b>Dr. habil</b></i>. (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Doctor habilitatus</i></span>), <i><b>Dr hab.</b></i> (<span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Doktor habilitowany</i></span>), or <i><b>D.Sc.</b></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Sciences" title="Doctor of Sciences">Doctor of Sciences</a></i> in Russia and some <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a> countries), is often a qualification for full professorship in those countries. In German-speaking countries it allows the degree holder to bear the title <i><b>PD</b></i> (for <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Privatdozent" title="Privatdozent">Privatdozent</a></i></span>). In a number of countries there exists an academic post of <a href="/wiki/Docent" title="Docent">docent</a>, appointment to which often requires such a qualification. The degree conferral is usually accompanied by a public oral defence event (a lecture or a colloquium) with one or more opponents. Habilitation is usually awarded 5–15 years after a <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> degree or its equivalent. Achieving this academic degree does not automatically give the scientist a paid position, though many people who apply for the degree already have steady university employment. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_etymology">History and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habilitation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>habilitation</i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">habilitare</i></span>, meaning "to make suitable, to fit", from <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a> <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/habilis#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:habilis">habilis</a></i> "fit, proper, skillful". The degree developed in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire_of_the_German_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation">Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation</a> in the seventeenth century (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1652</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, habilitation was synonymous with "doctoral qualification". The term became synonymous with "post-doctoral qualification" in Germany in the 19th century "when holding a doctorate seemed no longer sufficient to guarantee a proficient transfer of knowledge to the next generation".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, it became normal in the German university system to write two doctoral theses: the inaugural thesis (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Inauguraldissertation</i></span>), completing a course of study, and the habilitation thesis (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Habilitationsschrift</i></span>), which opens the road to a professorship.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevalence">Prevalence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habilitation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prevalence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Habilitation" title="Special:EditPage/Habilitation">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Habilitation%22">"Habilitation"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Habilitation%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Habilitation%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Habilitation%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Habilitation%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Habilitation%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Habilitation qualifications exist or existed in: </p> <ul><li>Algeria (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Habilitation à diriger des recherches</i></span>, "accreditation to supervise research", abbreviated HDR)</li> <li>Armenia, Azerbaijan (<span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">Habil. dr.</i></span>; currently abolished and no longer conferred, but those who have earned the degree earlier will use it for life)</li> <li>Austria (formerly <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Univ.-Doz.</i></span>, now <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Priv.-Doz.</i></span>)</li> <li>Belarus (<span title="Belarusian-language text"><span lang="be"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Доктар навук (page does not exist)">Доктар навук</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="be:Доктар навук">be</a>]</sup></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Latin_alphabet" title="Belarusian Latin alphabet">Łacinka</a>: <span title="Belarusian-language text"><i lang="be-Latn">Doktar navuk</i></span>)</li> <li>Belgium (French-speaking part: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Agrégation de l'enseignement supérieur</i></span>, until 2010)</li> <li>Brazil (<span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livre-doc%C3%AAncia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Livre-docência (page does not exist)">Livre-docência</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livre-doc%C3%AAncia" class="extiw" title="pt:Livre-docência">pt</a>]</sup></i></span>)</li> <li>Bulgaria (<span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">Доцент</span></span>, <span title="Bulgarian-language text"><i lang="bg-Latn">Docent</i></span>)</li> <li>Czech Republic (<span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">doc.</i></span>, <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">docent</i></span>)</li> <li>Denmark (<span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">dr. med./scient./phil.</i></span>)</li> <li>Egypt (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">العالمية</span></span> <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ālimiyya</i></span><i>/</i><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">Al-Azhar</i></span>)</li> <li>Finland (<span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Dosentti</i></span><i>/</i><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Docent</i></span>)</li> <li>France (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Habilitation à diriger des recherches</i></span>, "accreditation to supervise research", abbreviated HDR)</li> <li>Germany (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Priv.