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class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E9%95%82%E7%A9%BA" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E9%95%82%E7%A9%BA" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-种类" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#种类"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>种类</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-种类-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-建筑学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#建筑学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>建筑学</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-建筑学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-图片集" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#图片集"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>图片集</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-图片集-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关图片集子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-图片集-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-建筑图集" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#建筑图集"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>建筑图集</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-建筑图集-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考资料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考资料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>参考资料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考资料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">镂空</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。18种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80_(%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80)" title="Ажур (узор) – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ажур (узор)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%BEur" title="Ažur – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ažur" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80_jour" title="À jour – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="À jour" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openwork" title="Openwork – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Openwork" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%B5uro" title="Aĵuro – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aĵuro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calado_(ornamentaci%C3%B3n)" title="Calado (ornamentación) – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Calado (ornamentación)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A8%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="مشبک‌‌کار – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مشبک‌‌کار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajour" title="Ajour – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ajour" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%96%27%D7%95%D7%A8" title="אז'ור – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אז'ור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni_kerawang" title="Seni kerawang – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Seni kerawang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traforo_(motivo_decorativo)" title="Traforo (motivo decorativo) – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Traforo (motivo decorativo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%88%AC%EA%B0%81" title="투각 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="투각" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%BE%C5%ABras" title="Ažūras – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ažūras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajourwerk" title="Ajourwerk – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ajourwerk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%BCur" title="Ażur – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ażur" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80_(%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80)" title="Ажур (узор) – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ажур (узор)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajur" title="Ajur – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ajur" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80_(%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA)" title="Ажур (візерунок) – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ажур (візерунок)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10859462#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%82%E7%A9%BA" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:%E9%95%82%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="关于此页面的讨论（页面不存在）[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E9%95%82%E7%A9%BA" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E9%95%82%E7%A9%BA" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E9%95%82%E7%A9%BA" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E9%95%82%E7%A9%BA" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E9%95%82%E7%A9%BA" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E9%95%82%E7%A9%BA" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E9%95%82%E7%A9%BA" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E9%95%82%E7%A9%BA" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E9%95%82%E7%A9%BA" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> 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typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Openwork_basket,_Bow,_c._1754-1755,_soft-paste_porcelain_-_California_Palace_of_the_Legion_of_Honor_-_DSC07694.