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</header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sommaire" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sommaire</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Début</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Exosphère_terrestre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exosphère_terrestre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Exosphère terrestre</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Exosphère_terrestre-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Exosphère terrestre</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Exosphère_terrestre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intérêt_pour_les_satellites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intérêt_pour_les_satellites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Intérêt pour les satellites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intérêt_pour_les_satellites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exosphère_des_autres_objets_célestes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exosphère_des_autres_objets_célestes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Exosphère des autres objets célestes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exosphère_des_autres_objets_célestes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Exosphère</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 68 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksosfeer" title="Eksosfeer – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eksosfeer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papotalay_a_lahod_to%E2%80%99edip" title="Papotalay a lahod to’edip – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Papotalay a lahod to’edip" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="إكسوسفير – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إكسوسفير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekzosfer" title="Ekzosfer – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ekzosfer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Экзасфера – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Экзасфера" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Екзосфера – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Екзосфера" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B2" title="এক্সোমণ্ডল – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এক্সোমণ্ডল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%95%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="ཕྱི་རིམ། – tibétain" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཕྱི་རིམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibétain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egzosfera" title="Egzosfera – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Egzosfera" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosfera" title="Exosfera – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Exosfera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosf%C3%A9ra" title="Exosféra – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Exosféra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosf%C3%A6re" title="Exosfære – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Exosfære" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosph%C3%A4re" title="Exosphäre – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Exosphäre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BE%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Εξώσφαιρα – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εξώσφαιρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosphere" title="Exosphere – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Exosphere" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosfera" title="Exosfera – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Exosfera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksosf%C3%A4%C3%A4r" title="Eksosfäär – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eksosfäär" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosfera" title="Exosfera – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Exosfera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1" title="اگزوسفر – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اگزوسفر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksosf%C3%A4%C3%A4ri" title="Eksosfääri – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eksosfääri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisisf%C3%A9ar" title="Eisisféar – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eisisféar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosfera" title="Exosfera – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Exosfera" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94" title="אקסוספירה – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אקסוספירה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2" title="बाह्यमण्डल – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बाह्यमण्डल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egzosfera" title="Egzosfera – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Egzosfera" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egzosf%C3%A8" title="Egzosfè – créole haïtien" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Egzosfè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="créole haïtien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoszf%C3%A9ra" title="Exoszféra – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Exoszféra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AF%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%BD%D6%86%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Էկզոսֆերա – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էկզոսֆերա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksosfer" title="Eksosfer – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eksosfer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esosfera" title="Esosfera – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Esosfera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E6%B0%97%E5%9C%8F" title="外気圏 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="外気圏" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="ეგზოსფერო – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეგზოსფერო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Экзосфера – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Экзосфера" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%B8%EA%B8%B0%EA%B6%8C" title="외기권 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="외기권" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Экзосфера – kirghize" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Экзосфера" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghize" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosph%C3%A4r" title="Exosphär – luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Exosphär" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egzosfera" title="Egzosfera – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Egzosfera" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksosf%C4%93ra" title="Eksosfēra – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eksosfēra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Экзосферась – mokcha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Экзосферась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mokcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Егзосфера – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Егзосфера" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksosfera" title="Eksosfera – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Eksosfera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosfeer" title="Exosfeer – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Exosfeer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksosf%C3%A6ren" title="Eksosfæren – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eksosfæren" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksosf%C3%A6ren" title="Eksosfæren – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eksosfæren" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosf%C3%A8ra" title="Exosfèra – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Exosfèra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egzosfera" title="Egzosfera – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Egzosfera" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosfera" title="Exosfera – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Exosfera" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosfer%C4%83" title="Exosferă – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Exosferă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Экзосфера – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Экзосфера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosphere" title="Exosphere – écossais" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Exosphere" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egzosfera" title="Egzosfera – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Egzosfera" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosphere" title="Exosphere – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Exosphere" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosf%C3%A9ra" title="Exosféra – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Exosféra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksosfera" title="Eksosfera – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Eksosfera" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekzosfera" title="Ekzosfera – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ekzosfera" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egzosfera" title="Egzosfera – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Egzosfera" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosf%C3%A4ren" title="Exosfären – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Exosfären" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="เอกโซสเฟียร์ – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอกโซสเฟียร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekzosfera" title="Ekzosfera – turkmène" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ekzosfera" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekzosfer" title="Ekzosfer – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ekzosfer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Екзосфера – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Екзосфера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekzosfera" title="Ekzosfera – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ekzosfera" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%A7ng_ngo%C3%A0i_(kh%C3%AD_quy%E1%BB%83n)" title="Tầng ngoài (khí quyển) – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tầng ngoài (khí quyển)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biti-jawwu" title="Biti-jawwu – wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Biti-jawwu" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E9%80%B8%E5%B1%82" title="散逸层 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="散逸层" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E9%80%B8%E5%B1%82" title="散逸层 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="散逸层" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%8Da-kh%C3%AC-khoan" title="Gōa-khì-khoan – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gōa-khì-khoan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E9%80%B8%E5%B1%A4" title="散逸層 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="散逸層" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170332#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Exosph%C3%A8re" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussion:Exosph%C3%A8re" rel="discussion" title="Discussion au sujet de cette page de contenu [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" 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id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Exosph%C3%A8re"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exosph%C3%A8re&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exosph%C3%A8re&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exosph%C3%A8re&action=history" title="Historique des versions de cette page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Outils</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Exosph%C3%A8re"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exosph%C3%A8re&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exosph%C3%A8re&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exosph%C3%A8re&action=history"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Général </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/Exosph%C3%A8re" title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Suivi_des_liens/Exosph%C3%A8re" rel="nofollow" title="Liste des modifications