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aria-controls="toc-Types_of_tidal_stream_generators-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Types of tidal stream generators subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_tidal_stream_generators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Axial_turbines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axial_turbines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Axial turbines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axial_turbines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crossflow_turbines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crossflow_turbines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Crossflow turbines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crossflow_turbines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flow_augmented_turbines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flow_augmented_turbines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Flow augmented turbines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flow_augmented_turbines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oscillating_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oscillating_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Oscillating devices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oscillating_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venturi_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venturi_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Venturi effect </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venturi_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tidal_kite_turbines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tidal_kite_turbines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Tidal kite turbines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tidal_kite_turbines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li 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href="/wiki/File:Evopod_in_Strangford_Lough_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Evopod_in_Strangford_Lough_2008.jpg/220px-Evopod_in_Strangford_Lough_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Evopod_in_Strangford_Lough_2008.jpg/330px-Evopod_in_Strangford_Lough_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Evopod_in_Strangford_Lough_2008.jpg/440px-Evopod_in_Strangford_Lough_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Two types of Tidal Stream Generators <a href="/wiki/Evopod" title="Evopod">Evopod</a> - A semi-submerged floating approach tested in <a href="/wiki/Strangford_Lough" title="Strangford Lough">Strangford Lough</a> with <a href="/wiki/SeaGen" title="SeaGen">SeaGen</a> in the background.</figcaption></figure> A tidal stream generator, often referred to as a tidal energy converter (TEC), is a machine that extracts <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> from moving masses of water, in particular <a href="/wiki/Tides" class="mw-redirect" title="Tides">tides</a>, although the term is often used in reference to machines designed to extract energy from the run of a river or tidal estuarine sites. Certain types of these machines function very much like underwater <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbines</a> and are thus often referred to as tidal turbines. They were first conceived in the 1970s during the oil crisis.<a href="#cite_note-ASAP._Web._8_October_2009-1">[1]</a> Tidal stream generators are the cheapest and least ecologically damaging among the <a href="/wiki/Tidal_power#Methods" title="Tidal power">four main forms</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">tidal power</a> generation.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similarity_to_wind_turbines">Similarity to wind turbines</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tidal_stream_generator&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Similarity to wind turbines">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basic_diagram_of_tidal_stream_power_generation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Basic_diagram_of_tidal_stream_power_generation.svg/220px-Basic_diagram_of_tidal_stream_power_generation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Basic_diagram_of_tidal_stream_power_generation.svg/330px-Basic_diagram_of_tidal_stream_power_generation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Basic_diagram_of_tidal_stream_power_generation.svg/440px-Basic_diagram_of_tidal_stream_power_generation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>The kinetic energy of a water current is converted into electricity by a turbine-generator system</figcaption></figure> Tidal stream generators draw energy from water currents in much the same way as <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbines</a> draw energy from air currents. However, the potential for power generation by an individual tidal turbine can be greater than that of a similarly rated wind energy turbine. The higher density of water relative to air (water is about 800 times the density of air) means that a single generator can provide significant power at low tidal flow velocities compared with similar wind speeds.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Given that power varies with the density of medium and the cube of velocity, water speeds of nearly one-tenth the speed of wind provide the same power for the same size of turbine system; however, this limits the application in practice to places where tide speed is at least 2 knots (1  m/s), even close to <a href="/wiki/Neap_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Neap tide">neap tides</a>. Furthermore, at higher speeds in a flow between 2 and 3 meters per second in seawater, a tidal turbine can typically access four times as much energy per rotor swept area as a similarly rated power wind turbine. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_tidal_stream_generators">Types of tidal stream generators</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tidal_stream_generator&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types of tidal stream generators">edit</a>]</div> No standard tidal stream generator has emerged as the clear winner among a large variety of designs. Several prototypes have shown promise, with many companies making bold claims, some of which are yet to be independently verified, but they have not operated commercially for extended periods to establish performance and rates of return on investments. Some of the many companies and turbines tested are summarised in <a href="/wiki/Development_of_tidal_stream_generators" title="Development of tidal stream generators">development of tidal stream generators</a>. The <a href="/wiki/European_Marine_Energy_Centre" title="European Marine Energy Centre">European Marine Energy Centre</a> recognizes six principal types of tidal energy converters. They are horizontal axis turbines, vertical axis turbines, oscillating hydrofoils, venturi devices, Archimedes screws and tidal kites.