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decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_and_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_1600s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_1600s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Late 1600s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_1600s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phanariote_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phanariote_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phanariote era</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phanariote_era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phanariote era subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phanariote_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Phanariotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Phanariotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Early Phanariotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Phanariotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russo-Turkish_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russo-Turkish_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Russo-Turkish Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russo-Turkish_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kiselyov_and_Alexandru_II_Ghica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kiselyov_and_Alexandru_II_Ghica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Kiselyov and Alexandru II Ghica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kiselyov_and_Alexandru_II_Ghica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1840s_and_1850s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1840s_and_1850s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>1840s and 1850s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1840s_and_1850s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capital_of_the_United_Principalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capital_of_the_United_Principalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Capital of the United Principalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capital_of_the_United_Principalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capital_of_the_Romanian_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capital_of_the_Romanian_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Capital of the Romanian Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Capital_of_the_Romanian_Kingdom-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Capital of the Romanian Kingdom subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Capital_of_the_Romanian_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Belle_Époque_(1877–1916)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belle_Époque_(1877–1916)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Belle Époque (1877–1916)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belle_Époque_(1877–1916)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inter-war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inter-war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Inter-war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inter-war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1940s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>1940s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1940s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communist_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communist_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Communist era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communist_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1989_to_present-day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1989_to_present-day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>1989 to present-day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1989_to_present-day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Administrative history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_and_communal_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_and_communal_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Religious and communal history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_and_communal_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religious and communal history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_and_communal_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Romanian_Orthodoxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanian_Orthodoxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Romanian Orthodoxy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanian_Orthodoxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_history_of_Bucharest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_history_of_Bucharest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Jewish history of Bucharest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_history_of_Bucharest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Other communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Population history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaties_signed_in_Bucharest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaties_signed_in_Bucharest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Treaties signed in Bucharest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaties_signed_in_Bucharest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_Bucarest" title="Histoire de Bucarest – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de Bucarest" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%98" title="היסטוריה של בוקרשט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריה של בוקרשט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Boekarest" title="Geschiedenis van Boekarest – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van Boekarest" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Bucareste" title="História de Bucareste – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História de Bucareste" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_Bucure%C8%99tiului" title="Istoria Bucureștiului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Istoria Bucureștiului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" title="История 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Bucharest" title="Category:History of Bucharest">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of <span class="fn org label">Bucharest</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Bucharest.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Coat_of_arms_of_Bucharest.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bucharest.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Coat_of_arms_of_Bucharest.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bucharest.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Coat_of_arms_of_Bucharest.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bucharest.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="574" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bucharest_in_the_Middle_Ages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bucharest in the Middle Ages (page does not exist)">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bucharest_in_the_Belle_%C3%89poque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bucharest in the Belle Époque (page does not exist)"><i>Belle Époque</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bucharest_in_World_War_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bucharest in World War I (page does not exist)">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bucharest_between_the_Wars_(1919%E2%80%931939)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bucharest between the Wars (1919–1939) (page does not exist)">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bucharest_in_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bucharest in World War II (page does not exist)">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bucharest_(1946%E2%80%932000)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Bucharest (1946–2000) (page does not exist)">Postwar</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Bucharest" title="Timeline of Bucharest">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bucharest" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Bucharest">Architectural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Bucharest" title="List of mayors of Bucharest">Mayors</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/16px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/24px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Romania" title="Portal:Romania">Romania portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Bucharest" title="Template:History of Bucharest"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Bucharest" title="Template talk:History of Bucharest"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Bucharest" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Bucharest"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>history of Bucharest</b> covers the time from the early settlements on the locality's territory (and that of the surrounding area in <a href="/wiki/Ilfov_County" title="Ilfov County">Ilfov County</a>) until its modern existence as a city, capital of <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>, and present-day capital of <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:23em; ; font-size: 90%; color: #202122;background-color: #B0C4DE;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #B0C4DE;">Historical affiliations</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia"><img alt="Wallachia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Wallachia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wallachia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Wallachia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wallachia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Wallachia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Wallachia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> c. 1459–1859 (Ottoman vassal)<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_the_United_Principalities_of_Wallachia_and_Moldavia_%281859_-_1862%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Principalities_of_Wallachia_and_Moldavia_%281859_-_1862%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_the_United_Principalities_of_Wallachia_and_Moldavia_%281859_-_1862%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Principalities_of_Wallachia_and_Moldavia_%281859_-_1862%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_the_United_Principalities_of_Wallachia_and_Moldavia_%281859_-_1862%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Principalities_of_Wallachia_and_Moldavia_%281859_-_1862%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Principalities_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia">United Principalities</a> 1859–1862<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_the_United_Principalities_of_Romania_%281862%E2%80%931866%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Principalities_of_Romania_%281862%E2%80%931866%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_the_United_Principalities_of_Romania_%281862%E2%80%931866%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Principalities_of_Romania_%281862%E2%80%931866%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_the_United_Principalities_of_Romania_%281862%E2%80%931866%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Principalities_of_Romania_%281862%E2%80%931866%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Principalities_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia">Romanian United Principalities</a> 1862-1866<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Principalities_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia">Principality of Romania</a> 1866–1881<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania"><img alt="Kingdom of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a> 1881-1947<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania"><img alt="Socialist Republic of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Romania_%281952%E2%80%931965%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania_%281952%E2%80%931965%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Romania_%281952%E2%80%931965%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania_%281952%E2%80%931965%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Romania_%281952%E2%80%931965%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania_%281952%E2%80%931965%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Socialist Republic of Romania</a> 1947-1989<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_Romania_%281989_revolution%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania_%281989_revolution%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_Romania_%281989_revolution%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania_%281989_revolution%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_Romania_%281989_revolution%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania_%281989_revolution%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Romania)" title="National Salvation Front (Romania)">National Salvation Front</a> 1989-1990<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> 1990-present<br /> </p> </blockquote> </div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bucharest&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sutu_Museum_Tei_Culture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Sutu_Museum_Tei_Culture.jpg/200px-Sutu_Museum_Tei_Culture.