récentes des pages appelées par celle-ci [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi des pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_sp%C3%A9ciales" title="Liste de toutes les pages spéciales [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pages spéciales</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exosph%C3%A8re&oldid=217920061" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exosph%C3%A8re&action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Informations sur la page</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer&page=Exosph%C3%A8re&id=217920061&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informations sur la manière de citer cette page"><span>Citer cette page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:UrlQ%C4%B1sald%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FExosph%25C3%25A8re"><span>Obtenir l'URL raccourcie</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:QrKodu&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FExosph%25C3%25A8re"><span>Télécharger le code QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimer / exporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Livre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Exosph%C3%A8re"><span>Créer un livre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Exosph%C3%A8re&action=show-download-screen"><span>Télécharger comme PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exosph%C3%A8re&printable=yes" title="Version imprimable de cette page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Version imprimable</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dans d’autres projets </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170332" title="Lien vers l’élément dans le dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:AtmosphereTerrestre_HD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/AtmosphereTerrestre_HD.jpg/110px-AtmosphereTerrestre_HD.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="1708" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/AtmosphereTerrestre_HD.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="161" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Schéma des couches de l'atmosphère terrestre (à l’échelle). On considère que l'exosphère (observable depuis l'espace) s'étend jusqu'à <span class="nowrap">~100 000 km</span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>L'<b>exosphère</b> est la couche la plus externe de l'<a href="/wiki/Atmosph%C3%A8re_plan%C3%A9taire" title="Atmosphère planétaire">atmosphère</a> d'un <a href="/wiki/Objet_c%C3%A9leste" title="Objet céleste">corps céleste</a>. Cette couche s'étend théoriquement à l'infini<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il suffit donc de définir l'altitude à laquelle elle commence, appelée <a href="/wiki/Thermopause" title="Thermopause">thermopause</a> ou exobase. L'exosphère se définit comme la région de l'atmosphère où la <a href="/wiki/Nombre_volumique_de_mol%C3%A9cules" class="mw-redirect" title="Nombre volumique de molécules">densité de particules</a> est assez faible pour que l'effet des <a href="/wiki/Choc_%C3%A9lastique" title="Choc élastique">collisions</a> entre particules soit négligeable en comparaison de l'effet de leur <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9orie_cin%C3%A9tique_des_gaz" title="Théorie cinétique des gaz">cinétique</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>La <a href="/wiki/Nombre_volumique_de_mol%C3%A9cules" class="mw-redirect" title="Nombre volumique de molécules">densité de particules</a> y est extrêmement faible et les <a href="/wiki/Atome" title="Atome">atomes</a> s'y comportent librement. Certains échappent même à l'<a href="/wiki/Gravitation" title="Gravitation">attraction</a> de leur corps céleste. C'est pourquoi la zone située à cette altitude est également appelée le <i>niveau d'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89chappement_atmosph%C3%A9rique" title="Échappement atmosphérique">échappement</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>La variation de la densité des gaz entourant un corps céleste est <a href="/wiki/Continuit%C3%A9_(math%C3%A9matiques)" title="Continuité (mathématiques)">continue</a>. Les limites entre les différentes couches de <a href="/wiki/Gaz" title="Gaz">gaz</a> ne décrivent pas des ruptures franches et nettes dans les caractéristiques physiques du gaz entre deux altitudes mais servent plutôt à rendre compte du changement de phénomène prédominant d'une altitude à une autre. En l'occurrence, même si cette définition n'est pas parfaite, l'exosphère débute là où les particules de l'atmosphère sont pratiquement indépendantes les unes des autres et où leur distribution de vitesse suit l'équation de <a href="/wiki/%C3%89quation_de_Liouville" title="Équation de Liouville">Liouville</a>, et s'achève là où sa densité est indiscernable de celle du <a href="/wiki/Vent_solaire" title="Vent solaire">vent solaire</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exosphère_terrestre"><span id="Exosph.C3.A8re_terrestre"></span>Exosphère terrestre</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exosph%C3%A8re&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Exosphère terrestre" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exosph%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Exosphère terrestre"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'exosphère est la couche la plus haute de l'<a href="/wiki/Atmosph%C3%A8re_terrestre" title="Atmosphère terrestre">atmosphère terrestre</a>. Elle se situe au-dessus de la <a href="/wiki/Thermosph%C3%A8re" title="Thermosphère">thermosphère</a>, au-delà de 600 kilomètres. Sa densité est de l'ordre de 10<sup>6</sup> particules par centimètre cube à environ 700 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr> d'altitude. À 5 000 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr> d'altitude, elle n'est plus que de l'ordre de 100 particules par centimètre cube, densité équivalente à celle du <a href="/wiki/Milieu_interplan%C3%A9taire" title="Milieu interplanétaire">milieu interplanétaire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intérêt_pour_les_satellites"><span id="Int.C3.A9r.C3.AAt_pour_les_satellites"></span>Intérêt pour les satellites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exosph%C3%A8re&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Intérêt pour les