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Axial_turbines">Axial turbines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tidal_stream_generator&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Axial turbines">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bottom_Mounted_Turbines.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bottom_Mounted_Turbines.png/220px-Bottom_Mounted_Turbines.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bottom_Mounted_Turbines.png/330px-Bottom_Mounted_Turbines.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Bottom_Mounted_Turbines.png 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption>Bottom-mounted axial turbines</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cable_Tethered_Turbine.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Cable_Tethered_Turbine.png/220px-Cable_Tethered_Turbine.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Cable_Tethered_Turbine.png 1.5x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>A cable-tethered turbine</figcaption></figure> These are similar in concept to traditional windmills but operate under the sea. They have most of the prototypes currently under design, development, testing or operations. The SR2000, a prototype 2MW floating turbine developed by Orbital Marine Power in Scotland, was operated at the <a href="/wiki/European_Marine_Energy_Centre" title="European Marine Energy Centre">European Marine Energy Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>, from 2016.  It produced 3,200 MWhs of electricity in 12 months of continuous testing. It was removed in September 2018 to make way for the <a href="/wiki/Orbital_O2" title="Orbital O2">Orbital O2</a>, the production model, completed in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Tocardo,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> a Dutch-based company, has been running tidal turbines since 2008 on the Afsluitdijk, near Den Oever.<a href="#cite_note-tocardo.com-8">[8]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201023122/http://www.tocardo.com/siteAssets/assets/uploads/typical_day.png">Typical production data of tidal generator</a> shown in the T100 model as applied in Den Oever.<a href="#cite_note-tocardo.com-8">[8]</a> Currently, 1 river model (R1) and 2 tidal models (T) are in production, with a 3rd T3 coming soon. Power production for the T1 is around 100 kW and around 200 kW for the T2. These are suitable for tidal currents as low as 0.4  m/s.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Tocardo were declared bankrupt in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> QED Naval and HydroWing have joined forces to buy tidal turbine business Tocardo in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The AR-1000, a 1 MW turbine developed by Atlantis Resources Corporation, was successfully deployed at the EMEC facility during the summer of 2011. The AR series are commercial-scale, horizontal-axis turbines designed for open ocean deployment. AR turbines feature a single rotor set with fixed-pitch blades. The AR turbine is rotated as required with each tidal exchange. This is done in the slack period between tides and held in place for the optimal heading for the next tide. AR turbines are rated at 1 MW at 2.65 m/s of water flow velocity.<a href="#cite_note-ieeexplore.ieee.org-12">[12]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kvalsund" class="mw-redirect" title="Kvalsund">Kvalsund</a> installation is south of <a href="/wiki/Hammerfest" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammerfest">Hammerfest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Norway" title="Energy in Norway">Norway</a> at a 50-meter depth of sea. Although still a prototype, the HS300 turbine, with a reported capacity of 300 kW was connected to the grid on November 13, 2003. This made it the world's first tidal turbine delivering to the grid. The submerged structure weighed 120 tonnes and had gravity footings of 200 tonnes. Its three-blades were made in glass fibre-reinforced plastic and measured 10 metres from hub to tip. The device rotated at 7 rpm with an installed capacity of 0.3 MW.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seaflow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seaflow (page does not exist)">Seaflow</a>, a 300 kW periodflow marine current propeller type turbine, was installed by <a href="/wiki/Marine_Current_Turbines" title="Marine Current Turbines">Marine Current Turbines</a> off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Lynmouth" title="Lynmouth">Lynmouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>, England, in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The 11-meter-diameter turbine generator was fitted to a steel pile which was driven into the seabed. As a prototype, it was connected to a dump load, not to the grid. In April 2007, <a href="/wiki/Verdant_Power" title="Verdant Power">Verdant Power</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-15">[15]</a> began running a prototype project in the <a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a> between <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Island" title="Roosevelt Island">Roosevelt Island</a> in New York City; it was the first major tidal-power project in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The strong currents pose challenges to the design: the blades of the 2006 and 2007 prototypes broke and new reinforced turbines were installed in September 2008.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Following the Seaflow trial, a full-size prototype called <a href="/wiki/SeaGen" title="SeaGen">SeaGen</a> was installed by Marine Current Turbines in Strangford Lough in Northern Ireland in April 2008. The turbine began to generate at full power of just over 1.2 MW in December 2008,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> is reported to have fed 150 kW into the grid for the first time on July 17, 2008, and has now contributed more than a gigawatt hour to consumers in Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> It is currently the only commercial-scale device to have been installed anywhere in the world.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> SeaGen is made up of two axial flow rotors, each of which drive a generator. The turbines are capable of generating electricity on both the ebb and flood tides because the rotor blades can pitch through 180˚.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evopod_lighter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Evopod_lighter.jpg/220px-Evopod_lighter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Evopod_lighter.jpg/330px-Evopod_lighter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Evopod_lighter.jpg/440px-Evopod_lighter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A 3D model of an Evopod tidal turbine</figcaption></figure> A prototype semi-submerged floating tethered tidal turbine called <a href="/wiki/Evopod" title="Evopod">Evopod</a> has been tested since June 2008<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> in Strangford Lough, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> at 1/10 scale. The UK company developing it is called Ocean Flow Energy Ltd.