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Openwork_basket%2C_Bow%2C_c._1754-1755%2C_soft-paste_porcelain_-_California_Palace_of_the_Legion_of_Honor_-_DSC07694.JPG/220px-Openwork_basket%2C_Bow%2C_c._1754-1755%2C_soft-paste_porcelain_-_California_Palace_of_the_Legion_of_Honor_-_DSC07694.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Openwork_basket%2C_Bow%2C_c._1754-1755%2C_soft-paste_porcelain_-_California_Palace_of_the_Legion_of_Honor_-_DSC07694.JPG/330px-Openwork_basket%2C_Bow%2C_c._1754-1755%2C_soft-paste_porcelain_-_California_Palace_of_the_Legion_of_Honor_-_DSC07694.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Openwork_basket%2C_Bow%2C_c._1754-1755%2C_soft-paste_porcelain_-_California_Palace_of_the_Legion_of_Honor_-_DSC07694.JPG/440px-Openwork_basket%2C_Bow%2C_c._1754-1755%2C_soft-paste_porcelain_-_California_Palace_of_the_Legion_of_Honor_-_DSC07694.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3293" data-file-height="3204" /></a><figcaption>镂空花篮，英国<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%93%E7%93%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弓瓷（页面不存在）">弓瓷</a>，约1754–1755</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoxne_Hoard_Juliane_bracelet.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A gold bracelet with a pattern and writing created by making holes in the bracelet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Hoxne_Hoard_Juliane_bracelet.JPG/220px-Hoxne_Hoard_Juliane_bracelet.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Hoxne_Hoard_Juliane_bracelet.JPG/330px-Hoxne_Hoard_Juliane_bracelet.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Hoxne_Hoard_Juliane_bracelet.JPG/440px-Hoxne_Hoard_Juliane_bracelet.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="633" /></a><figcaption>来自<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E5%AE%9D%E8%97%8F" title="霍克森宝藏">霍克森宝藏</a>的古罗马金手镯。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sidi_Saiyyad_Ni_Jaali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Sidi_Saiyyad_Ni_Jaali.jpg/220px-Sidi_Saiyyad_Ni_Jaali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Sidi_Saiyyad_Ni_Jaali.jpg/330px-Sidi_Saiyyad_Ni_Jaali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Sidi_Saiyyad_Ni_Jaali.jpg/440px-Sidi_Saiyyad_Ni_Jaali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>印度<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%93%88%E8%BF%88%E8%BE%BE%E5%B7%B4%E5%BE%B7" title="艾哈迈达巴德">艾哈迈达巴德</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E8%BF%AA%E8%B5%9B%E4%B9%89%E5%BE%B7%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西迪赛义德清真寺（页面不存在）">西迪赛义德清真寺</a>的错综复杂的镂空。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>镂空</b>（英语：openwork或open-work）是<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="艺术">艺术</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91" class="mw-redirect" title="建筑">建筑</a>及相关领域中的一个术语，指的是通过在金属、木材、石头、陶器、布、皮革或象牙等固体材料上开孔、穿孔或缝隙而产生装饰的任何技术。<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>这种技术在许多文化中都得到广泛应用。 </p><p>该术语相当灵活，既可用于建筑设计，也可用于在普通材料上进行切割或打洞。同样，使用<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E5%A1%91" title="模塑">模具</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%91%84%E9%80%A0" title="鑄造">铸造</a>等技术在一个阶段创建整个设计，这在镂空作品中也很常见。虽然很多镂空作品的效果是依靠观众直接看到物体，但有些作品在镂空作品的后面放置了不同的材料作为背景。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="种类"><span id=".E7.A7.8D.E7.B1.BB"></span>种类</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%82%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：种类"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>通常使用镂空的技术或风格包括纺织品中所有的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E8%BE%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="花边">花边</a>和剪裁类型，包括安哥拉花边和许多其他类型。木头上的镂空工艺被用于各种类型的物品。镂空工艺在<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E5%AF%B6" title="珠寶">珠宝</a>中一直被大量使用，尤其是为了节省昂贵的材料和重量。例如，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%A8%E8%BD%A8%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="跨轨作品（页面不存在）">Opus interrasile</a>是古罗马和拜占庭珠宝中使用的一种装饰，用打孔器刺穿细金条。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>其他技术使用模具铸造，或用金属丝或小金属条构建设计。基本上扁平的物体很容易用<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8F%E5%9C%9F" title="黏土">粘土</a>或其他材料的模具来铸造，这种技术在中国古代就已经知道了，大约在公元前1600年至1046年的<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E6%9C%9D" title="商朝">商朝</a>之前。<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在更大规模的金属制品中，<a href="/wiki/%E9%8D%9B%E9%90%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="鍛鐵">锻铁</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B8%E9%93%81" title="铸铁">铸铁</a>的装饰往往用到镂空。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E6%B3%B0%E4%BA%BA" title="斯基泰人">斯泰基</a>金属制品通常佩戴在人身上，或至少由马车携带，大量使用镂空，<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>可能部分是为了减轻重量。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A1%BB%E8%B4%BA%E5%A0%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="须贺堀（页面不存在）">Sukashibori</a>（大致翻译为“透视作品”）是日本术语，涵盖了许多在<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="日本藝術">日本艺术</a>中非常流行的镂空技术。<sup id="cite_ref-tma_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tma-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>在陶器中，如果排除<a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%B2%E7%AE%95" title="筲箕">筛子</a>之类的器物（西方从古典时期就有镂空的底座），装饰性镂空长期以来一直是东亚陶瓷的主要特征，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E9%99%B6%E7%93%B7" title="朝鲜陶瓷">韩国陶瓷</a>从很早就开始特别喜欢这种技术。