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class='year'>2019</span></span></a><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/fall-2019/" target="_blank">HTML</a><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="https://www.salk.edu/insidesalk/2019-fall/" target="_blank">Virtual</a><a class="pdf-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Inside-Salk-Fall-2019.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a></div></div><div class="item"><div class="issue-block"><a href="https://inside.salk.edu/spring-2019/"><span class="cover"><img class="img-responsive" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/inside-salk-spring-2019-cover.jpg" alt="spring-2019" /></span><span class="title">Spring <span class='year'>2019</span></span></a><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/spring-2019/" target="_blank">HTML</a><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="https://www.salk.edu/insidesalk/2019-spring/" target="_blank">Virtual</a><a class="pdf-link" 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src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/inside-salk-cover-fall-2018.jpg" alt="fall-2018" /></span><span class="title">Fall <span class='year'>2018</span></span></a><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/fall-2018/" target="_blank">HTML</a><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="http://www.salk.edu/insidesalk/2018-fall/" target="_blank">Virtual</a><a class="pdf-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Inside-Salk-Fall-2018.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a></div></div><div class="item"><div class="issue-block"><a href="https://inside.salk.edu/spring-summer-2018/"><span class="cover"><img class="img-responsive" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/inside-salk-spring-summer-2018-cover.jpg" alt="spring-summer-2018" /></span><span class="title">Spring/Summer <span class='year'>2018</span></span></a><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/spring-summer-2018/" target="_blank">HTML</a><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="http://www.salk.edu/insidesalk/2018-spring-summer/" target="_blank">Virtual</a><a class="pdf-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/IS1804_ALLPAGES_Master-RH051618-mx-sm.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a></div></div><div class="item"><div class="issue-block"><a href="https://inside.salk.edu/winter-2017/"><span class="cover"><img class="img-responsive" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/inside-salk-winter-2017-cover.jpg" alt="winter-2017" /></span><span class="title">Winter <span class='year'>2017</span></span></a><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/winter-2017/" target="_blank">HTML</a><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="http://www.salk.edu/insidesalk/2017-winter/" target="_blank">Virtual</a><a class="pdf-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/inside-salk-winter-2017.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a></div></div><div class="item"><div class="issue-block"><a href="https://inside.salk.edu/summer-2017/"><span class="cover"><img class="img-responsive" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/inside-salk-summer-2017-cover.jpg" alt="summer-2017" /></span><span class="title">Summer <span class='year'>2017</span></span></a><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/summer-2017/" target="_blank">HTML</a><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="http://www.salk.edu/insidesalk/2017-summer/" target="_blank">Virtual</a><a class="pdf-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/InsideSalk-2017-summer.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a></div></div><div class="item"><div class="issue-block"><a href="https://inside.salk.edu/spring-2017/"><span class="cover"><img class="img-responsive" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/inside-salk-spring-2017-cover.jpg" alt="spring-2017" /></span><span class="title">Spring <span class='year'>2017</span></span></a><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/spring-2017/" target="_blank">HTML</a><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="http://www.salk.edu/insidesalk/2017-spring/" target="_blank">Virtual</a><a class="pdf-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Inside-Salk-Spring-2017.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a></div></div><div class="item"><div class="issue-block"><a href="https://inside.salk.edu/winter-2016/"><span class="cover"><img class="img-responsive" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Insidesalkcover.jpg" alt="winter-2016" /></span><span class="title">Winter <span class='year'>2016</span></span></a><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/winter-2016/" target="_blank">HTML</a><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="http://www.salk.edu/insidesalk/2016-12/" target="_blank">Virtual</a><a class="pdf-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Inside-Salk-Winter-2016.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a></div></div><div class="item"><div class="issue-block"><a href="https://inside.salk.edu/summer-2016/"><span class="cover"><img class="img-responsive" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/inside-salk-summer-2016-cover.jpg" alt="summer-2016" /></span><span class="title">Summer <span class='year'>2016</span></span></a><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/summer-2016/" target="_blank">HTML</a><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="http://www.salk.edu/insidesalk/2016-08/" target="_blank">Virtual</a><a class="pdf-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Inside-Salk-Summer-2016.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a></div></div><div class="item"><div class="issue-block"><a href="https://inside.salk.edu/spring-2016/"><span class="cover"><img class="img-responsive" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/spring-2016-cover.jpg" alt="spring-2016" /></span><span class="title">Spring <span class='year'>2016</span></span></a><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/spring-2016/" target="_blank">HTML</a><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="http://www.salk.edu/insidesalk/2016-spring/" target="_blank">Virtual</a><a class="pdf-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/inside_salk_04-16.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a></div></div><div class="item"><div class="issue-block"><span class="cover"><img class="img-responsive" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/winter-2015-cover.jpg" alt="winter-2015" /></span><span class="title">December <span class='year'>2015</span></span><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="http://www.salk.edu/insidesalk/2015-12" target="_blank">Virtual</a><a class="pdf-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/inside_salk_12-15.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a></div></div><div class="item"><div class="issue-block"><span class="cover"><img class="img-responsive" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/cover-0815.jpg" alt="august-2015" /></span><span class="title">August <span class='year'>2015</span></span><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="http://www.salk.edu/insidesalk/2015-08/" target="_blank">Virtual</a><a class="pdf-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/inside_salk_08-15.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a></div></div><div class="item"><div class="issue-block"><span class="cover"><img class="img-responsive" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/cover-0415.jpg" alt="april-2015" /></span><span class="title">April <span class='year'>2015</span></span><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="http://www.salk.edu/insidesalk/2015-04/" target="_blank">Virtual</a><a class="pdf-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/inside_salk_04-15.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a></div></div><div class="item"><div class="issue-block"><span class="cover"><img class="img-responsive" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/cover-1214.jpg" alt="december-2014" /></span><span class="title">December <span class='year'>2014</span></span><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="http://www.salk.edu/insidesalk/2014-12/" target="_blank">Virtual</a><a class="pdf-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/inside_salk_12-14.