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Sutu_Museum_Tei_Culture.jpg/300px-Sutu_Museum_Tei_Culture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Sutu_Museum_Tei_Culture.jpg/400px-Sutu_Museum_Tei_Culture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Tei Culture artefacts</figcaption></figure> <p>The territory of present-day Bucharest has been inhabited since the <a href="/wiki/Palaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeolithic">Palaeolithic</a> age. The earliest evidence of human life in this region dates from this period and includes flint tools found in the area of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colentina_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colentina Lake (page does not exist)">Colentina Lake</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacul_Colentina" class="extiw" title="ro:Lacul Colentina">ro</a>]</span> shore, or around the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Fundeni" title="Lake Fundeni">Fundeni Lake</a>. At that time, all this area where Bucharest is now located was covered by forests. </p><p>Settlements appeared as well later during the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period along the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A2mbovi%C8%9Ba_(river)" title="Dâmbovița (river)">Dâmbovița</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colentina_(river)" title="Colentina (river)">Colentina</a> rivers. The oldest Neolithic dwellings on the territory of the capital have been discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Dude%C8%99ti,_Bucharest" title="Dudești, Bucharest">Dudești</a> neighbourhood, at <a href="/wiki/Fundeni,_Bucharest" title="Fundeni, Bucharest">Fundeni</a>, and at Roșu. Later archaeological research also revealed later Neolithic settlements, situated at <a href="/wiki/Pantelimon,_Ilfov" title="Pantelimon, Ilfov">Pantelimon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glina,_Ilfov" title="Glina, Ilfov">Cățelu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bucure%C8%99tii_Noi" title="Bucureștii Noi">Bucureștii Noi</a> or at <a href="/wiki/Giule%C8%99ti" title="Giulești">Giulești</a>, or around Bucharest, at <a href="/wiki/Jilava" title="Jilava">Jilava</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vidra,_Ilfov" title="Vidra, Ilfov">Vidra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Neolithic, Bucharest saw the presence of the <i><a href="/wiki/Glina,_Ilfov" title="Glina, Ilfov">Glina culture</a></i>, and, before the 19th century BC, was included in areas of the <i><a href="/wiki/Gumelni%C8%9Ba%E2%80%93Karanovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Gumelnița–Karanovo culture">Gumelnița culture</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, a third phase of the <i>Glina culture</i> (centered on <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralism</a>, partly superimposed on the <i>Gumelnița culture</i>) and, later, on the <i>Tei culture</i>, evolved on Bucharest's soil.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bucharest&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, the area was inhabited by a population identified with the <i><a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getae</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a></i>, who spoke an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language</a>. The view that the two groups were the same is disputed,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the culture's latter phase can be attributed to the Dacians; small Dacian settlements—such as <a href="/wiki/Her%C4%83str%C4%83u" class="mw-redirect" title="Herăstrău">Herăstrău</a>, Radu Vodă, <a href="/wiki/D%C4%83m%C4%83roaia" title="Dămăroaia">Dămăroaia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lacul_Tei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lacul Tei (page does not exist)">Lacul Tei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pantelimon,_Ilfov" title="Pantelimon, Ilfov">Pantelimon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pope%C8%99ti-Leordeni" title="Popești-Leordeni">Popești-Leordeni</a>—were found around Bucharest.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These populations had commercial links with the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Greek cities</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient-Greek</a> coins were found at Lacul Tei and Herăstrău (together with a large amount of local <a href="/wiki/Counterfeit" title="Counterfeit">counterfeit</a> ones), and jewels and coins of Roman origin in <a href="/wiki/Giule%C8%99ti" title="Giulești">Giulești</a> and Lacul Tei.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bucharest was never under <a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Roman rule</a>, with an exception during <a href="/wiki/Muntenia" title="Muntenia">Muntenia</a>'s brief conquest by the troops of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a> in the 330s; coins from the times of Constantine, <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a> etc. were uncovered at various sites in and around Bucharest.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is assumed that the local population was <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanized</a> after the initial retreat of Roman troops from the region, during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Migrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of Migrations">Age of Migrations</a> (<i>see <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Romanians" title="Origin of the Romanians">Origin of the Romanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Romania in the Early Middle Ages">Romania in the Early Middle Ages</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foundation">Foundation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bucharest&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginnings">Beginnings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bucharest&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Beginnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curtea_Veche_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Curtea_Veche_1.jpg/200px-Curtea_Veche_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Curtea_Veche_1.jpg/300px-Curtea_Veche_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Curtea_Veche_1.jpg/400px-Curtea_Veche_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Curtea_Veche" title="Curtea Veche">Curtea Veche</a></i>, the old princely court</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavs</a> founded several settlements in the Bucharest region, as pointed out by the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> names of <a href="/wiki/Ilfov_County" title="Ilfov County">Ilfov</a> (from <i>elha</i> – "<a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">alder</a>"), <a href="/wiki/Colentina,_Bucharest" title="Colentina, Bucharest">Colentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snagov" title="Snagov">Snagov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glina,_Ilfov" title="Glina, Ilfov">Glina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiajna" title="Chiajna">Chiajna</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some researches, the Slavic population was already <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilated</a> before the end of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Dark Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While maintaining commercial links with the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> (as attested by the excavations of 9th–12th century Byzantine coins at various locations),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the area was subject to the successive invasions of <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a> and conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongols</a> during the 1241 <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">invasion of Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was probably later disputed between the <a href="/wiki/Magyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyars">Magyars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a legend first attested in the 19th century, the city was founded by a shepherd named <a href="/wiki/Bucur_(legendary_shepherd)" title="Bucur (legendary shepherd)">Bucur</a> (or, alternatively, a <a href="/wiki/Boyar" title="Boyar">boyar</a> of that same name).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like most of the older cities in <a href="/wiki/Muntenia" title="Muntenia">Muntenia</a>, its foundation has also been ascribed to the legendary <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Wallachia">Wallachian prince</a> <a href="/wiki/Radu_Negru" title="Radu Negru">Radu Negru</a> (in stories first recorded in the 16th century).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theory identifying Bucharest with a "<a href="/wiki/D%C3%A2mbovi%C8%9Ba_(river)" title="Dâmbovița (river)">Dâmbovița</a> <a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">citadel</a>" and <i><a href="/wiki/Burgrave" title="Burgrave">pârcălab</a></i> mentioned in connection with <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_I_of_Wallachia" title="Vladislav I of Wallachia">Vladislav I of Wallachia</a> (in the 1370s)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is contradicted by <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>, which has shown that the area was virtually uninhabited during the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_development">Early development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bucharest&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Writ_of_the_Wallachian_voivode_Radu_cel_Frumos_from_14_October_1465.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Writ_of_the_Wallachian_voivode_Radu_cel_Frumos_from_14_October_1465.jpg/200px-Writ_of_the_Wallachian_voivode_Radu_cel_Frumos_from_14_October_1465.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Writ_of_the_Wallachian_voivode_Radu_cel_Frumos_from_14_October_1465.jpg/300px-Writ_of_the_Wallachian_voivode_Radu_cel_Frumos_from_14_October_1465.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Writ_of_the_Wallachian_voivode_Radu_cel_Frumos_from_14_October_1465.jpg/400px-Writ_of_the_Wallachian_voivode_Radu_cel_Frumos_from_14_October_1465.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>Writ issued by the Wallachian Prince <a href="/wiki/Radu_cel_Frumos" class="mw-redirect" title="Radu cel Frumos">Radu cel Frumos</a> from his residence in Bucharest</figcaption></figure> <p>Bucharest was first mentioned on September 20, 1459, as one of the residences of Prince <a href="/wiki/Vlad_III_Dracula" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlad III Dracula">Vlad III Dracula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It soon became the preferred summer residence of the princely court – together with <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgovi%C8%99te" title="Târgoviște">Târgoviște</a>, one of the two capitals of <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> – and was viewed by contemporaries as the strongest citadel in its country.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1476, it was sacked by the <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavian</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Moldavia">Prince</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_III_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen III of Moldavia">Stephen the Great</a>, but was nonetheless favoured as a residence by most rulers in the immediately following period<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was subject to important changes in landscape under <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Ciobanul" class="mw-redirect" title="Mircea Ciobanul">Mircea Ciobanul</a>, who built the palace and <a href="/wiki/Curtea_Veche_Church" title="Curtea Veche Church">church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Curtea_Veche" title="Curtea Veche">Curtea Veche</a> (the court's area), equipped the town with a <a href="/wiki/Stockade" title="Stockade">stockade</a>, and took measures to provide Bucharest with fresh water and <a href="/wiki/Produce" title="Produce">produce</a> (early 1550s).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Mircea Ciobanul was deposed by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (Wallachia's overlord) in the spring of 1554, Bucharest was ravaged by <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">Janissary</a> troops; violence again occurred after Mircea returned to the throne and attacked those who had been loyal to <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83tra%C8%99cu_the_Good" title="Pătrașcu the Good">Pătrașcu the Good</a> (February 1558),<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the 1574 conflict between <a href="/wiki/Vintil%C4%83_of_Wallachia" title="Vintilă of Wallachia">Vintilă</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_II_Mircea" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandru II Mircea">Alexandru II Mircea</a>, and under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_cel_R%C4%83u" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandru cel Rău">Alexandru cel Rău</a> (early 1590s).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="17th_century">17th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bucharest&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 17th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_and_decline">Growth and decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bucharest&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Growth and decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In tune with the increasing demands of the Ottomans and the growing in importance of trade with the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, the political and commercial center of Wallachia began gravitating towards the south; before the end of the 17th century, Bucharest became Wallachia's most populous city, and one of the largest ones in the region, while its landscape became cosmopolitan.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was, however, accompanied by a drastic decrease in princely authority, and a decline of state resources. </p><p>On November 13, 1594, the city witnessed widespread violence, upon the start of <a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Brave" title="Michael the Brave">Michael the Brave</a>'s uprising against the Ottomans, and the massacre of Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Creditor" title="Creditor">creditors</a>, who held control over Wallachia's resources, followed by a clash between Wallachians and the Ottoman troops stationed in Bucharest.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In retaliation, Bucharest was attacked and almost completely destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Sinan_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinan Pasha">Sinan Pasha</a>'s forces.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was slowly rebuilt over the following two decades, and again surfaced as a successful competitor to <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgovi%C8%99te" title="Târgoviște">Târgoviște</a> under <a href="/wiki/Radu_Mihnea" title="Radu Mihnea">Radu Mihnea</a> in the early 1620s.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Matei_Basarab" title="Matei Basarab">Matei Basarab</a>, who divided his rule between Târgoviște and Bucharest, restored the decaying court buildings (1640).