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The advanced hull form maintains optimum heading into the tidal stream and is designed to operate in the peak flow of the water column. In 2010, Tenax Energy of Australia proposed to put 450 turbines off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Darwin, Australia">Darwin, Australia</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Strait_(Northern_Territory)" title="Clarence Strait (Northern Territory)">Clarence Strait</a>. The turbines would feature a rotor section approximately 15 metres in diameter with a slightly larger gravity base. The turbines would operate in deep water well below shipping channels. Each turbine is forecast to produce energy for between 300 and 400 homes.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Tidalstream, a UK-based company, commissioned a scaled-down Triton 3 turbine on the Thames in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> It can be floated to its site, installed without cranes, jack-ups, or divers, and then ballasted into an operating position. At full scale, the Triton 3 in 30–50 m deep water has a 3 MW capacity, and the Triton 6 in 60–80 m deep water has a capacity of up to 10MW, depending on the flow. Both platforms have man-access capability both in the operating position and in the float-out maintenance position. European technology and innovation platform for ocean energy (ETIP OCEAN) Powering homes today, Powering nations tomorrow report 2019 makes note of record volumes being supplied through tidal stream technology.<a href="#cite_note-Home-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crossflow_turbines">Crossflow turbines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tidal_stream_generator&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Crossflow turbines">edit</a>]</div> Invented by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Darreius" class="mw-redirect" title="Georges Darreius">Georges Darreius</a> in 1923 and patented in 1929, these turbines can be deployed either vertically or horizontally. The <a href="/wiki/Gorlov_helical_turbine" title="Gorlov helical turbine">Gorlov turbine</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> is a variant of the Darrieus design featuring a helical design that is in a large-scale, commercial pilot in South Korea,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> starting with a 1 MW plant that opened in May 2009<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> and expanding to 90MW by 2013. Neptune Renewable Energy's Proteus project<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> employs a shrouded vertical axis turbine that can be used to form an array in mainly estuarine conditions. In April 2008, the Ocean Renewable Power Company, LLC (ORPC) successfully completed testing its proprietary turbine-generator unit (TGU) prototype at ORPC's <a href="/wiki/Cobscook_Bay" title="Cobscook Bay">Cobscook Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Passage" title="Western Passage">Western Passage</a> tidal sites near <a href="/wiki/Eastport,_Maine" title="Eastport, Maine">Eastport, Maine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The TGU is the core of the OCGen technology and uses advanced design cross-flow (ADCF) turbines to drive a permanent magnet generator located between the turbines and mounted on the same shaft. ORPC has developed TGU designs that can be used for generating power from river, tidal, and deep water ocean currents. Trials in the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Messina" title="Strait of Messina">Strait of Messina</a>, Italy, started in 2001 of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold_turbine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kobold turbine (page does not exist)">Kobold turbine</a> concept.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flow_augmented_turbines">Flow augmented turbines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tidal_stream_generator&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Flow augmented turbines">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea_Bed_Turbine.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Sea_Bed_Turbine.png/220px-Sea_Bed_Turbine.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Sea_Bed_Turbine.png/330px-Sea_Bed_Turbine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Sea_Bed_Turbine.png/440px-Sea_Bed_Turbine.png 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption>A shrouded turbine</figcaption></figure> Using flow augmentation measures, for example a duct or shroud, the incident power available to a turbine can be increased. The most common example uses a <a href="/wiki/Shrouded_tidal_turbine" title="Shrouded tidal turbine">shroud</a> to increase the flow rate through the turbine, which can be either axial or crossflow. The Australian company Tidal Energy Pty Ltd undertook successful commercial trials of efficient <a href="/wiki/Shrouded_tidal_turbine" title="Shrouded tidal turbine">shrouded tidal turbines</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland" title="Gold Coast, Queensland">Gold Coast, Queensland</a> in 2002. Tidal Energy delivered their shrouded turbine in northern Australia, where some of the fastest recorded flows (11  m/s, 21 knots) are found. Two small turbines will provide 3.5 MW. Another larger 5 meter diameter turbine, capable of 800 kW in 4  m/s of flow, was planned as a tidal-powered desalination showcase near Brisbane Australia.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oscillating_devices">Oscillating devices</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tidal_stream_generator&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Oscillating devices">edit</a>]</div> Oscillating devices do not have a rotating component, instead making use of <a href="/wiki/Aerofoil" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerofoil">aerofoil</a> sections that are pushed sideways by the flow. Oscillating stream power extraction was proven with the omni- or bi-directional Wing'd Pump windmill.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> During 2003 a 150 kW oscillating hydroplane device, the <a href="/wiki/Stingray_tidal_stream_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Stingray tidal stream generator">Stingray tidal stream generator</a>, was tested off the Scottish coast.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The Stingray uses hydrofoils to create oscillation, which allows it to create hydraulic power. This hydraulic power is then used to power a hydraulic motor, which then turns a generator.<a href="#cite_note-ASAP._Web._8_October_2009-1">[1]</a> Pulse Tidal operate an oscillating hydrofoil device called Pulse generator in the <a href="/wiki/Humber_Estuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Humber Estuary">Humber Estuary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Having secured funding from the EU, they are developing a commercial-scale device to be commissioned 2012.