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a></div></div><div class="item"><div class="issue-block"><span class="cover"><img class="img-responsive" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/cover-0814.jpg" alt="au" /></span><span class="title">August <span class='year'>2014</span></span><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="http://www.salk.edu/insidesalk/2014-08/" target="_blank">Virtual</a><a class="pdf-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/IS_Aug14.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a></div></div><div class="item"><div class="issue-block"><span class="cover"><img class="img-responsive" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/cover_0414.jpg" alt="april-2014" /></span><span class="title">April <span class='year'>2014</span></span><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="http://www.salk.edu/insidesalk/2014-04/" target="_blank">Virtual</a><a class="pdf-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/inside_salk_04-14.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a></div></div><div class="item"><div class="issue-block"><span class="cover"><img class="img-responsive" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/cover-0114.jpg" alt="january-2014" /></span><span class="title">January <span class='year'>2014</span></span><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="http://www.salk.edu/insidesalk/2014-01/" target="_blank">Virtual</a><a class="pdf-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/inside_salk_01-14.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a></div></div><div class="item"><div class="issue-block"><span class="cover"><img class="img-responsive" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/cover-0813.jpg" alt="august-2013" /></span><span class="title">August <span class='year'>2013</span></span><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="http://www.salk.edu/insidesalk/2013-08/" target="_blank">Virtual</a><a class="pdf-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/inside_salk_08-13.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a></div></div><div class="item"><div class="issue-block"><span class="cover"><img class="img-responsive" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/cover_03-13.jpg" alt="march-2013" /></span><span class="title">March <span class='year'>2013</span></span><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="http://www.salk.edu/insidesalk/2013-03/" target="_blank">Virtual</a><a class="pdf-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/inside_salk_03-13.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a></div></div><div class="item"><div class="issue-block"><span class="cover"><img class="img-responsive" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/cover_11-12.jpg" alt="november-2012" /></span><span class="title">November <span class='year'>2012</span></span><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="http://www.salk.edu/insidesalk/2012-11/" target="_blank">Virtual</a><a class="pdf-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/inside_salk_11-12.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a></div></div><div class="item"><div class="issue-block"><span class="cover"><img class="img-responsive" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/cover-0712.jpg" alt="july-2012" /></span><span class="title">July <span class='year'>2012</span></span><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="http://www.salk.edu/insidesalk/2012-07/" target="_blank">Virtual</a><a class="pdf-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/inside_salk_07-12.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a></div></div><div class="item"><div class="issue-block"><span class="cover"><img class="img-responsive" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/cover-0312.jpg" alt="march-2012" /></span><span class="title">March <span class='year'>2012</span></span><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="http://www.salk.edu/insidesalk/2012-03/" target="_blank">Virtual</a><a class="pdf-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/inside_salk_03-12.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a></div></div><div class="item"><div class="issue-block"><span class="cover"><img class="img-responsive" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/cover_12-11.jpg" alt="december-2011" /></span><span class="title">December <span class='year'>2011</span></span><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="http://www.salk.edu/insidesalk/2011-12/" target="_blank">Virtual</a><a class="pdf-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/inside_salk_12-11.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a></div></div><div class="item"><div class="issue-block"><span class="cover"><img class="img-responsive" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/cover_05-11.jpg" alt="may-2011" /></span><span class="title">May <span class='year'>2011</span></span><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="http://www.salk.edu/insidesalk/2011-05/" target="_blank">Virtual</a><a class="pdf-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/inside_salk_05-11.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a></div></div><div class="item"><div class="issue-block"><span class="cover"><img class="img-responsive" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/cover_08-10.jpg" alt="august-2010" /></span><span class="title">August <span class='year'>2010</span></span><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="http://www.salk.edu/insidesalk/2010-08/" target="_blank">Virtual</a><a class="pdf-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/inside_salk_08-10.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a></div></div><div class="item"><div class="issue-block"><span class="cover"><img class="img-responsive" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/cover_02-11.jpg" alt="february-2011" /></span><span class="title">February <span class='year'>2011</span></span><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="http://www.salk.edu/insidesalk/2011-02/" target="_blank">Virtual</a><a class="pdf-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/inside_salk_02-11.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a></div></div><div class="item"><div class="issue-block"><span class="cover"><img class="img-responsive" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/cover_04-10-177.jpg" alt="april-2010" /></span><span class="title">April <span class='year'>2010</span></span><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="http://www.salk.edu/insidesalk/2010-04/" target="_blank">Virtual</a><a class="pdf-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/inside_salk_04-10.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a></div></div><div class="item"><div class="issue-block"><span class="cover"><img class="img-responsive" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/cover_02-10sm.jpg" alt="february-2010" /></span><span class="title">February <span class='year'>2010</span></span><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="http://www.salk.edu/insidesalk/2010-02/" target="_blank">Virtual</a><a class="pdf-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/inside_salk_02-10.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a></div></div><div class="item"><div class="issue-block"><span class="cover"><img class="img-responsive" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/cover_10-09sm.jpg" alt="october-2009" /></span><span class="title">October <span class='year'>2009</span></span><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="http://www.salk.edu/insidesalk/2009-10/" target="_blank">Virtual</a><a class="pdf-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/inside_salk_10-09.