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bucharest was again ravaged, after only 15 years, by the 1655 rebellion of <i><a href="/wiki/Seimeni" title="Seimeni">seimeni</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenaries</a> against the rule of <a href="/wiki/Constantin_%C8%98erban" title="Constantin Șerban">Constantin Șerban</a> – the rebel troops arrested and executed a number of high-ranking <a href="/wiki/Boyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Boyars">boyars</a>, before being crushed by <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvanian</a> troops in June 1655.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantin Șerban added important buildings to the landscape, but he was also responsible for a destructive fire which was meant to prevent <a href="/wiki/Mihnea_III" title="Mihnea III">Mihnea III</a> and his Ottoman allies from taking hold of an intact citadel.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the traveler <a href="/wiki/Evliya_%C3%87elebi" title="Evliya Çelebi">Evliya Çelebi</a>, the city was rebuilt as rapidly as it was destroyed: "houses of stone or brick [...] are few and unfortunate, given that their <i><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">gavur</a></i> masters rebel once every seven-eight years, and the Turks and [their allies] the <a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Tatars</a> consequently set fire to the city; but the inhabitants, in the space of the same year, restore their small one-storeyed, but sturdy, houses".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bucharest was touched by <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">bubonic plague</a> in the early 1660s (the plague returned in 1675).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_1600s">Late 1600s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bucharest&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Late 1600s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A2ncovenesc_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Brâncovenesc style">Brâncovenesc style</a></div> <p>Between <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Ghica" class="mw-redirect" title="Gheorghe Ghica">Gheorghe Ghica</a>'s rule (1659–1660) and the end of <a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Cantacuzino" title="Ștefan Cantacuzino">Ștefan Cantacuzino</a>'s (1715/1716), Bucharest saw a period of relative peace and prosperity (despite the prolonged rivalry between the <a href="/wiki/Cantacuzino_family" title="Cantacuzino family">Cantacuzino</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C4%83leanu_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Băleanu family (page does not exist)">Băleni</a> families, followed by worsened relations between the former and the <a href="/wiki/Craiove%C8%99ti" title="Craiovești">Craiovești</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The climactic moment was reached under <a href="/wiki/%C8%98erban_Cantacuzino" title="Șerban Cantacuzino">Șerban Cantacuzino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncoveanu" title="Constantin Brâncoveanu">Constantin Brâncoveanu</a>, when the city embraced the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> under the original form known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A2ncovenesc_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Brâncovenesc style">Brâncovenesc style</a></i> and was expanded (growing to include the area of <a href="/wiki/Cotroceni" title="Cotroceni">Cotroceni</a>), furnished with <a href="/wiki/Public_house#Inns" class="mw-redirect" title="Public house">inns</a> maintained by princes, and given its first educational facilities (the princely <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sava_College" title="Saint Sava College">Saint Sava College</a>, 1694). Brâncoveanu developed <a href="/wiki/Curtea_Veche" title="Curtea Veche">Curtea Veche</a> (which probably accommodated the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sfatul_boieresc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sfatul boieresc (page does not exist)">boyar council</a> in its new version), and added two other <a href="/wiki/Palace" title="Palace">palaces</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Mogo%C8%99oaia_Palace" title="Mogoșoaia Palace">Mogoșoaia Palace</a>, built in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> style and noted for its <i><a href="/wiki/Loggia" title="Loggia">loggia</a></i>; this was also the time when the future <a href="/wiki/Calea_Victoriei" title="Calea Victoriei">Calea Victoriei</a> was carved out through <a href="/wiki/Codrii_Vl%C4%83siei" title="Codrii Vlăsiei">Codrii Vlăsiei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phanariote_era">Phanariote era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bucharest&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Phanariote era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Phanariotes">Early Phanariotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bucharest&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Early Phanariotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1716, following the anti-Ottoman rebellion of Ștefan Cantacuzino in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a>, Wallachia was placed under the more compliant rules of <a href="/wiki/Phanariotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariotes">Phanariotes</a>, inaugurated by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mavrocordatos" title="Nicholas Mavrocordatos">Nicholas Mavrocordatos</a> (who had previously reigned over <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>). These decisively marked Bucharest's development in several ways<span class="nowrap"> </span>– the city was the unrivalled capital, being favoured by the decrease in importance of <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">manorialism</a> and rural centers, cumulated with the progress witnessed by the <a href="/wiki/Monetary_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetary economy">monetary economy</a> (during the period, <a href="/wiki/Boyar" title="Boyar">boyar</a> status began revolving around appointment to administrative offices, and most of the latter were centered on the princely residence, including, after 1761, the <a href="/wiki/Ban_(title)" title="Ban (title)">banat</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oltenia" title="Oltenia">Oltenia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prince Nicholas' rule coincided with a series of calamities<span class="nowrap"> </span>– a major fire, the first <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg</a> occupation (in 1716) during the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Turkish_War_(1716%E2%80%931718)" title="Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718)">Austro-Turkish War of 1716–1718</a>, and another plague epidemic<span class="nowrap"> </span>– but witnessed major cultural achievements inspired by <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">The Enlightenment</a>, such as the creation of a short-lived princely <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">library</a> (maintained by <a href="/wiki/Stephan_Bergler" title="Stephan Bergler">Stephan Bergler</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Grigore_II_Ghica" title="Grigore II Ghica">Grigore II Ghica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Mavrocordatos" title="Constantine Mavrocordatos">Constantine Mavrocordatos</a> maintained the commercial infrastructure, and the city became the site of a large market (probably in the <a href="/wiki/Lipscani" title="Lipscani">Lipscani</a> area) and <a href="/wiki/Customs_(tax)" class="mw-redirect" title="Customs (tax)">customs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1737, during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)">Austro-Turkish War of 1737–39</a>, the city was again attacked by Habsburg troops and ransacked by the <a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a>, before suffering another major plague outbreak (followed by new outbursts in the 1750s), accompanied by a relative economic decline brought about by the competition between <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantine</a> and locals for official appointments.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russo-Turkish_Wars">Russo-Turkish Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bucharest&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Russo-Turkish Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russo-Turkish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Russo-Turkish wars">History of the Russo-Turkish wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mavrogheni_trasura_cerbi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Mavrogheni_trasura_cerbi.jpg/200px-Mavrogheni_trasura_cerbi.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Mavrogheni_trasura_cerbi.jpg/300px-Mavrogheni_trasura_cerbi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Mavrogheni_trasura_cerbi.jpg/400px-Mavrogheni_trasura_cerbi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mavrogenes" title="Nicholas Mavrogenes">Nicholas Mavrogenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phanariote" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariote">Phanariote</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Wallachia">Prince</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>, riding through <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> in a deer−drawn carriage (late 1780s)</figcaption></figure> <p>Bucharest was twice occupied by <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Imperial Russian</a> troops during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)">War of 1768–74</a> (initially aided by <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A2rvu_Cantacuzino" title="Pârvu Cantacuzino">Pârvu Cantacuzino</a>'s anti-Ottoman boyar rebellion, and then stormed by the troops of <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Repnin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Repnin">Nicholas Repnin</a>); the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Kaynarca" title="Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca">Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca</a> was partly negotiated in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ypsilantis_(1725%E2%80%931805)" title="Alexander Ypsilantis (1725–1805)">Alexander Ypsilantis</a>, large-scale works to provide the city with fresh water were carried out, and <a href="/wiki/Curtea_Veche" title="Curtea Veche">Curtea Veche</a>, destroyed by the previous conflicts, was replaced by a new residence in <a href="/wiki/Dealul_Spirii" title="Dealul Spirii">Dealul Spirii</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Curtea_Nou%C4%83" title="Curtea Nouă">Curtea Nouă</a></i>, 1776); his legacy was carried out by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mavrogenes" title="Nicholas Mavrogenes">Nicholas Mavrogenes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%9392)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–92)">Russo-Turkish–Austrian War</a> erupted in 1787, and Mavrogenes retreated in front of a new Habsburg invasion, led by <a href="/wiki/Prince_Josias_of_Coburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Josias of Coburg">Prince Josias of Coburg</a> (1789).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite other epidemics, coupled with the immense taxes imposed by <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Hangerli" title="Constantine Hangerli">Constantine Hangerli</a>, and the major earthquake of October 14, 1802 (followed by ones in 1804 and 1812), the city's population continued to increase.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%9312)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–12)">Russo-Turkish War of 1806–12</a>, Russian troops under <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Andreyevich_Miloradovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhail Andreyevich Miloradovich">Mikhail Andreyevich Miloradovich</a> entered the city to reinstate <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Ypsilantis" title="Constantine Ypsilantis">Constantine Ypsilantis</a> in late December 1806;<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was under the latter's rule that <a href="/wiki/Manuc%27s_Inn" title="Manuc's Inn">Manuc's Inn</a> had been built by <a href="/wiki/Manuc_Bei" title="Manuc Bei">Emanuel Mârzaian</a>. </p><p>After the peace signed in Bucharest, the rule of <a href="/wiki/John_Caradja" title="John Caradja">John Caradja</a> brought a series of important cultural and social events (the reformist <i>Caragea law</i>, the first <a href="/wiki/Hot_air_balloon" title="Hot air balloon">hot air balloon</a> ride in the country, the first theater play, the first cloth manufacture, and the first private <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Laz%C4%83r" title="Gheorghe Lazăr">Gheorghe Lazăr</a>'s educational activities), but also witnessed the devastating <i><a href="/wiki/Caragea%27s_plague" title="Caragea's plague">Caragea's plague</a></i> in 1813–1814 – which made between 25,000 and 40,000 casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sources of the time indicate that the city alternated dense agglomerations with large privately owned gardens and <a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">orchards</a>, a pattern which made impossible the task of calculating its actual area.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> and the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Wallachian_uprising_(1821)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallachian uprising (1821)">Wallachian uprising</a> brought Bucharest under the brief rule of the <a href="/wiki/Wallachian_uprising_of_1821" title="Wallachian uprising of 1821">pandur</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Tudor_Vladimirescu" title="Tudor Vladimirescu">Tudor Vladimirescu</a> (March 21, 1821), and was then occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Filiki_Eteria" title="Filiki Eteria">Filiki Eteria</a> forces of Major General <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ypsilantis" title="Alexander Ypsilantis">Alexander Ypsilantis</a> – before seeing the violent Ottoman reprisals (ending in a massacre during August, one which made over 800 victims).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kiselyov_and_Alexandru_II_Ghica">Kiselyov and Alexandru II Ghica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bucharest&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Kiselyov and Alexandru II Ghica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Regulamentul_Organic" title="Regulamentul Organic">Regulamentul Organic</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanul_lui_Manuc,_1841.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hanul_lui_Manuc%2C_1841.jpg/200px-Hanul_lui_Manuc%2C_1841.