-Doz.</i></span> and/or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Dr. habil.</i></span>)</li> <li>Greece (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">υφηγεσία</span></span>, <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">υφηγητής</span></span>), abolished in 1983</li> <li>Hungary (<span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Dr. habil.</i></span>)</li> <li>Italy (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Abilitazione scientifica nazionale</i></span>, since 2012)</li> <li>Latvia (<span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">Dr. habil.</i></span>), since 1995 no longer conferred, but those who have earned the degree earlier will use it for life</li> <li>Lithuania (<span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">Dr. habil.</i></span>), since 2003 no longer conferred</li> <li>Luxembourg (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">autorisation à diriger des recherches</i></span>, "authorization to supervise research", or ADR)</li> <li>Moldova</li> <li>Poland (<span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">dr hab.</i></span>, <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">doktor habilitowany</i></span>)</li> <li>Portugal (<span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Agregação</i></span>)</li> <li>Romania (<span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">abilitare</i></span>)</li> <li>Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Доктор наук">Доктор наук</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Доктор наук">ru</a>]</sup></span></span>, <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Doktor nauk</i></span>, "Doctor of Sciences")<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Serbia (<span title="Serbian-language text"><span lang="sr-Cyrl">Доцент</span></span>, <span title="Serbian-language text"><i lang="sr-Latn">Docent</i></span>)</li> <li>Slovakia (<span title="Slovak-language text"><i lang="sk">Docent</i></span>)</li> <li>Slovenia (<span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">Docent</i></span>)</li> <li>Spain (Accreditation of research – <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Agregado</i></span>)</li> <li>Sweden (<span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Docent</i></span>)</li> <li>Switzerland (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">PD</i></span> and/or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Dr. habil.</i></span>)</li> <li>Tunisia (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Habilitation à diriger des recherches</i></span>, "accreditation to supervise research", abbreviated HDR)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habilitation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A habilitation thesis can be either cumulative (based on previous research, be it articles or monographs) or monographical, i.e., a specific, unpublished thesis, which then tends to be very long. While cumulative habilitations are predominant in some fields (such as <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>), they have been, since about a century ago, almost unheard of in others (such as <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>). </p><p>The level of scholarship of a habilitation is considerably higher than for a doctoral dissertation in the same academic tradition in terms of quality and quantity, and must be accomplished independently, without direction or guidance of a faculty supervisor.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">sciences</a>, publication of numerous (sometimes ten or more)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> research articles is required during the habilitation period of about four to ten years. In the <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a>, a major book publication may be a prerequisite for defense.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It is possible to get a professorship without habilitation, if the search committee attests the candidate to have qualifications equaling those of a habilitation and the higher-ranking bodies (the university's <a href="/wiki/Senate" title="Senate">senate</a> and the country's ministry of education) approve. However, while some subjects make liberal use of this (e.g., the natural sciences in order to employ candidates from countries with different systems and the arts to employ active artists), in other subjects it is rarely done. </p><p>The habilitation is awarded after a public lecture, to be held after the thesis has been accepted, and after which the <b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">venia legendi</i></span></b> (Latin: 'permission to read', i.e., to lecture) is bestowed. In some areas, such as law, philosophy, theology and sociology, the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">venia</i></span>, and thus the habilitation, is given only for certain sub-fields (such as <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">philosophy of science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Practical_philosophy" title="Practical philosophy">practical philosophy</a>, etc.); in others, for the entire field. </p><p>Although disciplines and countries vary in the typical number of years for obtaining habilitation after getting a doctorate, it usually takes longer than for the American <a href="/wiki/Academic_tenure" title="Academic tenure">academic tenure</a>. For example, in Poland until 2018, the statutory time for getting a habilitation (traditionally, although not obligatorily, relying on a book publication) is eight years. Theoretically, if an assistant professor does not succeed in obtaining habilitation in this time, they should be moved to a position of a lecturer, with a much higher teaching load and no research obligations, or even be dismissed. In practice, however, on many occasions schools extend the deadlines for habilitation for most scholars if they do not make it in time, and there is evidence that they are able to finish it in the near future. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria">Austria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habilitation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Austria, the procedure is currently regulated by national law (Austrian University Act UG2002 §103<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The graduation process includes additionally to the sub-commission of the senate (including students representatives for a hearing on the teaching capabilities of the candidate) an external reviewer. Holding a habilitation allows academics to do research and supervise (PhD, MSc, ...) on behalf of this university. As it is an academic degree, this is even valid if the person is not enrolled (or not enrolled anymore) at this institution (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Habilitation ad personam</i></span>). Appointment to a full professorship with an international finding commission includes a <i><a href="/wiki/Venia_docendi" class="mw-redirect" title="Venia docendi">venia docendi</a></i> (UG2002 §98(12)), which is restricted to the time of the appointment (UG2002 §98(13) – <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Habilitation ad positionem</i></span>). </p><p>While the habilitation ensures the rights of the independent research and the supervision, it is on behalf of the statute of the universities to give those rights also to, e.g., associate professors without habilitation. Currently the major Austrian universities do that only for master's level students, but not for PhD programs.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habilitation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Livre-docência</i></span></b> is a title (similar to <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Habilitation</i></span> in Germany) granted to holders of doctorate degrees upon submission of a cumulative thesis followed by a <a href="/wiki/Oral_exam" title="Oral exam"><i>viva voce</i> examination</a>. It has practically disappeared amongst Brazilian Federal <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">HEIs</a>. It is still required at a few institutions for admissions as a full <a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">professor</a> (<span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">professor titular</i></span>), most notably in the three state universities of the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">state of São Paulo</a>, as well as at the Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habilitation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Agr%C3%A9gation#In_higher_education" title="Agrégation">Agrégation § In higher education</a></div> <p>The degree of <b><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Docteur d'État</i></span></b> (State Doctor) or <b><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Doctorat d'État</i></span></b> (State Doctorate), called <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Doctorat_%C3%A8s_lettres" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctorat ès lettres">Doctorat ès lettres</a></i></span> (Doctor of Letters) or <b><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Doctorat_ès_sciences"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Doctorat ès sciences</span></span></i></span></b> (Doctor of Sciences) before the 1950s,<sup id="cite_ref-Schrift_p._208_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schrift_p._208-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> formerly awarded by universities in France had a somewhat similar purpose. In 1984, the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Doctorat d'État</i></span> was replaced by the <b><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Habilitation à diriger des recherches</i></span></b> (or French <b><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">habilitation</i></span></b>). </p><p>The award of the French habilitation is a general requirement for being the main supervisor of PhD students and to be eligible for full professor positions. The official eligibility named <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">qualification</i></span> is granted by the French <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Conseil National des Universités</span></span> (CNU). Members of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Directeur de Recherche</i></span> corps who are assimilated to full professors by the CNU do not require the French habilitation to supervise PhD students.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the field, the French habilitation requires consistent research from five to ten years after appointment as an assistant professor (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">maître de conférences</i></span>), a substantial amount of significant publications, the supervision of at least one PhD student from start to graduation, a successful track record securing extramural funding as a principal investigator, as well as a sound, ambitious, and feasible five-year research project. Outstanding postdoctoral researchers who are not yet appointed to a university could also obtain the habilitation if they meet the requirements. The French habilitation committee is constituted by a majority of external and sometimes foreign referees. The French habilitation entitles assistant professors (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">maîtres de conférences</i></span>) to apply for full professor positions (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">professeur des universités</i></span>). As such, the French habilitation is similar to the promotion to associate professor in North America. In other words, the North American ranks of assistant professor, associate professor, and full professor are equivalent to <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">maître de