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a></div></div><div class="item"><div class="issue-block"><span class="cover"><img class="img-responsive" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/cover_07-09.jpg" alt="july-2009" /></span><span class="title">July <span class='year'>2009</span></span><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="http://www.salk.edu/insidesalk/2009-07/" target="_blank">Virtual</a><a class="pdf-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/inside_salk_07-09.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a></div></div><div class="item"><div class="issue-block"><span class="cover"><img class="img-responsive" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/cover_03-09.jpg" alt="march-2009" /></span><span class="title">March <span class='year'>2009</span></span><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="http://www.salk.edu/insidesalk/2009-03/" target="_blank">Virtual</a><a class="pdf-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/inside_salk_03-09.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a></div></div><div class="item"><div class="issue-block"><span class="cover"><img class="img-responsive" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/cover_06-08.jpg" alt="june-2008" /></span><span class="title">June <span class='year'>2008</span></span><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="http://www.salk.edu/insidesalk/2008-06/" target="_blank">Virtual</a><a class="pdf-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/insidesalk_06-08-1.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a></div></div><div class="item"><div class="issue-block"><span class="cover"><img class="img-responsive" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/cover_10-08.jpg" alt="october-2008" /></span><span class="title">October <span class='year'>2008</span></span><a class="virtual-edition-link" href="http://www.salk.edu/insidesalk/2008-10/" target="_blank">Virtual</a><a class="pdf-link" href="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/insidesalk_10-08-1.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a></div></div><div class="item"><div class="issue-block"><span class="cover"><img class="img-responsive" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/cover_11-07.jpg" alt="november-2007" /></span><span 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href="https://inside.salk.edu/fall-2024/getting-to-the-root-of-alzheimers/">Frontiers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13077" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13077"><a href="https://inside.salk.edu/fall-2024/salk-mourns-the-loss-of-joan-jacobs/">In Memoriam</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13078" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13078"><a href="https://inside.salk.edu/fall-2024/axel-nimmerjahn-widening-perspectives-through-plane-windows-and-microscope-lenses/">Observations</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13079" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13079"><a href="https://inside.salk.edu/fall-2024/jalin-johnson-enhancing-equity-and-inclusion-at-salk-and-beyond/">Insights</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13080" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13080"><a 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</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header>   <div id="main"> <div id="page" class="sp-mag-issue-single"> <section id="sp-section-0" class="section section-top"><div class="slider-default slider-full-width"><div class="slider-full-width-inner"><div id="top-section-slider-slide-0" class="slide"><a href="https://inside.salk.edu/fall-2024/getting-to-the-root-of-alzheimers/"><div class="slide-table"><div class="slide-cell"><div class="slide-inner"><h1 class="text-white pull-left hero-title-block"> <span class="br font-tertiary text-uppercase text-lg pdl-sm pdb-sm">Frontiers</span> <span class="br text-uppercase pdb-sm" style="font-size:2.6rem;">Getting to the root of Alzheimer’s</span> </h1></div></div></div></a></div><div id="top-section-slider-slide-1" class="slide"><a href="https://inside.salk.edu/fall-2024/salk-mourns-the-loss-of-joan-jacobs/"><div class="slide-table"><div class="slide-cell"><div class="slide-inner"><h1 class="text-white pull-left hero-title-block"> <span class="br font-tertiary text-uppercase text-lg pdl-sm pdb-sm">In Memoriam</span> <span class="br text-uppercase pdb-sm" style="font-size:2.6rem;">Salk mourns the loss of Joan Jacobs</span> </h1></div></div></div></a></div><div id="top-section-slider-slide-2" class="slide"><a href="https://inside.salk.edu/fall-2024/axel-nimmerjahn-widening-perspectives-through-plane-windows-and-microscope-lenses/"><div class="slide-table"><div class="slide-cell"><div class="slide-inner"><h1 class="text-white pull-left hero-title-block"> <span class="br font-tertiary text-uppercase text-lg pdl-sm pdb-sm">Observations</span> <span class="br text-uppercase pdb-sm" style="font-size:2.6rem;">Axel Nimmerjahn</span> <span class="br pdb-sm" style="font-size: 2rem;">Widening perspectives through plane windows and microscope lenses</span> </h1></div></div></div></a></div><div id="top-section-slider-slide-3" class="slide"><a href="https://inside.salk.edu/fall-2024/jalin-johnson-enhancing-equity-and-inclusion-at-salk-and-beyond/"><div class="slide-table"><div class="slide-cell"><div class="slide-inner"><h1 class="text-white pull-right hero-title-block"> <span class="br font-tertiary text-uppercase text-lg pdl-sm pdb-sm observations" style="">Insights</span> <span class="br pdb-sm text-uppercase " style="font-size: 3rem;">Jálin Johnson</span> <span class="br pdb-sm" style="font-size: 2rem;">Enhancing equity and inclusion at Salk and beyond</span> </h1></div></div></div></a></div><div id="top-section-slider-slide-4" class="slide"><a href="https://inside.salk.edu/fall-2024/lara-labarta-bajo-an-immunologists-journey-from-barcelona-and-ballet-to-the-brain/"><div class="slide-table"><div class="slide-cell"><div class="slide-inner"><h1 class="text-white pull-left hero-title-block"> <span class="br font-tertiary text-uppercase text-lg pdl-sm pdb-sm">Next Gen</span> <span class="br text-uppercase pdb-sm" style="font-size:2.6rem;">Lara Labarta-Bajo</span> <span class="br pdb-sm" style="font-size: 2rem;">An immunologist’s journey from Barcelona and ballet to the brain</span> </h1></div></div></div></a></div><div id="top-section-slider-slide-5" class="slide"><a href="https://inside.salk.edu/fall-2024/professor-or-partner-luc-jansens-switch-from-science-to-law/"><div class="slide-table"><div class="slide-cell"><div class="slide-inner"><h1 class="text-white pull-right hero-title-block"> <span class="br font-tertiary text-uppercase text-lg pdl-sm pdb-sm">Gratitude</span> <span class="br text-uppercase pdb-sm" style="font-size:2.6rem;">Professor or partner? Luc Jansen’s switch from science to law</span> </h1></div></div></div></a></div><div id="top-section-slider-slide-6" class="slide"><a href="https://inside.salk.edu/fall-2024/rising-stars-and-discover-programs-provide-new-opportunities-for-trainees-from-underserved-backgrounds/"><div class="slide-table"><div class="slide-cell"><div class="slide-inner"><h1 class="text-white pull-right hero-title-block"> <span class="br font-tertiary text-uppercase text-lg pdl-sm pdb-sm">Belonging</span> <span class="br text-uppercase pdb-sm" style="font-size:2.6rem;">Rising Stars and DISCOVER programs provide new opportunities for trainees from underserved backgrounds</span> </h1></div></div></div></a></div></div></div></section> <div class="wpb-content-wrapper"><div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><section id="sp-section-1" class="section section-gray-lighter"><div class="section-inner pdt-xl-i pdb-sm-i"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="text-uppercase font-serif text-gray"><em>In this issue</em></div> </div> </div> </div></section></div></div></div></div><div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><section id="sp-section-2" class="section mgb-0"><div class="section-inner"><div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid featured-article-grid pdb-xl mgb-md vc_row-o-equal-height vc_row-flex"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-3"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="item row-table-col-inner frontiers"> <h4 class="section-title text-tertiary-i