satellites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exosph%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Intérêt pour les satellites"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Un des grands intérêts de l'exosphère réside dans l'exceptionnelle capacité de durée de vie des <a href="/wiki/Satellite_artificiel" title="Satellite artificiel">satellites</a> placés dans ses couches les plus hautes : des centaines voire des milliers d'années, alors que les satellites évoluant à une altitude inférieure, de l'ordre de 300 kilomètres (<a href="/wiki/Thermosph%C3%A8re" title="Thermosphère">thermosphère</a>), subissent un freinage permanent non négligeable. </p><p>Dès <a href="/wiki/1960" title="1960">1960</a>, des scientifiques, tels que le Français <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Barlier" title="François Barlier">François Barlier</a>, se sont intéressés à la trajectographie des satellites. Leurs travaux ont alors très vite porté sur les forces de freinage dues aux frottements résultant de l'atmosphère résiduelle de la thermosphère et de la température très élevée qui y règne — jusqu'à <span title="726,85 °C ou 1 340,33 °F" style="cursor:help">1 000</span> <abbr class="abbr" title="kelvins"><a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvins</a></abbr> —, phénomène notamment dû à l'absorption du rayonnement ultraviolet émis par le soleil. Les températures sont élevées, mais la <a href="/wiki/Densit%C3%A9" title="Densité">densité</a> de <a href="/wiki/Mati%C3%A8re" title="Matière">matière</a> est extrêmement faible, ce qui fait que, pour la peau humaine, l'effet de cette température est négligeable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exosphère_des_autres_objets_célestes"><span id="Exosph.C3.A8re_des_autres_objets_c.C3.A9lestes"></span>Exosphère des autres objets célestes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exosph%C3%A8re&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Exosphère des autres objets célestes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exosph%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Exosphère des autres objets célestes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La définition de l'exosphère s'applique également aux autres corps célestes (<a href="/wiki/Plan%C3%A8te" title="Planète">planètes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_naturel" title="Satellite naturel">satellites naturels</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile" title="Étoile">étoiles</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr>). Il existe deux catégories d'exosphères : d'une part celle des objets célestes pourvus comme la Terre d'une atmosphère dense (par exemple <a href="/wiki/Mars_(plan%C3%A8te)" title="Mars (planète)">Mars</a> ou <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9nus_(plan%C3%A8te)" title="Vénus (planète)">Vénus</a>), et d'autre part celle, beaucoup plus fréquente dans notre <a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_solaire" title="Système solaire">système solaire</a>, des objets dépourvus d'atmosphère dense comme <a href="/wiki/Mercure_(plan%C3%A8te)" title="Mercure (planète)">Mercure</a> ou la <a href="/wiki/Lune" title="Lune">Lune</a>. Dans ce dernier cas, la base de l'exosphère (l'<a href="/wiki/Exobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Exobase">exobase</a>) se confond avec la surface de l'objet céleste et les processus qui contribuent à sa formation et à son évolution sont très différents : l'éjection de matière de la surface à l'origine de l'exosphère peut résulter de mécanismes aussi différents que l'agitation thermique de la couche superficielle du sol, le bombardement de celle-ci par les photons, la vaporisation du sol par l'impact d'une <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orite" title="Météorite">météorite</a> ou enfin l'action des particules énergétiques (<a href="/wiki/Rayonnement_cosmique" title="Rayonnement cosmique">rayons cosmiques</a>, vent solaire) sur le sol<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exosph%C3%A8re&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exosph%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Leblanc2010"><span class="ouvrage" id="François_Leblanc2010">François <span class="nom_auteur">Leblanc</span>, <cite class="italique">Modélisation et mesure des exosphères de quelques objets du système solaire (mémoire HDR)</cite>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-01-13" data-sort-value="2010-01-13">13 janvier 2010</time>, 123 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/44/69/15/PDF/Memoire_HDR_LeblancF_UVSQ_SansAnnexe.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 5<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mod%C3%A9lisation+et+mesure+des+exosph%C3%A8res+de+quelques+objets+du+syst%C3%A8me+solaire+%28m%C3%A9moire+HDR%29&rft.aulast=Leblanc&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.date=2010-01-13&rft.pages=5&rft.tpages=123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AExosph%C3%A8re"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="météorologique_mondiale"><span class="ouvrage" id="Organisation_météorologique_mondiale"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_m%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologique_mondiale" title="Organisation météorologique mondiale">Organisation météorologique mondiale</a>, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eumetcal.org/euromet/glossary/critical.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Niveau d'échappement</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique"><a href="/wiki/Eumetcal" title="Eumetcal">Eumetcal</a></span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-11-11" data-sort-value="2013-11-11">11 novembre 2013</time>)</small></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Leblanc2010"><span class="ouvrage" id="François_Leblanc2010">François Leblanc, <cite class="italique">Modélisation et mesure des exosphères de quelques objets du système solaire (mémoire HDR)</cite>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-01-13" data-sort-value="2010-01-13">13 janvier 2010</time>, 123 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/446915/filename/Memoire_HDR_LeblancF_UVSQ_SansAnnexe.