conférences</i></span>, French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">habilitation</i></span>/<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">qualification</i></span>, and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">professeur des universités</i></span>, respectively, in France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habilitation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#History_and_etymology">§ History and etymology</a></div> <p>In order to hold the rank of a full professor (<a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Germany" title="Academic ranks in Germany">W3</a>) within the German university system, it is necessary to have obtained the habilitation (or "habilitation-equivalent achievements"). This can be demonstrated by leading a research group, being a <a href="/wiki/Junior_professor" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior professor">junior professor</a>, or other achievements in research and teaching as a post-doctoral researcher. The habilitation in Germany is usually earned after several years of independent research and teaching, either "internally" while working at a university or "externally" as a research and teaching-oriented practitioner. Once the habilitation thesis (<b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Habilitationsschrift</i></span></b>, often simply <b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Habilitation</i></span></b>) and all other requirements are completed, the candidate (called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Habilitand/in</i></span> in German) "has habilitated him- or herself" and receives an extension to his/her doctoral degree, namely <i>Dr. habil.</i> (with the specification, such as <i>Dr. rer. nat. habil.</i>). The habilitation is thus an additional qualification at a higher level than the German <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctoral degree</a>. Only those candidates receiving the highest (or second-highest) grade for their doctoral thesis are encouraged to proceed with a habilitation. </p><p>A typical procedure after completing the habilitation is that the successful researcher officially receives the so-called <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Venia legendi</i></span> (Latin for "permission for lecturing") for a specific academic subject at universities (sometimes also referred to as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Venia docendi</i></span>, Latin for "right of teaching"). Someone in possession of the <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Venia legendi</i></span></i> but not a <a href="/wiki/Professorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Professorship">professorship</a> has the right to carry the title <i><a href="/wiki/Privatdozent" title="Privatdozent">Privatdozent</a></i> (for men) or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Privatdozentin</i></span> (for women), abbreviated <i>PD</i> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Priv.-Doz.</i></span>. The status as a PD requires doing some (generally unpaid) teaching in order to keep the title (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Titellehre</i></span> or titular teaching). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habilitation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Italian legal system, habilitations are different types of acts and authorizations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Habilitations_for_associate_and_full_professorships_in_universities">Habilitations for associate and full professorships in universities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habilitation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Habilitations for associate and full professorships in universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Regarding university habilitations, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Gelmini_reform" title="Gelmini reform">Gelmini reform</a> of the research and university teaching system (Italian Law 240 of year 2010 and subsequent modifications) has established the national scientific habilitation for the calls in the role of associate professor and full professor (called <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">abilitazione scientifica nazionale</i></span>, or ASN). This means that, as a prerequisite for being able to be selected by a university committee to fill these roles, it is necessary to have obtained the scientific qualification for the relative kind of teaching. For STEM fields (so called "bibliometric fields"), the qualifications requires a two-step evaluation: </p> <ol><li>first a quantitative assessment, as each candidate for and ASN as associate or full professor must have at least two out of these three requirements: having published more papers than most associate or full professors in Italian universities, having received more citations than most associate or full professors in Italian universities, having an <a href="/wiki/H-index" title="H-index"><i>h</i>-index</a> higher than most associate or full professors in Italian universities;</li> <li>then, a specific committee (one for each scientific sub-field) will qualitatively evaluate the scientific CV of the candidates, considering funding, mobility, autonomy of the research, awards won, and so on.</li></ol> <p>The successful candidate will then receive his or her ASN habilitation as associate or full professor (or, in some instances, for both) and may thus apply for those vacancies in Italian universities. </p><p>The ASN habilitation also allows to compete for three-year tenure-track assistant professorship positions (called RTDb in the Italian system, for <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">ricercatore a tempo determinato di tipo b</i></span>). At the end of the three-year contract the assistant professor must have a valid ASN habilitation in order to become a permanent associate professor; otherwise, he or she is permanently laid off. To prevent this (which may be disastrous to already undermanned Italian departments), it is common practice to award RTDb positions to people already habilitated as associate or full professors, which is in practical contrast with the spirit of the Gelmini-reform. </p><p>If an ASN habilitation application fails, the candidate can apply again, but only after a 12-month hiatus. </p><p>The ASN habilitation was initially valid for four years, but this validity term was extended many times. Currently (2023), due to extreme scarcity of tenure track positions in Italy, the ASN habilitation validity has been recently increased to ten years by government decree. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Professional_qualifications">Professional qualifications</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habilitation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Professional qualifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diploma_abilitazione_alla_libera_professione_di_Perito_Agrario.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Diploma_abilitazione_alla_libera_professione_di_Perito_Agrario.jpg/220px-Diploma_abilitazione_alla_libera_professione_di_Perito_Agrario.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Diploma_abilitazione_alla_libera_professione_di_Perito_Agrario.jpg/330px-Diploma_abilitazione_alla_libera_professione_di_Perito_Agrario.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Diploma_abilitazione_alla_libera_professione_di_Perito_Agrario.jpg/440px-Diploma_abilitazione_alla_libera_professione_di_Perito_Agrario.jpg 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Example of Italian professional qualification: Diploma in Agriculture</figcaption></figure> <p>In the field of free regulated professions, protected by a professional body (architects, lawyers, engineers, doctors, pharmacists, journalists, etc.), it identifies the state examination, more properly called "state examination for the qualification for the exercise of professions" that allows already graduated students or those with the necessary titles to register on the list of professionals and work. Many state exams include the possession of a specific qualification among the requirements. For example, to take the habilitation exam for to become an architect or an engineer, one must have already graduated from a university. However, in order to actually practice the profession it is necessary to register with the relevant professional association and, if the profession is exercised independently, it is necessary to have a <a href="/wiki/VAT_number" class="mw-redirect" title="VAT number">VAT number</a>. These exams are usually organized by the professional orders with the collaboration of area universities. </p><p>In other cases, especially in the case of health professions or childcare professionals, not protected by a professional nature, the degree itself is a qualifying title. </p><p>Finally, some habilitations, since their activities cannot be done autonomously, need to be hired in a suitable structure in order to effectively carry out the profession in question. This is for example the case of the education sector: once the qualifying examination has been passed, a public competition must be won for recruitment in an upper or lower secondary school. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habilitation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Portuguese legal system, there are two types of habilitation degree. The first is normally given to university professors and is named <b><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">agregação</i></span></b> or Decree of Law 239/2007<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the second is named <b><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">habilitação</i></span></b> (Decree of Law 124/99) and is used by doctoral researchers working in institutes outside universities.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legally, they are equivalent and are required for a professor (<span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">agregação</i></span>) or a researcher (<span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">habilitação</i></span>) to reach the top of their specific careers (full professor or coordinator researcher). Both degrees aim to evaluate if the candidate has achieved significant outputs in terms of scientific activity, including activities in postgraduation supervision. </p><p>The process to obtain any of the degrees is very similar, with minor changes. Any PhD holder can submit a habilitation thesis to obtain the degree. For <i><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">agregação</i></span></i>, the thesis is composed by a detailed CV of the achievements obtained after concluding the PhD, a detailed report of an academic course taught at the university (or a proposed course to be taught), and the summary of a lesson to be given. For <i><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">habilitação</i></span></i>, the academic course report is replaced by a research proposal or a proposal for advanced PhD studies. </p><p>After the candidate submits the habilitation thesis, a jury composed of five to nine full professors or coordinator researchers first evaluates the submitted documents; the majority needs to approve the candidate's request. If approved, the candidate then needs to defend their thesis in a two-day public defense. The public defense lasts for two hours each day. On the first day, the curriculum of the candidate is discussed (for both degrees) and in the case of <i><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">agregação</i></span></i>, the candidate also needs to present the academic course selected. On the second day, the candidate needs to present a lecture (<i><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">agregação</i></span></i>) or a proposal of a research project (<i><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">habilitação</i></span></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equivalent_degrees">Equivalent degrees</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habilitation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Equivalent degrees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Doktor_nauk" class="mw-redirect" title="Doktor nauk">Doctor of Science</a> in Russia and some other countries formerly part of the Soviet Union or the Eastern bloc is equivalent to a habilitation. The cumulative form of the habilitation can be compared to the <a href="/wiki/Higher_doctorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher doctorate">higher doctorates</a>, such as the D.Sc. (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Science" title="Doctor of Science">Doctor of Science</a>), Litt.D. (Doctor of Letters), LL.D. (Doctor of Laws) and D.D. (Doctor of Divinity) found in the UK, Ireland, and some Commonwealth countries, which are awarded on the basis of a career of published work. However, higher doctorates from these countries (except Russia) are often not recognized by any <a href="/wiki/German_state" class="mw-redirect" title="German state">German state</a> as being equivalent to the habilitation.