mgb-xl-i" style="color: #415fa5 !important;">Frontiers</h4> <h5 class="item-title"><a href="/fall-2024/getting-to-the-root-of-alzheimers/"><span class="br-slg">Getting to the root of Alzheimer’s</span></a></h5> <p class="item-excerpt">Salk scientists are teaming up to understand brain aging. By collaborating across disciplines like genetics, neuroscience, and immunology, our researchers are uniquely positioned to lead us into a future of healthier aging and effective therapeutics for Alzheimer’s. <a class="read-more-link read-more-link-warning" href="/fall-2024/getting-to-the-root-of-alzheimers/"><span class="icon"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 15 15" style="enable-background:new 0 0 15 15;" xml:space="preserve"> <path fill="#FFFFFF" d="M11.1,7.3C11,7.2,11,7.2,11,7.1L7.9,4.1c-0.2-0.2-0.4-0.2-0.6,0c-0.2,0.2-0.2,0.4,0,0.6L9.6,7H4.3 C4.1,7,3.9,7.2,3.9,7.4s0.2,0.4,0.4,0.4h5.3l-2.3,2.3c-0.2,0.2-0.2,0.4,0,0.6c0.1,0.1,0.2,0.1,0.3,0.1s0.2,0,0.3-0.1l3-3 c0.1-0.1,0.1-0.2,0.1-0.3C11.1,7.4,11.1,7.3,11.1,7.3z"/> </svg> </span></a></p> </div> </div></div></div><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-3"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="item row-table-col-inner in-memorium"> <h4 class="section-title text-tertiary-i mgb-xl-i" style="color: #c15758 !important;">In Memoriam</h4> <h5 class="item-title"><a href="/fall-2024/salk-mourns-the-loss-of-joan-jacobs/"><span class="br-slg">Salk mourns the loss of Joan Jacobs</span></a></h5> <p class="item-excerpt">The Salk Institute lost one of its greatest supporters and one of San Diego’s most generous philanthropists when Joan Jacobs died on May 6, 2024, in La Jolla, California. She was 91 years old. <a class="read-more-link read-more-link-warning" href="/fall-2024/salk-mourns-the-loss-of-joan-jacobs/"><span class="icon"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 15 15" style="enable-background:new 0 0 15 15;" xml:space="preserve"> <path fill="#FFFFFF" d="M11.1,7.3C11,7.2,11,7.2,11,7.1L7.9,4.1c-0.2-0.2-0.4-0.2-0.6,0c-0.2,0.2-0.2,0.4,0,0.6L9.6,7H4.3 C4.1,7,3.9,7.2,3.9,7.4s0.2,0.4,0.4,0.4h5.3l-2.3,2.3c-0.2,0.2-0.2,0.4,0,0.6c0.1,0.1,0.2,0.1,0.3,0.1s0.2,0,0.3-0.1l3-3 c0.1-0.1,0.1-0.2,0.1-0.3C11.1,7.4,11.1,7.3,11.1,7.3z"/> </svg> </span></a></p> </div> </div></div></div><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-3"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="item row-table-col-inner observations"> <h4 class="section-title text-tertiary-i mgb-xl-i" style="color: #415fa5 !important;">Observations</h4> <h5 class="item-title"><a href="/fall-2024/axel-nimmerjahn-widening-perspectives-through-plane-windows-and-microscope-lenses/"><span class="br-slg">Axel Nimmerjahn—Widening perspectives through plane windows and microscope lenses</span></a></h5> <p class="item-excerpt"><em>Inside Salk</em> sat down with Nimmerjahn to hear how he went from curious child to world renowned researcher. Now a professor at Salk, he studies the central nervous system and designs new tools—like mini microscopes!—to study the system’s various cell types. <a class="read-more-link read-more-link-warning" href="/fall-2024/axel-nimmerjahn-widening-perspectives-through-plane-windows-and-microscope-lenses/"><span class="icon"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 15 15" style="enable-background:new 0 0 15 15;" xml:space="preserve"> <path fill="#FFFFFF" d="M11.1,7.3C11,7.2,11,7.2,11,7.1L7.9,4.1c-0.2-0.2-0.4-0.2-0.6,0c-0.2,0.2-0.2,0.4,0,0.6L9.6,7H4.3 C4.1,7,3.9,7.2,3.9,7.4s0.2,0.4,0.4,0.4h5.3l-2.3,2.3c-0.2,0.2-0.2,0.4,0,0.6c0.1,0.1,0.2,0.1,0.3,0.1s0.2,0,0.3-0.1l3-3 c0.1-0.1,0.1-0.2,0.1-0.3C11.1,7.4,11.1,7.3,11.1,7.3z"/> </svg> </span></a></p> </div> </div></div></div><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-3"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="item row-table-col-inner insights"> <h4 class="section-title text-tertiary-i mgb-xl-i" style="color: #b54f2a !important;">Insights</h4> <h5 class="item-title"><a href="/fall-2024/jalin-johnson-enhancing-equity-and-inclusion-at-salk-and-beyond/"><span class="br-slg">Jálin Johnson—Enhancing equity and inclusion at Salk and beyond</span></a></h5> <p class="item-excerpt">Over the course of nearly 30 years dedicated to advocacy work, Jálin B. Johnson has served those in need and has given a voice to the voiceless—a principle that has guided her throughout her career. This commitment continues to shape her work as she steps into the role of director of Salk’s Office of Equity & Inclusion. <a class="read-more-link read-more-link-warning" href="/fall-2024/jalin-johnson-enhancing-equity-and-inclusion-at-salk-and-beyond/"><span class="icon"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 15 15" style="enable-background:new 0 0 15 15;" xml:space="preserve"> <path fill="#FFFFFF" d="M11.1,7.3C11,7.2,11,7.2,11,7.1L7.9,4.1c-0.2-0.2-0.4-0.2-0.6,0c-0.2,0.2-0.2,0.4,0,0.6L9.6,7H4.3 C4.1,7,3.9,7.2,3.9,7.4s0.2,0.4,0.4,0.4h5.3l-2.3,2.3c-0.2,0.2-0.2,0.4,0,0.6c0.1,0.1,0.2,0.1,0.3,0.1s0.2,0,0.3-0.1l3-3 c0.1-0.1,0.1-0.2,0.1-0.3C11.1,7.4,11.1,7.3,11.1,7.3z"/> </svg> </span></a></p> </div> </div></div></div></div><div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid featured-article-grid pdb-xl mgb-md vc_row-o-equal-height vc_row-flex"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-3"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="item row-table-col-inner next-gen"> <h4 class="section-title text-tertiary-i mgb-xl-i" style="color: #33ace3 !important;">Next Gen</h4> <h5 class="item-title"><a href="/fall-2024/lara-labarta-bajo-an-immunologists-journey-from-barcelona-and-ballet-to-the-brain/"><span class="br-slg">Lara Labarta-Bajo—An immunologist’s journey from Barcelona and ballet to the brain</span></a></h5> <p class="item-excerpt">Whether dancing in Spain or surfing in San Diego, Lara Labarta-Bajo has always celebrated the power of the human body. Now a postdoctoral researcher in Associate Professor Nicola Allen’s lab at Salk, she studies how the immune system connects the body to the brain and how this relationship evolves as we age. <a class="read-more-link read-more-link-warning" href="/fall-2024/lara-labarta-bajo-an-immunologists-journey-from-barcelona-and-ballet-to-the-brain/"><span class="icon"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 15 15" style="enable-background:new 0 0 15 15;" xml:space="preserve"> <path fill="#FFFFFF" d="M11.1,7.3C11,7.2,11,7.2,11,7.1L7.9,4.1c-0.2-0.2-0.4-0.2-0.6,0c-0.2,0.2-0.2,0.4,0,0.6L9.6,7H4.3 C4.1,7,3.9,7.2,3.9,7.4s0.2,0.4,0.4,0.4h5.3l-2.3,2.3c-0.2,0.2-0.2,0.4,0,0.6c0.1,0.1,0.2,0.1,0.3,0.1s0.2,0,0.3-0.1l3-3 c0.1-0.1,0.1-0.2,0.1-0.3C11.1,7.4,11.1,7.3,11.1,7.3z"/> </svg> </span></a></p> </div> </div></div></div><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-3"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="item row-table-col-inner gratitude"> <h4 class="section-title text-tertiary-i mgb-xl-i" style="color: #f1574b !important;">Gratitude</h4> <h5 class="item-title"><a href="/fall-2024/professor-or-partner-luc-jansens-switch-from-science-to-law/"><span class="br-slg">Professor or partner? Luc Jansen’s switch from science to law</span></a></h5> <p class="item-excerpt">Dashed dreams of medical school brought Jansen to Salk’s campus back in 2003, where he simultaneously contemplated a career in scientific research and a career in big law. Though he decided on law in the end, Jansen’s affection for Salk remains as he now hosts Salk gatherings in his New York City office and excitedly shares the enduring importance of basic science. <a class="read-more-link read-more-link-warning" href="/fall-2024/professor-or-partner-luc-jansens-switch-from-science-to-law/"><span class="icon"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 15 15" style="enable-background:new 0 0 15 15;" xml:space="preserve"> <path fill="#FFFFFF" d="M11.1,7.3C11,7.2,11,7.2,11,7.1L7.9,4.1c-0.2-0.2-0.4-0.2-0.6,0c-0.2,0.2-0.2,0.4,0,0.6L9.6,7H4.3 C4.1,7,3.9,7.2,3.9,7.4s0.2,0.4,0.4,0.4h5.3l-2.3,2.3c-0.2,0.2-0.2,0.4,0,0.6c0.1,0.1,0.2,0.1,0.3,0.1s0.2,0,0.3-0.1l3-3 c0.1-0.1,0.1-0.2,0.1-0.3C11.1,7.4,11.1,7.3,11.1,7.3z"/> </svg> </span></a></p> </div> </div></div></div><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-3"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="item row-table-col-inner belonging"> <h4 class="section-title