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aria-controls="toc-Layer_architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Layer architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Layer_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Layer_1:_Physical_layer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Layer_1:_Physical_layer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Layer 1: Physical layer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Layer_1:_Physical_layer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Layer_2:_Data_link_layer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Layer_2:_Data_link_layer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Layer 2: Data link layer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Layer_2:_Data_link_layer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Layer_3:_Network_layer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Layer_3:_Network_layer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Layer 3: Network layer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Layer_3:_Network_layer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Layer_4:_Transport_layer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Layer_4:_Transport_layer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Layer 4: Transport layer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Layer_4:_Transport_layer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Layer_5:_Session_layer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Layer_5:_Session_layer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Layer 5: Session layer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Layer_5:_Session_layer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Layer_6:_Presentation_layer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Layer_6:_Presentation_layer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Layer 6: Presentation layer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Layer_6:_Presentation_layer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Layer_7:_Application_layer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Layer_7:_Application_layer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Layer 7: Application layer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Layer_7:_Application_layer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cross-layer_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross-layer_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cross-layer functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cross-layer_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Programming_interfaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programming_interfaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Programming interfaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Programming_interfaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_to_other_networking_suites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_to_other_networking_suites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Comparison to other networking suites</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_to_other_networking_suites-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparison to other networking suites subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison_to_other_networking_suites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_TCP/IP_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_TCP/IP_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Comparison with TCP/IP model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_TCP/IP_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">OSI model</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI-model" title="OSI-model – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="OSI-model" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A9" title="نموذج الربط البيني للأنظمة المفتوحة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نموذج الربط البيني للأنظمة المفتوحة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelu_OSI" title="Modelu OSI – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Modelu OSI" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_modeli" title="OSI modeli – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="OSI modeli" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="ওএসআই মডেল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওএসআই মডেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_b%C3%B4%CD%98-h%C3%AAng" title="OSI bô͘-hêng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="OSI bô͘-hêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_OSI" title="Эталонная мадэль OSI – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эталонная мадэль OSI" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_OSI" title="Мадэль OSI – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мадэль OSI" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="OSI модел – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="OSI модел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="OSI model" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI" title="OSI – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="OSI" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referen%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_model_ISO/OSI" title="Referenční model ISO/OSI – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Referenční model ISO/OSI" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayezgero-OSI" title="Kayezgero-OSI – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Kayezgero-OSI" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI-model" title="OSI-model – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="OSI-model" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI-Modell" title="OSI-Modell – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="OSI-Modell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatud_s%C3%BCsteemide_sidumise_arhitektuur" title="Avatud süsteemide sidumise arhitektuur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Avatud süsteemide sidumise arhitektuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%BF_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%82_OSI" title="Μοντέλο αναφοράς OSI – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μοντέλο αναφοράς OSI" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo_OSI" title="Modelo OSI – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Modelo OSI" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI-modelo" title="OSI-modelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="OSI-modelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_eredua" title="OSI eredua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="OSI eredua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="مدل اتصال متقابل سامانه‌های باز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدل اتصال متقابل سامانه‌های باز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le_OSI" title="Modèle OSI – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Modèle OSI" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samhail_Tagartha_OSI" title="Samhail Tagartha OSI – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Samhail Tagartha OSI" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo_OSI" title="Modelo OSI – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Modelo OSI" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%93%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%88_%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B2" title="ઓએસઆઈ મોડેલ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઓએસઆઈ મોડેલ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_%EB%AA%A8%ED%98%95" title="OSI 모형 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="OSI 모형" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="OSI մոդել – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="OSI մոդել" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ओएसआई प्रतिमान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ओएसआई प्रतिमान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="OSI model" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo_OSI" title="Modelo OSI – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Modelo OSI" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_OSI" title="Model OSI – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Model OSI" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modello_OSI" title="Modello OSI – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Modello OSI" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%9C_%D7%94-OSI" title="מודל ה-OSI – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מודל ה-OSI" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="OSI მოდელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="OSI მოდელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96" title="OSI моделі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="OSI моделі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI-ISO_exemplar" title="OSI-ISO exemplar – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="OSI-ISO exemplar" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atv%C4%93rto_sist%C4%93mu_sadarb%C4%ABbas_b%C4%81zes_etalonmodelis" title="Atvērto sistēmu sadarbības bāzes etalonmodelis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Atvērto sistēmu sadarbības bāzes etalonmodelis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_modelis" title="OSI modelis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="OSI modelis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modell_OSI" title="Modell OSI – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Modell OSI" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI-modell" title="OSI-modell – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="OSI-modell" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="OSI-модел – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="OSI-модел" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%92.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%90._%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%95" title="ഒ.എസ്.ഐ. മാതൃക – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഒ.എസ്.ഐ. മാതൃക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_OSI" title="Model OSI – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Model OSI" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="OSI загвар – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="OSI загвар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA" title="OSI မော်ဒယ်လ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="OSI မော်ဒယ်လ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI-model" title="OSI-model – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="OSI-model" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI%E5%8F%82%E7%85%A7%E3%83%A2%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB" title="OSI参照モデル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="OSI参照モデル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI-modellen" title="OSI-modellen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="OSI-modellen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI-modellen" title="OSI-modellen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="OSI-modellen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="OSI model" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_OSI" title="Model OSI – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Model OSI" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo_OSI" title="Modelo OSI – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Modelo OSI" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelul_OSI" title="Modelul OSI – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Modelul OSI" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_OSI" title="Сетевая модель OSI – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сетевая модель OSI" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="OSI model" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modeli_referues_OSI" title="Modeli referues OSI – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Modeli referues OSI" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="OSI ආකෘතිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="OSI ආකෘතිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="OSI model" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_OSI" title="Model OSI – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Model OSI" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/OSI_referen%C4%8Dni_model" title="ISO/OSI referenčni model – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="ISO/OSI referenčni model" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%98_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="ОСИ модел – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="ОСИ модел" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="OSI model" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI-malli" title="OSI-malli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="OSI-malli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI-modellen" title="OSI-modellen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="OSI-modellen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%93.%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D.%E0%B0%90_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE" title="ఓ.ఎస్.ఐ నమూనా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఓ.ఎస్.ఐ నమూనా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD" title="แบบจำลองโอเอสไอ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แบบจำลองโอเอสไอ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_modeli" title="OSI modeli – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="OSI modeli" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_OSI" title="Мережева модель OSI – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мережева модель OSI" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4_h%C3%ACnh_OSI" title="Mô hình OSI – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mô hình OSI" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="OSI模型 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="OSI模型" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="OSI model" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="OSI模型 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="OSI模型" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="OSI模型 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="OSI模型" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q93312#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Model of communication of seven abstraction layers</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">OSI model</a><br /><span style="font-size:80%;">by <a href="/wiki/Abstraction_layer" title="Abstraction layer">layer</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">7.  <a href="/wiki/Application_layer" title="Application layer">Application layer</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_News_Transfer_Protocol" title="Network News Transfer Protocol">NNTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_Initiation_Protocol" title="Session Initiation Protocol">SIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Sensor_Interface_protocol" title="Simple Sensor Interface protocol">SSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">DNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopher_(protocol)" title="Gopher (protocol)">Gopher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a> (<a href="/wiki/HTTP/3" title="HTTP/3">HTTP/3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_File_System" title="Network File System">NFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Time_Protocol" title="Network Time Protocol">NTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_Message_Peer-to-Peer" title="Short Message Peer-to-Peer">SMPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Shell" title="Secure Shell">SSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">SMTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Network_Management_Protocol" title="Simple Network Management Protocol">SNMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">Telnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol" title="Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol">DHCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NETCONF" title="NETCONF">NETCONF</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Application_layer_protocols" title="Category:Application layer protocols">more....</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">6.  <a href="/wiki/Presentation_layer" title="Presentation layer">Presentation layer</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MIME" title="MIME">MIME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_Data_Representation" title="External Data Representation">XDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASN.1" title="ASN.1">ASN.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">TLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretty_Good_Privacy" title="Pretty Good Privacy">PGP</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">5.  <a href="/wiki/Session_layer" title="Session layer">Session layer</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Named_pipe" title="Named pipe">Named pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBIOS" title="NetBIOS">NetBIOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_Announcement_Protocol" title="Session Announcement Protocol">SAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Tunneling_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol">PPTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">RTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOCKS" title="SOCKS">SOCKS</a></li> <li>X.225<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">4.  <a href="/wiki/Transport_layer" title="Transport layer">Transport layer</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">UDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_Control_Transmission_Protocol" title="Stream Control Transmission Protocol">SCTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datagram_Congestion_Control_Protocol" title="Datagram Congestion Control Protocol">DCCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QUIC" title="QUIC">QUIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPX/SPX" title="IPX/SPX">SPX</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">3.  <a href="/wiki/Network_layer" title="Network layer">Network layer</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">IPv4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Control_Message_Protocol" title="Internet Control Message Protocol">ICMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/ICMPv6" title="ICMPv6">ICMPv6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPsec" title="IPsec">IPsec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Group_Management_Protocol" title="Internet Group Management Protocol">IGMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internetwork_Packet_Exchange" title="Internetwork Packet Exchange">IPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IS-IS" title="IS-IS">IS-IS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AppleTalk" title="AppleTalk">AppleTalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_Layer_Protocol" title="Packet Layer Protocol">PLP</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">2.  <a href="/wiki/Data_link_layer" title="Data link layer">Data link layer</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode" title="Asynchronous Transfer Mode">ATM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol">ARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_Data_Link_Control" title="Synchronous Data Link Control">SDLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Level_Data_Link_Control" title="High-Level Data Link Control">HDLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_Line_Internet_Protocol#CSLIP" title="Serial Line Internet Protocol">CSLIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_Line_Internet_Protocol" title="Serial Line Internet Protocol">SLIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generic_Framing_Procedure" title="Generic Framing Procedure">GFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Line_Internet_Protocol" title="Parallel Line Internet Protocol">PLIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.2" title="IEEE 802.2">IEEE 802.