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Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF:%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="সাহায্য:আধ্বব/পোলীয় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাহায্য:আধ্বব/পোলীয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7:%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="راهنما:الفبای آوانگاری بین‌المللی لهستانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راهنما:الفبای آوانگاری بین‌المللی لهستانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:IPA_for_Polish" title="विकिपीडिया:IPA for Polish – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विकिपीडिया:IPA for Polish" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiuto:AFI/Polach" title="Aiuto:AFI/Polach – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Aiuto:AFI/Polach" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Help:IPA/Polish" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C:IPA/Polish" title="یارمەتی:IPA/Polish – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یارمەتی:IPA/Polish" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%99%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Википедија:Транскрипција са пољског језика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Википедија:Транскрипција са пољског језика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA:%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B4" title="معاونت:بین الاقوامی اصواتی ابجدیہ برائے پولش – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="معاونت:بین الاقوامی اصواتی ابجدیہ برائے پولش" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:波蘭語國際音標 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Help:波蘭語國際音標" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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format and two-column format"}'><span class='oo-ui-toggleSwitchWidget-glow'></span><a href='/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/Polish&diff=892972338&oldid=prev&diff-type=inline'><span class='oo-ui-toggleSwitchWidget-grip'></span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><table class="diff diff-type-table diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" class="diff-otitle diff-side-deleted"><div id="mw-diff-otitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/Polish&oldid=892939916" title="Help:IPA/Polish">Revision as of 21:33, 17 April 2019</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/Polish&action=edit&oldid=892939916" title="Help:IPA/Polish">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2019-04-17T21:33:59Z"></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Kbb2" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Kbb2" data-mw-revid="892939916"><bdi>Kbb2</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Kbb2" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Kbb2">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Kbb2" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Kbb2">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>18,089</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">full rv - this needs to be discussed and you certainly can't add just two palatalized sounds, either add all of them (*after* the discussion) or none of them, there's no middle ground here</span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/Polish&diff=prev&oldid=892939916" title="Help:IPA/Polish" id="differences-prevlink">← Previous edit</a></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/Polish&oldid=892972338" title="Help:IPA/Polish">Revision as of 02:56, 18 April 2019</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/Polish&action=edit&oldid=892972338" title="Help:IPA/Polish">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2019-04-18T02:56:06Z"></span> <span class="mw-diff-undo"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/Polish&action=edit&undoafter=892939916&undo=892972338" title=""Undo" reverts this edit and opens the edit form in preview mode. It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Aeusoes1" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Aeusoes1" data-mw-revid="892972338"><bdi>Aeusoes1</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Aeusoes1" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Aeusoes1">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Aeusoes1" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Aeusoes1">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reviewing_pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Reviewing pending changes">Pending changes reviewers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Rollback" title="Wikipedia:Rollback">Rollbackers</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>38,514</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">Undid revision 881243555 by <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Lambiam" title="Special:Contributions/Lambiam">Lambiam</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Lambiam" title="User talk:Lambiam">talk</a>)</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tag</a>: <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mw-undo"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Undo" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Undo">Undo</a></span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/Polish&diff=next&oldid=892972338" title="Help:IPA/Polish" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 114:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 114:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>| '''p'''olicja</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>| '''p'''olicja</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>| style="text-align:left;" |s'''p'''ike</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>| style="text-align:left;" |s'''p'''ike</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|-</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| <big>{{IPA link|p|pʲ}}</big></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| p(i)<ref name="soften"/></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| '''pi'''erogi</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| style="text-align:left;" |'''p'''ew</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|-</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|-</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>| <big>{{IPA link|r}}</big></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>| <big>{{IPA link|r}}</big></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 226:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 221:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|-</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|-</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>| <big>{{IPA link|ɔ̃}}</big></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>| <big>{{IPA link|ɔ̃}}</big></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| [[ą]]<ref name="nasalvowel">The letters {{angbr|[[ą]]}} and {{angbr|[[ę]]}} represent the [[nasal vowel]]s {{IPA|/ɔ̃, ɛ̃/}} except when they are followed by a [[stop consonant|stop]] or [[affricate consonant|affricate]], when they represent oral vowels {{IPA|/ɔ, ɛ/}} followed by a [[nasal consonant]] [[homorganic]] with the following stop or affricate: ''kąt'' {{IPA|[ˈkɔnt]}}, ''gęba'' {{IPA|[ˈɡɛmba]}}, ''ręka'' {{IPA|[ˈrɛŋka]}}, ''piszący'' {{IPA|[piˈʂɔnt͡sɨ]}}, ''pieniądze'' {{IPA|[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pʲɛˈɲɔnd͡zɛ</del>]}}, ''pięć'' {{IPA|[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ˈpʲɛɲt͡ɕ</del>]}}, ''jęczy'' {{IPA|[ˈjɛnt͡ʂɨ]}} (as if spelled ''*kont'', ''*gemba'', ''*renka'', ''*piszoncy'', ''*pieńondze'', ''*pieńć'', ''*jenczy'').</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| [[ą]]<ref name="nasalvowel">The letters {{angbr|[[ą]]}} and {{angbr|[[ę]]}} represent the [[nasal vowel]]s {{IPA|/ɔ̃, ɛ̃/}} except when they are followed by a [[stop consonant|stop]] or [[affricate consonant|affricate]], when they represent oral vowels {{IPA|/ɔ, ɛ/}} followed by a [[nasal consonant]] [[homorganic]] with the following stop or affricate: ''kąt'' {{IPA|[ˈkɔnt]}}, ''gęba'' {{IPA|[ˈɡɛmba]}}, ''ręka'' {{IPA|[ˈrɛŋka]}}, ''piszący'' {{IPA|[piˈʂɔnt͡sɨ]}}, ''pieniądze'' {{IPA|[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pjɛˈɲɔnd͡zɛ</ins>]}}, ''pięć'' {{IPA|[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ˈpjɛɲt͡ɕ</ins>]}}, ''jęczy'' {{IPA|[ˈjɛnt͡ʂɨ]}} (as if spelled ''*kont'', ''*gemba'', ''*renka'', ''*piszoncy'', ''*pieńondze'', ''*pieńć'', ''*jenczy'').</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>| w'''ą'''s</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>| w'''ą'''s</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>| style="text-align:left;" | French ''s'''on''' ''</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>| style="text-align:left;" | French ''s'''on''' ''</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 02:56, 18 April 2019</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/30px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/45px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/60px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="100"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><b>This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">pronunciation key</a> for <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> transcriptions of Polish on Wikipedia.</b><div style="font-size: 90%;">It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Polish in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Help_talk:IPA/Polish" title="Help talk:IPA/Polish">talk page</a> first.</div><div style="font-size: 90%;">For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><div style="white-space: nowrap;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="H:IPA-PL"></span><span id="H:IPAP"></span><span id="H:IPAPL"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H:IPA-PL&redirect=no">H:IPA-PL</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H:IPAP&redirect=no">H:IPAP</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H:IPAPL&redirect=no">H:IPAPL</a></span></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Polish</div> <p>The charts below show the way in which the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA) represents <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish language</a> pronunciations in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:IPAc-pl" title="Template:IPAc-pl">IPAc-pl</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation#Entering_IPA_characters" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters</a>. </p><p>All <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruents</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b,<span class="wrap"> </span>d,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ,<span class="wrap"> </span>v,<span class="wrap"> </span>z,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʐ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʑ,<span class="wrap"> </span>dʐ,<span class="wrap"> </span>dʑ/</span></span> are <a href="/wiki/Final_obstruent_devoicing" class="mw-redirect" title="Final obstruent devoicing">devoiced</a> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p,<span class="wrap"> </span>t,<span class="wrap"> </span>k,<span class="wrap"> </span>f,<span class="wrap"> </span>s,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʂ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɕ,<span class="wrap"> </span>tʂ,<span class="wrap"> </span>tɕ]</span> respectively at the ends of words and in clusters ending in any unvoiced obstruents. Voiceless obstruents are voiced (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span> becoming <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>]</span>, etc.) in clusters ending in any voiced obstruent except <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʐ/</span>, which are then themselves devoiced. </p><p>See <a href="/wiki/Polish_phonology" title="Polish phonology">Polish phonology</a> for a more thorough look at the sounds of Polish. </p> <table style="background: none"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">Consonants</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Polish_alphabet" title="Polish alphabet">Polish</a></th> <th>Example</th> <th>English approximation </th></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span></big> </td> <td>b </td> <td><b>b</b>ardzo </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>b</b>ike </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></span></big> </td> <td>ś, s(i)<sup id="cite_ref-soften_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soften-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Ja<b>ś</b> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>sh</b>e </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a></span></big> </td> <td>d </td> <td><b>d</b>awno </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>d</b>oor </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental affricate">dz</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-affricate_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-affricate-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>dz </td> <td><b>dz</b>ban </td> <td style="text-align:left;">be<b>ds</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">dʑ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-affricate_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-affricate-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>dź, dz(i)<sup id="cite_ref-soften_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soften-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>dzi</b>adek </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>j</b>eep<sup id="cite_ref-postalveolar_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-postalveolar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex affricate">dʐ</a></span></big> <sup id="cite_ref-affricate_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-affricate-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>dż, drz </td> <td><b>Dż</b>akarta </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>j</b>ug<sup id="cite_ref-postalveolar_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-postalveolar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span></big> </td> <td>f </td> <td><b>f</b>oka </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>f</b>eist </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span></big> </td> <td>g </td> <td><b>g</b>rać </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>g</b>irl </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_post-palatal_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced post-palatal plosive">ɡʲ</a></span></big> </td> <td>g(i)<sup id="cite_ref-soften_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soften-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>Gi</b>enek </td> <td style="text-align:left;">ar<b>g</b>ue </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span></big> </td> <td>ch, h </td> <td>nie<b>ch</b>by </td> <td style="text-align:left;">roughly like <b>g</b>o but without completely blocking air flow on the <b>g</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span></big> </td> <td>j, i<sup id="cite_ref-soften_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soften-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>j</b>ak </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>y</b>es </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_palatal_approximant" title="Nasal palatal approximant">j̃</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ń </td> <td>ko<b>ń</b> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">vo<b>i</b>ce </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span></big> </td> <td>k </td> <td><b>k</b>rowa </td> <td style="text-align:left;">s<b>c</b>am </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_post-palatal_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless post-palatal plosive">kʲ</a></span></big> </td> <td>k(i)<sup id="cite_ref-soften_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soften-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>ki</b>erowca </td> <td style="text-align:left;">s<b>k</b>ew </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span></big> </td> <td>l </td> <td><b>l</b>ampa </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>l</b>ion </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span></big> </td> <td>m<sup id="cite_ref-nasalvowel_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasalvowel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>m</b>orze </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>m</b>ile </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental nasal">n</a></span></big> </td> <td>n<sup id="cite_ref-nasalvowel_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasalvowel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>n</b>ad </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>N</b>ile </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span></big> </td> <td>ń, n(i)<sup id="cite_ref-nasalvowel_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasalvowel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-soften_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soften-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>ni</b>e </td> <td style="text-align:left;">ca<b>ny</b>on </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>n<sup id="cite_ref-nasalvowel_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasalvowel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ba<b>n</b>k </td> <td style="text-align:left;">ba<b>n</b>k </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span></big> </td> <td>p </td> <td><b>p</b>olicja </td> <td style="text-align:left;">s<b>p</b>ike </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span></big> </td> <td>r </td> <td><b>r</b>óżowy </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">rolled r</a> like Italian <b>R</b>oma </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental sibilant fricative">s</a></span></big> </td> <td>s </td> <td><b>s</b>mak </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>s</b>ign </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a></span></big> </td> <td>sz </td> <td><b>sz</b>ybko </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>sh</b>ore<sup id="cite_ref-postalveolar_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-postalveolar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a></span></big> </td> <td>t </td> <td><b>t</b>ak </td> <td style="text-align:left;">s<b>t</b>ow </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-affricate_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-affricate-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ć, c(i)<sup id="cite_ref-soften_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soften-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>ci</b>erpki </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>ch</b>eer<sup id="cite_ref-postalveolar_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-postalveolar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental affricate">ts</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-affricate_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-affricate-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>c </td> <td><b>c</b>ałkiem </td> <td