text-tertiary-i mgb-xl-i" style="color: #58c5c6 !important;">Belonging</h4> <h5 class="item-title"><a href="/fall-2024/rising-stars-and-discover-programs-provide-new-opportunities-for-trainees-from-underserved-backgrounds/"><span class="br-slg">Rising Stars and DISCOVER programs provide new opportunities for trainees from underserved backgrounds</span></a></h5> <p class="item-excerpt">The Salk Institute recently hosted two inaugural events designed to enhance diversity within the scientific community: the Rising Stars Symposium and the Diverse Inclusive Scientific Community Offering a Vision for an Ecosystem Reimagined (DISCOVER) Symposium. These programs support researchers from underrepresented populations through research presentations, mentorship opportunities, and novel recruitment mechanisms. <a class="read-more-link read-more-link-warning" href="/fall-2024/rising-stars-and-discover-programs-provide-new-opportunities-for-trainees-from-underserved-backgrounds/"><span class="icon"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 15 15" style="enable-background:new 0 0 15 15;" xml:space="preserve"> <path fill="#FFFFFF" d="M11.1,7.3C11,7.2,11,7.2,11,7.1L7.9,4.1c-0.2-0.2-0.4-0.2-0.6,0c-0.2,0.2-0.2,0.4,0,0.6L9.6,7H4.3 C4.1,7,3.9,7.2,3.9,7.4s0.2,0.4,0.4,0.4h5.3l-2.3,2.3c-0.2,0.2-0.2,0.4,0,0.6c0.1,0.1,0.2,0.1,0.3,0.1s0.2,0,0.3-0.1l3-3 c0.1-0.1,0.1-0.2,0.1-0.3C11.1,7.4,11.1,7.3,11.1,7.3z"/> </svg> </span></a></p> </div> </div></div></div><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-3"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="item row-table-col-inner in-the-news"> <h4 class="section-title text-tertiary-i mgb-xl-i" style="color: #f3755e !important;">In the News</h4> <h5 class="item-title"><a href="/fall-2024/in-the-news/"><span class="br-slg">We are grateful to our many generous donors</span></a></h5> <p class="item-excerpt">To support research and diversity efforts, the Salk Institute received generous gifts from various foundations, including the NOMIS Foundation, Paul M. Angell Foundation, Wicklow Foundation, and Prebys Foundation. <a class="read-more-link read-more-link-warning" href="/fall-2024/in-the-news/"><span class="icon"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 15 15" style="enable-background:new 0 0 15 15;" xml:space="preserve"> <path fill="#FFFFFF" d="M11.1,7.3C11,7.2,11,7.2,11,7.1L7.9,4.1c-0.2-0.2-0.4-0.2-0.6,0c-0.2,0.2-0.2,0.4,0,0.6L9.6,7H4.3 C4.1,7,3.9,7.2,3.9,7.4s0.2,0.4,0.4,0.4h5.3l-2.3,2.3c-0.2,0.2-0.2,0.4,0,0.6c0.1,0.1,0.2,0.1,0.3,0.1s0.2,0,0.3-0.1l3-3 c0.1-0.1,0.1-0.2,0.1-0.3C11.1,7.4,11.1,7.3,11.1,7.3z"/> </svg> </span></a></p> </div> </div></div></div></div></div></section></div></div></div></div><div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><section id="sp-section-3" class="section section-president-letter"><div class="section-inner"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-7 col-left pdr-0-smd-i"> <h4 class="section-title text-warning-i mgb-xl-i">President’s Letter</h4> <p class="section-president-letter-quote"><em><span class="br-slg" style="font-size: 17px;">“As we continue the Salk Institute’s ‘Year of Healthy Aging,’ this issue focuses on Alzheimer’s disease, a devastating condition that directly affects nearly 7 million people in the United States.”</span></em></p> <div class="row mgb-xl-i"> <div class="col-sm-11 pd-0-i"> <div class="row-table vertical-align-bottom"> <div class="col-sm-4 mgb-lg-sxs"> <div class="name text-warning text-uppercase font-serif mgb-xs">Gerald Joyce</div> <div class="text-sm text-uppercase"><span class="br">President</span></div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3 text-right-ssm pdr-lg-i mgb-lg-sxs-i"> <a class="read-more-link text-sm text-uppercase" href="/fall-2024/presidents-letter/">View President’s letter<span class="icon"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 15 15" style="enable-background:new 0 0 15 15;" xml:space="preserve"> <path fill="#FFFFFF" d="M11.1,7.3C11,7.2,11,7.2,11,7.1L7.9,4.1c-0.2-0.2-0.4-0.2-0.6,0c-0.2,0.2-0.2,0.4,0,0.6L9.6,7H4.3 C4.1,7,3.9,7.2,3.9,7.4s0.2,0.4,0.4,0.4h5.3l-2.3,2.3c-0.2,0.2-0.2,0.4,0,0.6c0.1,0.1,0.2,0.1,0.3,0.1s0.2,0,0.3-0.1l3-3 c0.1-0.1,0.1-0.2,0.1-0.3C11.1,7.4,11.1,7.3,11.1,7.3z"/> </svg> </span></a> <div style="margin-top: 5px;"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-5 col-right hidden-md-down"><img decoding="async" class="img-responsive" style="float: right; margin-top: -98px; position: relative; top: 30px;" src="/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/23-fall-president-letter-jerry-2.png" alt="" /></div> </div> </div></section></div></div></div></div><div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><section id="sp-section-4" class="section"><div class="section-background section-background-fixed"><div class="section-inner"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <h4 class="section-title text-secondary-i mgb-xl-i">Discoveries</h4> </div> </div> <div class="post-list post-list-type-list category-grid equal-column-height" data-options='{"type":"list","post_type":["post"],"posts_per_page":6,"post_parent":false,"orderby":"term_id","order":"DESC","taxonomy":null,"include_terms":null,"exclude_terms":null,"include":null,"exclude":null,"meta_key":null,"meta_value":null,"meta_value_num":null,"meta_compare":null,"rows":false,"dynamic_rows":{"xs":{"count":1,"size":12},"md":{"count":2,"size":6},"lg":{"count":3,"size":4},"xl":{"count":3,"size":4}},"columns":3,"columns_xs":1,"columns_md":2,"columns_lg":3,"columns_xl":3,"item_template":"<div class=\"item item-{index}{item_class}\" data-id=\"{id}\" data-order=\"{index}\"><div class=\"item-inner\"><a class=\"item-thumbnail\" href=\"{permalink}\">{thumbnail}<\/a><h4 class=\"item-title\"><a href=\"{permalink}\">{title}<\/a><\/h4><div class=\"item-excerpt\">{excerpt_short}<\/div><\/div><\/div>","item_class":"col-xs-12 col-md-6 col-lg-4 col-xl-4","item_filter_suffix":"","custom_permalink":"","date_format":"M d, Y","columns_sm":0,"column_size":4}'><div class="post-list-inner category-grid-inner"><div class="post-list-items"><div class="row"><div class="item item-0 col-xs-12 col-md-6 col-lg-4 col-xl-4" data-id="4" data-order="0"><div class="item-inner"><a href="https://inside.salk.edu/fall-2024/neuroscience/"><span class="item-header"><span class="item-header-inner"><img decoding="async" src="/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/discovery-neuro-icon.png" alt="neuroscience">Neuroscience</span></span><span class="item-post"><span class="item-post-thumbnail"><img decoding="async" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/24-fall-discoveries-neuro-400x171.jpg" alt="more-than-just-neurons-a-new-model-for-studying-human-brain-inflammation" /></span><span class="item-post-title">More than just neurons: A new model for studying human brain inflammation</span><span class="item-post-excerpt">Neurons only make up half of the human brain. The other half is composed of approximately 85 billion cells called glia. The most common type of glial cells are astrocytes, which are important for supporting neuronal health and activity. Despite the abundance of astrocytes in the brain, most existing laboratory models of the human brain fail to include astrocytes at sufficient levels or at all, which limits the models’ utility for studying brain health and disease. Now, Professor Rusty Gage, postdoctoral researchers Lei Zhang and Meiyan Wang, and colleagues have created 3D organoids that mimic features of the human brain and contain mature, functional astrocytes. With this astrocyte-rich model, researchers will be able to study stress and inflammation in aging and Alzheimer’s disease with greater depth and clarity than ever before. Already, the researchers have used the new organoids to reveal a relationship between astrocyte dysfunction and inflammation. This allowed them to identify a potentially druggable target for disrupting that relationship in the aging brain.