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_link_control" title="Logical link control">LLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_access_control" title="Medium access control">MAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layer_2_Tunneling_Protocol" title="Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol">L2TP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3" title="IEEE 802.3">IEEE 802.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_Relay" title="Frame Relay">Frame Relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.hn" title="G.hn">ITU-T G.hn DLL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol">PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> <a href="/wiki/LAPB" title="LAPB">LAPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_Access_Procedure_for_Frame_Relay" title="Link Access Procedure for Frame Relay">Q.922 LAPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">1.  <a href="/wiki/Physical_layer" title="Physical layer">Physical layer</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RS-232" title="RS-232">RS-232</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-449" title="RS-449">RS-449</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ITU-T_V-series_recommendations" title="List of ITU-T V-series recommendations">ITU-T V-Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I.430" title="I.430">I.430</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I.431" title="I.431">I.431</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plesiochronous_digital_hierarchy" title="Plesiochronous digital hierarchy">PDH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_optical_networking" title="Synchronous optical networking">SONET/SDH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_optical_network" title="Passive optical network">PON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_Transport_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical Transport Network">OTN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line" title="Digital subscriber line">DSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3" title="IEEE 802.3">IEEE 802.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15" title="IEEE 802.15">IEEE 802.15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.16" title="IEEE 802.16">IEEE 802.16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">IEEE 1394</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.hn" title="G.hn">ITU-T G.hn PHY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:OSI_model" title="Template:OSI model"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:OSI_model" title="Template talk:OSI model"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:OSI_model" title="Special:EditPage/Template:OSI model"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Open Systems Interconnection</b> (<b>OSI</b>) <b>model</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Reference_model" title="Reference model">reference model</a> from the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) that "provides a common basis for the coordination of standards development for the purpose of systems interconnection."<sup id="cite_ref-ISO-7498-1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO-7498-1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the OSI reference model, the communications between systems are split into seven different abstraction layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The model partitions the flow of data in a communication system into seven <a href="/wiki/Abstraction_layer" title="Abstraction layer">abstraction layers</a> to describe networked communication from the physical implementation of transmitting <a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bits</a> across a <a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">communications medium</a> to the highest-level representation of data of a <a href="/wiki/Distributed_application" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed application">distributed application</a>. Each intermediate layer serves a class of functionality to the layer above it and is served by the layer below it. </p><p>Classes of functionality are implemented in software development using established <a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">communication protocols</a>. </p><p>Each layer in the OSI model has well-defined functions, and the methods of each layer communicate and interact with those of the layers immediately above and below as appropriate. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a> as defined in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1122">1122</a> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1123">1123</a> is a model of networking developed contemporarily to the OSI model, and was funded primarily by the U.S. Department of Defense. It was the foundation for the development of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. It assumed the presence of generic physical links and focused primarily on the software layers of communication, with a similar but much less rigorous structure than the OSI model. </p><p>In comparison, several networking models have sought to create an intellectual framework for clarifying networking concepts and activities,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but none have been as successful as the OSI reference model in becoming the standard model for discussing and teaching networking in the field of <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a>. The model allows transparent communication through equivalent exchange of <a href="/wiki/Protocol_data_unit" title="Protocol data unit">protocol data units</a> (PDUs) between two parties, through what is known as <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Peer-to-peer networking">peer-to-peer networking</a> (also known as peer-to-peer communication). As a result, the OSI reference model has not only become an important piece among professionals and non-professionals alike, but also in all networking between one or many parties, due in large part to its commonly accepted user-friendly framework.<sup id="cite_ref-guide-to-networking-essentials_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-to-networking-essentials-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OSI-model-Communication.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/OSI-model-Communication.svg/400px-OSI-model-Communication.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/OSI-model-Communication.svg/600px-OSI-model-Communication.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/OSI-model-Communication.svg/800px-OSI-model-Communication.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>Communication in the OSI model (example with layers 3 to 5)</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSI_model&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The development of the OSI model started in the late 1970s to support the emergence of the diverse computer networking methods that were competing for application in the large national networking efforts in the world (see <a href="/wiki/OSI_protocols" title="OSI protocols">OSI protocols</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protocol_Wars" title="Protocol Wars">Protocol Wars</a>). In the 1980s, the model became a working product of the Open Systems Interconnection group at the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO). While attempting to provide a comprehensive description of networking, the model failed to garner reliance during the design of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, which is reflected in the less prescriptive <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suite" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Protocol Suite">Internet Protocol Suite</a>, principally sponsored under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF). </p><p>In the early- and mid-1970s, networking was largely either government-sponsored (<a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a> in the UK, <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> in the US, <a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a> in France) or vendor-developed with proprietary standards, such as <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Systems_Network_Architecture" title="Systems Network Architecture">Systems Network Architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a>'s <a href="/wiki/DECnet" title="DECnet">DECnet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Public_data_network" title="Public data network">Public data networks</a> were only just beginning to emerge, and these began to use the <a href="/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> standard in the late 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching#EPSS" title="Packet switching">Experimental Packet Switched System</a> in the UK <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1973</span>–1975 identified the need for defining higher level protocols.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UK <a href="/wiki/National_Computing_Centre" title="National Computing Centre">National Computing Centre</a> publication, <i>Why Distributed Computing</i>, which came from considerable research into future configurations for computer systems,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulted in the UK presenting the case for an international standards committee to cover this area at the ISO meeting in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> in March 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ieee201703_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee201703-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in 1977, the ISO initiated a program to develop general standards and methods of networking. A similar process evolved at the <a href="/wiki/International_Telegraph_and_Telephone_Consultative_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee">International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee</a> (CCITT, from French: <i>Comité Consultatif International Téléphonique et Télégraphique</i>). Both bodies developed documents that defined similar networking models. The British <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Trade_and_Industry_(United_Kingdom)" title="Department of Trade and Industry (United Kingdom)">Department of Trade and Industry</a> acted as the secretariat, and <a href="/wiki/Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Universities in the United Kingdom">universities in the United Kingdom</a> developed <a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">prototypes</a> of the standards.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The OSI model was first defined in raw form in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, in February 1978 by French software engineer <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Zimmermann" title="Hubert Zimmermann">Hubert Zimmermann</a>, and the refined but still draft standard was published by the ISO in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee201703_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee201703-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The drafters of the reference model had to contend with many competing priorities and interests. The rate of technological change made it necessary to define standards that new systems could converge to rather than standardizing procedures after the fact; the reverse of the traditional approach to developing standards.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although not a standard itself, it was a framework in which future standards could be defined.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1983,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the CCITT and ISO documents were merged to form <i>The Basic Reference Model for Open Systems Interconnection</i>, usually referred to as the <i>Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model</i>, <i>OSI Reference Model</i>, or simply <i>OSI model</i>. It was published in 1984 by both the ISO, as standard ISO 7498, and the renamed CCITT (now called the Telecommunications Standardization Sector of the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> or <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a>) as standard X.200. </p><p>OSI had two major components: an abstract model of networking, called the Basic Reference Model or seven-layer model, and a <a href="/wiki/OSI_protocols" title="OSI protocols">set of specific protocols</a>. The OSI reference model was a major advance in the <a href="/wiki/Standardisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardisation">standardisation</a> of network concepts. It promoted the idea of a consistent model of protocol layers, defining interoperability between network devices and software. </p><p>The concept of a seven-layer model was provided by the work of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bachman" title="Charles Bachman">Charles Bachman</a> at <a href="/wiki/Honeywell_Information_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Honeywell Information Systems">Honeywell Information Systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various aspects of OSI design evolved from experiences with the NPL network, ARPANET, CYCLADES, <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching#EIN" title="Packet switching">EIN</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Network_Working_Group" title="International Network Working Group">International Network Working Group</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Federation_for_Information_Processing" title="International Federation for Information Processing">IFIP</a> WG6.1). In this model, a networking system was divided into layers. Within each layer, one or more entities implement its functionality. Each entity interacted directly only with the layer immediately beneath it and provided facilities for use by the layer above it. </p><p>The OSI standards documents are available from the ITU-T as the X.200 series of recommendations.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the protocol specifications were also available as part of the ITU-T X series. The equivalent ISO/IEC standards for the OSI model were available from ISO. Not all are free of charge.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>OSI was an industry effort, attempting to get industry participants to agree on common network standards to provide multi-vendor interoperability.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was common for large networks to support multiple network protocol suites, with many devices unable to interoperate with other devices because of a lack of common protocols. For a period in the late 1980s and early 1990s, engineers, organizations and nations became <a href="/wiki/Protocol_Wars" title="Protocol Wars">polarized over the issue of which standard</a>, the OSI model or the <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a>, would result in the best and most robust computer networks.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee201703_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee201703-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, while OSI developed its networking standards in the late 1980s,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> came into widespread use on multi-vendor networks for <a href="/wiki/Internetworking" title="Internetworking">internetworking</a>. </p><p>The OSI model is still used as a reference for teaching and documentation;<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the <a href="/wiki/OSI_protocols" title="OSI protocols">OSI protocols</a> originally conceived for the model did not gain popularity. Some engineers argue the OSI reference model is still relevant to <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others say the original OSI model does not fit today's networking protocols and have suggested instead a simplified approach.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSI_model&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/OSI_model" title="Special:EditPage/OSI model">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocols</a> enable an entity in one host to interact with a corresponding entity at the same layer in another host. Service definitions, like the OSI model, abstractly describe the functionality provided to a layer <i>N</i> by a layer <i>N−1</i>, where <i>N</i> is one of the seven layers of protocols operating in the local host. </p><p>At each level <i>N</i>, two entities at the communicating devices (layer N <i>peers</i>) exchange <a href="/wiki/Protocol_data_unit" title="Protocol data unit">protocol data units</a> (PDUs) by means of a layer N <i>protocol</i>. Each PDU contains a payload, called the <a href="/wiki/Service_data_unit" title="Service data unit">service data unit</a> (SDU), along with protocol-related headers or footers. </p><p>Data processing by two communicating OSI-compatible devices proceeds as follows: </p> <ol><li>The data to be transmitted is composed at the topmost layer of the transmitting device (layer <i>N</i>) into a <i><a href="/wiki/Protocol_data_unit" title="Protocol data unit">protocol data unit</a></i> (<i>PDU</i>).</li> <li>The <i>PDU</i> is passed to layer <i>N−1</i>, where it is known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Service_data_unit" title="Service data unit">service data unit</a></i> (<i>SDU</i>).</li> <li>At layer <i>N−1</i> the <i>SDU</i> is <a href="/wiki/Concatenated" class="mw-redirect" title="Concatenated">concatenated</a> with a header, a footer, or both, producing a <i>layer N−1 PDU</i>. It is then passed to layer <i>N−2</i>.</li> <li>The process continues until reaching the lowermost level, from which the data is transmitted to the receiving device.</li> <li>At the receiving device the data is passed from the lowest to the highest layer as a series of <i>SDU</i>s while being successively stripped from each layer's header or footer until reaching the topmost layer, where the last of the data is consumed.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standards_documents">Standards documents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSI_model&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Standards documents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The OSI model was defined in ISO/IEC 7498 which consists of the following parts: </p> <ul><li>ISO/IEC 7498-1 The Basic Model</li> <li>ISO/IEC 7498-2 Security Architecture</li> <li>ISO/IEC 7498-3 Naming and addressing</li> <li>ISO/IEC 7498-4 Management framework</li></ul> <p>ISO/IEC 7498-1 is also published as ITU-T Recommendation X.200. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Layer_architecture">Layer architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSI_model&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Layer architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The recommendation X.200 describes seven layers, labelled 1 to 7. Layer 1 is the lowest layer in this model. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <caption>OSI model </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Layer </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Protocol_data_unit" title="Protocol data unit">Protocol data unit</a> (PDU) </th> <th>Function<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr style="background:#d8ec9b;"> <th rowspan="4">Host<br />layers </th> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Application_layer" title="Application layer">Application</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Data_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Data (computing)">Data</a> </td> <td>High-level protocols such as for resource sharing or remote file access, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a>. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#d8ec9b;"> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Presentation_layer" title="Presentation layer">Presentation</a> </td> <td>Translation of data between a networking service and an application; including <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character encoding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">data compression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encryption/decryption</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#d8ec9b;"> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Session_layer" title="Session layer">Session</a> </td> <td>Managing communication <a href="/wiki/Session_(computer_science)" title="Session (computer science)">sessions</a>, i.e., continuous exchange of information in the form of multiple back-and-forth transmissions between two nodes </td></tr> <tr style="background:#e7ed9c;"> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Transport_layer" title="Transport layer">Transport</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Packet_segmentation" title="Packet segmentation">Segment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Datagram" title="Datagram">Datagram</a> </td> <td>Reliable transmission of data segments between points on a network, including <a href="/wiki/Packet_segmentation" title="Packet segmentation">segmentation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acknowledgement_(data_networks)" title="Acknowledgement (data networks)">acknowledgement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">multiplexing</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eddc9c;"> <th rowspan="3">Media<br />layers </th> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Network_layer" title="Network layer">Network</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Network_packet" title="Network packet">Packet</a> </td> <td>Structuring and managing a multi-node network, including <a href="/wiki/Address_space" title="Address space">addressing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Routing" title="Routing">routing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Network_traffic_control" title="Network traffic control">traffic control</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2c8a4;"> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Data_link_layer" title="Data link layer">Data link</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frame_(networking)" title="Frame (networking)">Frame</a> </td> <td>Transmission of data frames between two nodes connected by a physical layer </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f3b7b7;"> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Physical_layer" title="Physical layer">Physical</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">Bit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symbol_rate#Symbols" title="Symbol rate">Symbol</a> </td> <td>Transmission and reception of raw bit streams over a physical medium </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Layer_1:_Physical_layer">Layer 1: Physical layer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSI_model&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Layer 1: Physical layer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Physical_layer" title="Physical layer">Physical layer</a></div> <p>The physical layer is responsible for the transmission and reception of unstructured raw data between a device, such as a <a href="/wiki/Network_interface_controller" title="Network interface controller">network interface controller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_hub" title="Ethernet hub">Ethernet hub</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">network switch</a>, and a physical <a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">transmission medium</a>. It converts the digital bits into electrical, radio, or optical signals. Layer specifications define characteristics such as voltage levels, the timing of voltage changes, physical data rates, maximum transmission distances, modulation scheme, channel access method and physical connectors. This includes the layout of <a href="/wiki/Lead_(electronics)" title="Lead (electronics)">pins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltages</a>, line <a href="/wiki/Characteristic_impedance" title="Characteristic impedance">impedance</a>, cable specifications, signal timing and frequency for wireless devices. Bit rate control is done at the physical layer and may define transmission mode as <a href="/wiki/Simplex_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplex communication">simplex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Half_duplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Half duplex">half duplex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Full_duplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Full duplex">full duplex</a>. The components of a physical layer can be described in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">network topology</a>. Physical layer specifications are included in the specifications for the ubiquitous <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_physical_layer" title="Ethernet physical layer">Ethernet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> standards. An example of a less well-known physical layer specification would be for the <a href="/wiki/CAN_bus" title="CAN bus">CAN</a> standard. </p><p>The physical layer also specifies how encoding occurs over a physical signal, such as electrical voltage or a light pulse. For example, a 1 bit might be represented on a copper wire by the transition from a 0-volt to a 5-volt signal, whereas a 0 bit might be represented by the transition from a 5-volt to a 0-volt signal. As a result, common problems occurring at the physical layer are often related to the incorrect media termination, EMI or noise scrambling, and NICs and hubs that are misconfigured or do not work correctly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Layer_2:_Data_link_layer">Layer 2: Data link layer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSI_model&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Layer 2: Data link layer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Data_link_layer" title="Data link layer">Data link layer</a></div> <p>The data link layer provides <a href="/wiki/Node-to-node_data_transfer" title="Node-to-node data transfer">node-to-node data transfer</a>—a link between two directly connected nodes. It detects and possibly corrects errors that may occur in the physical layer. It defines the protocol to establish and terminate a connection between two physically connected devices. It also defines the protocol for <a href="/wiki/Flow_control_(data)" title="Flow control (data)">flow control</a> between them. </p><p><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802" title="IEEE 802">IEEE 802</a> divides the data link layer into two sublayers:<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medium_access_control" title="Medium access control">Medium access control</a> (MAC) layer – responsible for controlling how devices in a network gain access to a medium and permission to transmit data.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_link_control" title="Logical link control">Logical link control</a> (LLC) layer – responsible for identifying and encapsulating network layer protocols, and controls error checking and frame synchronization.</li></ul> <p>The MAC and LLC layers of IEEE 802 networks such as <a href="/wiki/802.3" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3">802.3</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>, <a href="/wiki/802.11" class="mw-redirect" title="802.11">802.11</a> <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/802.15.4" class="mw-redirect" title="802.15.4">802.15.4</a> <a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a> operate at the data link layer. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol">Point-to-Point Protocol</a> (PPP) is a data link layer protocol that can operate over several different physical layers, such as <a href="/wiki/Synchronous_serial_communication" title="Synchronous serial communication">synchronous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_serial_communication" title="Asynchronous serial communication">asynchronous</a> serial lines. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a> <a href="/wiki/G.hn" title="G.hn">G.hn</a> standard, which provides high-speed local area networking over existing wires (power lines, phone lines and coaxial cables), includes a complete data link layer that provides both <a href="/wiki/Error_correction" class="mw-redirect" title="Error correction">error correction</a> and flow control by means of a <a href="/wiki/Selective_repeat" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective repeat">selective-repeat</a> <a href="/wiki/Sliding_window_protocol" title="Sliding window protocol">sliding-window protocol</a>. </p><p>Security, specifically (authenticated) encryption, at this layer can be applied with <a href="/wiki/MACsec" class="mw-redirect" title="MACsec">MACsec</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Layer_3:_Network_layer">Layer 3: Network layer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSI_model&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Layer 3: Network layer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Network_layer" title="Network layer">Network layer</a></div> <p>The network layer provides the functional and procedural means of transferring <a href="/wiki/Network_packet" title="Network packet">packets</a> from one node to another connected in "different networks". A network is a medium to which many nodes can be connected, on which every node has an <i>address</i> and which permits nodes connected to it to transfer messages to other nodes connected to it by merely providing the content of a message and the address of the destination node and letting the network find the way to deliver the message to the destination node, possibly <a href="/wiki/Routing" title="Routing">routing</a> it through intermediate nodes. If the message is too large to be transmitted from one node to another on the data link layer between those nodes, the network may implement message delivery by splitting the message into several fragments at one node, sending the fragments independently, and reassembling the fragments at another node. It may, but does not need to, report delivery errors. </p><p>Message delivery at the network layer is not necessarily guaranteed to be reliable; a network layer protocol may provide reliable message delivery, but it does not need to do so. </p><p>A number of layer-management protocols, a function defined in the <i>management annex</i>, ISO 7498/4, belong to the network layer. These include routing protocols, multicast group management, network-layer information and error, and network-layer address assignment. It is the function of the payload that makes these belong to the network layer, not the protocol that carries them.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Layer_4:_Transport_layer">Layer 4: Transport layer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSI_model&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Layer 4: Transport layer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_layer" title="Transport layer">Transport layer</a></div> <p>The transport layer provides the functional and procedural means of transferring variable-length data sequences from a source host to a destination host from one application to another across a network, while maintaining the quality-of-service functions. Transport protocols may be connection-oriented or connectionless. </p><p>This may require breaking large protocol data units or long data streams into smaller chunks called "segments", since the network layer imposes a maximum packet size called the <a href="/wiki/Maximum_transmission_unit" title="Maximum transmission unit">maximum transmission unit</a> (MTU), which depends on the maximum packet size imposed by all data link layers on the network path between the two hosts. The amount of data in a data segment must be small enough to allow for a network-layer header and a transport-layer header. For example, for data being transferred across <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>, the MTU is 1500 bytes, the minimum size of a TCP header is 20 bytes, and the minimum size of an IPv4 header is 20 bytes, so the maximum segment size is 1500−(20+20) bytes, or 1460 bytes. The process of dividing data into segments is called <a href="/wiki/Packet_segmentation" title="Packet segmentation">segmentation</a>; it is an optional function of the transport layer. Some connection-oriented transport protocols, such as <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a> and the OSI connection-oriented transport protocol (COTP), perform segmentation and reassembly of segments on the receiving side; connectionless transport protocols, such as <a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">UDP</a> and the OSI connectionless transport protocol (CLTP), usually do not. </p><p>The transport layer also controls the reliability of a given link between a source and destination host through flow control, error control, and acknowledgments of sequence and existence. Some protocols are state- and <a href="/wiki/Connection-oriented" class="mw-redirect" title="Connection-oriented">connection-oriented</a>. This means that the transport layer can keep track of the segments and retransmit those that fail delivery through the acknowledgment hand-shake system. The transport layer will also provide the acknowledgement of the successful data transmission and sends the next data if no errors occurred. </p><p>Reliability, however, is not a strict requirement within the transport layer. Protocols like UDP, for example, are used in applications that are willing to accept some packet loss, reordering, errors or duplication. <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a>, real-time multiplayer games and <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">voice over IP</a> (VoIP) are examples of applications in which loss of packets is not usually a fatal problem. </p><p>The OSI connection-oriented transport protocol defines five classes of connection-mode transport protocols, ranging from class 0 (which is also known as TP0 and provides the fewest features) to class 4 (TP4, designed for less reliable networks, similar to the Internet). Class 0 contains no error recovery and was designed for use on network layers that provide error-free connections. Class 4 is closest to TCP, although TCP contains functions, such as the graceful close, which OSI assigns to the session layer. Also, all OSI TP connection-mode <a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">protocol</a> classes provide expedited data and preservation of record boundaries. Detailed characteristics of TP0–4 classes are shown in the following table:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Feature name </th> <th>TP0</th> <th>TP1</th> <th>TP2</th> <th>TP3</th> <th>TP4 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Connection-oriented network </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Connectionless network </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Concatenation and separation </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Segmentation and reassembly </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Error recovery </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Reinitiate connection<sup><small>a</small></sup> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1.0em;">Multiplexing / demultiplexing over single <a href="/wiki/Virtual_circuit" title="Virtual circuit">virtual circuit</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Explicit flow control </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Retransmission on timeout </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Reliable transport service </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="font-size:90%;"><sup>a</sup> If an excessive number of <a href="/wiki/Protocol_data_unit" title="Protocol data unit">PDUs</a> are unacknowledged. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An easy way to visualize the transport layer is to compare it with a post office, which deals with the dispatch and classification of mail and parcels sent. A post office inspects only the outer envelope of mail to determine its delivery. Higher layers may have the equivalent of double envelopes, such as cryptographic presentation services that can be read by the addressee only. Roughly speaking, <a href="/wiki/Tunnelling_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunnelling protocol">tunnelling protocols</a> operate at the transport layer, such as carrying non-IP protocols such as <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Systems_Network_Architecture" title="Systems Network Architecture">SNA</a> or <a href="/wiki/Novell" title="Novell">Novell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Internetwork_Packet_Exchange" title="Internetwork Packet Exchange">IPX</a> over an IP network, or end-to-end encryption with <a href="/wiki/IPsec" title="IPsec">IPsec</a>. While <a href="/wiki/Generic_Routing_Encapsulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic Routing Encapsulation">Generic Routing Encapsulation</a> (GRE) might seem to be a network-layer protocol, if the encapsulation of the payload takes place only at the endpoint, GRE becomes closer to a transport protocol that uses IP headers but contains complete Layer 2 frames or Layer 3 packets to deliver to the endpoint. <a href="/wiki/Layer_2_Tunneling_Protocol" title="Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol">L2TP</a> carries <a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol">PPP</a> frames inside transport segments. </p><p>Although not developed under the OSI Reference Model and not strictly conforming to the OSI definition of the transport layer, the <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a> (TCP) and the <a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">User Datagram Protocol</a> (UDP) of the Internet Protocol Suite are commonly categorized as layer 4 protocols within OSI. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">Transport Layer Security</a> (TLS) does not strictly fit inside the model either. It contains characteristics of the transport and presentation layers.<sup id="cite_ref-ccnp_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccnp-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stackex_layer_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stackex_layer-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Layer_5:_Session_layer">Layer 5: Session layer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSI_model&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Layer 5: Session layer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Session_layer" title="Session layer">Session layer</a></div> <p>The session layer creates the setup, controls the connections, and ends the <a href="/wiki/Teardown_(communications)" class="mw-redirect" title="Teardown (communications)">teardown</a>, between two or more computers, which is called a "session". Common functions of the session layer include user logon (establishment) and user logoff (termination) functions. Including this matter, authentication methods are also built into most client software, such as FTP Client and NFS Client for Microsoft Networks. Therefore, the session layer establishes, manages and terminates the connections between the local and remote application. The session layer also provides for <a href="/wiki/Full-duplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-duplex">full-duplex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Half-duplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-duplex">half-duplex</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Simplex_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplex communication">simplex</a> operation,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and establishes procedures for checkpointing, suspending, restarting, and terminating a session between two related streams of data, such as an audio and a video stream in a web-conferencing application. Therefore, the session layer is commonly implemented explicitly in application environments that use <a href="/wiki/Remote_procedure_call" title="Remote procedure call">remote procedure calls</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Layer_6:_Presentation_layer">Layer 6: Presentation layer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSI_model&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Layer 6: Presentation layer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presentation_layer" title="Presentation layer">Presentation layer</a></div> <p>The presentation layer establishes data formatting and data translation into a format specified by the application layer during the encapsulation of outgoing messages while being passed down the <a href="/wiki/Protocol_stack" title="Protocol stack">protocol stack</a>, and possibly reversed during the deencapsulation of incoming messages when being passed up the protocol stack. For this very reason, outgoing messages during encapsulation are converted into a format specified by the application layer, while the conversion for incoming messages during deencapsulation are reversed. </p><p>The presentation layer handles protocol conversion, data encryption, data decryption, data compression, data decompression, incompatibility of data representation between operating systems, and graphic commands. The presentation layer transforms data into the form that the application layer accepts, to be sent across a network. Since the presentation layer converts data and graphics into a display format for the application layer, the presentation layer is sometimes called the syntax layer.