style="text-align:left;">ca<b>ts</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">tʂ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-affricate_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-affricate-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>cz </td> <td><b>cz</b>y </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>ch</b>ild<sup id="cite_ref-postalveolar_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-postalveolar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span></big> </td> <td>w </td> <td><b>w</b>artość </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>v</b>ile </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></big> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/L_with_stroke" class="mw-redirect" title="L with stroke">ł</a> </td> <td><b>ł</b>adny </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>w</b>ay </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span></big> </td> <td>ch, h </td> <td><b>ch</b>leb </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish</a>)</i> lo<b>ch</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_post-palatal_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless post-palatal fricative">xʲ</a></span></big> </td> <td>ch(i), h(i)<sup id="cite_ref-soften_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soften-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>hi</b>acynt </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>h</b>uge </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental sibilant fricative">z</a></span></big> </td> <td>z </td> <td><b>z</b>ebra </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>z</b>ebra </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a></span></big> </td> <td>ź, z(i)<sup id="cite_ref-soften_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soften-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>zi</b>arno </td> <td align="left" rowspan="2">vi<b>si</b>on, a<b>z</b>ure<sup id="cite_ref-postalveolar_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-postalveolar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a></span></big> </td> <td>ż, rz </td> <td><b>rz</b>adko </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Polish_alphabet" title="Polish alphabet">Polish</a></th> <th>Example</th> <th>English approximation </th></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a></span></big> </td> <td>a </td> <td>t<b>a</b>m </td> <td style="text-align:left;">f<b>a</b>ther </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span></big> </td> <td>e </td> <td>kr<b>e</b>m </td> <td style="text-align:left;">b<b>e</b>t </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɛ̃</a></span></big> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%98" title="Ę">ę</a><sup id="cite_ref-nasalvowel_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasalvowel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>k<b>ę</b>s </td> <td style="text-align:left;">French <i>v<b>in</b> </i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span></big> </td> <td>i<sup id="cite_ref-soften_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soften-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>p<b>i</b>wo </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>ea</b>t </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a></span></big> </td> <td>y </td> <td>m<b>y</b> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">ros<b>e</b>s </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span></big> </td> <td>o </td> <td>r<b>o</b>k </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>o</b>ff </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɔ̃</a></span></big> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą">ą</a><sup id="cite_ref-nasalvowel_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasalvowel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>w<b>ą</b>s </td> <td style="text-align:left;">French <i>s<b>on</b> </i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span></big> </td> <td>u, <a href="/wiki/%C3%93" title="Ó">ó</a> </td> <td>d<b>u</b>ży </td> <td style="text-align:left;">b<b>oo</b>t </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Other symbols used for Polish </th></tr> <tr> <th>IPA</th> <th>Explanation </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">ˈ</a></span></big> </td> <td>Primary stress (placed before the stressed syllable), usually the penultimate syllable of a word. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_stress" title="Secondary stress">ˌ</a></span></big> </td> <td>Secondary stress (placed before the stressed syllable). </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">.</a></span></big> </td> <td>Syllable break. </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_phonology" title="Polish phonology">Polish phonology</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Polish/Polish_pronunciation" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Polish/Polish pronunciation">Wikibooks: Polish pronunciation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Notes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes"></span>Notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes"></span></h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-soften-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-soften_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soften_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soften_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soften_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soften_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soften_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soften_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soften_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soften_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soften_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The letter <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span>, when it is followed by a vowel, represents a pronunciation like a <span class="nowrap">⟨j⟩</span> or a "soft" pronunciation of the preceding consonant (so <i>pies</i> is pronounced as if it were spelt <span class="nowrap">⟨pjes⟩</span>). It has the same effect as an <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> on alveolar consonants (<span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨z⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨dz⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span>) so <i>się</i>, <i>cios</i> and <i>niania</i> are pronounced as if they were spelt <span