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hanul_lui_Manuc%2C_1841.jpg/300px-Hanul_lui_Manuc%2C_1841.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hanul_lui_Manuc%2C_1841.jpg/400px-Hanul_lui_Manuc%2C_1841.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3083" data-file-height="2004" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manuc%27s_Inn" title="Manuc's Inn">Manuc's Inn</a> in 1841</figcaption></figure> <p>The following non-Phanariote reign of <a href="/wiki/Grigore_IV_Ghica" title="Grigore IV Ghica">Grigore IV Ghica</a>, acclaimed by the Bucharesters upon its establishment, saw the building of a <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassical</a> princely residence in <a href="/wiki/Colentina,_Bucharest" title="Colentina, Bucharest">Colentina</a>, the expulsion of foreign <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergymen</a> who had competed with Wallachians for religious offices, and the restoration of bridges over the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A2mbovi%C8%9Ba_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Dâmbovița River">Dâmbovița River</a>, but also high taxes and a number of fires.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ghica was removed from his position by the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%9329)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–29)">Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829</a> and the Russian occupation of May 16, 1828; subsequently, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Adrianople_(1829)" title="Treaty of Adrianople (1829)">peace of Adrianople</a> placed the whole of the <a href="/wiki/Danubian_Principalities" title="Danubian Principalities">Danubian Principalities</a>' territory under military governorate (still under the <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>), pending the payment of <a href="/wiki/War_reparations" title="War reparations">war reparations</a> by the Ottomans.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bucuresti_punte_1837.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bucuresti_punte_1837.jpg/200px-Bucuresti_punte_1837.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bucuresti_punte_1837.jpg/300px-Bucuresti_punte_1837.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bucuresti_punte_1837.jpg/400px-Bucuresti_punte_1837.jpg 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>A bridge in Bucharest with <a href="/wiki/Spirii_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirii Hill">Spirii Hill</a> in the background, 1837</figcaption></figure> <p>After the short governorship of <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Zheltukhin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyotr Zheltukhin">Pyotr Zheltukhin</a> came the prolonged and profoundly influential term of <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Kiselyov" title="Pavel Kiselyov">Pavel Kiselyov</a> (November 24, 1829 – 1843), under whom the two Principalities were given their first document resembling a <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Regulamentul_Organic" title="Regulamentul Organic">Regulamentul Organic</a></i> (negotiated in Wallachia's capital). Residing in Bucharest, Kiselyov took particular care of the city: he acted against the plague and <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> epidemics of 1829 and 1831, instituted a "city beautifying commission" comprising physicians and architects, paved many central streets with <a href="/wiki/Cobblestone" title="Cobblestone">cobblestone</a> (instead of wooden planks), drained the swamps formed around the Dâmboviţa and built public fountains, settled the previously fluctuating borders of the city (it now measured ca.19 km in <a href="/wiki/Perimeter" title="Perimeter">perimeter</a> and was guarded by <a href="/wiki/Patrol" title="Patrol">patrols</a> and barriers), carved out <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calea_Doroban%C8%9Bilor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calea Dorobanților (page does not exist)">Calea Dorobanților</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C8%98oseaua_Kiseleff" title="Șoseaua Kiseleff">Șoseaua Kiseleff</a> (major north–south routes), mapped the city and counted its population, gave Bucharest a <a href="/wiki/Garrison" title="Garrison">garrison</a> for the newly created <a href="/wiki/Wallachian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallachian Army">Wallachian Army</a> and improved its <a href="/wiki/Fire_fighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire fighting">fire fighting</a> service;<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the changing city was described as unusually cosmopolitan and home to extreme contrasts by French visitor <a href="/wiki/Marc_Girardin" title="Marc Girardin">Marc Girardin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The granting of commercial rights to the Principalities and the retaking of <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%83ila" title="Brăila">Brăila</a> by Wallachia ensured an economic rebirth under the rule of Prince <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_II_Ghica" title="Alexandru II Ghica">Alexandru II Ghica</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who expanded the number of paved streets and added the new Princely Palace (later replaced by the much larger <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Art_of_Romania" title="National Museum of Art of Romania">Royal Palace</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was also the time the first opposition to Russian rule made itself felt, as the standoff in the Bucharest <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sfatul_boieresc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sfatul boieresc (page does not exist)">Assembly</a> between Prince Ghica and the <a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radical</a> <a href="/wiki/Ion_C%C3%A2mpineanu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion Câmpineanu">Ion Câmpineanu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was affected by a minor earthquake in January 1838, and a major flood in March 1839.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1840s_and_1850s">1840s and 1850s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bucharest&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1840s and 1850s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1848_Wallachian_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1848 Wallachian revolution">1848 Wallachian revolution</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Fire_of_Bucharest,_1847.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Great_Fire_of_Bucharest%2C_1847.jpg/200px-Great_Fire_of_Bucharest%2C_1847.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Great_Fire_of_Bucharest%2C_1847.jpg/300px-Great_Fire_of_Bucharest%2C_1847.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Great_Fire_of_Bucharest%2C_1847.jpg/400px-Great_Fire_of_Bucharest%2C_1847.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Bucharest" title="Great Fire of Bucharest">Great Fire of 1847</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batalia_Pompierilor_Dealul_Spirei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Batalia_Pompierilor_Dealul_Spirei.jpg/200px-Batalia_Pompierilor_Dealul_Spirei.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Batalia_Pompierilor_Dealul_Spirei.jpg/300px-Batalia_Pompierilor_Dealul_Spirei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Batalia_Pompierilor_Dealul_Spirei.jpg/400px-Batalia_Pompierilor_Dealul_Spirei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>Firemen defending Spirii Hill in 1848</figcaption></figure> <p>The new prince <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Bibescu" title="Gheorghe Bibescu">Gheorghe Bibescu</a> completed a <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_network" title="Water supply network">water supply network</a> and works on public gardens, began constructing the <a href="/wiki/National_Theater_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="National Theater of Romania">National Theater of Romania</a> building (1846; finished in 1852) and improved the <i><a href="/wiki/Highways" class="mw-redirect" title="Highways">chaussées</a></i> linking Bucharest with other Wallachian centers.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 23, 1847, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Bucharest" title="Great Fire of Bucharest">Great Fire of Bucharest</a> consumed around 2,000 buildings (about a third of the city).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pressured by the <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Romania">revolutionary liberals</a> who had issued the <i><a href="/wiki/Islaz_Proclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Islaz Proclamation">Islaz Proclamation</a></i> attacking the <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a> and increasingly abusive system of the <i>Organic Statute</i>, attacked in the street by a group of young men, and faced with the opposition of the Army, Prince Bibescu accepted cohabitation with a Provisional Government taking inspiration from the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">European Revolutions</a> on June 12, 1848, and, just a day later, renounced the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new executive, backed by popular shows of support on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filaret_Station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filaret Station (page does not exist)">Filaret field</a> which reunited the Bucharest <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a> with peasants from the surrounding area (June 27, August 25), passed a series of radical reformist laws that drew the animosity of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Russian rulers">Tsar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a>, who pressured the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Porte" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Porte">Porte</a> to crush the Wallachian movement; the proposed <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a> also led a group of boyars, headed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioan_Solomon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ioan Solomon (page does not exist)">Ioan Solomon</a>, to attack and arrest the government on July 1 – the effects of this gesture were cancelled on the same day by the inhabitants' reaction and the <a href="/wiki/Ana_Ip%C4%83tescu" title="Ana Ipătescu">Ana Ipătescu</a>-led attack on the building occupied by <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (political)">conspirators</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spiridon.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Spiridon.JPG/200px-Spiridon.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Spiridon.JPG/300px-Spiridon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Spiridon.JPG/400px-Spiridon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="782" data-file-height="1075" /></a><figcaption>Saint Spiridon Church</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Dynasty">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClmecid_I" title="Abdülmecid I">Abdülmecid I</a>, sympathetic to the anti-Russian scope of the revolt, pressured the revolutionaries to accept a relatively minor change in the executive structure – the Provisional Government ceded position to a more moderate <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regency</a> (<i>Locotenența Domnească</i>), which was, nevertheless, not recognized by Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The potential threat of a war between the two powers led Abdülmecid to revise his position and send <a href="/wiki/Ke%C3%A7ecizade_Mehmet_Fuat_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Keçecizade Mehmet Fuat Pasha">Fuat Pasha</a> as his observer in Bucharest; at the same time, the city witnessed panic over the threat of a Russian invasion, and the briefly successful <i><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a></i> carried out by Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Neofit_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Neofit II">Neofit II</a> against the Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 18, revolutionary crowds swept into the Interior Ministry, destroyed the lists of assigned <a href="/wiki/Historical_Romanian_ranks_and_titles" title="Historical Romanian ranks and titles">boyar ranks and privileges</a>, and forced Neofit to cast an <a href="/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">anathema</a> over the <i>Organic Statute</i>: such measures made Fuat Pasha lead Ottoman troops into Bucharest, a move which only met resistance from a group of firemen stationed on <a href="/wiki/Dealul_Spirii" title="Dealul Spirii">Dealul Spirii</a> (who engaged in a shootout after an incident which they perceived as provocation).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bucharest remained under foreign occupation until late April 1851, and was again held by the Russian troops of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Dmitrievich_Gorchakov" title="Mikhail Dmitrievich Gorchakov">Mikhail Dmitrievich Gorchakov</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> (between July 15, 1853 and July 31, 1854), being ceded to an interim <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a> administration which lasted until the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1856)" title="Treaty of Paris (1856)">1856 Treaty of Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three successive foreign administrations brought several improvements to the city (the <a href="/wiki/Bellu_cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellu cemetery">Bellu cemetery</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ci%C8%99migiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Cișmigiu">Cișmigiu</a> gardens, the <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oil_lamp" title="Oil lamp">oil lamp</a> <a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">lighting</a>, the creation of new schools and academies, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%98tirbei_Palace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Știrbei Palace (page does not exist)">Știrbei Palace</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatul_%C8%98tirbei_din_Bucure%C8%99ti" class="extiw" title="ro:Palatul Știrbei din București">ro</a>]</span> of Prince <a href="/wiki/Barbu_Dimitrie_%C8%98tirbei" title="Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei">Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei</a>, and the comprehensive city map drawn by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Artur_Borroczyn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Artur Borroczyn (page does not exist)">Rudolf Artur Borroczyn</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capital_of_the_United_Principalities">Capital of the United Principalities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bucharest&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Capital of the United Principalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aquarelle,_Turnul_Col%C5%A3ei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Aquarelle%2C_Turnul_Col%C5%A3ei.jpg/200px-Aquarelle%2C_Turnul_Col%C5%A3ei.