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在18世纪之前的欧洲陶瓷中很少使用它，当时主要使用<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%AD%90" title="格子">格子</a>面板的设计在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E5%8F%AF%E5%8F%AF" title="洛可可">洛可可式</a>陶瓷“篮子”中流行，后来在英国银托盘中也很流行。镂空部分可以通过在烧制前切割成传统的实体来制作，也可以通过使用粘土条来制作，后者通常在模仿松散的柳条制品时使用。在<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83" title="玻璃">玻璃</a>中，镂空不太常见，但壮观的古罗马<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B1%A0%E5%AD%90%E6%9D%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="籠子杯（页面不存在）">笼形杯</a>将其用作装饰性外层。 </p><p>某些类型的物体自然适合甚至需要镂空，这样可以让空气流过屏风、炉子或<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E7%88%90" title="香爐">香炉</a>、绒球、<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>洒水器、通风<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E6%A0%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格栅（页面不存在）">格栅</a>和面板，以及供暖系统的各个部分。对于外部幕墙，镂空设计允许向外看，但不能向内看。对于大门和其他类型的幕墙，需要安全性，但也可能需要可视性。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="建筑学"><span id=".E5.BB.BA.E7.AD.91.E5.AD.A6"></span>建筑学</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%82%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：建筑学"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E5%AD%A6" title="建筑学">建筑</a>中，镂空有多种形式，包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8A%B1%E9%A5%B0%E7%AA%97%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="花饰窗格（页面不存在）">窗饰</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%84%E6%9D%86%E6%9F%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="欄杆柱（页面不存在）">栏杆</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E5%85%92%E7%89%86" title="女兒牆">女儿墙</a>，以及多种屏风。在伊斯兰世界特别常见的各种屏风类型包括石材贾里和木头等同物，如马什拉比亚。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%90%98%E5%AE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鐘室（页面不存在）">壁炉</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%98%E6%A8%93_(%E6%95%B2%E6%93%8A%E9%90%98)" title="鐘樓 (敲擊鐘)">钟楼</a>通常包括开放式或半开放式元素，以便在远处听到声音，而且这些通常被用作装饰用途。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9%E5%BC%8F%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91" title="哥特式建筑">哥特式建筑</a>中，一些整个<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%96%E9%A0%82" title="尖頂">尖顶</a>都是镂空的。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E5%BA%A7%E5%A0%82" title="沙特尔主教座堂">沙特尔大教堂</a>西侧的两个尖顶中，较晚的一个大部分是镂空的。除了石头和木头之外，材料的范围还包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%9A" title="磚">砖</a>，它可用于窗户（通常不上釉）和屏风。巴黎的<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%8F%B2%E7%88%BE%E9%90%B5%E5%A1%94" title="艾菲爾鐵塔">埃菲尔铁塔</a>等建筑也被描述为镂空。在这里，镂空结构对工程至关重要，它不仅减轻了重量，还减少了<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BB%E5%8A%9B" title="阻力">风阻</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>从14世纪早期<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E8%B5%96%E5%A0%A1%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" title="弗赖堡大教堂">弗莱堡大教堂</a>的尖顶开始，其中穿孔的石雕由铁箍固定在一起，根据罗伯特·博克的说法，镂空尖顶代表了“哥特式结构倾向的激进但合理的延伸”。<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E8%BF%AA" title="安东尼·高迪">安东尼奥·高迪</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%A1%9E%E7%BD%97%E9%82%A3" title="巴塞罗那">巴塞罗那</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%AE%B6%E5%A0%82" title="圣家堂">圣家堂</a>的18个镂空尖顶代表了这种哥特式趋势的产物。由高迪于1884年设计并开始建造，直到21世纪仍未完成。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="图片集"><span 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Hoard（页面不存在）">彭特尼宝藏</a>中的<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Saxon_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anglo-Saxon art（页面不存在）">盎格鲁撒克逊</a>胸针</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fragrance_box_with_openwork_lid,_Korea,_Goryeo_dynasty,_11th-12th_century,_bronze_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC04201.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="带镂空盖子的香盒，韩国，高丽王朝，11–12世纪，青铜"><img alt="带镂空盖子的香盒，韩国，高丽王朝，11–12世纪，青铜" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Fragrance_box_with_openwork_lid%2C_Korea%2C_Goryeo_dynasty%2C_11th-12th_century%2C_bronze_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC04201.JPG/200px-Fragrance_box_with_openwork_lid%2C_Korea%2C_Goryeo_dynasty%2C_11th-12th_century%2C_bronze_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC04201.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Fragrance_box_with_openwork_lid%2C_Korea%2C_Goryeo_dynasty%2C_11th-12th_century%2C_bronze_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC04201.JPG/300px-Fragrance_box_with_openwork_lid%2C_Korea%2C_Goryeo_dynasty%2C_11th-12th_century%2C_bronze_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC04201.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Fragrance_box_with_openwork_lid%2C_Korea%2C_Goryeo_dynasty%2C_11th-12th_century%2C_bronze_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC04201.JPG/400px-Fragrance_box_with_openwork_lid%2C_Korea%2C_Goryeo_dynasty%2C_11th-12th_century%2C_bronze_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC04201.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3551" data-file-height="3290" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">带镂空盖子的香盒，韩国，<a href="/w/index.php?title=Goryeo_dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goryeo dynasty（页面不存在）">高丽王朝</a>，11–12世纪，青铜</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jade_ornament_grapes_jin_dynasty_shanghai_museum_2004_07_22.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="中国藤蔓玉饰，晋代"><img alt="中国藤蔓玉饰，晋代" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jade_ornament_grapes_jin_dynasty_shanghai_museum_2004_07_22.jpg/200px-Jade_ornament_grapes_jin_dynasty_shanghai_museum_2004_07_22.