<sup id="cite_ref-Grigonis_2000_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grigonis_2000-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, the presentation layer negotiates the transfer of syntax structure through the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Encoding_Rules" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Encoding Rules">Basic Encoding Rules</a> of <a href="/wiki/Abstract_Syntax_Notation_One" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract Syntax Notation One">Abstract Syntax Notation One</a> (ASN.1), with capabilities such as converting an <a href="/wiki/EBCDIC" title="EBCDIC">EBCDIC</a>-coded <a href="/wiki/Text_file" title="Text file">text file</a> to an <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>-coded file, or <a href="/wiki/Serialization" title="Serialization">serialization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">objects</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Data_structure" title="Data structure">data structures</a> from and to <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guide-to-networking-essentials_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-to-networking-essentials-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Layer_7:_Application_layer">Layer 7: Application layer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSI_model&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Layer 7: Application layer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Application_layer" title="Application layer">Application layer</a></div> <p>The application layer is the layer of the OSI model that is closest to the end user, which means both the OSI application layer and the user interact directly with a software application that implements a component of communication between the client and server, such as <a href="/wiki/File_Explorer" title="File Explorer">File Explorer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Word" title="Microsoft Word">Microsoft Word</a>. Such application programs fall outside the scope of the OSI model unless they are directly integrated into the application layer through the functions of communication, as is the case with applications such as <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Email_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Email program">email programs</a>. Other examples of software are Microsoft Network Software for File and Printer Sharing and Unix/Linux Network File System Client for access to shared file resources. </p><p>Application-layer functions typically include file sharing, message handling, and database access, through the most common protocols at the application layer, known as HTTP, FTP, SMB/CIFS, TFTP, and SMTP. When identifying communication partners, the application layer determines the identity and availability of communication partners for an application with data to transmit. The most important distinction in the application layer is the distinction between the application-entity and the application. For example, a reservation website might have two application-entities: one using <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> to communicate with its users, and one for a remote database protocol to record reservations. Neither of these protocols have anything to do with reservations. That logic is in the application itself. The application layer has no means to determine the availability of resources in the network.<sup id="cite_ref-guide-to-networking-essentials_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-to-networking-essentials-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cross-layer_functions">Cross-layer functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSI_model&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cross-layer functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cross-layer_optimization" title="Cross-layer optimization">Cross-layer optimization</a></div> <p>Cross-layer functions are services that are not tied to a given layer, but may affect more than one layer.<sup id="cite_ref-Mao_2009_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mao_2009-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some orthogonal aspects, such as management and <a href="/wiki/Security_service_(telecommunication)" title="Security service (telecommunication)">security</a>, involve all of the layers (See <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a> X.800 Recommendation<sup id="cite_ref-x800_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-x800-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). These services are aimed at improving the <a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">CIA triad</a>—<a href="/wiki/Confidentiality" title="Confidentiality">confidentiality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_integrity" title="Data integrity">integrity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Availability" title="Availability">availability</a>—of the transmitted data. Cross-layer functions are the norm, in practice, because the availability of a communication service is determined by the interaction between <a href="/wiki/Network_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Network design">network design</a> and <a href="/wiki/Network_management" title="Network management">network management</a> protocols. </p><p>Specific examples of cross-layer functions include the following: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Security_service_(telecommunication)" title="Security service (telecommunication)">Security service (telecommunication)</a><sup id="cite_ref-x800_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-x800-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as defined by <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a> X.800 recommendation.</li> <li>Management functions, i.e. functions that permit to configure, instantiate, monitor, terminate the communications of two or more entities: there is a specific application-layer protocol, <a href="/wiki/Common_Management_Information_Protocol" title="Common Management Information Protocol">Common Management Information Protocol</a> (CMIP) and its corresponding service, <a href="/wiki/Common_Management_Information_Service" title="Common Management Information Service">Common Management Information Service</a> (CMIS), they need to interact with every layer in order to deal with their instances.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprotocol_Label_Switching" title="Multiprotocol Label Switching">Multiprotocol Label Switching</a> (MPLS), ATM, and X.25 are 3a protocols. OSI subdivides the Network Layer into three sublayers: 3a) Subnetwork Access, 3b) Subnetwork Dependent Convergence and 3c) Subnetwork Independent Convergence.<sup id="cite_ref-Hegering,_Abeck,_&_Neumair_1999_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hegering,_Abeck,_&_Neumair_1999-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was designed to provide a unified data-carrying service for both circuit-based clients and packet-switching clients which provide a <a href="/wiki/Datagram" title="Datagram">datagram</a>-based service model. It can be used to carry many different kinds of traffic, including IP packets, as well as native ATM, SONET, and Ethernet frames. Sometimes one sees reference to a Layer 2.5.</li> <li>Cross MAC and PHY Scheduling is essential in wireless networks because of the time-varying nature of wireless channels. By scheduling packet transmission only in favourable channel conditions, which requires the MAC layer to obtain channel state information from the PHY layer, network throughput can be significantly improved and energy waste can be avoided.<sup id="cite_ref-Miao_&_Song_2014_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miao_&_Song_2014-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Programming_interfaces">Programming interfaces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSI_model&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Programming interfaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neither the OSI Reference Model, nor any <a href="/wiki/OSI_protocols" title="OSI protocols">OSI protocol</a> specifications, outline any programming interfaces, other than deliberately abstract service descriptions. Protocol specifications define a methodology for communication between peers, but the software interfaces are implementation-specific. </p><p>For example, the <a href="/wiki/Network_Driver_Interface_Specification" title="Network Driver Interface Specification">Network Driver Interface Specification</a> (NDIS) and <a href="/wiki/Open_Data-Link_Interface" title="Open Data-Link Interface">Open Data-Link Interface</a> (ODI) are interfaces between the media (layer 2) and the network protocol (layer 3). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_to_other_networking_suites">Comparison to other networking suites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSI_model&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Comparison to other networking suites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The table below presents a list of OSI layers, the original OSI protocols, and some <i>approximate</i> modern matches. This correspondence is rough: the OSI model contains idiosyncrasies not found in later systems such as the IP stack in modern Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-Crawford_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable nowraplinks" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Layer </th> <th rowspan="2" style="width:16.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Systems_Interconnection" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Systems Interconnection">OSI</a> protocols </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suite" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Protocol Suite">TCP/IP protocols</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" style="width:9.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Signaling_System_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Signaling System 7">Signaling<br />System 7</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/AppleTalk" title="AppleTalk">AppleTalk</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Internetwork_Packet_Exchange" title="Internetwork Packet Exchange">IPX</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Systems_Network_Architecture" title="Systems Network Architecture">SNA</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Mobile Telecommunications System">UMTS</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a>-based protocols </th> <th rowspan="2">Miscellaneous examples </th></tr> <tr> <th>No.</th> <th>Name </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">7 </td> <td>Application </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/FTAM" title="FTAM">FTAM</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/X.400" title="X.400">X.400</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/X.500" title="X.500">X.500</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Directory_Access_Protocol" title="Directory Access Protocol">DAP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Operations_Service_Element_protocol" title="Remote Operations Service Element protocol">ROSE</a></li><li>RTSE</li><li><a href="/wiki/Association_Control_Service_Element" title="Association Control Service Element">ACSE</a><sup id="cite_ref-ITU-T_X.227_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITU-T_X.227-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ITU-T_X.217_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITU-T_X.217-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Common_management_information_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Common management information protocol">CMIP</a><sup id="cite_ref-X.700_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-X.700-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-X.711_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-X.711-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9596-1:1998(en)_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9596-1:1998(en)-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9596-2:1993(en)_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9596-2:1993(en)-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">HTTPS</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/FTP" class="mw-redirect" title="FTP">FTP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/SMTP" class="mw-redirect" title="SMTP">SMTP</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/INAP" title="INAP">INAP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Application_Part" title="Mobile Application Part">MAP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Transaction_Capabilities_Application_Part" title="Transaction Capabilities Application Part">TCAP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/ISDN_User_Part" title="ISDN User Part">ISUP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_User_Part" title="Telephone User Part">TUP</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Filing_Protocol" title="Apple Filing Protocol">AFP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zone_Information_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Zone Information Protocol">ZIP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Routing_Table_Maintenance_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Routing Table Maintenance Protocol">RTMP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/AppleTalk#Name_Binding_Protocol" title="AppleTalk">NBP</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Service_Advertising_Protocol" title="Service Advertising Protocol">SAP</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Transaction Services</li><li>Presentation Services</li></ul></div> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_Browser" class="mw-redirect" title="Web Browser">Web Browser</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/WebDAV" title="WebDAV">WebDAV</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/SOAP" title="SOAP">SOAP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/OpenID" title="OpenID">OpenID</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/REST_API" class="mw-redirect" title="REST API">REST API</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/OAuth" title="OAuth">OAuth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/GraphQL" title="GraphQL">GraphQL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/ActivityPub" title="ActivityPub">ActivityPub</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Git" title="Git">Git</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/DNS_over_HTTP" class="mw-redirect" title="DNS over HTTP">DNS over HTTP</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/HL7" class="mw-redirect" title="HL7">HL7</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Modbus" title="Modbus">Modbus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSocket</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Constrained_Application_Protocol" title="Constrained Application Protocol">CoAP</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">6 </td> <td>Presentation </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>ISO/IEC 8823</li><li>X.226</li><li><br />ISO/IEC 9576-1</li><li>X.236</li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MIME" title="MIME">MIME</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">SSL/TLS</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/External_Data_Representation" title="External Data Representation">XDR</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Filing_Protocol" title="Apple Filing Protocol">AFP</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td> </td> <td>Presentation Services </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/MIME" title="MIME">MIME</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Percent-encoding" title="Percent-encoding">Percent-encoding</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Base64" title="Base64">base64</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gzip" title="Gzip">gzip</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Brotli" title="Brotli">brotli</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabbed_Document_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabbed Document Interface">TDI</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/EBCDIC" title="EBCDIC">EBCDIC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_Instrument_Digital_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical Instrument Digital Interface">MIDI</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG">MPEG</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td> <td>Session </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>ISO/IEC 8327</li><li>X.225</li><li><br />ISO/IEC 9548-1</li><li>X.235</li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Network_socket" title="Network socket">Sockets</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(session establishment in <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a> / <a href="/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">RTP</a> / <a href="/wiki/PPTP" class="mw-redirect" title="PPTP">PPTP</a>)</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/AppleTalk#AppleTalk_Session_Protocol" title="AppleTalk">ASP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/AppleTalk#AppleTalk_Data_Stream_Protocol" title="AppleTalk">ADSP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/AppleTalk#Printer_Access_Protocol" title="AppleTalk">PAP</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/NWLink" title="NWLink">NWLink</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Presentation Services</li><li>Data Flow Control</li></ul></div> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>HTTP <a href="/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields" title="List of HTTP header fields">headers</a>, including <a href="/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie">cookies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/CSRF_token" class="mw-redirect" title="CSRF token">CSRF tokens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSocket</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Named_pipes" class="mw-redirect" title="Named pipes">Named pipes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/NetBIOS" title="NetBIOS">NetBIOS</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Session_Announcement_Protocol" title="Session Announcement Protocol">SAP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Procedure_Call" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Procedure Call">RPC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/SOCKS" title="SOCKS">SOCKS</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">4 </td> <td>Transport </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>ISO/IEC 8073</li><li>TP0</li><li>TP1</li><li>TP2</li><li>TP3</li><li>TP4 (X.224)</li><li>ISO/IEC 8602</li><li>X.234</li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">UDP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Stream_Control_Transmission_Protocol" title="Stream Control Transmission Protocol">SCTP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/QUIC" title="QUIC">QUIC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Datagram_Congestion_Control_Protocol" title="Datagram Congestion Control Protocol">DCCP</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Datagram_Delivery_Protocol" title="Datagram Delivery Protocol">DDP</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sequenced_packet_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Sequenced packet exchange">SPX</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Data Flow Control</li><li>Transmission Control</li></ul></div> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a>/<a href="/wiki/HTTP/2" title="HTTP/2">HTTP/2</a>/<a href="/wiki/HTTP/3" title="HTTP/3">HTTP/3</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSocket</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/DTLS" class="mw-redirect" title="DTLS">DTLS</a></li></ul></div> Port number can be specified. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/NetBIOS_Frames" title="NetBIOS Frames">NBF</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">3 </td> <td>Network </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>ISO/IEC 8208</li><li><a href="/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> (<a href="/wiki/Packet-Layer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Packet-Layer Protocol">PLP</a>)</li><li><br /> ISO/IEC 8878</li><li><a href="/wiki/CONS" class="mw-redirect" title="CONS">X.223</a></li><li>ISO/IEC 8473-1</li><li><a href="/wiki/CLNS" class="mw-redirect" title="CLNS">CLNP</a> X.233</li><li>ISO/IEC 10589</li><li><a href="/wiki/IS-IS" title="IS-IS">IS-IS</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Protocol Security">IPsec</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Control_Message_Protocol" title="Internet Control Message Protocol">ICMP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Group_Management_Protocol" title="Internet Group Management Protocol">IGMP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Open_Shortest_Path_First" title="Open Shortest Path First">OSPF</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Routing_Information_Protocol" title="Routing Information Protocol">RIP</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signalling_Connection_Control_Part" title="Signalling Connection Control Part">SCCP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Message_Transfer_Part" title="Message Transfer Part">MTP</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/AppleTalk#AppleTalk_Transaction_Protocol" title="AppleTalk">ATP</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/TokenTalk" class="mw-redirect" title="TokenTalk">TokenTalk</a> / <a href="/wiki/EtherTalk" class="mw-redirect" title="EtherTalk">EtherTalk</a>)</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPX" class="mw-redirect" title="IPX">IPX</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Transmission Control</li><li>Path Control</li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Resource_Control" title="Radio Resource Control">RRC</a> / <a href="/wiki/Broadcast/Multicast_Control" title="Broadcast/Multicast Control">BMC</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td>Out of scope. <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP addresses</a> can be used instead of <a href="/wiki/Domain_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain names">domain names</a> in <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URLs</a>. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/NetBIOS_Frames" title="NetBIOS Frames">NBF</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Q.931" title="Q.931">Q.931</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td>Data link </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>ISO/IEC 7666</li><li><a href="/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> (<a href="/wiki/LAPB" title="LAPB">LAPB</a>)</li><li><br /><a href="/wiki/Token_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Token Bus">Token Bus</a></li><li>X.222</li><li>ISO/IEC 8802-2</li><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.2" title="IEEE 802.2">LLC</a> (type 1 / 2)<sup id="cite_ref-Cisco_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cisco-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol">PPP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/SBTV" class="mw-redirect" title="SBTV">SBTV</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Serial_Line_Internet_Protocol" title="Serial Line Internet Protocol">SLIP</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Message_Transfer_Part" title="Message Transfer Part">MTP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Message_Transfer_Part" title="Message Transfer Part">Q.710</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/LocalTalk" title="LocalTalk">LocalTalk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/AppleTalk_Remote_Access" title="AppleTalk Remote Access">ARA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol">PPP</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3" title="IEEE 802.3">IEEE 802.3 framing</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ethernet_II_framing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethernet II framing">Ethernet II framing</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Path Control</li><li><a href="/wiki/Data_Link_Control" title="Data Link Control">Data Link Control</a>]</li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/PDCP" class="mw-redirect" title="PDCP">PDCP</a><sup id="cite_ref-TS36300_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TS36300-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Logical_Link_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Logical Link Control">LLC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Medium_access_control" title="Medium access control">MAC</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td>Out of scope. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Address_resolution_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Address resolution protocol">ARP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Neighbor_Discovery_Protocol" title="Neighbor Discovery Protocol">NDP (Neighbor Discovery Protocol)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_repeat-request" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic repeat-request">ARQ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode" title="Asynchronous Transfer Mode">ATM</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bit_stuffing" title="Bit stuffing">Bit stuffing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cisco_Discovery_Protocol" title="Cisco Discovery Protocol">CDP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/DOCSIS" title="DOCSIS">DOCSIS</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/FDDI" class="mw-redirect" title="FDDI">FDDI</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Foundry_Discovery_Protocol" title="Foundry Discovery Protocol">FDP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">Fibre Channel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Frame_Relay" title="Frame Relay">Frame Relay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/HDLC" class="mw-redirect" title="HDLC">HDLC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">IEEE 802.3</a> <a href="/wiki/Medium_access_control" title="Medium access control">MAC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11</a> <a href="/wiki/Medium_access_control" title="Medium access control">MAC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Q" title="IEEE 802.1Q">IEEE 802.1Q</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cisco_Inter-Switch_Link" title="Cisco Inter-Switch Link">ISL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/G.hn" title="G.hn">ITU-T G.hn DLL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Link_aggregation#Linux_bonding_driver" title="Link aggregation">Linux interface bonding</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol">PPP</a></li><li>Q.921</li><li><a href="/wiki/Token_Ring" title="Token Ring">Token Ring</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nortel_Discovery_Protocol" title="Nortel Discovery Protocol">NDP (Nortel Discovery Protocol)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/IS-IS" title="IS-IS">IS-IS</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td>Physical </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> (<a href="/wiki/X.21bis" class="mw-redirect" title="X.21bis">X.21bis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/EIA/TIA-232" class="mw-redirect" title="EIA/TIA-232">EIA/TIA-232</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/EIA/TIA-449" class="mw-redirect" title="EIA/TIA-449">EIA/TIA-449</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/EIA-530" title="EIA-530">EIA-530</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/G.703" title="G.703">G.703</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Cisco_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cisco-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> </td> <td><small>TCP/IP stack does not care about the physical medium, as long as it provides a way to communicate octets</small> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Message_Transfer_Part" title="Message Transfer Part">MTP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Message_Transfer_Part" title="Message Transfer Part">Q.710</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/RS-232" title="RS-232">RS-232</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/RS-422" title="RS-422">RS-422</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/PhoneNet" class="mw-redirect" title="PhoneNet">PhoneNet</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Physical</li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System#Air_interfaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Mobile Telecommunications System">UMTS air interfaces</a> </td> <td>Out of scope. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/RS-232" title="RS-232">RS-232</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/8P8C" class="mw-redirect" title="8P8C">RJ45 (8P8C)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/ITU-T_V.35" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU-T V.35">V.35</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/ITU-T_V.34" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU-T V.34">V.34</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/I.430" title="I.430">I.430</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/I.431" title="I.431">I.431</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/T-carrier" title="T-carrier">T1</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/E-carrier" title="E-carrier">E1</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3_PHY" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.3 PHY">IEEE 802.3 PHY</a> (<a href="/wiki/10BASE-T" class="mw-redirect" title="10BASE-T">10BASE-T</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/100BASE-TX" class="mw-redirect" title="100BASE-TX">100BASE-TX</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1000BASE-T" class="mw-redirect" title="1000BASE-T">1000BASE-T</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_service" title="Plain old telephone service">POTS</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_optical_networking" title="Synchronous optical networking">SONET</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_digital_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronous digital hierarchy">SDH</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line" title="Digital subscriber line">DSL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11 PHY</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/G.hn" title="G.hn">ITU-T G.hn PHY</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/DOCSIS" title="DOCSIS">DOCSIS</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/DWDM" class="mw-redirect" title="DWDM">DWDM</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_Transport_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical Transport Network">OTN</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_with_TCP/IP_model"><span id="Comparison_with_TCP.2FIP_model"></span>Comparison with TCP/IP model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSI_model&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Comparison with TCP/IP model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite#Comparison_of_TCP/IP_and_OSI_layering" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite § Comparison of TCP/IP and OSI layering</a></div> <p>The design of protocols in the <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP_model" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP model">TCP/IP model</a> of the Internet does not concern itself with strict hierarchical encapsulation and layering. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3439">3439</a> contains a section entitled "Layering <a href="/wiki/Considered_harmful" title="Considered harmful">considered harmful</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TCP/IP does recognize four broad layers of functionality which are derived from the operating scope of their contained protocols: the scope of the software application; the host-to-host transport path; the internetworking range; and the scope of the direct links to other nodes on the local network.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite using a different concept for layering than the OSI model, these layers are often compared with the OSI layering scheme in the following manner: </p> <ul><li>The Internet <a href="/wiki/Application_layer" title="Application layer">application layer</a> maps to the OSI application layer, presentation layer, and most of the session layer.</li> <li>The TCP/IP <a href="/wiki/Transport_layer" title="Transport layer">transport layer</a> maps to the graceful close function of the OSI session layer as well as the OSI transport layer.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Internet_layer" title="Internet layer">internet layer</a> performs functions as those in a subset of the OSI network layer.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Link_layer" title="Link layer">link layer</a> corresponds to the OSI data link layer and may include similar functions as the physical layer, as well as some protocols of the OSI's network layer.</li></ul> <p>These comparisons are based on the original seven-layer protocol model as defined in ISO 7498, rather than refinements in the internal organization of the network layer. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/OSI_protocols" title="OSI protocols">OSI protocol suite</a> that was specified as part of the OSI project was considered by many as too complicated and inefficient, and to a large extent unimplementable.<sup id="cite_ref-Tanenbaum_2023_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tanenbaum_2023-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Taking the "forklift upgrade" approach to networking, it specified eliminating all existing networking protocols and replacing them at all layers of the stack. This made implementation difficult and was resisted by many vendors and users with significant investments in other network technologies. In addition, the protocols included so many optional features that many vendors' implementations were not interoperable.<sup id="cite_ref-Tanenbaum_2023_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tanenbaum_2023-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although the OSI model is often still referenced, the <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a> has become the standard for networking. TCP/IP's pragmatic approach to computer networking and to independent implementations of simplified protocols made it a practical methodology.<sup id="cite_ref-Tanenbaum_2023_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tanenbaum_2023-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some protocols and specifications in the OSI stack remain in use, one example being <a href="/wiki/IS-IS" title="IS-IS">IS-IS</a>, which was specified for OSI as ISO/IEC 10589:2002 and adapted for Internet use with TCP/IP as RFC 1142.<sup id="cite_ref-RFC_1142_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFC_1142-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSI_model&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_Open_Systems_Interconnection_Profile" title="Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile">Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_internetworking_model" title="Hierarchical internetworking model">Hierarchical internetworking model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">History of the Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layer_8" title="Layer 8">Layer 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_information_technology_initialisms" title="List of information technology initialisms">List of information technology initialisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_plane" title="Management plane">Management plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recursive_Internetwork_Architecture" title="Recursive Internetwork Architecture">Recursive Internetwork Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_layer" title="Service layer">Service layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_multiplexing" title="Session multiplexing">Session multiplexing</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSI_model&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.225-199511-I/en">"X.225 : Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Connection-oriented Session protocol: Protocol specification"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201064044/https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.225-199511-I/en">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=X.225+%3A+Information+technology+%E2%80%93+Open+Systems+Interconnection+%E2%80%93+Connection-oriented+Session+protocol%3A+Protocol+specification&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Frec%2FT-REC-X.225-199511-I%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSI+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISO-7498-1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ISO-7498-1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/20269.html"><i>ISO/IEC 7498-1:1994 Information technology — Open Systems Interconnection — Basic Reference Model: The Basic Model</i></a>. June 1999. Introduction<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+7498-1%3A1994+Information+technology+%E2%80%94+Open+Systems+Interconnection+%E2%80%94+Basic+Reference+Model%3A+The+Basic+Model&rft.pages=Introduction&rft.date=1999-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F20269.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSI+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forcepoint.com/cyber-edu/osi-model">"What is the OSI Model?"</a>. <i>Forcepoint</i>. 