</span></span><span class="item-footer"><span class="read-more-link text-sm">See All<span class="icon"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 15 15" style="enable-background:new 0 0 15 15;" xml:space="preserve"> <path fill="#FFFFFF" d="M11.1,7.3C11,7.2,11,7.2,11,7.1L7.9,4.1c-0.2-0.2-0.4-0.2-0.6,0c-0.2,0.2-0.2,0.4,0,0.6L9.6,7H4.3 C4.1,7,3.9,7.2,3.9,7.4s0.2,0.4,0.4,0.4h5.3l-2.3,2.3c-0.2,0.2-0.2,0.4,0,0.6c0.1,0.1,0.2,0.1,0.3,0.1s0.2,0,0.3-0.1l3-3 c0.1-0.1,0.1-0.2,0.1-0.3C11.1,7.4,11.1,7.3,11.1,7.3z"/> </svg> </span></span></span></a></div></div><div class="item item-1 col-xs-12 col-md-6 col-lg-4 col-xl-4" data-id="5" data-order="1"><div class="item-inner"><a href="https://inside.salk.edu/fall-2024/cancer/"><span class="item-header"><span class="item-header-inner"><img decoding="async" src="/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/discovery-cancer-icon.png" alt="cancer">Cancer</span></span><span class="item-post"><span class="item-post-thumbnail"><img decoding="async" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/24-fall-discoveries-cancer-400x171.jpg" alt="lung-cancer-hijacks-immune-cell-metabolism-to-fuel-its-own-growth" /></span><span class="item-post-title">Lung cancer hijacks immune cell metabolism to fuel its own growth</span><span class="item-post-excerpt">Lung adenocarcinoma is the most common lung cancer and the cause of most cancer-related deaths in the United States. There are several ways lung adenocarcinoma can arise, one of which involves a mutation in a protein called EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor). Modern immunotherapies don’t work against EGFR-driven lung adenocarcinoma, and while other types of lung cancer drugs do exist, patients typically become resistant to them within a few years. Professors Susan Kaech and Christian Metallo, alongside Salk colleagues and collaborators at Yale University and UC Los Angeles, discovered that EGFR-driven lung adenocarcinoma hijacks immune cells called macrophages, pulling them into the tumor and turning them into cancer fuel suppliers. The findings could inspire new lung adenocarcinoma interventions that disrupt this tumor cell-macrophage relationship. They also suggest that treatments using EGFR inhibitors may be more successful when paired with statins, a class of drugs commonly used to lower cholesterol levels.</span></span><span class="item-footer"><span class="read-more-link text-sm">See All<span class="icon"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 15 15" style="enable-background:new 0 0 15 15;" xml:space="preserve"> <path fill="#FFFFFF" d="M11.1,7.3C11,7.2,11,7.2,11,7.1L7.9,4.1c-0.2-0.2-0.4-0.2-0.6,0c-0.2,0.2-0.2,0.4,0,0.6L9.6,7H4.3 C4.1,7,3.9,7.2,3.9,7.4s0.2,0.4,0.4,0.4h5.3l-2.3,2.3c-0.2,0.2-0.2,0.4,0,0.6c0.1,0.1,0.2,0.1,0.3,0.1s0.2,0,0.3-0.1l3-3 c0.1-0.1,0.1-0.2,0.1-0.3C11.1,7.4,11.1,7.3,11.1,7.3z"/> </svg> </span></span></span></a></div></div><div class="item item-2 col-xs-12 col-md-6 col-lg-4 col-xl-4" data-id="6" data-order="2"><div class="item-inner"><a href="https://inside.salk.edu/fall-2024/plant-biology/"><span class="item-header"><span class="item-header-inner"><img decoding="async" src="/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/discovery-plant-icon.png" alt="plant-biology">Plant Biology</span></span><span class="item-post"><span class="item-post-thumbnail"><img decoding="async" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/24-fall-discoveries-plant-400x171.jpg" alt="controlling-root-growth-direction-could-help-save-crops-and-mitigate-climate-change" /></span><span class="item-post-title">Controlling root growth direction could help save crops and mitigate climate change</span><span class="item-post-excerpt">Roots are central to a plant’s survival and productivity, determining the plant’s access to nutrients and water and, therefore, its ability to tolerate nutrient depletion and extreme weather, like drought. Professor Wolfgang Busch, postdoctoral researcher Wenrong He, and colleagues recently determined how a well-known plant hormone controls the angle at which roots grow. The study is the first time the plant hormone, called ethylene, has been shown to be involved in regulating the lateral root angles that shape root systems—providing key insights for plant scientists looking to optimize root systems. Researchers in Salk’s Harnessing Plants Initiative now plan to target the ethylene signaling pathway in their efforts to engineer plants and crops that can withstand the environmental stresses of climate change and drought.</span></span><span class="item-footer"><span class="read-more-link text-sm">See All<span class="icon"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 15 15" style="enable-background:new 0 0 15 15;" xml:space="preserve"> <path fill="#FFFFFF" d="M11.1,7.3C11,7.2,11,7.2,11,7.1L7.9,4.1c-0.2-0.2-0.4-0.2-0.6,0c-0.2,0.2-0.2,0.4,0,0.6L9.6,7H4.3 C4.1,7,3.9,7.2,3.9,7.4s0.2,0.4,0.4,0.4h5.3l-2.3,2.3c-0.2,0.2-0.2,0.4,0,0.6c0.1,0.1,0.2,0.1,0.3,0.1s0.2,0,0.3-0.1l3-3 c0.1-0.1,0.1-0.2,0.1-0.3C11.1,7.4,11.1,7.3,11.1,7.3z"/> </svg> </span></span></span></a></div></div><div class="item item-3 col-xs-12 col-md-6 col-lg-4 col-xl-4" data-id="30" data-order="3"><div class="item-inner"><a href="https://inside.salk.edu/fall-2024/artificial-intelligence-helps-scientists-engineer-plants-to-fight-climate-change/"><span class="item-header"><span class="item-header-inner"><img decoding="async" src="/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/discovery-computational-icon.png" alt="computational-biology">Computational Biology</span></span><span class="item-post"><span class="item-post-thumbnail"><img decoding="async" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/24-fall-discoveries-computational-400x171.jpg" alt="artificial-intelligence-helps-scientists-engineer-plants-to-fight-climate-change" /></span><span class="item-post-title">Artificial intelligence helps scientists engineer plants to fight climate change</span><span class="item-post-excerpt">The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change declared that removing carbon from the atmosphere is now essential to fighting climate change and limiting global temperature rise. In support of these efforts, Salk scientists are harnessing plants’ natural ability to draw carbon dioxide out of the air by optimizing their root systems to store more carbon for a longer period of time. To design these climate-saving plants, scientists in Salk’s Harnessing Plants Initiative are using a sophisticated new research tool called SLEAP—an easy-to-use artificial intelligence (AI) software designed by Salk Fellow Talmo Pereira that tracks multiple features of root growth. Pereira, Professor Wolfgang Busch, bioinformatics analyst Elizabeth Berrigan, and colleagues have officially debuted a new protocol for using SLEAP to analyze plant root phenotypes—how deep and wide they grow, how massive their root systems become, and other physical qualities that, prior to SLEAP, were tedious to measure. Applying SLEAP to plants has already enabled the researchers to establish the most extensive catalog of plant root system phenotypes to date, giving Salk’s Harnessing Plants Initiative a powerful boost.</span></span><span class="item-footer"><span class="read-more-link text-sm">See All<span class="icon"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 15 15" style="enable-background:new 0 0 15 15;" xml:space="preserve"> <path fill="#FFFFFF" d="M11.1,7.3C11,7.2,11,7.2,11,7.1L7.9,4.1c-0.2-0.2-0.4-0.2-0.6,0c-0.2,0.2-0.2,0.4,0,0.6L9.6,7H4.3 C4.1,7,3.9,7.2,3.9,7.4s0.2,0.4,0.4,0.4h5.3l-2.3,2.3c-0.2,0.2-0.2,0.4,0,0.6c0.1,0.1,0.2,0.1,0.3,0.1s0.2,0,0.3-0.1l3-3 c0.1-0.1,0.1-0.2,0.1-0.3C11.1,7.4,11.1,7.3,11.1,7.3z"/> </svg> </span></span></span></a></div></div><div class="item item-4 col-xs-12 col-md-6 col-lg-4 col-xl-4" data-id="46" data-order="4"><div class="item-inner"><a href="https://inside.salk.edu/fall-2024/faulty-dna-disposal-system-causes-inflammation/"><span class="item-header"><span class="item-header-inner"><img decoding="async" src="/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/discovery-immunobiology-icon.png" alt="immunobiology">Immunobiology</span></span><span class="item-post"><span class="item-post-thumbnail"><img decoding="async" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/24-fall-discoveries-immunobiology-400x171.jpg" alt="faulty-dna-disposal-system-causes-inflammation" /></span><span class="item-post-title">Faulty DNA disposal system causes inflammation</span><span class="item-post-excerpt">Cells in the human body contain power-generating mitochondria, each with their own mtDNA—a unique set of genetic instructions that mitochondria use to create life-giving energy. When mtDNA remains where it belongs (inside mitochondria), it sustains both mitochondrial and cellular health; when it goes where it doesn’t belong, it can initiate an immune response that promotes inflammation. Now, Professor Gerald Shadel, Salk colleagues, and collaborators at UC San Diego and University of Virginia have discovered a mechanism that expels improperly functioning mtDNA from the mitochondria. When this happens, the mtDNA gets flagged as foreign DNA and activates an inflammatory pathway. This pathway is a promising target for new therapeutics that could disrupt or mitigate inflammation in aging or diseases like lupus or rheumatoid arthritis.