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jade_ornament_grapes_jin_dynasty_shanghai_museum_2004_07_22.jpg/300px-Jade_ornament_grapes_jin_dynasty_shanghai_museum_2004_07_22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jade_ornament_grapes_jin_dynasty_shanghai_museum_2004_07_22.jpg/400px-Jade_ornament_grapes_jin_dynasty_shanghai_museum_2004_07_22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1294" data-file-height="1063" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">中国<a href="/wiki/Jade" class="mw-disambig" title="Jade">藤蔓</a>玉饰，<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)（页面不存在）">晋代</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran,_khorasan_o_asia_centrale,_brucia-profumi_a_forma_di_felino,_XI_sec._01_rame_e_vetro.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="波斯香炉，约11世纪"><img alt="波斯香炉，约11世纪" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Iran%2C_khorasan_o_asia_centrale%2C_brucia-profumi_a_forma_di_felino%2C_XI_sec._01_rame_e_vetro.JPG/200px-Iran%2C_khorasan_o_asia_centrale%2C_brucia-profumi_a_forma_di_felino%2C_XI_sec._01_rame_e_vetro.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Iran%2C_khorasan_o_asia_centrale%2C_brucia-profumi_a_forma_di_felino%2C_XI_sec._01_rame_e_vetro.JPG/300px-Iran%2C_khorasan_o_asia_centrale%2C_brucia-profumi_a_forma_di_felino%2C_XI_sec._01_rame_e_vetro.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Iran%2C_khorasan_o_asia_centrale%2C_brucia-profumi_a_forma_di_felino%2C_XI_sec._01_rame_e_vetro.JPG/400px-Iran%2C_khorasan_o_asia_centrale%2C_brucia-profumi_a_forma_di_felino%2C_XI_sec._01_rame_e_vetro.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2151" data-file-height="1896" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">波斯<a href="/w/index.php?title=Incense_burner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incense burner（页面不存在）">香炉</a>，约11世纪</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyx_MNMA_Cl22860.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="法国，1220 – 1240"><img alt="法国，1220 – 1240" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pyx_MNMA_Cl22860.jpg/104px-Pyx_MNMA_Cl22860.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pyx_MNMA_Cl22860.jpg/156px-Pyx_MNMA_Cl22860.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pyx_MNMA_Cl22860.jpg/208px-Pyx_MNMA_Cl22860.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="3450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">法国，1220 – 1240</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_2000.95.1_Processional_Cross.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="埃塞俄比亚游行十字架的头像，13或14世纪"><img alt="埃塞俄比亚游行十字架的头像，13或14世纪" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Brooklyn_Museum_2000.95.1_Processional_Cross.jpg/155px-Brooklyn_Museum_2000.95.1_Processional_Cross.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Brooklyn_Museum_2000.95.1_Processional_Cross.jpg/232px-Brooklyn_Museum_2000.95.1_Processional_Cross.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Brooklyn_Museum_2000.95.1_Processional_Cross.jpg/310px-Brooklyn_Museum_2000.95.1_Processional_Cross.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1189" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">埃塞俄比亚游行十字架的头像，13或14世纪</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Casket_ivory_Louvre_MAO684.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="象牙箱子，伊斯兰西班牙或埃及，13或14世纪"><img alt="象牙箱子，伊斯兰西班牙或埃及，13或14世纪" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Casket_ivory_Louvre_MAO684.jpg/200px-Casket_ivory_Louvre_MAO684.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Casket_ivory_Louvre_MAO684.jpg/300px-Casket_ivory_Louvre_MAO684.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Casket_ivory_Louvre_MAO684.jpg/400px-Casket_ivory_Louvre_MAO684.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">象牙箱子，伊斯兰西班牙或埃及，13或14世纪</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Goshavank_-_Armenia_(2923871397).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="戈沙万克的亚美尼亚十字架石细节图，1291年。装饰没有直接切穿石板，因此这是严格意义上的浮雕，给人一种镂空的印象。"><img alt="戈沙万克的亚美尼亚十字架石细节图，1291年。装饰没有直接切穿石板，因此这是严格意义上的浮雕，给人一种镂空的印象。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Goshavank_-_Armenia_%282923871397%29.jpg/200px-Goshavank_-_Armenia_%282923871397%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Goshavank_-_Armenia_%282923871397%29.jpg/300px-Goshavank_-_Armenia_%282923871397%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Goshavank_-_Armenia_%282923871397%29.jpg/400px-Goshavank_-_Armenia_%282923871397%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3094" data-file-height="2063" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">戈沙万克的亚美尼亚<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khachkar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khachkar（页面不存在）">十字架石</a>细节图，1291年。装饰没有直接切穿石板，因此这是严格<a href="/w/index.php?title=Relief&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relief（页面不存在）">意义</a>上的浮雕，给人一种镂空的印象。</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%BD%A9%E6%BC%86%E6%9C%A8%E9%9B%95%E5%B0%8F%E5%BA%A7%E5%B1%8F%EF%BC%8C2014-04-06_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="中国木漆屏风"><img alt="中国木漆屏风" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%E5%BD%A9%E6%BC%86%E6%9C%A8%E9%9B%95%E5%B0%8F%E5%BA%A7%E5%B1%8F%EF%BC%8C2014-04-06_06.jpg/200px-%E5%BD%A9%E6%BC%86%E6%9C%A8%E9%9B%95%E5%B0%8F%E5%BA%A7%E5%B1%8F%EF%BC%8C2014-04-06_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%E5%BD%A9%E6%BC%86%E6%9C%A8%E9%9B%95%E5%B0%8F%E5%BA%A7%E5%B1%8F%EF%BC%8C2014-04-06_06.jpg/300px-%E5%BD%A9%E6%BC%86%E6%9C%A8%E9%9B%95%E5%B0%8F%E5%BA%A7%E5%B1%8F%EF%BC%8C2014-04-06_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%E5%BD%A9%E6%BC%86%E6%9C%A8%E9%9B%95%E5%B0%8F%E5%BA%A7%E5%B1%8F%EF%BC%8C2014-04-06_06.jpg/400px-%E5%BD%A9%E6%BC%86%E6%9C%A8%E9%9B%95%E5%B0%8F%E5%BA%A7%E5%B1%8F%EF%BC%8C2014-04-06_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">中国木漆屏风</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaque_(Iran).