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Aquarelle%2C_Turnul_Col%C5%A3ei.jpg/300px-Aquarelle%2C_Turnul_Col%C5%A3ei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Aquarelle%2C_Turnul_Col%C5%A3ei.jpg/400px-Aquarelle%2C_Turnul_Col%C5%A3ei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2707" data-file-height="1786" /></a><figcaption>Watercolour panorama of the city, as seen from <a href="/wiki/Turnul_Col%C8%9Bei" title="Turnul Colței">Turnul Colței</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Preziosi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadeo Preziosi">Amadeo Preziosi</a> (1868)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Paris treaty called for the creation of <a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc_Divan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad hoc Divan">ad hoc Divans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> and Wallachia, the first venue for the advocacy of a union between the two countries. Bucharest returned only delegates from the unionist <i><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Romania)" title="National Party (Romania)">Partida Naţionala</a></i> to the new forums, but the overall majority in Wallachia was constituted of anti-unionists conservatives; on January 22, 1859, <i>Partida Națională</i> members decided to vote for the Moldavian candidate for Prince, colonel <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Ioan_Cuza" title="Alexandru Ioan Cuza">Alexandru Ioan Cuza</a>, who had already been elected in <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a> – their vote was carried on January 24, after street pressure forced the other delegates to change their vote, leading to the eventual creation of the <a href="/wiki/United_Principalities_of_Wallachia_and_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="United Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia">United Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia</a>, a state with Bucharest as its capital and seat of its <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Romania" title="Parliament of Romania">Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuza, who ruled as <i><a href="/wiki/Domnitor" title="Domnitor">Domnitor</a></i>, paved the Bucharest streets with a better class of <a href="/wiki/Cobblestone" title="Cobblestone">cobblestone</a>, established <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">gymnasia</a> and several academic societies (including the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bucharest" title="University of Bucharest">University of Bucharest</a>), and ordered the <a href="/wiki/C%C4%83ile_Ferate_Rom%C3%A2ne" title="Căile Ferate Române">building of a railway</a> between the capital and the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> port of <a href="/wiki/Giurgiu" title="Giurgiu">Giurgiu</a> together with several <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgical plants</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ilfov_County" title="Ilfov County">Ilfov County</a> area; during his day, brick and stone lodgings became the norm.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 22, 1866, the city witnessed the coup against <i>Domnitor</i> Cuza, carried out by a coalition of <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania,_1875)" title="National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)">Liberals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Romania,_1880%E2%80%931918)" title="Conservative Party (Romania, 1880–1918)">Conservatives</a> disenchanted with the attempted <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a> and the increasingly <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> regime – they occupied the ruler's residence and arrested Cuza and his mistress <a href="/wiki/Marija_Obrenovi%C4%87" title="Marija Obrenović">Marija Obrenović</a>, instating a Regency.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largely <a href="/wiki/Francophile" title="Francophile">Francophile</a> population of Bucharest came close to causing the fall of <a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">Carol I</a>, Cuza's successor, during the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>, after a clash with the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a> residents of Bucharest in March 1871 – it was averted by the nomination of the Conservative <a href="/wiki/Lasc%C4%83r_Catargiu" title="Lascăr Catargiu">Lascăr Catargiu</a> as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Prime Minister</a>. The welcoming of Russian intervention by Bucharesters at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War,_1877%E2%80%931878" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878">Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878</a> contributed to the Ottoman decision to bombard the left bank of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, as Romania's independence was being proclaimed by Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capital_of_the_Romanian_Kingdom">Capital of the Romanian Kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bucharest&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Capital of the Romanian Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belle_Époque_(1877–1916)"><span id="Belle_.C3.89poque_.281877.E2.80.931916.29"></span>Belle Époque (1877–1916)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bucharest&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Belle Époque (1877–1916)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 261.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 259.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiosk_in_the_Ci%C8%99migiu_Gardens._Between_years_1880s_and_1900s,_the_societies_of_women_and_not_only_had_the_habit_of_erecting_kiosks_in_the_Ci%C8%99migiu_Gardens,_where_raffles_and_exhibitions_were_organised.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kiosk in the Cișmigiu Park. Between years 1880s and 1900s, the societies of women and not only had the habit of erecting kiosks in the Cișmigiu Park, where raffles and exhibitions were organised"><img alt="Kiosk in the Cișmigiu Park. Between years 1880s and 1900s, the societies of women and not only had the habit of erecting kiosks in the Cișmigiu Park, where raffles and exhibitions were organised" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Kiosk_in_the_Ci%C8%99migiu_Gardens._Between_years_1880s_and_1900s%2C_the_societies_of_women_and_not_only_had_the_habit_of_erecting_kiosks_in_the_Ci%C8%99migiu_Gardens%2C_where_raffles_and_exhibitions_were_organised.jpg/389px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Kiosk_in_the_Ci%C8%99migiu_Gardens._Between_years_1880s_and_1900s%2C_the_societies_of_women_and_not_only_had_the_habit_of_erecting_kiosks_in_the_Ci%C8%99migiu_Gardens%2C_where_raffles_and_exhibitions_were_organised.jpg/585px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Kiosk_in_the_Ci%C8%99migiu_Gardens._Between_years_1880s_and_1900s%2C_the_societies_of_women_and_not_only_had_the_habit_of_erecting_kiosks_in_the_Ci%C8%99migiu_Gardens%2C_where_raffles_and_exhibitions_were_organised.jpg/778px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3770" data-file-height="2471" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kiosk" title="Kiosk">Kiosk</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ci%C8%99migiu_Gardens" title="Cișmigiu Gardens">Cișmigiu Park</a>. Between years 1880s and 1900s, the societies of women and not only had the habit of erecting kiosks in the Cișmigiu Park, where raffles and exhibitions were organised</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ateneo_Rumano,_Bucarest,_Ruman%C3%ADa,_2016-05-29,_DD_73.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Romanian Athenaeum on Victory Avenue by Paul Louis Albert Galeron (1886-1888)"><img alt="The Romanian Athenaeum on Victory Avenue by Paul Louis Albert Galeron (1886-1888)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ateneo_Rumano%2C_Bucarest%2C_Ruman%C3%ADa%2C_2016-05-29%2C_DD_73.jpg/339px-Ateneo_Rumano%2C_Bucarest%2C_Ruman%C3%ADa%2C_2016-05-29%2C_DD_73.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ateneo_Rumano%2C_Bucarest%2C_Ruman%C3%ADa%2C_2016-05-29%2C_DD_73.jpg/509px-Ateneo_Rumano%2C_Bucarest%2C_Ruman%C3%ADa%2C_2016-05-29%2C_DD_73.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ateneo_Rumano%2C_Bucarest%2C_Ruman%C3%ADa%2C_2016-05-29%2C_DD_73.jpg/678px-Ateneo_Rumano%2C_Bucarest%2C_Ruman%C3%ADa%2C_2016-05-29%2C_DD_73.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6592" data-file-height="4963" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Athenaeum" title="Romanian Athenaeum">Romanian Athenaeum</a> on <a href="/wiki/Victory_Avenue" title="Victory Avenue">Victory Avenue</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Louis_Albert_Galeron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Louis Albert Galeron (page does not exist)">Paul Louis Albert Galeron</a> (1886-1888)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 208px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 206px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Museum_of_Ages.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Filipescu-Cesianu House on Victory Avenue, now the Museum of Ages (late 19th century)"><img alt="The Filipescu-Cesianu House on Victory Avenue, now the Museum of Ages (late 19th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_Museum_of_Ages.jpg/309px-The_Museum_of_Ages.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_Museum_of_Ages.jpg/464px-The_Museum_of_Ages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_Museum_of_Ages.jpg/618px-The_Museum_of_Ages.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3748" data-file-height="3092" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Filipescu-Cesianu House on Victory Avenue, now the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum_of_Ages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Museum of Ages (page does not exist)">Museum of Ages</a> (late 19th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:9,_Strada_Mitropolit_Nifon,_Bucharest_(Romania).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Middle-class family house with garden and two windows facing the street on Strada Mitropolit Nifon (1897)"><img alt="Middle-class family house with garden and two windows facing the street on Strada Mitropolit Nifon (1897)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/9%2C_Strada_Mitropolit_Nifon%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg/277px-9%2C_Strada_Mitropolit_Nifon%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/9%2C_Strada_Mitropolit_Nifon%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg/416px-9%2C_Strada_Mitropolit_Nifon%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/9%2C_Strada_Mitropolit_Nifon%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg/554px-9%2C_Strada_Mitropolit_Nifon%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3357" data-file-height="3088" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Middle-class family house with garden and two windows facing the street on Strada Mitropolit Nifon (1897)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:28,_Strada_General_Constantin_Budi%C8%99teanu,_Bucharest_(Romania).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bourgeois house with garden on Strada General Constantin Budișteanu (1897)"><img alt="Bourgeois house with garden on Strada General Constantin Budișteanu (1897)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/28%2C_Strada_General_Constantin_Budi%C8%99teanu%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg/307px-28%2C_Strada_General_Constantin_Budi%C8%99teanu%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/28%2C_Strada_General_Constantin_Budi%C8%99teanu%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg/462px-28%2C_Strada_General_Constantin_Budi%C8%99teanu%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/28%2C_Strada_General_Constantin_Budi%C8%99teanu%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg/615px-28%2C_Strada_General_Constantin_Budi%C8%99teanu%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3228" data-file-height="2679" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bourgeois house with garden on Strada General Constantin Budișteanu (1897)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 297.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 295.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_CEC,_Bucarest,_Ruman%C3%ADa,_2016-05-29,_DD_91-93_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The CEC Palace on Victory Avenue by Paul Gottereau (1897-1900)"><img alt="The CEC Palace on Victory Avenue by Paul Gottereau (1897-1900)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Palacio_CEC%2C_Bucarest%2C_Ruman%C3%ADa%2C_2016-05-29%2C_DD_91-93_HDR.jpg/443px-Palacio_CEC%2C_Bucarest%2C_Ruman%C3%ADa%2C_2016-05-29%2C_DD_91-93_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="296" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Palacio_CEC%2C_Bucarest%2C_Ruman%C3%ADa%2C_2016-05-29%2C_DD_91-93_HDR.jpg/665px-Palacio_CEC%2C_Bucarest%2C_Ruman%C3%ADa%2C_2016-05-29%2C_DD_91-93_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Palacio_CEC%2C_Bucarest%2C_Ruman%C3%ADa%2C_2016-05-29%2C_DD_91-93_HDR.jpg/885px-Palacio_CEC%2C_Bucarest%2C_Ruman%C3%ADa%2C_2016-05-29%2C_DD_91-93_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7007" data-file-height="4038" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/CEC_Palace" title="CEC Palace">CEC Palace</a> on Victory Avenue by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gottereau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Gottereau (page does not exist)">Paul Gottereau</a> (1897-1900)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 266.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 264.