class="nowrap">⟨śę⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ćos⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ńańa⟩</span>. A following <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span> also softens consonants when it is itself pronounced as a vowel: <i>zima</i>, <i>ci</i> and <i>dzisiaj</i> are pronounced as if they were spelled <span class="nowrap">⟨źima⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ći⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨dźiśaj⟩</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-affricate-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-affricate_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-affricate_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-affricate_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-affricate_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-affricate_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-affricate_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricates</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ts,<span class="wrap"> </span>dz,<span class="wrap"> </span>tɕ,<span class="wrap"> </span>dʑ,<span class="wrap"> </span>tʂ,<span class="wrap"> </span>dʐ/</span>) may be written more precisely with <a href="/wiki/Ligature_tie" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligature tie">ligature ties</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡s,<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡z,<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡ɕ,<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡ʑ,<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡ʂ,<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡ʐ/</span>, but they are omitted in transcriptions as they do not display correctly in all browsers. Nonetheless, Polish contrasts affricates with stop–fricative clusters: for example, <i lang="pl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/czysta#Polish" class="extiw" title="wikt:czysta">czysta</a></i> <span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6e\/Pl-czysta.ogg\/Pl-czysta.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">[\u02c8t\u0361\u0282\u0268sta]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-czysta.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6e/Pl-czysta.ogg/Pl-czysta.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈt͡ʂɨsta]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-czysta.ogg" title="File:Pl-czysta.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> "clean" versus <i lang="pl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trzysta#Polish" class="extiw" title="wikt:trzysta">trzysta</a></i> <span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/9e\/Pl-trzysta.ogg\/Pl-trzysta.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">[\u02c8t\u0282\u0268sta]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-trzysta.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/Pl-trzysta.ogg/Pl-trzysta.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈtʂɨsta]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-trzysta.ogg" title="File:Pl-trzysta.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> "three hundred".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-postalveolar-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-postalveolar_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-postalveolar_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-postalveolar_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-postalveolar_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-postalveolar_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-postalveolar_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Polish makes contrasts between <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">alveolo-palatal</a> consonants, both of which sound like the English postalveolars <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʒ,<span class="wrap"> </span>tʃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>dʒ/</span>. The retroflex sounds are pronounced "hard", with the tip of the tongue approaching the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ridge">alveolar ridge</a> and the blade of the tongue somewhat lowered, and the alveolo-palatal sounds are "soft", realized with the middle of the tongue raised, adding a bit of an <span class="nowrap">⟨ee⟩</span> sound to them.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲ/</span> in coda position or before <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricatives</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasalvowel-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nasalvowel_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasalvowel_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasalvowel_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasalvowel_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasalvowel_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasalvowel_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The letters <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą">ą</a>⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C4%98" title="Ę">ę</a>⟩</span> represent the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowels</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ̃,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ̃/</span> except when they are followed by a <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stop</a> or <a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">affricate</a>, when they represent oral vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ/</span> followed by a <a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasal consonant</a> <a href="/wiki/Homorganic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homorganic">homorganic</a> with the following stop or affricate: <i>kąt</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈkɔnt]</span>, <i>gęba</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈɡɛmba]</span>, <i>ręka</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈrɛŋka]</span>, <i>piszący</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[piˈʂɔnt͡sɨ]</span>, <i>pieniądze</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pjɛˈɲɔnd͡zɛ]</span>, <i>pięć</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈpjɛɲt͡ɕ]</span>, <i>jęczy</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈjɛnt͡ʂɨ]</span> (as if spelled <i>*kont</i>, <i>*gemba</i>, <i>*renka</i>, <i>*piszoncy</i>, <i>*pieńondze</i>, <i>*pieńć</i>, <i>*jenczy</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> before a <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ,<span class="wrap"> </span>k,<span class="wrap"> </span>x/</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The traditional pronunciation <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a>]</span> is still found in a minority of speakers.