</span></span><span class="item-footer"><span class="read-more-link text-sm">See All<span class="icon"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 15 15" style="enable-background:new 0 0 15 15;" xml:space="preserve"> <path fill="#FFFFFF" d="M11.1,7.3C11,7.2,11,7.2,11,7.1L7.9,4.1c-0.2-0.2-0.4-0.2-0.6,0c-0.2,0.2-0.2,0.4,0,0.6L9.6,7H4.3 C4.1,7,3.9,7.2,3.9,7.4s0.2,0.4,0.4,0.4h5.3l-2.3,2.3c-0.2,0.2-0.2,0.4,0,0.6c0.1,0.1,0.2,0.1,0.3,0.1s0.2,0,0.3-0.1l3-3 c0.1-0.1,0.1-0.2,0.1-0.3C11.1,7.4,11.1,7.3,11.1,7.3z"/> </svg> </span></span></span></a></div></div><div class="item item-5 col-xs-12 col-md-6 col-lg-4 col-xl-4" data-id="47" data-order="5"><div class="item-inner"><a href="https://inside.salk.edu/fall-2024/biochemistry-biophysics/"><span class="item-header"><span class="item-header-inner"><img decoding="async" src="/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/discovery-biochem-biophys-icon.png" alt="biochemistry-biophysics">Biochemistry/ Biophysics</span></span><span class="item-post"><span class="item-post-thumbnail"><img decoding="async" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/24-fall-discoveries-biochemistry-400x171.jpg" alt="modeling-the-origins-of-life-new-evidence-for-an-rna-world" /></span><span class="item-post-title">Modeling the origins of life: New evidence for an “RNA World”</span><span class="item-post-excerpt">Scientists in the 1960s, including Salk Fellow Leslie Orgel, proposed that life began with the “RNA World”—a hypothetical era in which small, stringy RNA molecules ruled the early Earth and established the dynamics of Darwinian evolution. New research by Professor and Salk President Gerald Joyce, research associate Nikolaos Papastavrou, staff scientist David Horning, and colleagues provides fresh insights on the origins of life, presenting compelling evidence supporting the RNA World hypothesis. The recent study unveiled an RNA enzyme that can make accurate copies of other functional RNA strands while allowing new variants of the molecule to emerge over time. These remarkable capabilities suggest the earliest forms of evolution may have occurred on a molecular scale in RNA.</span></span><span class="item-footer"><span class="read-more-link text-sm">See All<span class="icon"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 15 15" style="enable-background:new 0 0 15 15;" xml:space="preserve"> <path fill="#FFFFFF" d="M11.1,7.3C11,7.2,11,7.2,11,7.1L7.9,4.1c-0.2-0.2-0.4-0.2-0.6,0c-0.2,0.2-0.2,0.4,0,0.6L9.6,7H4.3 C4.1,7,3.9,7.2,3.9,7.4s0.2,0.4,0.4,0.4h5.3l-2.3,2.3c-0.2,0.2-0.2,0.4,0,0.6c0.1,0.1,0.2,0.1,0.3,0.1s0.2,0,0.3-0.1l3-3 c0.1-0.1,0.1-0.2,0.1-0.3C11.1,7.4,11.1,7.3,11.1,7.3z"/> </svg> </span></span></span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></section></div></div></div></div><div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><section id="sp-section-5" class="section"><div class="section-inner"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <h4 class="section-title text-tertiary-i mgb-lg-i">Spotlight</h4> </div> </div> <div class="post-list post-list-type-grid post-list-tertiary mgb-xl" data-options='{"type":"grid","post_type":["sp_mag_article"],"posts_per_page":4,"post_parent":false,"orderby":"menu_order","order":"ASC","taxonomy":"sp_mag_category","include_terms":["spotlight"],"exclude_terms":null,"include":null,"exclude":null,"meta_key":null,"meta_value":null,"meta_value_num":null,"meta_compare":null,"rows":false,"dynamic_rows":{"xs":{"count":1,"size":12},"sm":{"count":2,"size":6},"lg":{"count":4,"size":3}},"columns":4,"columns_xs":1,"columns_md":0,"columns_lg":4,"columns_xl":0,"item_template":"<div class=\"item item-{index}{item_class}\" data-id=\"{id}\" data-order=\"{index}\"><div class=\"item-inner\"><a class=\"item-thumbnail\" href=\"{permalink}\">{thumbnail}<\/a><h4 class=\"item-title\"><a href=\"{permalink}\">{title}<\/a><\/h4><div class=\"item-excerpt\">{excerpt_short}<\/div><\/div><\/div>","item_class":"col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-lg-3","item_filter_suffix":"","custom_permalink":"","date_format":"M d, Y","columns_sm":2,"column_size":3}'><div class="post-list-inner"><div class="post-list-items"><div class="item item-0 col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-lg-3" data-id="12857" data-order="0"><div class="item-inner"><a class="item-thumbnail" href="https://inside.salk.edu/fall-2024/spotlight/#article-12857"><img decoding="async" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/24-fall-spotlight-hunter2-400x250.jpg" alt="Professor Tony Hunter honored with American Association for Cancer Research Princess Takamatsu Memorial Lectureship Award" /></a><h4 class="item-title"><a href="https://inside.salk.edu/fall-2024/spotlight/#article-12857">Professor Tony Hunter honored with American Association for Cancer Research Princess Takamatsu Memorial Lectureship Award</a></h4><div class="item-excerpt">Hunter is an American Cancer Society professor and Renato Dulbecco Chair at Salk. He studies how cells regulate their growth and division and how mutations in genes that regulate cell growth lead to cancer. In 1979, his lab discovered that phosphate can be attached to the amino acid tyrosine in proteins—a finding that led to […]</div></div></div><div class="item item-1 col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-lg-3" data-id="12848" data-order="1"><div class="item-inner"><a class="item-thumbnail" href="https://inside.salk.edu/fall-2024/spotlight/#article-12848"><img decoding="async" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/24-fall-spotlight-towers2-400x250.jpg" alt="Assistant Professor Christina Towers earns Lustgarten Award" /></a><h4 class="item-title"><a href="https://inside.salk.edu/fall-2024/spotlight/#article-12848">Assistant Professor Christina Towers earns Lustgarten Award</a></h4><div class="item-excerpt">Towers is an assistant professor and Richard Heyman and Anne Daigle Endowed Developmental Chair at Salk. She uses a combination of techniques to uncover how cancer cells recycle both their own nutrients and the power-generating structures called mitochondria in order to survive. Her goal is to develop targeted cancer therapies that kill cancer cells by […]</div></div></div><div class="item item-2 col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-lg-3" data-id="12852" data-order="2"><div class="item-inner"><a class="item-thumbnail" href="https://inside.salk.edu/fall-2024/spotlight/#article-12852"><img decoding="async" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/24-fall-spotlight-chory-400x250.jpg" alt="Professor Joanne Chory honored with Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science" /></a><h4 class="item-title"><a href="https://inside.salk.edu/fall-2024/spotlight/#article-12852">Professor Joanne Chory honored with Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science</a></h4><div class="item-excerpt">Chory is a professor, director of the Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, founding director of Salk’s Harnessing Plants Initiative, Howard H. and Maryam R. Newman Chair in Plant Biology at Salk, and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator. She was honored by the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia with the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life […]</div></div></div><div class="item item-3 col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-lg-3" data-id="12844" data-order="3"><div class="item-inner"><a class="item-thumbnail" href="https://inside.salk.edu/fall-2024/spotlight/#article-12844"><img