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="来自伊朗的钢匾。一套8件中的一件，可能用于固定在木头上，可能在皇家陵墓中，17世纪"><img alt="来自伊朗的钢匾。一套8件中的一件，可能用于固定在木头上，可能在皇家陵墓中，17世纪" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Plaque_%28Iran%29.jpg/200px-Plaque_%28Iran%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Plaque_%28Iran%29.jpg/300px-Plaque_%28Iran%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Plaque_%28Iran%29.jpg/400px-Plaque_%28Iran%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="298" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">来自伊朗的钢匾。一套8件中的一件，可能用于固定在木头上，可能在皇家陵墓中，17世纪</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Openwork_Hexagonal_Ko-Kiyomizu_Ware_Bowl,_c._1731-1752,_Japan,_artist_unknown,_stoneware_with_overglaze_enamels_-_Art_Institute_of_Chicago_-_DSC00215.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="镂空六角形碗，约1731 – 1752，日本，艺术家不详，釉上彩炻器"><img alt="镂空六角形碗，约1731 – 1752，日本，艺术家不详，釉上彩炻器" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Openwork_Hexagonal_Ko-Kiyomizu_Ware_Bowl%2C_c._1731-1752%2C_Japan%2C_artist_unknown%2C_stoneware_with_overglaze_enamels_-_Art_Institute_of_Chicago_-_DSC00215.JPG/200px-Openwork_Hexagonal_Ko-Kiyomizu_Ware_Bowl%2C_c._1731-1752%2C_Japan%2C_artist_unknown%2C_stoneware_with_overglaze_enamels_-_Art_Institute_of_Chicago_-_DSC00215.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Openwork_Hexagonal_Ko-Kiyomizu_Ware_Bowl%2C_c._1731-1752%2C_Japan%2C_artist_unknown%2C_stoneware_with_overglaze_enamels_-_Art_Institute_of_Chicago_-_DSC00215.JPG/300px-Openwork_Hexagonal_Ko-Kiyomizu_Ware_Bowl%2C_c._1731-1752%2C_Japan%2C_artist_unknown%2C_stoneware_with_overglaze_enamels_-_Art_Institute_of_Chicago_-_DSC00215.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Openwork_Hexagonal_Ko-Kiyomizu_Ware_Bowl%2C_c._1731-1752%2C_Japan%2C_artist_unknown%2C_stoneware_with_overglaze_enamels_-_Art_Institute_of_Chicago_-_DSC00215.JPG/400px-Openwork_Hexagonal_Ko-Kiyomizu_Ware_Bowl%2C_c._1731-1752%2C_Japan%2C_artist_unknown%2C_stoneware_with_overglaze_enamels_-_Art_Institute_of_Chicago_-_DSC00215.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4430" data-file-height="3389" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">镂空六角形碗，约1731 – 1752，日本，艺术家不详，釉上彩炻器</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chippendale_side_chair,_maker_unknown,_New_York_City,_1760-1780,_mahogany_and_upholstery_-_De_Young_Museum_-_DSC00831.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="美国椅子，1760 – 80，由托马斯·齐本德尔设计"><img alt="美国椅子，1760 – 80，由托马斯·齐本德尔设计" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Chippendale_side_chair%2C_maker_unknown%2C_New_York_City%2C_1760-1780%2C_mahogany_and_upholstery_-_De_Young_Museum_-_DSC00831.JPG/133px-Chippendale_side_chair%2C_maker_unknown%2C_New_York_City%2C_1760-1780%2C_mahogany_and_upholstery_-_De_Young_Museum_-_DSC00831.JPG" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Chippendale_side_chair%2C_maker_unknown%2C_New_York_City%2C_1760-1780%2C_mahogany_and_upholstery_-_De_Young_Museum_-_DSC00831.JPG/200px-Chippendale_side_chair%2C_maker_unknown%2C_New_York_City%2C_1760-1780%2C_mahogany_and_upholstery_-_De_Young_Museum_-_DSC00831.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Chippendale_side_chair%2C_maker_unknown%2C_New_York_City%2C_1760-1780%2C_mahogany_and_upholstery_-_De_Young_Museum_-_DSC00831.JPG/266px-Chippendale_side_chair%2C_maker_unknown%2C_New_York_City%2C_1760-1780%2C_mahogany_and_upholstery_-_De_Young_Museum_-_DSC00831.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">美国椅子，1760 – 80，由<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Chippendale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Chippendale（页面不存在）">托马斯·齐本德尔</a>设计</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lotus-shaped_cup_with_openwork_handle,_China,_Qing_dynasty,_probably_1800-1900_AD,_rhinoceros_horn_-_Asian_Art_Museum_of_San_Francisco_-_DSC01565.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="带镂空把手的莲花杯，中国，大概公元19世纪，犀牛角"><img alt="带镂空把手的莲花杯，中国，大概公元19世纪，犀牛角" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Lotus-shaped_cup_with_openwork_handle%2C_China%2C_Qing_dynasty%2C_probably_1800-1900_AD%2C_rhinoceros_horn_-_Asian_Art_Museum_of_San_Francisco_-_DSC01565.JPG/138px-Lotus-shaped_cup_with_openwork_handle%2C_China%2C_Qing_dynasty%2C_probably_1800-1900_AD%2C_rhinoceros_horn_-_Asian_Art_Museum_of_San_Francisco_-_DSC01565.JPG" decoding="async" width="138" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Lotus-shaped_cup_with_openwork_handle%2C_China%2C_Qing_dynasty%2C_probably_1800-1900_AD%2C_rhinoceros_horn_-_Asian_Art_Museum_of_San_Francisco_-_DSC01565.JPG/207px-Lotus-shaped_cup_with_openwork_handle%2C_China%2C_Qing_dynasty%2C_probably_1800-1900_AD%2C_rhinoceros_horn_-_Asian_Art_Museum_of_San_Francisco_-_DSC01565.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Lotus-shaped_cup_with_openwork_handle%2C_China%2C_Qing_dynasty%2C_probably_1800-1900_AD%2C_rhinoceros_horn_-_Asian_Art_Museum_of_San_Francisco_-_DSC01565.JPG/275px-Lotus-shaped_cup_with_openwork_handle%2C_China%2C_Qing_dynasty%2C_probably_1800-1900_AD%2C_rhinoceros_horn_-_Asian_Art_Museum_of_San_Francisco_-_DSC01565.