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Postal_card_of_the_Lipscani_Street_around_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Postal card of the Lipscani Street around 1900, with the National Bank of Romania on the right side"><img alt="Postal card of the Lipscani Street around 1900, with the National Bank of Romania on the right side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Postal_card_of_the_Lipscani_Street_around_1900.jpg/397px-Postal_card_of_the_Lipscani_Street_around_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Postal_card_of_the_Lipscani_Street_around_1900.jpg/596px-Postal_card_of_the_Lipscani_Street_around_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Postal_card_of_the_Lipscani_Street_around_1900.jpg/793px-Postal_card_of_the_Lipscani_Street_around_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3608" data-file-height="2320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Postal card of the <a href="/wiki/Lipscani" title="Lipscani">Lipscani Street</a> around 1900, with the <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Romania" title="National Bank of Romania">National Bank of Romania</a> on the right side</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 218.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_20th_century_interior_of_the_house_of_painter_Eugen_Voinescu_(1844-1909)_in_Bucharest.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Early 20th century interior of the house of painter Eugen Voinescu (1844-1909) in Bucharest"><img alt="Early 20th century interior of the house of painter Eugen Voinescu (1844-1909) in Bucharest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Early_20th_century_interior_of_the_house_of_painter_Eugen_Voinescu_%281844-1909%29_in_Bucharest.jpg/328px-Early_20th_century_interior_of_the_house_of_painter_Eugen_Voinescu_%281844-1909%29_in_Bucharest.jpg" decoding="async" width="219" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Early_20th_century_interior_of_the_house_of_painter_Eugen_Voinescu_%281844-1909%29_in_Bucharest.jpg/493px-Early_20th_century_interior_of_the_house_of_painter_Eugen_Voinescu_%281844-1909%29_in_Bucharest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Early_20th_century_interior_of_the_house_of_painter_Eugen_Voinescu_%281844-1909%29_in_Bucharest.jpg/656px-Early_20th_century_interior_of_the_house_of_painter_Eugen_Voinescu_%281844-1909%29_in_Bucharest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3529" data-file-height="2744" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Early 20th century interior of the house of painter <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Voinescu" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugen Voinescu">Eugen Voinescu</a> (1844-1909) in Bucharest</div> </li> </ul> <p>During the early years of Carol's rule,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bucharest was equipped with <a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">gas lighting</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filaret_Station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filaret Station (page does not exist)">Filaret Station</a> (1869) and <a href="/wiki/Gara_de_Nord" class="mw-redirect" title="Gara de Nord">Gara de Nord</a> (1872), a <a href="/wiki/Horsecar" title="Horsecar">horsecar</a> <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">tram</a> system, a <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a> system, several factories, <a href="/wiki/Boulevard" title="Boulevard">boulevards</a>, administrative buildings, as well as large private lodgings (including the <a href="/wiki/Cre%C8%9Bulescu_Palace" title="Crețulescu Palace">Crețulescu Palace</a>). The <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Romania" title="National Bank of Romania">National Bank of Romania</a> was opened in April 1880, as the first and most important in a series of new banking institutions </p><p>Beginning in 1871 the Academy Boulevard was integrated into a large east to west axis which included north-south Victory Road. The construction of this cross-axis in the last three decades of the nineteenth century and was a major task undertaken by <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Bucharest" title="Mayor of Bucharest">Mayor</a> Emanuel Protopopescu. His successor Filipescu continued in the construction of boulevards, one connected the new summer palace built by Carol I to the east–west axis. The second is <a href="/wiki/Lasc%C4%83r_Catargiu_Boulevard" class="mw-redirect" title="Lascăr Catargiu Boulevard">Lascăr Catargiu Boulevard</a>. </p><p>After the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a> in 1881, building works in the city accelerated. In 1883, floodings of the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A2mbovi%C8%9Ba_(river)" title="Dâmbovița (river)">Dâmbovița</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/1865_flooding_of_Bucharest" title="1865 flooding of Bucharest">1865 flooding of Bucharest</a>, endemic under Cuza, were stopped through the <a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">channelling</a> of the river (the change in course modified the neighbourhoods adjacent to the banks).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New buildings were added, including the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Athenaeum" title="Romanian Athenaeum">Romanian Athenaeum</a>, and the skyline increased in height – the <a href="/wiki/Athenee_Palace_Hilton_Bucharest_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenee Palace Hilton Bucharest Hotel">Athénée Palace</a>, the first one in the city to use <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">reinforced concrete</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had five stories. In 1885–1887, after Romania <a href="/wiki/Denunciation" title="Denunciation">denounced</a> its economic ties with <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, Bucharest's commercial and industrial development went unhindered: over 760 new enterprises were established in the city before 1912, and hundreds more by the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Limited use of electricity was introduced in 1882. </p><p>At the climax of the World War I <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Campaign_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Campaign (World War I)">Romanian Campaign</a> on December 6, 1916, Bucharest was placed under the military occupation of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> (while the government retreated to <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a>). Of the 215 million <a href="/wiki/Romanian_leu" title="Romanian leu">lei</a> demanded by the new administration in order to cover its expenses, 86 were owed by the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany_(Compi%C3%A8gne)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)">Compiègne Armistice</a>, German troops evacuated Bucharest, and a Romanian administration was reinstated in late November 1918. As the country was embarking on the course that led to the creation of a <i><a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a></i> (confirmed by the treaties of <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain">Saint-Germain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Neuilly">Neuilly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Trianon</a>), its capital witnessed a relatively expanded social crisis – on December 26, 1918, troops fired on <a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">compositors</a> engaged in a <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike</a>, who had been agitated by the newly created <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Romania" title="Socialist Party of Romania">Socialist Party of Romania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inter-war">Inter-war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bucharest&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Inter-war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 137.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 135.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolae_Ionescu_-_Victory_Avenue_in_1923,_Sunday_at_noon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Victory Avenue in 1923, on a sunday noon"><img alt="The Victory Avenue in 1923, on a sunday noon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Nicolae_Ionescu_-_Victory_Avenue_in_1923%2C_Sunday_at_noon.jpg/203px-Nicolae_Ionescu_-_Victory_Avenue_in_1923%2C_Sunday_at_noon.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Nicolae_Ionescu_-_Victory_Avenue_in_1923%2C_Sunday_at_noon.jpg/304px-Nicolae_Ionescu_-_Victory_Avenue_in_1923%2C_Sunday_at_noon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Nicolae_Ionescu_-_Victory_Avenue_in_1923%2C_Sunday_at_noon.jpg/406px-Nicolae_Ionescu_-_Victory_Avenue_in_1923%2C_Sunday_at_noon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="760" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Calea_Victoriei" title="Calea Victoriei">Victory Avenue</a> in 1923, on a sunday noon</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 174.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:4,_Strada_Doamnei,_Bucharest_(Romania)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Marmorosch Blank Bank Palace on Strada Doamnei by Petre Antonescu (1923)"><img alt="The Marmorosch Blank Bank Palace on Strada Doamnei by Petre Antonescu (1923)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/4%2C_Strada_Doamnei%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29_2.jpg/262px-4%2C_Strada_Doamnei%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/4%2C_Strada_Doamnei%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29_2.jpg/392px-4%2C_Strada_Doamnei%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/4%2C_Strada_Doamnei%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29_2.jpg/523px-4%2C_Strada_Doamnei%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3695" data-file-height="3813" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marmorosch_Blank_Bank_Palace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marmorosch Blank Bank Palace (page does not exist)">Marmorosch Blank Bank Palace</a> on Strada Doamnei by <a href="/wiki/Petre_Antonescu" title="Petre Antonescu">Petre Antonescu</a> (1923)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 241.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 239.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolae_Ionescu_-_Central_Market,_1926.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Unification Square in 1926, with the Unification Hall (destroyed in 1986 by the systematization), the Bălașa Lady Church and the Palace of Justice (both still there)"><img alt="The Unification Square in 1926, with the Unification Hall (destroyed in 1986 by the systematization), the Bălașa Lady Church and the Palace of Justice (both still there)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Nicolae_Ionescu_-_Central_Market%2C_1926.jpg/359px-Nicolae_Ionescu_-_Central_Market%2C_1926.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Nicolae_Ionescu_-_Central_Market%2C_1926.jpg/538px-Nicolae_Ionescu_-_Central_Market%2C_1926.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Nicolae_Ionescu_-_Central_Market%2C_1926.jpg/717px-Nicolae_Ionescu_-_Central_Market%2C_1926.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="753" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Pia%C8%9Ba_Unirii" title="Piața Unirii">Unification Square</a> in 1926, with the Unification Hall (destroyed in 1986 by the <a href="/wiki/Systematization_(Romania)" title="Systematization (Romania)">systematization</a>), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C4%83la%C8%99a_Lady_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bălașa Lady Church (page does not exist)">Bălașa Lady Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice,_Bucharest" title="Palace of Justice, Bucharest">Palace of Justice</a> (both still there)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1,_Bulevardul_Hristo_Botev,_Bucharest_(Romania).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Low Priced Dwellings Society Building in the C.A. Rosetti Square by Virginia Andreescu Haret (1926)"><img alt="The Low Priced Dwellings Society Building in the C.A. Rosetti Square by Virginia Andreescu Haret (1926)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/1%2C_Bulevardul_Hristo_Botev%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg/180px-1%2C_Bulevardul_Hristo_Botev%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/1%2C_Bulevardul_Hristo_Botev%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg/271px-1%2C_Bulevardul_Hristo_Botev%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/1%2C_Bulevardul_Hristo_Botev%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg/361px-1%2C_Bulevardul_Hristo_Botev%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="4091" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Low Priced Dwellings Society Building in the <a href="/wiki/Pia%C8%9Ba_Rosetti" title="Piața Rosetti">C.A. Rosetti Square</a> by <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Andreescu_Haret" title="Virginia Andreescu Haret">Virginia Andreescu Haret</a> (1926)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:31-33_Bulevardul_Carol_I,_Bucharest_(02).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The ASIROM Building on Bulevardul Carol I (1930s)"><img alt="The ASIROM Building on Bulevardul Carol I (1930s)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/31-33_Bulevardul_Carol_I%2C_Bucharest_%2802%29.jpg/179px-31-33_Bulevardul_Carol_I%2C_Bucharest_%2802%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/31-33_Bulevardul_Carol_I%2C_Bucharest_%2802%29.jpg/269px-31-33_Bulevardul_Carol_I%2C_Bucharest_%2802%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/31-33_Bulevardul_Carol_I%2C_Bucharest_%2802%29.jpg/358px-31-33_Bulevardul_Carol_I%2C_Bucharest_%2802%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2695" data-file-height="4062" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The ASIROM Building on Bulevardul Carol I (1930s)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 241.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 239.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:5-7,_Bulevardul_Gheorghe_Magheru,_Bucharest_(Romania).