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The bioSTREAM tidal power conversion system uses the <a href="/wiki/Biomimicry" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomimicry">biomimicry</a> of swimming species, such as sharks, tuna, and mackerel, using their highly efficient <a href="/wiki/Thunniform" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunniform">Thunniform</a> mode propulsion. It is produced by Australian company BioPower Systems.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> A 2 kW prototype relying on the use of two oscillating hydrofoils in a tandem configuration called <a href="/wiki/Oscillating_wing_tidal_turbine" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscillating wing tidal turbine">oscillating wing tidal turbine</a> has been developed at Laval University and tested successfully near Quebec City, Canada, in 2009. A hydrodynamic efficiency of 40% has been achieved during the field tests.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venturi_effect">Venturi effect</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tidal_stream_generator&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Venturi effect">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Venturi_effect" title="Venturi effect">Venturi effect</a></div> Venturi effect devices use a shroud or duct in order to generate a pressure differential which is used to run a secondary hydraulic circuit which is used to generate power. A device, the Hydro Venturi, is to be tested in San Francisco Bay.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tidal_kite_turbines">Tidal kite turbines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tidal_stream_generator&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tidal kite turbines">edit</a>]</div> A tidal kite turbine is an underwater kite system or <a href="/wiki/Paravane_(water_kite)" title="Paravane (water kite)">paravane</a> that converts <a href="/wiki/Tidal_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal energy">tidal energy</a> into electricity by moving through the tidal stream. An estimated 1% of 2011's global energy requirements could be provided by such devices at scale.<a href="#cite_note-g1103-46">[46]</a> <dl><dt>History</dt></dl> Ernst Souczek of Vienna, Austria, on August 6, 1947, filed for a patent <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2501696">US2501696</a>; assignor of one-half to Wolfgang Kmentt, also of Vienna. Their water kite turbine disclosure demonstrated a rich art in water-kite turbines. In similar technology, many others prior to 2006 advanced water-kite and paravane electric generating systems. In 2006, a tidal kite turbine called the <a href="/wiki/Deep_Green_Kite" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep Green Kite">Deep Green Kite</a> was developed by Swedish company Minesto.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> They conducted its first sea trial in Strangford Lough in Northern Ireland in the summer of 2011. The test used kites with wingspan of 1.4m.<a href="#cite_note-g1103-46">[46]</a> In 2013 the Deep Green pilot plant began operation off Northern Ireland. The plant uses <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fiber">carbon fiber</a> kites with a wingspan of 8m (or 12m<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a>). Each kite has a rated power of 120 kilowatts at a tidal flow of 1.3 meters per second.<a href="#cite_note-iee1311-49">[49]</a> <dl><dt>Design</dt></dl> Minesto's kite has a wingspan of 8–14 metres (26–46 ft). The kite has neutral buoyancy, so doesn't sink as the tide turns from ebb to flow. Each kite is equipped with a gearless <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbine</a> to generate which is transmitted by the attachment cable to a transformer and then to the electricity grid. The turbine mouth is protected to protect marine life.<a href="#cite_note-g1103-46">[46]</a> The 14-meter version has a rated power of 850 kilowatts at 1.7 meters per second.<a href="#cite_note-iee1311-49">[49]</a> <dl><dt>Operation</dt></dl> The kite is tethered by a cable to a fixed point. It "flies" through the current carrying a turbine. It moves in a <a href="/wiki/Figure-eight_loop" title="Figure-eight loop">figure-eight loop</a> to increase the speed of the water flowing through the turbine tenfold. <a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">Force</a> increases with the cube of <a href="/wiki/Velocity" title="Velocity">velocity</a>, offering the potential to generate 1,000-fold more energy than a stationary generator.<a href="#cite_note-g1103-46">[46]</a> That maneuver means the kite can operate in tidal streams that move too slowly to drive earlier tidal devices, such as the <a href="/wiki/SeaGen" title="SeaGen">SeaGen</a> turbine.<a href="#cite_note-g1103-46">[46]</a> The kite was expected to work in flows as low 1–2.5 metres (3 ft 3 in – 8 ft 2 in) per second, while first-generation devices need over 2.5s. Each kite will have a capacity to generate between 150 and 800 kW. They can be deployed in waters 50–300 metres (160–980 ft) deep.<a href="#cite_note-g1103-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tidal_stream_developers">Tidal stream developers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tidal_stream_generator&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tidal stream developers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_tidal_stream_generators" title="Development of tidal stream generators">Development of tidal stream generators</a></div> There are many individuals and companies developing tidal energy converters across the world, although few have progressed beyond the concept on initial testing stage. A database of tidal energy developers can be found on the EMEC website at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emec.org.uk/marine-energy/tidal-developers/">Tidal energy developers</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Tidal stream developers with turbines in the water as of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tidal_stream_generator&action=edit">[update]</a> include:<a href="#cite_note-:0-51">[51]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HydroQuest" title="HydroQuest">HydroQuest</a>, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_tidal_stream_generators#LHD_New_Energy_Corporation" title="Development of tidal stream generators">LHD New Energy Corporation</a>, China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_tidal_stream_generators#Magallanes_Renovables" title="Development of tidal stream generators">Magallanes Renovables</a>, Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minesto" title="Minesto">Minesto</a>, Sweden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Innovation" title="Nova Innovation">Nova Innovation</a>, Scotland, UK</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Renewable_Power_Company" title="Ocean Renewable Power Company">Ocean Renewable Power Company</a>, Maine, USA</li> <li>Orbital Marine Power, Scotland, UK, with the <a href="/wiki/Orbital_O2" title="Orbital O2">Orbital O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAE_Renewables" title="SAE Renewables">SAE Renewables</a>, Singapore/UK develop the <a href="/wiki/MeyGen" title="MeyGen">MeyGen</a> project, although turbine development