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3541" data-file-height="5139" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">带镂空把手的莲花杯，中国，大概公元19世纪，<a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinoceros">犀牛角</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_-_Tsuba_with_Openwork_Scroll_and_Dragon_-_Walters_51351_-_Back.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="日本翼刀，19世纪初"><img alt="日本翼刀，19世纪初" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Japanese_-_Tsuba_with_Openwork_Scroll_and_Dragon_-_Walters_51351_-_Back.jpg/200px-Japanese_-_Tsuba_with_Openwork_Scroll_and_Dragon_-_Walters_51351_-_Back.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Japanese_-_Tsuba_with_Openwork_Scroll_and_Dragon_-_Walters_51351_-_Back.jpg/300px-Japanese_-_Tsuba_with_Openwork_Scroll_and_Dragon_-_Walters_51351_-_Back.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Japanese_-_Tsuba_with_Openwork_Scroll_and_Dragon_-_Walters_51351_-_Back.jpg/400px-Japanese_-_Tsuba_with_Openwork_Scroll_and_Dragon_-_Walters_51351_-_Back.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1764" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">日本<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsuba（页面不存在）">翼刀</a>，19世纪初</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_77.245.1_Dance_Headdress_Ci-wara_Kun_(8).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="非洲舞者的头饰，木头"><img alt="非洲舞者的头饰，木头" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Brooklyn_Museum_77.245.1_Dance_Headdress_Ci-wara_Kun_%288%29.jpg/154px-Brooklyn_Museum_77.245.1_Dance_Headdress_Ci-wara_Kun_%288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Brooklyn_Museum_77.245.1_Dance_Headdress_Ci-wara_Kun_%288%29.jpg/231px-Brooklyn_Museum_77.245.1_Dance_Headdress_Ci-wara_Kun_%288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Brooklyn_Museum_77.245.1_Dance_Headdress_Ci-wara_Kun_%288%29.jpg/308px-Brooklyn_Museum_77.245.1_Dance_Headdress_Ci-wara_Kun_%288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">非洲舞者的头饰，木头</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Handkerchief,_embroidered_initials,_%27H.S.%27---in_button-_hole_embroidery._Made_in_Germany_or_Switzerland,_19th_century._LACMA_60.41.105_(2_of_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="纽扣刺绣手帕细节。德国或瑞士，19世纪。[11]"><img alt="Detail of handkerchief in button-hole embroidery. Germany or Switzerland, 19th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Handkerchief%2C_embroidered_initials%2C_%27H.S.%27---in_button-_hole_embroidery._Made_in_Germany_or_Switzerland%2C_19th_century._LACMA_60.41.105_%282_of_2%29.jpg/188px-Handkerchief%2C_embroidered_initials%2C_%27H.S.%27---in_button-_hole_embroidery._Made_in_Germany_or_Switzerland%2C_19th_century._LACMA_60.41.105_%282_of_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Handkerchief%2C_embroidered_initials%2C_%27H.S.%27---in_button-_hole_embroidery._Made_in_Germany_or_Switzerland%2C_19th_century._LACMA_60.41.105_%282_of_2%29.jpg/282px-Handkerchief%2C_embroidered_initials%2C_%27H.S.%27---in_button-_hole_embroidery._Made_in_Germany_or_Switzerland%2C_19th_century._LACMA_60.41.105_%282_of_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Handkerchief%2C_embroidered_initials%2C_%27H.S.%27---in_button-_hole_embroidery._Made_in_Germany_or_Switzerland%2C_19th_century._LACMA_60.41.105_%282_of_2%29.jpg/376px-Handkerchief%2C_embroidered_initials%2C_%27H.S.%27---in_button-_hole_embroidery._Made_in_Germany_or_Switzerland%2C_19th_century._LACMA_60.41.105_%282_of_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">纽扣<a href="/w/index.php?title=Embroidery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Embroidery（页面不存在）">刺绣</a>手帕细节。德国或瑞士，19世纪。<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="建筑图集"><span id=".E5.BB.BA.E7.AD.91.E5.9B.BE.E9.9B.86"></span>建筑图集</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%82%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：建筑图集"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Borobudur-perfect-buddha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="在婆罗浮屠，数百尊佛像坐落在镂空佛塔内。"><img alt="在婆罗浮屠，数百尊佛像坐落在镂空佛塔内。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Borobudur-perfect-buddha.jpg/174px-Borobudur-perfect-buddha.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Borobudur-perfect-buddha.jpg/261px-Borobudur-perfect-buddha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Borobudur-perfect-buddha.jpg/348px-Borobudur-perfect-buddha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1034" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">在<a href="/w/index.php?title=Borobudor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borobudor（页面不存在）">婆罗浮屠</a>，数百尊佛像坐落在镂空佛塔内。</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monografie_de_la_Cathedrale_de_Chartres_-_04_Facade_occidentale_-_Gravure_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="沙特尔大教堂西侧。左边的塔主要是镂空的"><img alt="沙特尔大教堂西侧。左边的塔主要是镂空的" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Monografie_de_la_Cathedrale_de_Chartres_-_04_Facade_occidentale_-_Gravure_%28cropped%29.jpg/156px-Monografie_de_la_Cathedrale_de_Chartres_-_04_Facade_occidentale_-_Gravure_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Monografie_de_la_Cathedrale_de_Chartres_-_04_Facade_occidentale_-_Gravure_%28cropped%29.jpg/235px-Monografie_de_la_Cathedrale_de_Chartres_-_04_Facade_occidentale_-_Gravure_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Monografie_de_la_Cathedrale_de_Chartres_-_04_Facade_occidentale_-_Gravure_%28cropped%29.jpg/313px-Monografie_de_la_Cathedrale_de_Chartres_-_04_Facade_occidentale_-_Gravure_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5630" data-file-height="7195" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_cathedral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chartres cathedral（页面不存在）">沙特尔大教堂</a>西侧。