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Lido Hotel on Bulevardul Gheorghe Magheru by Ernest Doneaud (1930)"><img alt="The Lido Hotel on Bulevardul Gheorghe Magheru by Ernest Doneaud (1930)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/90/5-7%2C_Bulevardul_Gheorghe_Magheru%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg/359px-5-7%2C_Bulevardul_Gheorghe_Magheru%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/90/5-7%2C_Bulevardul_Gheorghe_Magheru%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg/538px-5-7%2C_Bulevardul_Gheorghe_Magheru%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/90/5-7%2C_Bulevardul_Gheorghe_Magheru%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg/717px-5-7%2C_Bulevardul_Gheorghe_Magheru%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3802" data-file-height="2863" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lido_Hotel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lido Hotel (page does not exist)">Lido Hotel</a> on Bulevardul Gheorghe Magheru by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Doneaud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest Doneaud (page does not exist)">Ernest Doneaud</a> (1930)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 244px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 242px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolae_Ionescu_-_The_Queen_Elisabeta_Avenue_in_1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bulevardul Regina Elisabeta in 1932"><img alt="Bulevardul Regina Elisabeta in 1932" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Nicolae_Ionescu_-_The_Queen_Elisabeta_Avenue_in_1932.jpg/363px-Nicolae_Ionescu_-_The_Queen_Elisabeta_Avenue_in_1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="242" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Nicolae_Ionescu_-_The_Queen_Elisabeta_Avenue_in_1932.jpg/545px-Nicolae_Ionescu_-_The_Queen_Elisabeta_Avenue_in_1932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Nicolae_Ionescu_-_The_Queen_Elisabeta_Avenue_in_1932.jpg/727px-Nicolae_Ionescu_-_The_Queen_Elisabeta_Avenue_in_1932.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="565" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulevardul_Regina_Elisabeta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulevardul Regina Elisabeta (page does not exist)">Bulevardul Regina Elisabeta</a> in 1932</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20140816_Bucure%C8%99ti_260.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Palace of the Society of Civil Servants on Strada Batiștei by Radu Culcer and Ion C. Roșu (1934)"><img alt="The Palace of the Society of Civil Servants on Strada Batiștei by Radu Culcer and Ion C. Roșu (1934)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/20140816_Bucure%C8%99ti_260.jpg/202px-20140816_Bucure%C8%99ti_260.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/20140816_Bucure%C8%99ti_260.jpg/304px-20140816_Bucure%C8%99ti_260.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/20140816_Bucure%C8%99ti_260.jpg/405px-20140816_Bucure%C8%99ti_260.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="3968" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_the_Society_of_Civil_Servants_(Bucharest)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palace of the Society of Civil Servants (Bucharest) (page does not exist)">Palace of the Society of Civil Servants</a> on Strada Batiștei by Radu Culcer and Ion C. Roșu (1934)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 263.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Romania-1125_-_National_Art_Museum_(7546247288).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Royal Palace of Bucharest in the Revolution Square on Victory Avenue by Paul Gottereau and Nicolae Nenciulescu (1937)"><img alt="The Royal Palace of Bucharest in the Revolution Square on Victory Avenue by Paul Gottereau and Nicolae Nenciulescu (1937)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Romania-1125_-_National_Art_Museum_%287546247288%29.jpg/395px-Romania-1125_-_National_Art_Museum_%287546247288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Romania-1125_-_National_Art_Museum_%287546247288%29.jpg/593px-Romania-1125_-_National_Art_Museum_%287546247288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Romania-1125_-_National_Art_Museum_%287546247288%29.jpg/791px-Romania-1125_-_National_Art_Museum_%287546247288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4385" data-file-height="2996" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Bucharest" title="Royal Palace of Bucharest">Royal Palace of Bucharest</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Revolution_Square,_Bucharest" title="Revolution Square, Bucharest">Revolution Square</a> on Victory Avenue by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gottereau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Gottereau (page does not exist)">Paul Gottereau</a> and Nicolae Nenciulescu (1937)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 142.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:22,_Calea_Victoriei,_Bucharest_(Romania).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Foreign Trade Bank on Victory Avenue by Radu Dudescu (1937-1938)"><img alt="The Foreign Trade Bank on Victory Avenue by Radu Dudescu (1937-1938)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/22%2C_Calea_Victoriei%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg/214px-22%2C_Calea_Victoriei%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/22%2C_Calea_Victoriei%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg/321px-22%2C_Calea_Victoriei%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/22%2C_Calea_Victoriei%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg/428px-22%2C_Calea_Victoriei%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2983" data-file-height="3760" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Foreign Trade Bank on Victory Avenue by Radu Dudescu (1937-1938)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bucuresti,_Romania,_Piata_Victoriei,_Palatul_Guvernului_Romaniei_(5);_B-II-m-A-19877.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Victoria Palace in Victory Square by Duiliu Marcu (1940)"><img alt="The Victoria Palace in Victory Square by Duiliu Marcu (1940)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6e/Bucuresti%2C_Romania%2C_Piata_Victoriei%2C_Palatul_Guvernului_Romaniei_%285%29%3B_B-II-m-A-19877.JPG/360px-Bucuresti%2C_Romania%2C_Piata_Victoriei%2C_Palatul_Guvernului_Romaniei_%285%29%3B_B-II-m-A-19877.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6e/Bucuresti%2C_Romania%2C_Piata_Victoriei%2C_Palatul_Guvernului_Romaniei_%285%29%3B_B-II-m-A-19877.JPG/540px-Bucuresti%2C_Romania%2C_Piata_Victoriei%2C_Palatul_Guvernului_Romaniei_%285%29%3B_B-II-m-A-19877.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6e/Bucuresti%2C_Romania%2C_Piata_Victoriei%2C_Palatul_Guvernului_Romaniei_%285%29%3B_B-II-m-A-19877.JPG/720px-Bucuresti%2C_Romania%2C_Piata_Victoriei%2C_Palatul_Guvernului_Romaniei_%285%29%3B_B-II-m-A-19877.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Palace" title="Victoria Palace">Victoria Palace</a> in Victory Square by <a href="/wiki/Duiliu_Marcu" title="Duiliu Marcu">Duiliu Marcu</a> (1940)</div> </li> </ul> <p>The elaborate architecture and the city's status as cosmopolitan cultural center won Bucharest the nickname of "Paris of the East" (or <i>Micul Paris</i> – "Little Paris"). Development continued during the 1930s – one of the most prosperous times in Romanian history: after 1928, the population increased by 30,000 inhabitants per year, the area reached 78 km<sup>2</sup> in 1939, and many new peripheral boroughs were added (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ap%C4%83r%C4%83torii_Patriei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apărătorii Patriei (page does not exist)">Apărătorii Patriei</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C4%83neasa" title="Băneasa">Băneasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C4%83m%C4%83roaia" title="Dămăroaia">Dămăroaia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floreasca" title="Floreasca">Floreasca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giule%C8%99ti" title="Giulești">Giulești</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Militari" title="Militari">Militari</a> village, and the first streets in the <a href="/wiki/Titan,_Bucharest" title="Titan, Bucharest">Balta Albă</a> area).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1929, the old tram system was replaced by a <a href="/wiki/Trolley_pole" title="Trolley pole">trolley</a>-based one.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A workers' riot erupted during the <a href="/wiki/Grivi%C8%9Ba_Strike_of_1933" class="mw-redirect" title="Grivița Strike of 1933">Grivița Strike of 1933</a>, ending in a violent clampdown. </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/King_of_Romania" title="King of Romania">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania" title="Carol II of Romania">Carol II</a>, the city skyline began changing, and numerous <a href="/wiki/Art_deco" class="mw-redirect" title="Art deco">art deco</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Romanian_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Romanian style">Neo-Romanian</a>-style buildings and monuments were added, including the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Art_of_Romania" title="National Museum of Art of Romania">new Royal Palace</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Academia_de_Studii_Militare_din_Bucure%C8%99ti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academia de Studii Militare din București (page does not exist)">Military Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arcul_de_Triumf" title="Arcul de Triumf">Arcul de Triumf</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bucharest_Faculty_of_Law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Bucharest Faculty of Law (page does not exist)">University of Bucharest Faculty of Law</a>, the new main wing of Gara de Nord, the <a href="/wiki/ANEF_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="ANEF Stadium">ANEF Stadium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Palace" title="Victoria Palace">Victoria Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palatul_Telefoanelor" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatul Telefoanelor">Palatul Telefoanelor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Gusti" title="Dimitrie Gusti">Dimitrie Gusti</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Village_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Village Museum">Village Museum</a>, and the present-day <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Romanian_Peasant" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of the Romanian Peasant">Museum of the Romanian Peasant</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> deep pits were dug to provide Bucharest with safer water, alongside the deviation of the southern course of the <a href="/wiki/Arge%C8%99_(river)" title="Argeș (river)">Argeș River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> of the northern lakes (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Colentina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Colentina (page does not exist)">Colentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Floreasca" title="Lake Floreasca">Floreasca</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_Michael_I_Park" title="King Michael I Park">Herăstrău</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tei,_Bucharest" title="Tei, Bucharest">Tei</a>), eventually leading to the creation of the present-day "necklace" of embanked ponds and surrounding parks.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1940s">1940s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bucharest&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1940s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-001,_Rum%C3%A4nien,_Kolonne_von_Soldaten_in_einer_Stadt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-001%2C_Rum%C3%A4nien%2C_Kolonne_von_Soldaten_in_einer_Stadt.jpg/200px-Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-001%2C_Rum%C3%A4nien%2C_Kolonne_von_Soldaten_in_einer_Stadt.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-001%2C_Rum%C3%A4nien%2C_Kolonne_von_Soldaten_in_einer_Stadt.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-001%2C_Rum%C3%A4nien%2C_Kolonne_von_Soldaten_in_einer_Stadt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-001%2C_Rum%C3%A4nien%2C_Kolonne_von_Soldaten_in_einer_Stadt.jpg/400px-Bundesarchiv_N_1603_Bild-001%2C_Rum%C3%A4nien%2C_Kolonne_von_Soldaten_in_einer_Stadt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>Romanian troops marching through Mihail Kogălniceanu Square in 1941</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lend-Lease_x_Universal_Carrier_x_Intrarea_Armatei_Sovietice_in_Bucuresti_-_Bulevardul_Carol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lend-Lease_x_Universal_Carrier_x_Intrarea_Armatei_Sovietice_in_Bucuresti_-_Bulevardul_Carol.jpg/220px-Lend-Lease_x_Universal_Carrier_x_Intrarea_Armatei_Sovietice_in_Bucuresti_-_Bulevardul_Carol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lend-Lease_x_Universal_Carrier_x_Intrarea_Armatei_Sovietice_in_Bucuresti_-_Bulevardul_Carol.jpg/330px-Lend-Lease_x_Universal_Carrier_x_Intrarea_Armatei_Sovietice_in_Bucuresti_-_Bulevardul_Carol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lend-Lease_x_Universal_Carrier_x_Intrarea_Armatei_Sovietice_in_Bucuresti_-_Bulevardul_Carol.jpg/440px-Lend-Lease_x_Universal_Carrier_x_Intrarea_Armatei_Sovietice_in_Bucuresti_-_Bulevardul_Carol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1261" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> in Bucharest near <a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">Carol I</a> Boulevard</figcaption></figure> <p>Bucharest witnessed the birth of three consecutive <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> regimes: after the one established by Carol II and his <a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Front" title="National Renaissance Front">National Renaissance Front</a>, the outbreak of World War II brought the <a href="/wiki/National_Legionary_State" title="National Legionary State">National Legionary State</a> and, after the bloody <a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_Rebellion_and_Bucharest_Pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionnaires' Rebellion and Bucharest Pogrom">Iron Guard Rebellion</a> of January 21–23 (which was accompanied by a major <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogrom</a> in the capital), the <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a> government. In the spring of 1944, it was the target of heavy <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">RAF</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">USAF</a> bombings (<i>see <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bucharest_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bucharest in World War II">Bombing of Bucharest in World War II</a></i>). The city was also the center of <a href="/wiki/King_of_Romania" title="King of Romania">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Romania" title="Michael I of Romania">Michael