was spun out to Proteus Marine, England, UK</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_tidal_stream_generators#Tocardo" title="Development of tidal stream generators">Tocardo</a>, Netherlands</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tidal_stream_testing">Tidal stream testing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tidal_stream_generator&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tidal stream testing">edit</a>]</div> The world's first marine energy test facility was established in 2003 to kick start the development of the wave and tidal energy industry in the UK. Based in Orkney, Scotland, the <a href="/wiki/European_Marine_Energy_Centre" title="European Marine Energy Centre">European Marine Energy Centre</a> (EMEC) has supported the deployment of more wave and tidal energy devices than at any other single site in the world. EMEC provides a variety of test sites in real sea conditions. Its grid connected tidal test site is located at the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Warness" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Warness">Fall of Warness</a>, off the island of <a href="/wiki/Eday" title="Eday">Eday</a>, in a narrow channel which concentrates the tide as it flows between the Atlantic Ocean and North Sea. This area has a very strong tidal current, which can travel up to 4 m/s (8 knots) in spring tides.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Tidal energy developers that have tested at the site include Alstom (formerly Tidal Generation Ltd), ANDRITZ HYDRO Hammerfest, Atlantis Resources (now <a href="/wiki/SAE_Renewables" title="SAE Renewables">SAE</a>), Nautricity, <a href="/wiki/OpenHydro" title="OpenHydro">OpenHydro</a>, Orbital Marine Power (formerly Scotrenewables Tidal Power), and Voith.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundy_Ocean_Research_Center_for_Energy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (page does not exist)">Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy</a> (FORCE) Test Site was set up in 2009 in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a>, Canada, to test tidal devices inn one of the strongest tidal currents in the world. The site has grid-connected test berths, and developers who have tested there include OpenHydro and Sustainable Marine Energy.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In 2023, the Zhoushan Tidal Current Energy Demonstration Project was set up in <a href="/wiki/Zhoushan" title="Zhoushan">Zhoushan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> province, China, by the <a href="/wiki/China_Three_Gorges_Corporation" title="China Three Gorges Corporation">China Three Gorges Corporation</a>. It has included grid-connected tidal power demonstration.<a href="#cite_note-:0-51">[51]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tidal_stream_generator&action=edit">[update]</a>, two more tidal test sites are under development in Asia; the Korea Tidal Current Energy Centre (KTEC) in <a href="/wiki/Jindo_(island)" title="Jindo (island)">Jindo</a>, southwestern <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, and the Sentosa Tidal Test Site in <a href="/wiki/Sentosa" title="Sentosa">Sentosa</a> island, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercial_plans">Commercial plans</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tidal_stream_generator&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Commercial plans">edit</a>]</div> In 2010, The Crown Estate awarded an agreement for lease to MeyGen Limited, granting the option to develop a tidal stream project of up to 398 MW at an offshore site between Scotland's northernmost coast and the island of Stroma. As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tidal_stream_generator&action=edit">[update]</a>, <a href="/wiki/MeyGen" title="MeyGen">MeyGen</a> the largest planned tidal farm project worldwide. The first phase of the MeyGen project (Phase 1A) is operational, with four 1.5 MW turbines, and subsequent phases are under way.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-ieeexplore.ieee.org-12">[12]</a> SIMEC Atlantis Energy, now <a href="/wiki/SAE_Renewables" title="SAE Renewables">SAE</a>, was awarded <a href="/wiki/Contracts_for_Difference_(UK_electricity_market_support)" title="Contracts for Difference (UK electricity market support)">Contracts for Difference</a> totalling 59 MW for the next phases, to be built by 2029.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Also in 2010, the West Anglesey Demonstration Zone off <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a>, North Wales was designated for tidal stream generation. This project is now called <a href="/wiki/Morlais" title="Morlais">Morlais</a>, and was consented in December 2021, with up to 240 MW proposed. This will be from from multiple developers, with the first turbines expected to be installed in 2026. As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tidal_stream_generator&action=edit">[update]</a>, a total of 38 MW of capacity has been awarded <a href="/wiki/Contracts_for_Difference_(UK_electricity_market_support)" title="Contracts for Difference (UK electricity market support)">Contracts for Difference</a> to supply power to the GB grid by 2029.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Magallanes_Renovables" title="Magallanes Renovables">Magallanes Renovables</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Innovation" title="Nova Innovation">Nova Innovation</a>, and Orbital Marine Power have all been awarded Contracts for Difference to install a total of 24 MW grid-connected tidal power at the EMEC Fall of Warness site.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In France, two projects are proposed at <a href="/wiki/Raz_Blanchard" class="mw-redirect" title="Raz Blanchard">Raz Blanchard</a>. The 17.5 MW FloWatt project developed by <a href="/wiki/HydroQuest" title="HydroQuest">HydroQuest</a> and Qair is expected to be commissioned in 2026.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Normandie Hydroliennes is planning a 12 MW project with four Proteus Marine Renewables AR3000 turbines.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_plans">Historical plans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tidal_stream_generator&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Historical plans">edit</a>]</div> There have been many abandoned or postponed tidal stream projects, a selection of which are summarised here. In November 2007, British company Lunar Energy announced that, in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/E.ON" title="E.ON">E.ON</a>, they would be building the world's first deep-sea tidal energy farm off the coast of Pembrokeshire in Wales; expected to provide electricity for 5,000 homes. Eight underwater turbines, each 25 metres long and 15 metres high, were to be installed on the sea bottom off St David's peninsula. Construction was due to start in the summer of 2008, operational by 2010.