decoding="async" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/24-fall-spotlight-sejnowski-400x250.jpg" alt="Professor Terrence Sejnowski wins 2024 Brain Prize and other honors" /></a><h4 class="item-title"><a href="https://inside.salk.edu/fall-2024/spotlight/#article-12844">Professor Terrence Sejnowski wins 2024 Brain Prize and other honors</a></h4><div class="item-excerpt">Sejnowski is a professor, head of the Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, and Francis Crick Chair at Salk. He received the 2024 Brain Prize—the world’s largest neuroscience research prize—from the Lundbeck Foundation for “pioneering the field of computational and theoretical neuroscience, making seminal contributions to our understanding of the brain, and paving the way for the development […]</div></div></div></div></div></div><a class="read-more-link" href="/fall-2024/spotlight/">View All<span class="icon"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 15 15" style="enable-background:new 0 0 15 15;" xml:space="preserve"> <path fill="#FFFFFF" d="M11.1,7.3C11,7.2,11,7.2,11,7.1L7.9,4.1c-0.2-0.2-0.4-0.2-0.6,0c-0.2,0.2-0.2,0.4,0,0.6L9.6,7H4.3 C4.1,7,3.9,7.2,3.9,7.4s0.2,0.4,0.4,0.4h5.3l-2.3,2.3c-0.2,0.2-0.2,0.4,0,0.6c0.1,0.1,0.2,0.1,0.3,0.1s0.2,0,0.3-0.1l3-3 c0.1-0.1,0.1-0.2,0.1-0.3C11.1,7.4,11.1,7.3,11.1,7.3z"/> </svg> </span></a> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="pdt-xs pdb-xl mgb-lg-i"> <hr /> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <h4 class="section-title text-warning-i mgb-lg-i">Events</h4> </div> </div> <div class="post-list post-list-type-grid equal-column-height post-list-warning mgb-xl" data-options='{"type":"grid","post_type":["sp_mag_article"],"posts_per_page":4,"post_parent":false,"orderby":"menu_order","order":"ASC","taxonomy":"sp_mag_category","include_terms":["events"],"exclude_terms":null,"include":null,"exclude":null,"meta_key":null,"meta_value":null,"meta_value_num":null,"meta_compare":null,"rows":false,"dynamic_rows":{"xs":{"count":1,"size":12},"sm":{"count":2,"size":6},"lg":{"count":4,"size":3}},"columns":4,"columns_xs":1,"columns_md":0,"columns_lg":4,"columns_xl":0,"item_template":"<div class=\"item item-{index}{item_class}\" data-id=\"{id}\" data-order=\"{index}\"><div class=\"item-inner\"><a class=\"item-thumbnail\" href=\"{permalink}\">{thumbnail}<\/a><h4 class=\"item-title\"><a href=\"{permalink}\">{title}<\/a><\/h4><div class=\"item-excerpt\">{excerpt_short}<\/div><\/div><\/div>","item_class":"col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-lg-3","item_filter_suffix":"","custom_permalink":"","date_format":"M d, Y","columns_sm":2,"column_size":3}'><div class="post-list-inner"><div class="post-list-items"><div class="item item-0 col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-lg-3" data-id="12814" data-order="0"><div class="item-inner"><a class="item-thumbnail" href="https://inside.salk.edu/fall-2024/events/#article-12814"><img decoding="async" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/24-fall-events-guillemin-400x250.jpg" alt="Salk Celebrates the Life of Distinguished Professor Emeritus Roger Guillemin" /></a><h4 class="item-title"><a href="https://inside.salk.edu/fall-2024/events/#article-12814">Salk Celebrates the Life of Distinguished Professor Emeritus Roger Guillemin</a></h4><div class="item-excerpt">On May 3, the Salk Institute was honored to host a Celebration of Life for Nobel Laureate and Distinguished Professor Emeritus Roger Guillemin. The event featured a series of scientific lectures from fellow scientists and friends, as well as a remembrance, during which Guillemin’s family and friends shared personal stories and photos, and concluded with […]</div></div></div><div class="item item-1 col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-lg-3" data-id="12819" data-order="1"><div class="item-inner"><a class="item-thumbnail" href="https://inside.salk.edu/fall-2024/events/#article-12819"><img decoding="async" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/24-fall-events-ssj-400x250.jpg" alt="The Science & (In)Justice of HIV/AIDS" /></a><h4 class="item-title"><a href="https://inside.salk.edu/fall-2024/events/#article-12819">The Science & (In)Justice of HIV/AIDS</a></h4><div class="item-excerpt">On June 11, Salk held the second annual Salk Science & Justice program: “The Science & (In)Justice of HIV/AIDS.” The event featured San Diego Mayor Todd Gloria and Salk Associate Professor Dmitry Lyumkis, who discussed the intersection of research and social justice in relation to HIV and AIDS, held a Q&A with the audience, and […]</div></div></div><div class="item item-2 col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-lg-3" data-id="12808" data-order="2"><div class="item-inner"><a class="item-thumbnail" href="https://inside.salk.edu/fall-2024/events/#article-12808"><img decoding="async" src="https://inside.salk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/24-fall-events-iwd-400x250.jpg" alt="The Power of Persistence—Women Transforming Cancer Research and Care" /></a><h4 class="item-title"><a href="https://inside.salk.edu/fall-2024/events/#article-12808">The Power of Persistence—Women Transforming Cancer Research and Care</a></h4><div class="item-excerpt">In recognition of International Women’s Day, Salk and the Lustgarten Foundation cohosted a symposium that aimed to foster collaboration, mentorship, and the exchange of ideas to support the continued advancement of cancer research and care. The program was chaired by Elizabeth Jaffee, professor at Johns Hopkins University, and featured scientists from around the country, including […]</div></div></div></div></div></div><a class="read-more-link" href="/fall-2024/events/">View All<span class="icon"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 15 15" style="enable-background:new 0 0 15 15;" xml:space="preserve"> <path fill="#FFFFFF" d="M11.1,7.3C11,7.2,11,7.2,11,7.1L7.9,4.1c-0.2-0.2-0.4-0.2-0.6,0c-0.2,0.2-0.2,0.4,0,0.6L9.6,7H4.3 C4.1,7,3.9,7.2,3.9,7.4s0.2,0.4,0.4,0.4h5.3l-2.3,2.3c-0.2,0.2-0.2,0.4,0,0.6c0.1,0.1,0.2,0.1,0.3,0.1s0.2,0,0.3-0.1l3-3 c0.1-0.1,0.1-0.2,0.1-0.3C11.1,7.4,11.1,7.3,11.1,7.3z"/> </svg> </span></a></div></section></div></div></div></div></div> </div> </div>  <section class="section section-primary-lighter section-newsletter"> <div class="section-inner"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-6 mgb-xl-sxs mgb-xl-ssm mgb-0-smd"> <h4 class="title">Sign up for our monthly newsletter.</h4> <p class="sub-title mgb-0-i">Latest discoveries, events & more.</p> </div> <div class="col-md-6">   <link rel='stylesheet' type='text/css' href='https://static.ctctcdn.com/h/contacts-embedded-signup-assets/1.0.2/css/signup-form.css'> <div class="ctct-embed-signup" style="font: 16px Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif; font: 1rem Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;"> <div style="color:#5b5b5b; background-color:#e8e8e8; border-radius:5px;"> <div id="success_message" style="display:none;"> <div class="text-center">Thanks for signing up!</div> </div> <form data-id="embedded_signup:form" class="ctct-custom-form Form" name="embedded_signup" method="POST" action="https://visitor2.constantcontact.com/api/signup"> <h2 style="margin:0;">Sign up to stay in touch!</h2> <p></p>  <input data-id="ca:input" type="hidden" name="ca" value="7c5dc383-9b5c-4250-a4f7-254482f53e39"> <input data-id="list:input" type="hidden" name="list" value="1750582063"> <input data-id="source:input" type="hidden" name="source" value="EFD"> <input data-id="required:input" type="hidden" name="required" value="list,email"> <input data-id="url:input" type="hidden" name="url" value=""> <p data-id="Email Address:p" ><label data-id="Email Address:label" data-name="email" class="ctct-form-required">Email Address</label> <input data-id="Email Address:input" type="text" name="email" value="" maxlength="80" placeholder="Enter your email address"></p> <button type="submit" class="Button ctct-button Button--block Button-secondary" data-enabled="enabled">Sign Up</button> <div><p class="ctct-form-footer">By submitting this form, you are granting: Salk Institute, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, California, 92037, United States, http://www.salk.edu permission to email you. 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