10 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forcepoint&rft.atitle=What+is+the+OSI+Model%3F&rft.date=2018-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forcepoint.com%2Fcyber-edu%2Fosi-model&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSI+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guide-to-networking-essentials-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guide-to-networking-essentials_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide-to-networking-essentials_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide-to-networking-essentials_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomsho2016" class="citation book cs1">Tomsho, Greg (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cengage.com/c/guide-to-networking-essentials-7e-tomsho/9781305105430PF/"><i>Guide to Networking Essentials</i></a> (7th ed.). Cengage<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Networking+Essentials&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Cengage&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Tomsho&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cengage.com%2Fc%2Fguide-to-networking-essentials-7e-tomsho%2F9781305105430PF%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSI+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesBressan2010" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Howard; Bressan, Beatrice (26 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DN-t8MpZ0-wC&pg=PA3"><i>A History of International Research Networking: The People who Made it Happen</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 2–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-32710-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-32710-2"><bdi>978-3-527-32710-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+International+Research+Networking%3A+The+People+who+Made+it+Happen&rft.pages=2-3&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010-04-26&rft.isbn=978-3-527-32710-2&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft.au=Bressan%2C+Beatrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDN-t8MpZ0-wC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSI+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1978" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, Dr. Lawrence G. (November 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ece.ucf.edu/~yuksem/teaching/nae/reading/1978-roberts.pdf">"The Evolution of Packet Switching"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IEEE Invited Paper</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Invited+Paper&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Packet+Switching&rft.date=1978-11&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Lawrence+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ece.ucf.edu%2F~yuksem%2Fteaching%2Fnae%2Freading%2F1978-roberts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSI+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDownTaylor1976" class="citation book cs1">Down, Peter John; Taylor, Frank Edward (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fbm7AAAAIAAJ"><i>Why distributed computing?: An NCC review of potential and experience in the UK</i></a>. NCC Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780850121704" title="Special:BookSources/9780850121704"><bdi>9780850121704</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+distributed+computing%3F%3A+An+NCC+review+of+potential+and+experience+in+the+UK&rft.pub=NCC+Publications&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780850121704&rft.aulast=Down&rft.aufirst=Peter+John&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Frank+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfbm7AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSI+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadu2019" class="citation book cs1">Radu, Roxana (2019). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Documentation&rft.atitle=Windows+Network+Architecture+and+the+OSI+Model&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fwindows-hardware%2Fdrivers%2Fnetwork%2Fwindows-network-architecture-and-the-osi-model&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSI+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"5.2 RM description for end stations". <i>IEEE Std 802-2014, </i>IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks: Overview and Architecture<i><span></span></i>. ieee. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIEEESTD.2014.6847097">10.1109/IEEESTD.2014.6847097</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7381-9219-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7381-9219-2"><bdi>978-0-7381-9219-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5.2+RM+description+for+end+stations&rft.btitle=IEEE+Std+802-2014%2C+IEEE+Standard+for+Local+and+Metropolitan+Area+Networks%3A+Overview+and+Architecture&rft.pub=ieee&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FIEEESTD.2014.6847097&rft.isbn=978-0-7381-9219-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSI+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Organization_for_Standardization1989" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (15 November 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/14258.html">"ISO/IEC 7498-4:1989 – Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Basic Reference Model: Management framework"</a>. <i>ISO Standards Maintenance Portal</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ISO+Standards+Maintenance+Portal&rft.atitle=ISO%2FIEC+7498-4%3A1989+%E2%80%93+Information+technology+%E2%80%93+Open+Systems+Interconnection+%E2%80%93+Basic+Reference+Model%3A+Management+framework&rft.date=1989-11-15&rft.au=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F14258.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSI+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.224-199511-I/en/">"ITU-T Recommendation X.224 (11/1995) ISO/IEC 8073, <i>Open Systems Interconnection – Protocol for providing the connection-mode transport service</i>"</a>. ITU.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ITU-T+Recommendation+X.224+%2811%2F1995%29+ISO%2FIEC+8073%2C+Open+Systems+Interconnection+%E2%80%93+Protocol+for+providing+the+connection-mode+transport+service&rft.pub=ITU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Frec%2FT-REC-X.224-199511-I%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSI+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ccnp-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ccnp_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooper2012" class="citation book cs1">Hooper, Howard (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5PJisOKJ0k8C&pg=PA22"><i>CCNP Security VPN 642-648 Official Cert Guide</i></a> (2 ed.). Cisco Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780132966382" title="Special:BookSources/9780132966382"><bdi>9780132966382</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CCNP+Security+VPN+642-648+Official+Cert+Guide&rft.pages=22&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Cisco+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780132966382&rft.aulast=Hooper&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5PJisOKJ0k8C%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSI+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stackex_layer-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stackex_layer_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpottLeek" class="citation web cs1">Spott, Andrew; Leek, Tom; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://security.stackexchange.com/a/93338">"What layer is TLS?"</a>. <i>Information Security Stack Exchange</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Information+Security+Stack+Exchange&rft.atitle=What+layer+is+TLS%3F&rft.aulast=Spott&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Leek%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsecurity.stackexchange.com%2Fa%2F93338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSI+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grigonis_2000-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grigonis_2000_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrigonis2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Grigonis, Richard (2000). "Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model". <i>Computer Telephony Encyclopedia</i>. New York: CMP Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/computertelephon0000grig/page/330/mode/2up">331</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-929629-51-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-929629-51-0"><bdi>978-1-929629-51-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48138823">48138823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Open+Systems+Interconnection+%28OSI%29+Model&rft.btitle=Computer+Telephony+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=331&rft.pub=CMP+Books&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48138823&rft.isbn=978-1-929629-51-0&rft.aulast=Grigonis&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSI+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mao_2009-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mao_2009_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMao2009" class="citation book cs1">Mao, Stephen (2009). "Chapter 8: Fundamentals of communication networks". In Wyglinski, Alexander; Nekovee, Maziar; Hou, Thomas (eds.). <i>Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice</i>. Elsevier. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d3HBCmFEmicC&pg=PA201">201</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087932-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087932-1"><bdi>978-0-08-087932-1</bdi></a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/635292718">635292718</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/528550718">528550718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+8%3A+Fundamentals+of+communication+networks&rft.btitle=Cognitive+Radio+Communications+and+Networks%3A+Principles+and+Practice&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-08-087932-1&rft.aulast=Mao&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSI+model" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d3HBCmFEmicC">Partial preview</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-x800-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-x800_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-x800_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.800-199103-I/e">"ITU-T Recommendation X.800 (03/91), <i>Security architecture for Open Systems Interconnection for CCITT applications</i>"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ITU-T+Recommendation+X.800+%2803%2F91%29%2C+Security+architecture+for+Open+Systems+Interconnection+for+CCITT+applications&rft.pub=ITU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Frec%2FT-REC-X.800-199103-I%2Fe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSI+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hegering,_Abeck,_&_Neumair_1999-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hegering,_Abeck,_&_Neumair_1999_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHegeringAbeckNeumair1999" class="citation book cs1">Hegering, Heinz-Gerd; Abeck, Sebastian; Neumair, Bernhard (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/integratedmanage0000hege/page/12/mode/2up">"Fundamental Structures of Networked Systems"</a></span>. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/integratedmanage0000hege/page/12/mode/2up"><i>Integrated management of networked systems: concepts, architectures, and their operational application</i></a></span>. San Francisco, Calif.: Morgan Kaufmann. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/integratedmanage0000hege/page/54/mode/2up">54</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55860-571-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55860-571-8"><bdi>978-1-55860-571-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1341886747">1341886747</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fundamental+Structures+of+Networked+Systems&rft.btitle=Integrated+management+of+networked+systems%3A+concepts%2C+architectures%2C+and+their+operational+application&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1341886747&rft.isbn=978-1-55860-571-8&rft.aulast=Hegering&rft.aufirst=Heinz-Gerd&rft.au=Abeck%2C+Sebastian&rft.au=Neumair%2C+Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintegratedmanage0000hege%2Fpage%2F12%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSI+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miao_&_Song_2014-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miao_&_Song_2014_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiaoSong2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guowang_Miao" title="Guowang Miao">Miao, Guowang</a>; Song, Guocong (2014). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/energyspectrumef0000mia"><i>Energy and spectrum efficient wireless network design</i></a></span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ISO&rft.atitle=ISO%2FIEC+9596-1%3A1998%28en%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fobp%2Fui%2F%23iso%3Astd%3Aiso-iec%3A9596%3A-1%3Aed-3%3Av1%3Aen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSI+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9596-2:1993(en)-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9596-2:1993(en)_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso-iec:9596:-2:ed-1:v1:en">"ISO/IEC 9596-2:1993(en)"</a>. <i>ISO</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ISO&rft.atitle=ISO%2FIEC+9596-2%3A1993%28en%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fobp%2Fui%2F%23iso%3Astd%3Aiso-iec%3A9596%3A-2%3Aed-1%3Av1%3Aen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSI+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cisco-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cisco_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cisco_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/internetworking/technology/handbook/Intro-to-Internet.html#wp1020669">"Internetworking Technology Handbook – Internetworking Basics [Internetworking]"</a>. <i>Cisco</i>. 15 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cisco&rft.atitle=Internetworking+Technology+Handbook+%E2%80%93+Internetworking+Basics+%5BInternetworking%5D&rft.date=2014-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cisco.com%2Fen%2FUS%2Fdocs%2Finternetworking%2Ftechnology%2Fhandbook%2FIntro-to-Internet.html%23wp1020669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSI+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TS36300-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TS36300_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/36300.htm">"3GPP specification: 36.300"</a>. <i>3gpp.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=3gpp.org&rft.atitle=3GPP+specification%3A+36.300&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.3gpp.org%2Fftp%2FSpecs%2Fhtml-info%2F36300.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSI+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3439#section-3">"Layering Considered Harmful"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3439"><i>Some Internet Architectural Guidelines and Philosophy</i></a>. December 2002. sec. 3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC3439">10.17487/RFC3439</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3439">3439</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Layering+Considered+Harmful&rft.btitle=Some+Internet+Architectural+Guidelines+and+Philosophy&rft.pages=sec.-3&rft.date=2002-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC3439&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc3439%26%23035%3Bsection-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSI+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Goralski2009" class="citation book cs1">Walter Goralski (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exa.unicen.edu.ar/catedras/comdat1/material/TP1-Ejercicio5-ingles.pdf"><i>The Illustrated Network: How TCP/IP Works in a Modern Network</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Kaufmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgan Kaufmann">Morgan Kaufmann</a>. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0123745415" title="Special:BookSources/978-0123745415"><bdi>978-0123745415</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Network%3A+How+TCP%2FIP+Works+in+a+Modern+Network&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0123745415&rft.au=Walter+Goralski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.exa.unicen.edu.ar%2Fcatedras%2Fcomdat1%2Fmaterial%2FTP1-Ejercicio5-ingles.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSI+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tanenbaum_2023-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tanenbaum_2023_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tanenbaum_2023_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tanenbaum_2023_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanenbaum2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaum" title="Andrew S. Tanenbaum">Tanenbaum, Andrew S.</a> (2003). <i>Computer networks</i>. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall PTR. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-066102-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-066102-9"><bdi>978-0-13-066102-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50166590">50166590</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+networks&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall+PTR&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50166590&rft.isbn=978-0-13-066102-9&rft.aulast=Tanenbaum&rft.aufirst=Andrew+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSI+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RFC_1142-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RFC_1142_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1142">"OSI IS-IS Intra-domain Routing Protocol"</a>. <i>IETF Datatracker</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC1142">10.17487/RFC1142</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1142">1142</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IETF+Datatracker&rft.atitle=OSI+IS-IS+Intra-domain+Routing+Protocol&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC1142&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc1142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSI+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSI_model&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Day_(computer_scientist)" title="John Day (computer scientist)">Day, John D.</a> (2008). <i>Patterns in Network Architecture: A Return to Fundamentals</i>. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-225242-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-225242-3"><bdi>978-0-13-225242-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/213482801">213482801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patterns+in+Network+Architecture%3A+A+Return+to+Fundamentals&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F213482801&rft.isbn=978-0-13-225242-3&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSI+model" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDicksonLloyd1992" class="citation book cs1">Dickson, Gary; Lloyd, Alan (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/opensystemsinter0000dick"><i>Open Systems Interconnection</i></a></span>. New York: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-640111-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-640111-7"><bdi>978-0-13-640111-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1245634475">1245634475</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Open+Systems+Interconnection&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1245634475&rft.isbn=978-0-13-640111-7&rft.aulast=Dickson&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Lloyd%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fopensystemsinter0000dick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSI+model" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiscitelloChapin1993" class="citation book cs1">Piscitello, David M.; Chapin, A. Lyman (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/opensystemsnetwo0000pisc"><i>Open systems networking : TCP/IP and OSI</i></a></span>. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-56334-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-56334-4"><bdi>978-0-201-56334-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/624431223">624431223</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Open+systems+networking+%3A+TCP%2FIP+and+OSI&rft.place=Reading%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F624431223&rft.isbn=978-0-201-56334-4&rft.aulast=Piscitello&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=Chapin%2C+A.+Lyman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fopensystemsnetwo0000pisc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSI+model" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Rose" title="Marshall Rose">Rose, Marshall T.</a> (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/openbookpractica00rose"><i>The Open Book: A Practical Perspective on OSI</i></a></span>. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-643016-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-643016-2"><bdi>978-0-13-643016-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1415988401">1415988401</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Open+Book%3A+A+Practical+Perspective+on+OSI&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1415988401&rft.isbn=978-0-13-643016-2&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Marshall+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fopenbookpractica00rose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSI+model" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2014" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Andrew L. (2014). <i>Open Standards and the Digital Age: History, Ideology, and Networks</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-91661-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-91661-5"><bdi>978-1-139-91661-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/881237495">881237495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Open+Standards+and+the+Digital+Age%3A+History%2C+Ideology%2C+and+Networks&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F881237495&rft.isbn=978-1-139-91661-5&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Andrew+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSI+model" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OVpzAwAAQBAJ">Partial preview</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmermann1980" class="citation journal cs1">Zimmermann, Hubert (April 1980). "OSI Reference Model — The ISO Model of Architecture for Open Systems Interconnection". <i>IEEE Transactions on Communications</i>. <b>28</b> (4): 425–432. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.136.9497">10.1.1.136.9497</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTCOM.1980.1094702">10.1109/TCOM.1980.1094702</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0090-6778">0090-6778</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5858668034">5858668034</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16013989">16013989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Communications&rft.atitle=OSI+Reference+Model+%E2%80%94+The+ISO+Model+of+Architecture+for+Open+Systems+Interconnection&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=425-432&rft.date=1980-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16013989%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTCOM.1980.1094702&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5858668034&rft.issn=0090-6778&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.136.9497%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Zimmermann&rft.aufirst=Hubert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSI+model" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSI_model&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>OSI model</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/OSI_model" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/OSI model">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:OSI_model" class="extiw" title="c:Category:OSI model">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/OSI_model" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/OSI model">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Network%2B/Standards/OSI_Model/Introduction" class="extiw" title="v:Network+/Standards/OSI Model/Introduction">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/network/windows-network-architecture-and-the-osi-model">"Windows network architecture and the OSI model"</a>. <i>Microsoft Learn</i>. 2 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Learn&rft.atitle=Windows+network+architecture+and+the+OSI+model&rft.date=2024-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fwindows-hardware%2Fdrivers%2Fnetwork%2Fwindows-network-architecture-and-the-osi-model&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSI+model" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/20269.html">"ISO/IEC standard 7498-1:1994 - Service definition for the association control service element"</a>. <i>ISO Standards Maintenance Portal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ISO+Standards+Maintenance+Portal&rft.atitle=ISO%2FIEC+standard+7498-1%3A1994+-+Service+definition+for+the+association+control+service+element&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F20269.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSI+model" class="Z3988"></span> (<a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Document Format">PDF document</a> inside <a href="/wiki/ZIP_(file_format)" title="ZIP (file format)">ZIP archive</a>) (requires <a href="/wiki/HTTP_cookies" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP cookies">HTTP cookies</a> in order to accept licence agreement)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/rec/dologin_pub.asp?lang=e&id=T-REC-X.200-199407-I!!PDF-E&type=items">"ITU Recommendation X.200"</a>. <i>International Telecommunication Union</i>. 2 June 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Telecommunication+Union&rft.atitle=ITU+Recommendation+X.200&rft.date=1998-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Frec%2Fdologin_pub.asp%3Flang%3De%26id%3DT-REC-X.200-199407-I%21%21PDF-E%26type%3Ditems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSI+model" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120526075133/http://infchg.appspot.com/usr?at=1263939371">"INFormation CHanGe Architectures and Flow Charts powered by Google App Engine"</a>. <i>infchg.appspot.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://infchg.appspot.com/usr?at=1263939371">the original</a> on 26 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=infchg.appspot.com&rft.atitle=INFormation+CHanGe+Architectures+and+Flow+Charts+powered+by+Google+App+Engine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfchg.appspot.com%2Fusr%3Fat%3D1263939371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSI+model" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906053851/http://docwiki.cisco.com/wiki/Internetworking_Technology_Handbook">"Internetworking Technology Handbook"</a>. <i>docwiki.cisco.com</i>. 10 July 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docwiki.cisco.com/wiki/Internetworking_Technology_Handbook">the original</a> on 6 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=docwiki.cisco.com&rft.atitle=Internetworking+Technology+Handbook&rft.date=2015-07-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocwiki.cisco.com%2Fwiki%2FInternetworking_Technology_Handbook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSI+model" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdXDSaikot2021" class="citation web cs1">EdXD; Saikot, Mahmud Hasan (25 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bytexd.com/osi-model/">"7 Layers of OSI Model Explained"</a>. <i>ByteXD</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ByteXD&rft.atitle=7+Layers+of+OSI+Model+Explained&rft.date=2021-11-25&rft.au=EdXD&rft.au=Saikot%2C+Mahmud+Hasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbytexd.com%2Fosi-model%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOSI+model" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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Standardization">ISO</a> standards <span class="nobold">by standard number</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>List of <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards" title="List of ISO standards">ISO standards</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_romanizations" title="List of ISO romanizations">ISO romanizations</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" title="List of IEC standards">IEC standards</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1–9999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1" title="ISO 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2" title="ISO 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4" title="ISO 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A440_(pitch_standard)" title="A440 (pitch standard)">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31" title="ISO 31">31</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-0" title="ISO 31-0">-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-1" title="ISO 31-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-3" title="ISO 31-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-4" title="ISO 31-4">-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-5" title="ISO 31-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-6" title="ISO 31-6">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-7" title="ISO 31-7">-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-8" title="ISO 31-8">-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-9" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-9">-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-10" title="ISO 31-10">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-11" title="ISO 31-11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-12">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-13" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-13">-13</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">68-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_128" title="ISO 128">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_216" title="ISO 216">216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_217" title="ISO 217">217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal-loudness_contour" title="Equal-loudness contour">226</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">233</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_259" title="ISO 259">259</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_number" title="Kappa number">302</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicat_softening_point" title="Vicat softening point">306</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_symbol#Ionizing_radiation_symbol" title="Hazard symbol">361</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_take-off" title="Power take-off">500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">518</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prontor-Compur" title="Prontor-Compur">519</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">639</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-6" title="ISO 639-6">-6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_657" title="ISO 657">657</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_668" title="ISO 668">668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_690" title="ISO 690">690</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_704" title="ISO 704">704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_732" title="ISO 732">732</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimagnetic_watch" title="Antimagnetic watch">764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hole_punch" title="Hole punch">838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_843" title="ISO 843">843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_860" title="ISO 860">860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_898" title="ISO 898">898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_965" title="ISO 965">965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_999" title="ISO 999">999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1000" title="ISO 1000">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_ink_character_recognition" title="Magnetic ink character recognition">1004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">1007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCR-A" title="OCR-A">1073-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCR-B" title="OCR-B">1073-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_redundancy_check" title="Longitudinal redundancy check">1155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock-resistant_watch#ISO_1413_shock-resistant_standard" title="Shock-resistant watch">1413</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">1538</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1629" title="ISO 1629">1629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1745" title="ISO 1745">1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2014" title="ISO 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2015" title="ISO 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2033" title="ISO 2033">2033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2047" title="ISO 2047">2047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">2108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2145" title="ISO 2145">2145</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2146" title="ISO 2146">2146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2240</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">2281</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Atmosphere" title="International Standard Atmosphere">2533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2709" title="ISO 2709">2709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2711" title="ISO 2711">2711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2788" title="ISO 2788">2788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2848" title="ISO 2848">2848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2852" title="ISO 2852">2852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2921" title="ISO 2921">2921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/126_film" title="126 film">3029</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3103" title="ISO 3103">3103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">3166</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2" title="ISO 3166-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-3" title="ISO 3166-3">-3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">3297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3307" title="ISO 3307">3307</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">3601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">3602</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3864" title="ISO 3864">3864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Recording_Code" title="International Standard Recording Code">3901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FDI_World_Dental_Federation_notation" title="FDI World Dental Federation notation">3950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3977" title="ISO 3977">3977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4031" title="ISO 4031">4031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4157" title="ISO 4157">4157</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4165" title="ISO 4165">4165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">4217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_4909" title="ISO/IEC 4909">4909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_5218" title="ISO/IEC 5218">5218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5426" title="ISO 5426">5426</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5427" title="ISO 5427">5427</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5428" title="ISO 5428">5428</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision">5725</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5775" title="ISO 5775">5775</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5776" title="ISO 5776">5776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">5800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowchart" title="Flowchart">5807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5964" title="ISO 5964">5964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number" title="International Securities Identification Number">6166</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6344" title="ISO 6344">6344</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6346" title="ISO 6346">6346</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_BASIC" title="Minimal BASIC">6373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6385" title="ISO 6385">6385</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">6425</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">6429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6438" title="ISO 6438">6438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_6523" title="ISO/IEC 6523">6523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6709" title="ISO 6709">6709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6943" title="ISO 6943">6943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7001" title="ISO 7001">7001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7002" title="ISO 7002">7002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7010" title="ISO 7010">7010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7027" title="ISO 7027">7027</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7064" title="ISO/IEC 7064">7064</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">7098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">7185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7200" title="ISO 7200">7200</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">7498</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">-1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7637" title="ISO 7637">7637</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7736" title="ISO 7736">7736</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810" title="ISO/IEC 7810">7810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7811" title="ISO/IEC 7811">7811</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7812" title="ISO/IEC 7812">7812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7813" title="ISO/IEC 7813">7813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7816" title="ISO/IEC 7816">7816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">7942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8000" title="ISO 8000">8000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">8093</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8178" title="ISO 8178">8178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">8217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8373" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8373">8373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8501-1" title="ISO 8501-1">8501-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTAM" title="FTAM">8571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8583" title="ISO 8583">8583</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">8601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Document_Architecture" title="Open Document Architecture">8613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile">8632</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">8651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8652" title="ISO/IEC 8652">8652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8691" title="ISO 8691">8691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">8805/8806</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Of_Temporal_Ordering_Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Of Temporal Ordering Specification">8807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(automotive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuse (automotive)">8820-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">8859</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-2" title="ISO/IEC 8859-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-3" title="ISO/IEC 8859-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-4" title="ISO/IEC 8859-4">-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-5" title="ISO/IEC 8859-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-7" title="ISO/IEC 8859-7">-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-8" title="ISO/IEC 8859-8">-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-8-I" title="ISO-8859-8-I">-8-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-9" title="ISO/IEC 8859-9">-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-10" title="ISO/IEC 8859-10">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-11" title="ISO/IEC 8859-11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 8859-12">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-13" title="ISO/IEC 8859-13">-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-14" title="ISO/IEC 8859-14">-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-15" title="ISO/IEC 8859-15">-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-16" title="ISO/IEC 