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Lunar Energy was dissolved in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Alderney Renewable Energy Ltd was granted a licence in 2008 and is planning to use tidal turbines to extract power from the notoriously strong <a href="/wiki/Tidal_race" title="Tidal race">tidal races</a> around <a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>. It is estimated that up to 3 GW could be extracted. This would not only supply the island's needs but also leave a considerable surplus for export,<a href="#cite_note-arel-64">[64]</a> using a <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_Electricity_Grid" title="Channel Islands Electricity Grid">France-Alderney-Britain cable</a> (FAB Link) which was expected to go online by 2020. This agreement was terminated in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> In 2010, <a href="/wiki/RWE" title="RWE">RWE</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Npower_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Npower (UK)">npower</a> announced that it is in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Marine_Current_Turbines" title="Marine Current Turbines">Marine Current Turbines</a> to build a 10 MW tidal farm of SeaGen S tidal turbines off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a> in Wales,<a href="#cite_note-renewableenergyfocus.com-66">[66]</a> near <a href="/wiki/The_Skerries,_Anglesey" class="mw-redirect" title="The Skerries, Anglesey">the Skerries</a>, with planning permission given in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The array was expected to be fully operational by 2015, however the project was shelved in 2016 after Marine Current Turbines was acquired by SIMEC Atlantis Energy.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In 2015, Welsh companies Tidal Energy Ltd (TEL) and Eco2 aimed to deploy a commercial scale demonstration project, with nine turbines at St Davids Head.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> However, TEL went into administration less than a year after developing and testing the 400 kW DeltaStream turbine in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In March 2014, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Energy_Regulatory_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federal Energy Regulatory Committee (page does not exist)">Federal Energy Regulatory Committee</a> (FERC) approved a pilot license for Snohomish County PUD to install two <a href="/wiki/OpenHydro" title="OpenHydro">OpenHydro</a> tidal turbines in <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Inlet" title="Admiralty Inlet">Admiralty Inlet</a>, WA. This project is the first grid-connected two-turbine project in the US; installation is planned for the summer of 2015. The tidal turbines will use are designed to be placed directly into the seafloor at a depth of roughly 200 feet, so that there will be no effect on commercial navigation overhead. The license granted by the FERC also includes plans to protect fish, wildlife, as well as cultural and aesthetic resources, in addition to navigation. Each turbine measures 6 meters in diameter, and will generate up to 300 kW of electricity.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In September 2014, the project was cancelled due to cost concerns.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Power" title="Nova Scotia Power">Nova Scotia Power</a> selected OpenHydro's turbine for a tidal energy demonstration project in the Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia, Canada and Alderney Renewable Energy Ltd for the supply of tidal turbines in the Channel Islands.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> OpenHydro was liquidated in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/ScottishPower" title="ScottishPower">ScottishPower Renewables</a> planned to deploy ten 1MW HS1000 devices designed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammerfest_Strom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hammerfest Strom (page does not exist)">Hammerfest Strom</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sound_of_Islay" title="Sound of Islay">Sound of Islay</a> in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-Islay_Energy_Trust-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-renewableenergyfocus.com-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_calculations">Energy calculations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tidal_stream_generator&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Energy calculations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turbine_power">Turbine power</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tidal_stream_generator&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Turbine power">edit</a>]</div> Tidal energy converters can have varying modes of operating and therefore varying power output. If the power coefficient of the device "<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{P}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{P}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/483b2a7b48dc2ca6e233a59b3f44049563b94302" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.128ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{P}}">" is known, the equation below can be used to determine the power output of the hydrodynamic subsystem of the machine. This available power cannot exceed that imposed by the <a href="/wiki/Betz_limit" class="mw-redirect" title="Betz limit">Betz limit</a> on the power coefficient, although this can be circumvented to some degree by placing a <a href="/wiki/Shrouded_tidal_turbine" title="Shrouded tidal turbine">turbine in a shroud or duct</a>. This works, in essence, by forcing water which would not have flowed through the turbine through the rotor disk. In these situations it is the frontal area of the duct, rather than the turbine, which is used in calculating the power coefficient and therefore the Betz limit still applies to the device as a whole. The energy available from these kinetic systems can be expressed as: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P={\frac {\rho AV^{3}}{2}}C_{P}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>ρ</mi> <mi>A</mi> <msup> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P={\frac {\rho AV^{3}}{2}}C_{P}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/76069879a49f65a26b0dd2df53a2ab7174242b90" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:14.725ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P={\frac {\rho AV^{3}}{2}}C_{P}}"></dd></dl> where: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{P}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{P}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/483b2a7b48dc2ca6e233a59b3f44049563b94302" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.128ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{P}}"> = the turbine power coefficient</dd> <dd>P = the power generated (in watts)</dd> <dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ρ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1f7d439671d1289b6a816e6af7a304be40608d64" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.202ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho }"> = the density of the water (seawater is 1027 kg/m3)</dd> <dd>A = the sweep area of the turbine (in m2)</dd> <dd>V = the velocity of the flow</dd></dl> Relative to an open turbine in free stream, ducted turbines are capable of as much as 3 to 4 times the power of the same turbine rotor in open flow.