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Further_reading" data-mw-thread-id="h-Further_reading"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Further_reading"></span>Further reading<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Further_reading"></span></h2></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSadowska2012" class="citation book cs1">Sadowska, Iwona (2012). <i>Polish: A Comprehensive Grammar</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>; <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-47541-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-47541-9"><bdi>978-0-415-47541-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polish%3A+A+Comprehensive+Grammar&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-47541-9&rft.aulast=Sadowska&rft.aufirst=Iwona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AIPA%2FPolish" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="External_links" data-mw-thread-id="h-External_links"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-External_links"></span>External links<span data-mw-comment-end="h-External_links"></span></h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polish-translators.com/grammar.html">Polish Pronunciation Audio and Grammar Charts</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Phonetic_Alphabet_keys" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> keys</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Afrikaans" title="Help:IPA/Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Albanian" title="Help:IPA/Albanian">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Amharic" title="Help:IPA/Amharic">Amharic</a></li> <li>Arabic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">Modern Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hejazi_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Hejazi Arabic">Hejazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tunisian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Armenian" title="Help:IPA/Armenian">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Assamese" title="Help:IPA/Assamese">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese" title="Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Australian_languages" title="Help:IPA/Australian languages">Australian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Azerbaijani" title="Help:IPA/Azerbaijani">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Basque" title="Help:IPA/Basque">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Belarusian" title="Help:IPA/Belarusian">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali" title="Help:IPA/Bengali">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Berber" title="Help:IPA/Berber">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Breton" title="Help:IPA/Breton">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bulgarian" title="Help:IPA/Bulgarian">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">Burmese</a></li> <li>Catalan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Insular_Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Insular Catalan">Insular</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Help:IPA/Taiwanese Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Jin_Chinese" title="Help:IPA/Jin Chinese">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Wu_Chinese" title="Help:IPA/Wu Chinese">Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Xiang_Chinese" title="Help:IPA/Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Corsican" title="Help:IPA/Corsican">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Czech" title="Help:IPA/Czech">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Danish" title="Help:IPA/Danish">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">Dari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Old_English" title="Help:IPA/Old English">Old English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Emilian-Romagnol" title="Help:IPA/Emilian-Romagnol">Emilian-Romagnol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Esperanto" title="Help:IPA/Esperanto">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Estonian" title="Help:IPA/Estonian">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese" title="Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Fijian" title="Help:IPA/Fijian">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Finnish" title="Help:IPA/Finnish">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Galician" title="Help:IPA/Galician">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Georgian" title="Help:IPA/Georgian">Georgian</a></li> <li>German <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Alemannic_German" title="Help:IPA/Alemannic German">Alemannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Colognian" title="Help:IPA/Colognian">Colognian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greenlandic" title="Help:IPA/Greenlandic">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Gujarati" title="Help:IPA/Gujarati">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Haitian_Creole" title="Help:IPA/Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hawaiian" title="Help:IPA/Hawaiian">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hmong" title="Help:IPA/Hmong">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hungarian" title="Help:IPA/Hungarian">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Igbo" title="Help:IPA/Igbo">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Inuktitut" title="Help:IPA/Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Inupiaq" title="Help:IPA/Inupiaq">Inupiaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lao" title="Help:IPA/Lao">Isan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Central_Italian" title="Help:IPA/Central