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 16<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mod%C3%A9lisation+et+mesure+des+exosph%C3%A8res+de+quelques%0Aobjets+du+syst%C3%A8me+solaire+%28m%C3%A9moire+HDR%29&rft.aulast=Leblanc&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.date=2010-01-13&rft.pages=16&rft.tpages=123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AExosph%C3%A8re"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Leblanc2010"><span class="ouvrage" id="François_Leblanc2010">François Leblanc, <cite class="italique">Modélisation et mesure des exosphères de quelques objets du système solaire (mémoire HDR)</cite>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-01-10" data-sort-value="2010-01-10">10 janvier 2010</time>, 123 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/446915/filename/Memoire_HDR_LeblancF_UVSQ_SansAnnexe.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mod%C3%A9lisation+et+mesure+des+exosph%C3%A8res+de+quelques%0Aobjets+du+syst%C3%A8me+solaire+%28m%C3%A9moire+HDR%29&rft.aulast=Leblanc&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.date=2010-01-10&rft.tpages=123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AExosph%C3%A8re"></span></span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <ul><li>J. Lilensten et P.-L. Blelly: <i>Du Soleil à la Terre, Aéronomie et météorologie de l'espace</i>, Collection Grenoble Sciences, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, 2000. <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-86883-467-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-86883-467-6"><span class="nowrap">978-2-86883-467-6</span></a>)</small></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exosph%C3%A8re&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exosph%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exosph%C3%A8re&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exosph%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espace_(cosmologie)" title="Espace (cosmologie)">Espace (cosmologie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9ocouronne" title="Géocouronne">Géocouronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" class="mw-redirect" title="LADEE">LADEE</a> Mission spatiale d'étude de l'exosphère de la Lune</li></ul> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Atmosph%C3%A8re_de_la_Terre" title="Modèle:Palette Atmosphère de la Terre"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Atmosph%C3%A8re_de_la_Terre&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Atmosph%C3%A8re_terrestre" title="Atmosphère terrestre">Atmosphère terrestre</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:center;;" colspan="2"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Troposph%C3%A8re" title="Troposphère">Troposphère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratosph%C3%A8re" title="Stratosphère">Stratosphère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9sosph%C3%A8re" title="Mésosphère">Mésosphère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosph%C3%A8re" title="Thermosphère">Thermosphère</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Exosphère</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:center;;" colspan="2"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropopause" title="Tropopause">Tropopause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratopause" title="Stratopause">Stratopause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9sopause" title="Mésopause">Mésopause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermopause" title="Thermopause">Thermopause</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thermopause" title="Thermopause">Exobase</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:center;;" colspan="2"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Couche_d%27ozone" title="Couche d'ozone">Couche d'ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couche_de_sodium" title="Couche de sodium">Couche de sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbopause" title="Turbopause">Turbopause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionosph%C3%A8re" title="Ionosphère">Ionosphère</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:center;;" colspan="2"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ligne_de_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n" title="Ligne de Kármán">Ligne de Kármán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9ocouronne" title="Géocouronne">Géocouronne</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:center;;" colspan="2"><div class="liste-horizontale">Paléo-atmosphères : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosph%C3%A8re_pr%C3%A9biotique" title="Atmosphère prébiotique">Atmosphère prébiotique</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:center;;" colspan="2"><div class="liste-horizontale">Phénomènes : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rayonnement_dans_l%27atmosph%C3%A8re" title="Rayonnement dans l'atmosphère">Rayonnement dans l'atmosphère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie" title="Météorologie">Météorologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Ph%C3%A9nom%C3%A8ne_atmosph%C3%A9rique_optique" title="Catégorie:Phénomène atmosphérique optique">Phénomènes atmosphériques optiques</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-banner" style="" colspan="2">La <a href="/wiki/Terre" title="Terre">Terre</a> : <a href="/wiki/Structure_interne_de_la_Terre" title="Structure interne de la Terre">structure interne</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hydrosph%C3%A8re" title="Hydrosphère">Hydrosphère</a> · <a href="/wiki/Relief_(g%C3%A9omorphologie)" title="Relief (géomorphologie)">Relief</a> · <a href="/wiki/Atmosph%C3%A8re_terrestre" title="Atmosphère terrestre">Atmosphère</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Sciences_de_la_Terre_et_de_l%27Univers" title="Portail des sciences de la Terre et de l’Univers"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Crystal128-browser.svg/24px-Crystal128-browser.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Crystal128-browser.svg/36px-Crystal128-browser.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Crystal128-browser.svg/48px-Crystal128-browser.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="124" data-file-height="125" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Sciences_de_la_Terre_et_de_l%27Univers" title="Portail:Sciences de la Terre et de l'Univers">Portail des sciences de la Terre et de l’Univers</a></span> </span></li> </ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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