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resource_assessment">Resource assessment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tidal_stream_generator&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Resource assessment">edit</a>]</div> While initial assessments of the available energy in a channel have focus on calculations using the kinetic energy flux model, the limitations of tidal power generation are significantly more complicated. For example, the maximum physical possible energy extraction from a strait connecting two large basins is given to within 10% by:<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P=0.22\,\rho \,g\,\Delta H_{\text{max}}\,Q_{\text{max}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.22</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>ρ</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>g</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>max</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>max</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P=0.22\,\rho \,g\,\Delta H_{\text{max}}\,Q_{\text{max}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b5d1d4014f4c25831d380cda3d74466f3dc9e452" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:25.132ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P=0.22\,\rho \,g\,\Delta H_{\text{max}}\,Q_{\text{max}}}"></dd></dl> where <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ρ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1f7d439671d1289b6a816e6af7a304be40608d64" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.202ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho }"> = the density of the water (seawater is 1027 kg/m3)</dd> <dd>g = gravitational acceleration (9.80665 m/s2)</dd> <dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta H_{\text{max}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>max</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta H_{\text{max}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fa90e83e459f6ba9d1a8938c957691ca86e24e2d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.158ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta H_{\text{max}}}"> = maximum differential water surface elevation across the channel</dd> <dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q_{\text{max}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>max</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q_{\text{max}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5159dcaa702fc2966a31e82275e2a51c6582dd27" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.129ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q_{\text{max}}}">= maximum volumetric flow rate though the channel.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Potential_sites">Potential sites</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tidal_stream_generator&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Potential sites">edit</a>]</div> As with wind power, selection of location is critical for the tidal turbine. Tidal stream systems need to be located in areas with fast currents where natural flows are concentrated between obstructions, for example at the entrances to bays and rivers, around rocky points, headlands, or between islands or other land masses. The following potential sites are under serious consideration: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pembrokeshire" title="Pembrokeshire">Pembrokeshire</a> in Wales<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Severn" title="River Severn">River Severn</a> between Wales and England<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Strait" title="Cook Strait">Cook Strait</a> in New Zealand<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaipara_Tidal_Power_Station" title="Kaipara Tidal Power Station">Kaipara Harbour</a> in New Zealand<a href="#cite_note-Energy_NZ-82">[82]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> in Canada.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> in the United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate" title="Golden Gate">Golden Gate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay">San Francisco Bay</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piscataqua_River" title="Piscataqua River">Piscataqua River</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></li> <li>The Race of <a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Swinge" title="The Swinge">The Swinge</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a><a href="#cite_note-arel-64">[64]</a></li> <li>The Sound of Islay, between <a href="/wiki/Islay" title="Islay">Islay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jura,_Scotland" title="Jura, Scotland">Jura</a> in Scotland<a href="#cite_note-Islay_Energy_Trust-75">[75]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentland_Firth" title="Pentland Firth">Pentland Firth</a> between <a href="/wiki/Caithness" title="Caithness">Caithness</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> Islands, Scotland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_County,_California" title="Humboldt County, California">Humboldt County, California</a> in the United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> in the United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaquemines_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana">Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana</a> in the Southern United States <a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>, England <a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teddington_and_Ham_Hydro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teddington and Ham Hydro (page does not exist)">Teddington and Ham Hydro</a> at Teddington on the River Thames in the London suburbs, England</li></ul> Modern advances in <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbine</a> technology may eventually see large amounts of power generated from the ocean, especially tidal currents using the tidal stream designs but also from the major thermal current systems such as the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a>, which is covered by the more general term <a href="/wiki/Marine_current_power" title="Marine current power">marine current power</a>. Tidal stream turbines may be arrayed in high-velocity areas where natural tidal current flows are concentrated such as the west and east coasts of Canada, the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus</a>, and numerous sites in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and Australia. Such flows occur almost anywhere where there are entrances to bays and rivers, or between land masses where water currents are concentrated. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impacts">Environmental impacts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tidal_stream_generator&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Environmental impacts">edit</a>]</div> The main environmental concern with <a href="/wiki/Tidal_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal energy">tidal energy</a> is associated with blade strike and entanglement of marine organisms as high speed water increases the risk of organisms being pushed near or through these devices. As with all offshore renewable energies, there is also a concern about how the creation of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_field" title="Electromagnetic field">EMF</a> and acoustic outputs may affect marine organisms. Because these devices are in the water, the acoustic output can be greater than those created with <a href="/wiki/Offshore_wind_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore wind energy">offshore wind energy</a>. Depending on the frequency and amplitude of sound generated by the tidal energy devices, this acoustic output can have varying effects on marine mammals (particularly those who echolocate to communicate and navigate in the marine environment such as <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whales</a>). Tidal energy removal can also cause environmental concerns such as degrading farfield water quality and disrupting sediment processes. Depending on the size of the project, these effects can range from small traces of sediment build up near the tidal device to severely affecting nearshore ecosystems and processes.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> One study of the Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy (RITE, Verdant Power) project in the East River (New York City), used 24 split beam hydroacoustic sensors (<a href="/wiki/Scientific_echosounder" title="Scientific echosounder">scientific echosounder</a>) to detect and track the movement of fish both upstream and downstream of each of six turbines. The results suggested (1) very few fish using this portion of the river, (2) those fish which did use this area were not using the portion of the river which would subject them to blade strikes, and (3) no evidence of fish traveling through blade areas.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Work is currently being conducted by the Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (<a href="/wiki/NNMREC" class="mw-redirect" title="NNMREC">NNMREC</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a>) to explore and establish tools and protocols for assessment of physical and biological conditions and monitor environmental changes associated with tidal energy development. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tidal_stream_generator&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind-turbine-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/28px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/42px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/56px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Renewable energy portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">Wave power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">Wind turbine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tidal_stream_generator&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ASAP._Web._8_October_2009-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ASAP._Web._8_October_2009_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASAP._Web._8_October_2009_1-1">b</a> Jones, Anthony T., and Adam Westwood. "Power from the oceans: wind energy industries are growing, and as we look for alternative power sources, the growth potential is through the roof. Two industry watchers take a look at generating energy from wind and wave action and the potential to alter." The Futurist 39.1 (2005): 37(5). GALE Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. 8 October 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100923194654/http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/01-02/RE_info/Tidal%20Power.htm#streams">"Tidal power"</a>. 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BBC News. 2014-03-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Isle+of+Wight+tidal+energy+demonstration+site+plans+unveiled&rft.date=2014-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-hampshire-26647962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATidal+stream+generator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tethys.pnnl.gov/">"Tethys | Environmental Effects of Wind and Marine Renewable Energy"</a>. tethys.pnnl.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tethys.pnnl.gov&rft.atitle=Tethys+%26%23124%3B+Environmental+Effects+of+Wind+and+Marine+Renewable+Energy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftethys.pnnl.gov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATidal+stream+generator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tethys.pnnl.gov/publications/roosevelt-island-tidal-energy-rite-environmental-assessment-project">"Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy (RITE) Environmental Assessment Project | Tethys"</a>. tethys.pnnl.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tethys.pnnl.gov&rft.atitle=Roosevelt+Island+Tidal+Energy+%28RITE%29+Environmental+Assessment+Project+%26%23124%3B+Tethys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftethys.pnnl.gov%2Fpublications%2Froosevelt-island-tidal-energy-rite-environmental-assessment-project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATidal+stream+generator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/nnmrec/">"PMEC"</a>. 22 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PMEC&rft.date=2022-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdepts.washington.edu%2Fnnmrec%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATidal+stream+generator" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tidal_stream_generator&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openei.org/wiki/PRIMRE">Portal and Repository for Information on Marine Renewable Energy</a> A network of databases providing broad access to marine energy information.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openei.org/wiki/PRIMRE/Basics/Current_Energy">Marine Energy Basics: Current Energy</a> Basic information about current energy.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openei.org/wiki/PRIMRE/Databases/Projects_Database">Marine Energy Projects Database</a> A database that provides up-to-date information on marine energy deployments in the U.S. and around the world.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tethys.pnnl.gov">Tethys Database</a> A database of information on potential environmental effects of marine energy and offshore wind energy development.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tethys-engineering.pnnl.gov">Tethys Engineering Database</a> A database of information on technical design and engineering of marine energy devices.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mhkdr.openei.org/">Marine and Hydrokinetic Data Repository</a> A database for all data collected by marine energy research and development projects funded by the U.S. Department of Energy.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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