左边的塔主要是镂空的</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Freiburg_im_Breisgau_Blick_vom_M%C3%BCnsterturm_Hahnent%C3%BCrme_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="弗赖堡大教堂的二级尖顶"><img alt="弗赖堡大教堂的二级尖顶" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Freiburg_im_Breisgau_Blick_vom_M%C3%BCnsterturm_Hahnent%C3%BCrme_4.jpg/200px-Freiburg_im_Breisgau_Blick_vom_M%C3%BCnsterturm_Hahnent%C3%BCrme_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Freiburg_im_Breisgau_Blick_vom_M%C3%BCnsterturm_Hahnent%C3%BCrme_4.jpg/300px-Freiburg_im_Breisgau_Blick_vom_M%C3%BCnsterturm_Hahnent%C3%BCrme_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Freiburg_im_Breisgau_Blick_vom_M%C3%BCnsterturm_Hahnent%C3%BCrme_4.jpg/400px-Freiburg_im_Breisgau_Blick_vom_M%C3%BCnsterturm_Hahnent%C3%BCrme_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freiburg_Minster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freiburg Minster（页面不存在）">弗赖堡大教堂</a>的二级尖顶</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alahambra4.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="阿尔罕布拉宫的窗户"><img alt="阿尔罕布拉宫的窗户" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Alahambra4.JPG/194px-Alahambra4.JPG" decoding="async" width="194" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Alahambra4.JPG/291px-Alahambra4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Alahambra4.JPG/388px-Alahambra4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1435" data-file-height="1478" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alhambra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alhambra（页面不存在）">阿尔罕布拉宫</a>的窗户</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hardwick_carving_Giano.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="哈德威克庄园，英格兰"><img alt="哈德威克庄园，英格兰" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Hardwick_carving_Giano.gif/200px-Hardwick_carving_Giano.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Hardwick_carving_Giano.gif/300px-Hardwick_carving_Giano.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Hardwick_carving_Giano.gif/400px-Hardwick_carving_Giano.gif 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="742" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardwick_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hardwick Hall（页面不存在）">哈德威克庄园</a>，英格兰</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Michael_am_Zollfeld_-_Scheune_-_Ziegelfenster.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1590年代奥地利谷仓的砖窗"><img alt="1590年代奥地利谷仓的砖窗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/St_Michael_am_Zollfeld_-_Scheune_-_Ziegelfenster.jpg/176px-St_Michael_am_Zollfeld_-_Scheune_-_Ziegelfenster.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/St_Michael_am_Zollfeld_-_Scheune_-_Ziegelfenster.jpg/264px-St_Michael_am_Zollfeld_-_Scheune_-_Ziegelfenster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/St_Michael_am_Zollfeld_-_Scheune_-_Ziegelfenster.jpg/352px-St_Michael_am_Zollfeld_-_Scheune_-_Ziegelfenster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2446" data-file-height="2780" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1590年代奥地利谷仓的砖窗</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hn-wilhelmstr18_gotische_Balustrade_der_Kilianskirche_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="德国哥特式复古栏杆"><img alt="德国哥特式复古栏杆" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hn-wilhelmstr18_gotische_Balustrade_der_Kilianskirche_1.jpg/200px-Hn-wilhelmstr18_gotische_Balustrade_der_Kilianskirche_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hn-wilhelmstr18_gotische_Balustrade_der_Kilianskirche_1.jpg/300px-Hn-wilhelmstr18_gotische_Balustrade_der_Kilianskirche_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hn-wilhelmstr18_gotische_Balustrade_der_Kilianskirche_1.jpg/400px-Hn-wilhelmstr18_gotische_Balustrade_der_Kilianskirche_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1159" data-file-height="873" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">德国<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_Revival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gothic Revival（页面不存在）">哥特式</a>复古<a href="/w/index.php?title=Balustrade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balustrade（页面不存在）">栏杆</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gas_lamp_mount,_Garbergasse_7,_Vienna.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="煤气灯的铸铁支架，维也纳"><img alt="煤气灯的铸铁支架，维也纳" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Gas_lamp_mount%2C_Garbergasse_7%2C_Vienna.jpg/200px-Gas_lamp_mount%2C_Garbergasse_7%2C_Vienna.