8859-16">-16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">8879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9000">9000/9001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASMO_449" title="ASMO 449">9036</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">9075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126" title="ISO/IEC 9126">9126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">9141</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_spray_test" title="Salt spray test">9227</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9241" title="ISO 9241">9241</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">9293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_Distributed_Data_Interface" title="Fiber Distributed Data Interface">9314</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9362" title="ISO 9362">9362</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">9407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHILL" title="CHILL">9496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Message_Specification" title="Manufacturing Message Specification">9506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9529" title="ISO/IEC 9529">9529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9564" title="ISO 9564">9564</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9592/9593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X.500" title="X.500">9594</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">9660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9797-1" title="ISO/IEC 9797-1">9797-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9897" title="ISO 9897">9897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_C" title="ANSI C">9899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">9945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">9984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">9985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9995" title="ISO/IEC 9995">9995</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10000–19999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10006" title="ISO 10006">10006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10007" title="ISO 10007">10007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10116" title="ISO/IEC 10116">10116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirlpool_(hash_function)" title="Whirlpool (hash function)">10118-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10160" title="ISO 10160">10160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10161" title="ISO 10161">10161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_the_Definition_of_Managed_Objects" title="Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects">10165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language" title="Document Style Semantics and Specification Language">10179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)#ISO/IEC_10206:1990_Extended_Pascal" title="Pascal (programming language)">10206</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10218" title="ISO 10218">10218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_BASIC" title="Full BASIC">10279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303" title="ISO 10303">10303</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EXPRESS_(data_modeling_language)" title="EXPRESS (data modeling language)">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-21" title="ISO 10303-21">-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-22" title="ISO 10303-22">-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-28" title="ISO 10303-28">-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">-238</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_Identifier_Code" title="Market Identifier Code">10383</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArmSCII" title="ArmSCII">10585</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IS-IS" title="IS-IS">10589</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10628" title="ISO 10628">10628</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">10646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torx" title="Torx">10664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RM-ODP" title="RM-ODP">10746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multibus" title="Multibus">10861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Music_Number" title="International Standard Music Number">10957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10962" title="ISO 10962">10962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10967" title="ISO/IEC 10967">10967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEEE_11073" title="ISO/IEEE 11073">11073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11170" title="ISO 11170">11170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">11172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11179" title="ISO/IEC 11179">11179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11404" title="ISO/IEC 11404">11404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">11544</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11783" title="ISO 11783">11783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO 11785">11784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO 11785">11785</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801" title="ISO/IEC 11801">11801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform Module">11889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAN_bus#CAN_lower-layer_standards" title="CAN bus">11898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11940" title="ISO 11940">11940</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_11940-2" title="ISO 11940-2">-2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941 (TR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11992" title="ISO 11992">11992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_12006" title="ISO 12006">12006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DICOM" title="DICOM">12052</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_TR_12182" title="ISO/IEC TR 12182">12182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF/EP" title="TIFF/EP">12234-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_categories#ISO_12620_(ISO_TC37_Data_Category_Registry,_ISOcat)" title="Linguistic categories">12620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">13211</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isofix" title="Isofix">13216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">13250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13399" title="ISO 13399">13399</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13406-2" title="ISO 13406-2">13406-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/110_film" title="110 film">13450</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13485" title="ISO 13485">13485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">13490</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13567" title="ISO 13567">13567</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_notation" title="Z notation">13568</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13584" title="ISO 13584">13584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_Account_Number" title="International Bank Account Number">13616</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISLISP" title="ISLISP">13816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">13818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 14000">14000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14031" title="ISO 14031">14031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14224" title="ISO 14224">14224</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/UA" title="PDF/UA">14289</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">14396</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14443" title="ISO/IEC 14443">14443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">14496</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_3" title="MPEG-4 Part 3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delivery_Multimedia_Integration_Framework" title="Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_11" title="MPEG-4 Part 11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_base_media_file_format" title="ISO base media file format">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-20</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14617" title="ISO 14617">14617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14644" title="ISO 14644">14644</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">14649</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14651" title="ISO/IEC 14651">14651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14698" title="ISO 14698">14698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">14764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">14882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14971" title="ISO 14971">14971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15022" title="ISO 15022">15022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15189" title="ISO 15189">15189</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15288" title="ISO/IEC 15288">15288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Semantic_Interface_Specification" title="Ada Semantic Interface Specification">15291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15398" title="ISO 15398">15398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Criteria" title="Common Criteria">15408</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">15444</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPIP" title="JPIP">-9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">15445</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF417" title="PDF417">15438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">15504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations">15511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15686" title="ISO 15686">15686</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15693" title="ISO/IEC 15693">15693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">15706</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Musical_Work_Code" title="International Standard Musical Work Code">15707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15897" title="ISO/IEC 15897">15897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">15919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">15924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926" title="ISO 15926">15926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926_WIP" title="ISO 15926 WIP">15926 WIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/X" title="PDF/X">15930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-7" title="MPEG-7">15938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MaxiCode" title="MaxiCode">16023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">16262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_function_deployment" title="Quality function deployment">16355-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_raster_content" title="Mixed raster content">16485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/VT" title="PDF/VT">16612-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_16750" title="ISO 16750">16750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IATF_16949" title="IATF 16949">16949 (TS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17024" title="ISO/IEC 17024">17024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17025" title="ISO/IEC 17025">17025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_17100" title="ISO 17100">17100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Virtualization_Format" title="Open Virtualization Format">17203</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDMX" title="SDMX">17369</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Entity_Identifier" title="Legal Entity Identifier">17442</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COLLADA" title="COLLADA">17506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">17799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">18004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_18014" title="ISO/IEC 18014">18014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">18181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_18245" title="ISO 18245">18245</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_Specification_Language" title="Process Specification Language">18629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_Activity_Test" title="Photographic Activity Test">18916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/A" title="PDF/A">19005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19011" title="ISO 19011">19011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-1">19092</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-2">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19114" title="ISO 19114">19114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geospatial_metadata#ISO_19115:_Geographic_information_–_Metadata" title="Geospatial metadata">19115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Features" title="Simple Features">19125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_Markup_Language#ISO_19136" title="Geography Markup Language">19136</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">19407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19439" title="ISO 19439">19439</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture" title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture">19500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19501</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19502</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19505</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Discovery_Metamodel" title="Knowledge Discovery Metamodel">19506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Constraint_Language" title="Object Constraint Language">19507</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19508</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_Process_Model_and_Notation" title="Business Process Model and Notation">19510</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19600" title="ISO 19600">19600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19752" title="ISO/IEC 19752">19752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELAX_NG" title="RELAX NG">19757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19770" title="ISO/IEC 19770">19770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X3D" title="X3D">19775-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19794-5" title="ISO/IEC 19794-5">19794-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Infrastructure_Management_Interface" title="Cloud Infrastructure Management Interface">19831</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20000–29999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_20000" title="ISO/IEC 20000">20000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20022" title="ISO 20022">20022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20121" title="ISO 20121">20121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20400" title="ISO 20400">20400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Protocol" title="Open Data Protocol">20802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Xin_code" title="Han Xin code">20830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">21000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21001" title="ISO 21001">21001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Text_Code" title="International Standard Text Code">21047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XS" title="JPEG XS">21122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21500" title="ISO 21500">21500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_21827" title="ISO/IEC 21827">21827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">22000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">22275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22300" title="ISO 22300">22300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22301" title="ISO 22301">22301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22395" title="ISO 22395">22395</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_for_XML" title="ECMAScript for XML">22537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-A" title="MPEG-A">23000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-D" title="MPEG-D">23003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">23008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Adaptive_Streaming_over_HTTP" title="Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP">23009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">23090-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-G" title="MPEG-G">23092</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_Video_Coding" title="Essential Video Coding">23094-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCEVC" title="LCEVC">23094-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">23270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">23271</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">23360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_Micro_QR_Code" title="Rectangular Micro QR Code">23941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/E" title="PDF/E">24517</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_Markup_Framework" title="Lexical Markup Framework">24613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-TimeML" title="ISO-TimeML">24617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">24707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroPDF417" title="MicroPDF417">24728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25178" title="ISO 25178">25178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25964" title="ISO 25964">25964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26000" title="ISO 26000">26000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26262" title="ISO 26262">26262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">26300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">26324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000-series" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 27000-series">27000 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000" title="ISO/IEC 27000">27000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27001" title="ISO/IEC 27001">27001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">27002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27005" title="ISO/IEC 27005">27005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27006" title="ISO/IEC 27006">27006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">27729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_28000" title="ISO 28000">28000</a></li> <li>29110</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">29148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XR" title="JPEG XR">29199-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_Open_XML" title="Office Open XML">29500</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">30000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">30170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31000" title="ISO 31000">31000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">32000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_37001" title="ISO 37001">37001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_38500" title="ISO/IEC 38500">38500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_Query_Language" title="Graph Query Language">39075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">40500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_45001" title="ISO 45001">45001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_50001" title="ISO 50001">50001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_55000" title="ISO 55000">55000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_56000" title="ISO 56000">56000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000" title="ISO/IEC 80000">80000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:ISO_standards" title="Category:ISO standards">Category</a></li></ul> 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