<sup id="cite_ref-anabin_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anabin-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, Russia and Germany signed a Statement on Mutual Academic Recognition of Russian Academic Degrees and German Academic Qualifications, including the equivalence of the Russian Doctor of Science and the German Habilitation qualification.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, the position or title of an associate professor (or higher) at a European Union-based university is systematically translated into or compared to titles such as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Universitätsprofessor</i></span> <i>(W2)</i> (Germany), <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">førsteamanuensis</i></span> (Norway), or <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Doktor hab.</i></span> (Poland) by institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> Directorate-General for Research,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and therefore usually implies the holder of such title has a degree equivalent to habilitation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Debate">Debate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habilitation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_habilitation_debate">German habilitation debate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habilitation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: German habilitation debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Habilitation##" title="Talk:Habilitation">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Habilitation&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Habilitation%22">"Habilitation"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Habilitation%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Habilitation%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Habilitation%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Habilitation%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Habilitation%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2004, the habilitation was the subject of a major political debate in Germany. The former Federal Minister for Education and Science, <a href="/wiki/Edelgard_Bulmahn" title="Edelgard Bulmahn">Edelgard Bulmahn</a>, aimed to abolish the system of the habilitation and replace it with the alternative concept of the junior professor: a researcher should first be employed for up to six years as a "junior professor" (a non-<a href="/wiki/Tenure" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenure">tenured</a> position roughly equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Assistant_professor" title="Assistant professor">assistant professor</a> in the United States) and so prove his/her suitability for holding a tenured professorship. </p><p>Many, especially researchers in the <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural sciences</a>, as well as young researchers, have long demanded the abandonment of the habilitation as they think it to be an unnecessary and time-consuming obstacle in an academic career, contributing to the <a href="/wiki/Brain_drain" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain drain">brain drain</a> of talented young researchers who think their chances of getting a professorship at a reasonable age to be better abroad and hence move, for example, to the UK or the USA. Many feel overly dependent on their supervising <a href="/wiki/Principal_investigator" title="Principal investigator">principal investigators</a> (the professor heading the research group) since superiors have power to delay the process of completing the habilitation. A further problem comes with funding support for those who wish to pursue a habilitation, where older candidates often feel discriminated against, for example under the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Forschungsgemeinschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft">DFG</a>'s Emmy-Noether programme. Furthermore, internal "soft" money might only be budgeted to pay for younger postdoctoral scientists. Because of the need to chase short-term research contracts, many researchers in the natural sciences apply for more transparent career development opportunities in other countries. In summary, a peer-reviewed demonstration of a successful academic development and an international outlook is considered more than compensation for an habilitation where there is evidence of grant applications, well-cited publications, a network of collaborators, lecturing and organisational experience, and experience of having worked and published abroad. </p><p>On the other hand, amongst many senior researchers, especially in <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a>, the habilitation was—and still is—regarded as a valuable instrument of <a href="/wiki/Quality_control" title="Quality control">quality control</a> before giving somebody a tenured position for life. </p><p>Bavaria, Saxony and Thuringia, three <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">states</a> with conservative governments, filed suit at the <a href="/wiki/German_Constitutional_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="German Constitutional Court">German Constitutional Court</a> against the new law replacing the habilitation with the junior professor.