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Gas_lamp_mount%2C_Garbergasse_7%2C_Vienna.jpg/300px-Gas_lamp_mount%2C_Garbergasse_7%2C_Vienna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Gas_lamp_mount%2C_Garbergasse_7%2C_Vienna.jpg/400px-Gas_lamp_mount%2C_Garbergasse_7%2C_Vienna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2396" data-file-height="1596" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas_lamp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gas lamp（页面不存在）">煤气灯</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cast_iron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cast iron（页面不存在）">铸铁</a>支架，维也纳</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考资料"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E8.B5.84.E6.96.99"></span>参考资料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%82%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：参考资料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_object_details.aspx?objectid=1362642&partid=1">British Museum Ref:1994,0408.29 </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Openwork." <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grove_Art_Online&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grove Art Online（页面不存在）">Grove Art Online</a>, Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press, accessed May 26, 2015, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T063628">subscription required</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210428045136/http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T063628">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. Their article reads, in full: "Any form of decoration that is perforated". <a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-disambig" title="OED">OED</a> "Openwork", 1, where all examples cited from earlier than 1894 are hyphenated, though this is now less common than the single word.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diane Favro, et al. "Rome, ancient, s 5, ii." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press, accessed May 27, 2015, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T073405pg13">subscription required</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Department of Asian Art. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/shzh/hd_shzh.htm">"Shang and Zhou Dynasties: The Bronze Age of China"</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150210074557/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/shzh/hd_shzh.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. (October 2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy Taylor. "Scythian and Sarmatian art." <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grove_Art_Online&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grove Art Online（页面不存在）">Grove Art Online</a>, Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press, accessed May 27, 2015, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T077242">subscription required</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tma-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tma_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Tokyo National Museum. 和英対照日本美術鑑賞の手引(An Aid to the Understanding of Japanese Art). 1976: 132/133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%82%E7%A9%BA&rft.au=Tokyo+National+Museum&rft.btitle=%E5%92%8C%E8%8B%B1%E5%AF%BE%E7%85%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%BE%8E%E8%A1%93%E9%91%91%E8%B3%9E%E3%81%AE%E6%89%8B%E5%BC%95%28An+Aid+to+the+Understanding+of+Japanese+Art%29&rft.date=1976&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=132%2F133&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> (revised edition; 1964 first ed.), p.132/133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitfield, Roger (ed), <i>Treasures from Korea: Art Through 5000 Years</i>, p. 68, 1984, British Museum Publications, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61200749">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-7141-1430-8" title="Special:网络书源/0-7141-1430-8">0-7141-1430-8</a>, 9780714114309. Openwork bases and pedestals "became the characteristic and dominant forms in ceramics" in the <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E5%80%BB" title="伽倻">Gaya confederacy</a> period.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aftel, mandy, <i>Fragrant: The Secret Life of Scent</i>, 2014, Penguin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1101614684" title="Special:网络书源/1101614684">1101614684</a>, 9781101614686, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jpxrAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT129">p. 129</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20230317082643/https://books.google.com/books?id=jpxrAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT129">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Harriss, Joseph. The Eiffel Tower:Symbol of an Age. London: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Elek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Elek（页面不存在）">Paul Elek</a>. 1975: 63. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0236400363" title="Special:网络书源/0236400363"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0236400363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%82%E7%A9%BA&rft.au=Harriss%2C+Joseph&rft.btitle=The+Eiffel+Tower%3ASymbol+of+an+Age&rft.date=1975&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0236400363&rft.pages=63&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Paul+Elek&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Bork, "Into Thin Air: France, Germany, and the Invention of the Openwork Spire" <i>The Art Bulletin</i> <b>85</b>.1 (March 2003, pp. 25–53), p 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.lacma.org/node/233196">The whole piece</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150527232406/http://collections.lacma.org/node/233196">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, LACMA</span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=镂空&oldid=82354705">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=镂空&oldid=82354705</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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