Italian">Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Khmer" title="Help:IPA/Khmer">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean" title="Help:IPA/Korean">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kurdish" title="Help:IPA/Kurdish">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kyrgyz" title="Help:IPA/Kyrgyz">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lakota" title="Help:IPA/Lakota">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lao" title="Help:IPA/Lao">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latvian" title="Help:IPA/Latvian">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ligurian" title="Help:IPA/Ligurian">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lithuanian" title="Help:IPA/Lithuanian">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lombard" title="Help:IPA/Lombard">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Luxembourgish" title="Help:IPA/Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Macedonian" title="Help:IPA/Macedonian">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malagasy" title="Help:IPA/Malagasy">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malayalam" title="Help:IPA/Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Maltese" title="Help:IPA/Maltese">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Manx" title="Help:IPA/Manx">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/M%C4%81ori" title="Help:IPA/Māori">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Marathi" title="Help:IPA/Marathi">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Marshallese" title="Help:IPA/Marshallese">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mauritian_Creole" title="Help:IPA/Mauritian Creole">Mauritian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mayan" title="Help:IPA/Mayan">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mongolian" title="Help:IPA/Mongolian">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese" title="Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese">Mirandese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl" title="Help:IPA/Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Navajo" title="Help:IPA/Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Neapolitan" title="Help:IPA/Neapolitan">Neapolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nepali" title="Help:IPA/Nepali">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Northern_Thai" title="Help:IPA/Northern Thai">Northern Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Norwegian" title="Help:IPA/Norwegian">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Occitan" title="Help:IPA/Occitan">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Odia" title="Help:IPA/Odia">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Pashto" title="Help:IPA/Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Piedmontese" title="Help:IPA/Piedmontese">Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Punjabi" title="Help:IPA/Punjabi">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Quechua" title="Help:IPA/Quechua">Quechua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romansh" title="Help:IPA/Romansh">Romansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sardinian" title="Help:IPA/Sardinian">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian" title="Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Shan_and_Tai_Lue" title="Help:IPA/Shan and Tai Lue">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sicilian" title="Help:IPA/Sicilian">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovak" title="Help:IPA/Slovak">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovene" title="Help:IPA/Slovene">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sorbian" title="Help:IPA/Sorbian">Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swahili" title="Help:IPA/Swahili">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nguni" title="Help:IPA/Nguni">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish" title="Help:IPA/Swedish">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sylheti" title="Help:IPA/Sylheti">Sylheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tagalog" title="Help:IPA/Tagalog">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Shan_and_Tai_Lue" title="Help:IPA/Shan and Tai Lue">Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tamil" title="Help:IPA/Tamil">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tatar" title="Help:IPA/Tatar">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Telugu" title="Help:IPA/Telugu">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tibetan" title="Help:IPA/Tibetan">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tigrinya" title="Help:IPA/Tigrinya">Tigrinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish" title="Help:IPA/Turkish">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkmen" title="Help:IPA/Turkmen">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ukrainian" title="Help:IPA/Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Uzbek" title="Help:IPA/Uzbek">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Venetian" title="Help:IPA/Venetian">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese" title="Help:IPA/Vietnamese">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Walloon" title="Help:IPA/Walloon">Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/West_Frisian" title="Help:IPA/West Frisian">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nguni" title="Help:IPA/Nguni">Xhosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Yiddish" title="Help:IPA/Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Yoruba" title="Help:IPA/Yoruba">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Zhuang" title="Help:IPA/Zhuang">Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nguni" title="Help:IPA/Nguni">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Conventions_for_English" title="Help:IPA/Conventions for English">IPA conventions for English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects">English dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">Wikipedia pronunciation respelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_respelling_for_English" title="Pronunciation respelling for English">Other English pronunciation respellings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Introductory guides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Introduction" title="Help:IPA/Introduction">For English speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">Manual of Style: Pronunciation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/Polish&oldid=892972338">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/Polish&oldid=892972338</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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