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court concurred with their argument that the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> (the federal parliament) cannot pass such a law, because the <a href="/wiki/German_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="German constitution">German constitution</a> explicitly states that affairs of education are the sole responsibility of the states and declared the law to be invalid in June 2004. In reaction, a new federal law was passed, giving the states more freedom regarding habilitations and junior professors. The junior professor has since been legally established in all states, but it is still possible—and encouraged—for an academic career in many subjects in Germany to pursue a habilitation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habilitation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habilitation_to_Supervise_Research" title="Habilitation to Supervise Research">Habilitation to Supervise Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postdoctoral_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Postdoctoral research">Postdoctoral research</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habilitation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arguably one of the earliest German habilitation holders is <a href="/wiki/Erhard_Weigel" title="Erhard Weigel">Erhard Weigel</a> (Dr. phil. hab., Leipzig, 1652, according to the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://erhard-weigel-gesellschaft.de.dedi2970.your-server.de/biographie-weigels/">Erhard Weigel Gesselschaft</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161114124147/http://erhard-weigel-gesellschaft.de.dedi2970.your-server.de/biographie-weigels/">Archived</a> 14 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian Fleck, <i>Sociology in Austria</i>, Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl Brockelmann, <i>History of the Arabic Written Tradition</i>, Volume 1, BRILL, 2016, p. vii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px 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a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianenic.ru/int/agreements/german.html">"НИЦ АПМ Минобрнауки РФ"</a>. <i>russianenic.ru</i> (in 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-graz.at%2Fzvwww%2Fgesetze%2Fsatzung-ug02-06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabilitation" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140606224731/http://www.uibk.ac.at/fakultaeten-servicestelle/pruefungsreferate/recht.html.en">"Legal basis"</a>. <i>Universität Innsbruck</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uibk.ac.at/fakultaeten-servicestelle/pruefungsreferate/recht.html.en">the original</a> on 6 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Universit%C3%A4t+Innsbruck&rft.atitle=Legal+basis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uibk.ac.at%2Ffakultaeten-servicestelle%2Fpruefungsreferate%2Frecht.html.en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabilitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schrift_p._208-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schrift_p._208_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan D. Schrift (2006), <i>Twentieth-Century French Philosophy: Key Themes And Thinkers</i>, Blackwell Publishing, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000267752">"Arrêté du 7 août 2006 relatif à la formation doctorale. – Legifrance"</a>. <i>legifrance.gouv.fr</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legifrance.gouv.fr&rft.atitle=Arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9+du+7+ao%C3%BBt+2006+relatif+%C3%A0+la+formation+doctorale.+%E2%80%93+Legifrance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%2FaffichTexte.do%3FcidTexte%3DJORFTEXT000000267752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabilitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000520453">"Décret n°84-431 du 6 juin 1984 fixant les dispositions statutaires communes applicables aux enseignants-chercheurs et portant statut particulier du corps des professeurs des universités et du corps des maîtres de conférences. – Legifrance"</a>. <i>legifrance.gouv.fr</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legifrance.gouv.fr&rft.atitle=D%C3%A9cret+n%C2%B084-431+du+6+juin+1984+fixant+les+dispositions+statutaires+communes+applicables+aux+enseignants-chercheurs+et+portant+statut+particulier+du+corps+des+professeurs+des+universit%C3%A9s+et+du+corps+des+ma%C3%AEtres+de+conf%C3%A9rences.+%E2%80%93+Legifrance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%2FaffichTexte.do%3FcidTexte%3DJORFTEXT000000520453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabilitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dre.pt/application/conteudo/639289">Decree of Law 239/2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dre.pt/application/conteudo/534996">https://dre.pt/application/conteudo/534996</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anabin-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anabin_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anabin.kmk.org/no_cache/filter/hochschulabschluesse.html">"Anabin database"</a>. <i>Anabin database (in German, click on "Abschlusstypen", then select Länderauswahl "Großbritannien", then "Doctor of/in")</i>. 24 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anabin+database+%28in+German%2C+click+on+%22Abschlusstypen%22%2C+then+select+L%C3%A4nderauswahl+%22Gro%C3%9Fbritannien%22%2C+then+%22Doctor+of%2Fin%22%29&rft.atitle=Anabin+database&rft.date=2009-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanabin.kmk.org%2Fno_cache%2Ffilter%2Fhochschulabschluesse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabilitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/research/science-society/document_library/pdf_06/she_figures_2009_en.pdf">European Commission Directorate-General for Research on Seniority Grades of Academic Staff, p. 129 and pp. 133ff</a> accessed 26 September 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdr.de/themen/forschung/bildung/juniorprofessur/">"WDR – Informationen und Nachrichten vom Westdeutschen Rundfunk"</a>. <i>wdr.de</i>. 27 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wdr.de&rft.atitle=WDR+%E2%80%93+Informationen+und+Nachrichten+vom+Westdeutschen+Rundfunk&rft.date=2016-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdr.de%2Fthemen%2Fforschung%2Fbildung%2Fjuniorprofessur%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHabilitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habilitation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mi.fu-berlin.de/en/stud/prom-habil/index.html">A short description of PhD and Habilitation at the Free University of Berlin, Germany</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euroeducation.net/prof/ausco.htm">Education in Austria at the European Education Directory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/285/5433/1525?ck=nck"><i>Germany tries to break its Habilitation Habit</i> article in the science magazin of the AAAS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.mytum.de/archiv/kompendium_rechtsangelegenheiten/habilitationsordnung/engl.Vers._HabilO_mit_AES_13.12.05.pdf">Habilitation procedure at the Technical University of Munich, Germany</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-261281/Hungary">Higher Education in Hungary at the Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnatdcu.ro/metodologie/abilitare/">Habilitation in Romania</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_degree" title="Undergraduate degree">Undergraduate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Classification_of_Education" title="International Standard Classification of Education">ISCED</a> level 5</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associate_degree" title="Associate degree">Associate degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_degree" title="Foundation degree">Foundation degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_National_Diploma" title="Higher National Diploma">Higher National Diploma</a> / <a href="/wiki/Diploma_of_Higher_Education" title="Diploma of Higher Education">Diploma of Higher Education</a> / <a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_Higher_Education" title="Certificate of Higher Education">Certificate of Higher Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Classification_of_Education" title="International Standard Classification of Education">ISCED</a> level 6</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">Bachelor's degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honours_degree" title="Honours degree">Honours degree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Classification_of_Education" title="International Standard Classification of Education">ISCED</a> level 7</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_diploma" title="Postgraduate diploma">Postgraduate diploma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_certificate" title="Postgraduate certificate">certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplom" title="Diplom">Diplom degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineer%27s_degree" title="Engineer's degree">Engineer's degree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Classification_of_Education" title="International Standard Classification of Education">ISCED</a> level 8</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">Doctorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidate_of_Sciences" title="Candidate of Sciences">Candidate of Sciences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Postdoctoral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_doctorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher doctorate">Higher doctorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Sciences" title="Doctor of Sciences">Doctor of Sciences</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Habilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docent#Northern_Europe" title="Docent">Docent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_tenure" title="Academic tenure">Tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">Fellow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">No dominant<br />classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_certificate" title="Academic certificate">Academic certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist_diploma" title="Artist diploma">Artist diploma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_degree" title="External degree">External degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurea" title="Laurea">Laurea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licentiate_(degree)" title="Licentiate (degree)">Licentiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_degree" title="Magister degree">Magister degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microdegree" title="Microdegree">Microdegree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">Professional degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_diploma" title="Graduate diploma">Graduate diploma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Graduate_certificate" title="Graduate certificate">certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_diploma" title="Higher diploma">Higher diploma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialist_degree" title="Specialist degree">Specialist degree</a>/<a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia#Traditional_model" title="Education in Russia">diploma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_degree" title="Terminal degree">Terminal degree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unearned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">Honorary degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_eundem_degree" title="Ad eundem degree"><i>Ad eundem</i> degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)" title="Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)">Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" 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