I</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Romania_during_World_War_II#The_royal_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Romania during World War II">August 23 coup</a>, which took the country out of the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis</a> and into the ranks of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>; consequently, it became the target of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> reprisals – on August 23–24, a large-scale bombing by the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> destroyed the <a href="/wiki/National_Theater_Bucharest" class="mw-redirect" title="National Theater Bucharest">National Theater</a> and damaged other buildings, while the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> engaged in street-fighting with the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Army">Romanian Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 31, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> entered Bucharest. </p><p>In February 1945, the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Romanian Communist Party</a> organized a protest in front of the Royal Palace, which witnessed violence and ended in the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_R%C4%83descu" title="Nicolae Rădescu">Nicolae Rădescu</a> cabinet and the coming to power of the Communist-backed <a href="/wiki/Petru_Groza" title="Petru Groza">Petru Groza</a>. On November 8, the King's Day, the new administration suppressed pro-Monarchy rallies – the onset of political repression throughout the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communist_era">Communist era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bucharest&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Communist era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 252px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_Presei_Libere,_Bucuresti,_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The House of the Free Press by Horia Maicu and Nicolae Bădescu (1952-1957)"><img alt="The House of the Free Press by Horia Maicu and Nicolae Bădescu (1952-1957)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/Casa_Presei_Libere%2C_Bucuresti%2C_2016.jpg/375px-Casa_Presei_Libere%2C_Bucuresti%2C_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/Casa_Presei_Libere%2C_Bucuresti%2C_2016.jpg/563px-Casa_Presei_Libere%2C_Bucuresti%2C_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/Casa_Presei_Libere%2C_Bucuresti%2C_2016.jpg/751px-Casa_Presei_Libere%2C_Bucuresti%2C_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3970" data-file-height="2857" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Free_Press" title="House of the Free Press">House of the Free Press</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Horia_Maicu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horia Maicu (page does not exist)">Horia Maicu</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_B%C4%83descu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolae Bădescu (page does not exist)">Nicolae Bădescu</a> (1952-1957)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SallaDallesBucuresti_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sala Palatului by Horia Maicu, Tiberiu Ricci, Ignace Șerban and Romeo Ștefan Belea (1959-1960)"><img alt="Sala Palatului by Horia Maicu, Tiberiu Ricci, Ignace Șerban and Romeo Ștefan Belea (1959-1960)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/SallaDallesBucuresti_%282%29.JPG/360px-SallaDallesBucuresti_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/SallaDallesBucuresti_%282%29.JPG/540px-SallaDallesBucuresti_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/SallaDallesBucuresti_%282%29.JPG/720px-SallaDallesBucuresti_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sala_Palatului" title="Sala Palatului">Sala Palatului</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Horia_Maicu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horia Maicu (page does not exist)">Horia Maicu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberiu_Ricci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiberiu Ricci (page does not exist)">Tiberiu Ricci</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ignace_%C8%98erban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ignace Șerban (page does not exist)">Ignace Șerban</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romeo_%C8%98tefan_Belea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romeo Ștefan Belea (page does not exist)">Romeo Ștefan Belea</a> (1959-1960)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulevardul_Constantin_Brancoveanu_(mai_2008)_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Socialist-era apartment blocks on Bulevardul Constantin Brancoveanu"><img alt="Socialist-era apartment blocks on Bulevardul Constantin Brancoveanu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bulevardul_Constantin_Brancoveanu_%28mai_2008%29_-_panoramio.jpg/360px-Bulevardul_Constantin_Brancoveanu_%28mai_2008%29_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bulevardul_Constantin_Brancoveanu_%28mai_2008%29_-_panoramio.jpg/540px-Bulevardul_Constantin_Brancoveanu_%28mai_2008%29_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bulevardul_Constantin_Brancoveanu_%28mai_2008%29_-_panoramio.jpg/720px-Bulevardul_Constantin_Brancoveanu_%28mai_2008%29_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Socialist-era apartment blocks on Bulevardul Constantin Brancoveanu</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blocuri_-_panoramio_-_eug.sim_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Socialist-era apartment blocks on Bulevardul Iuliu Maniu"><img alt="Socialist-era apartment blocks on Bulevardul Iuliu Maniu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Blocuri_-_panoramio_-_eug.sim_%281%29.jpg/360px-Blocuri_-_panoramio_-_eug.sim_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Blocuri_-_panoramio_-_eug.sim_%281%29.jpg/540px-Blocuri_-_panoramio_-_eug.sim_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Blocuri_-_panoramio_-_eug.sim_%281%29.jpg/720px-Blocuri_-_panoramio_-_eug.sim_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Socialist-era apartment blocks on Bulevardul Iuliu Maniu</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 390.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 388.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulevardul_Unirii.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apartment blocks on Unirii Boulevard (1980s)"><img alt="Apartment blocks on Unirii Boulevard (1980s)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bulevardul_Unirii.jpg/583px-Bulevardul_Unirii.jpg" decoding="async" width="389" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bulevardul_Unirii.jpg/874px-Bulevardul_Unirii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bulevardul_Unirii.jpg/1165px-Bulevardul_Unirii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="890" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Apartment blocks on <a href="/wiki/Bulevardul_Unirii" title="Bulevardul Unirii">Unirii Boulevard</a> (1980s)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 246.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 244.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceausescu_Palace_(43095103491).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Palace of Parliament by Anca Petrescu (1984-1997), the heaviest building in the world"><img alt="The Palace of Parliament by Anca Petrescu (1984-1997), the heaviest building in the world" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/49/Ceausescu_Palace_%2843095103491%29.jpg/367px-Ceausescu_Palace_%2843095103491%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/49/Ceausescu_Palace_%2843095103491%29.jpg/550px-Ceausescu_Palace_%2843095103491%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/49/Ceausescu_Palace_%2843095103491%29.jpg/733px-Ceausescu_Palace_%2843095103491%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5409" data-file-height="3984" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Parliament">Palace of Parliament</a> by <a href="/wiki/Anca_Petrescu" title="Anca Petrescu">Anca Petrescu</a> (1984-1997), the heaviest building in the world</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 292.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RSRdemolari.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Destruction of Belle Époque and interwar city-houses in 1987 during the systematization, in order to be replaced with prefabricated apartment blocks"><img alt="Destruction of Belle Époque and interwar city-houses in 1987 during the systematization, in order to be replaced with prefabricated apartment blocks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/RSRdemolari.jpg/436px-RSRdemolari.jpg" decoding="async" width="291" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/RSRdemolari.jpg/655px-RSRdemolari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/RSRdemolari.jpg/873px-RSRdemolari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Destruction of <a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a> and interwar city-houses in 1987 during the <a href="/wiki/Systematization_(Romania)" title="Systematization (Romania)">systematization</a>, in order to be replaced with prefabricated apartment blocks</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 108px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RSRpiata.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Obor Square in 1987, when most food was exported and what remained was given to the population"><img alt="The Obor Square in 1987, when most food was exported and what remained was given to the population" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/RSRpiata.jpg/162px-RSRpiata.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/RSRpiata.jpg/243px-RSRpiata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/RSRpiata.jpg/324px-RSRpiata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="1349" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Obor" title="Obor">Obor</a> Square in 1987, when most food was exported and what remained was given to the population</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Metro_obor_bucharest_ro.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Obor metro station (late 1980s)"><img alt="The Obor metro station (late 1980s)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Metro_obor_bucharest_ro.jpg/360px-Metro_obor_bucharest_ro.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Metro_obor_bucharest_ro.jpg/540px-Metro_obor_bucharest_ro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Metro_obor_bucharest_ro.jpg/720px-Metro_obor_bucharest_ro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Obor_metro_station" title="Obor metro station">Obor metro station</a> (late 1980s)</div> </li> </ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bucharest&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2011</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Communist regime</a> was firmly established after the proclamation of a <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic">People's Republic</a> on December 30, 1947. One of the major landscape interventions by early Communist leaders was the addition of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a> buildings, including the large <a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Free_Press" title="House of the Free Press">Casa Scînteii</a> (1956) and the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_National_Opera,_Bucharest" title="Romanian National Opera, Bucharest">National Opera</a>. As a tendency for the entire period of Communist rule, the city underwent massive geographical and populational expansion: it began extending, westwards, eastwards and southwards, with new, <a href="/wiki/Tower_block" title="Tower block">tower block</a>-dominated districts such as <a href="/wiki/Titan,_Bucharest" title="Titan, Bucharest">Titan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Militari" title="Militari">Militari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pantelimon,_Bucharest" title="Pantelimon, Bucharest">Pantelimon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dristor" title="Dristor">Dristor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drumul_Taberei" title="Drumul Taberei">Drumul Taberei</a>. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a>'s leadership, a part of the historical part of the city, including old churches, was destroyed, to be replaced with the immense buildings of <a href="/wiki/Centrul_Civic" title="Centrul Civic">Centrul Civic</a> – notably, the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Parliament" title="Palace of the Parliament">Palace of the Parliament</a>, which replaced about 1.8 square kilometres (0.69 sq mi) of old buildings (<i>see <a href="/wiki/Ceau%C8%99ima" title="Ceaușima">Ceaușima</a></i>). Alongside buildings characterised by a continuation of Socialist realism, Bucharest was home to several large-scale ones of a more generic <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modernist</a> style (<a href="/wiki/Sala_Palatului" title="Sala Palatului">Sala Palatului</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Globus_Circus" class="mw-redirect" title="Globus Circus">Globus Circus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/InterContinental_Hotel,_Bucharest" class="mw-redirect" title="InterContinental Hotel, Bucharest">Intercontinental Hotel</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time it was toppled, the regime had begun constructing a series of huge identical markets, commonly known as "<a href="/wiki/Hunger_circus" title="Hunger circus">hunger circuses</a>", and started digging the never-finished <a href="/wiki/Danube%E2%80%93Bucharest_Canal" title="Danube–Bucharest Canal">Danube–Bucharest Canal</a>. The <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A2mbovi%C8%9Ba_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Dâmbovița River">Dâmbovița River</a> was channeled for a second time, and the <a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Metro" title="Bucharest Metro">Bucharest Metro</a>, noted for its compliance with official aesthetics, was opened in 1979. </p><p>In 1977, the 7.2 M<sub>w</sub>  <a href="/wiki/1977_Vrancea_earthquake" title="1977 Vrancea earthquake">Vrancea earthquake</a> claimed 1,500 lives and destroyed many old lodgings and offices. On August 21, 1968, Ceaușescu's Bucharest speech condemning the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia</a> led many inhabitants to briefly join the <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Guards_(Romania)" title="Patriotic Guards (Romania)">Patriotic Guards</a> – created on the spot as defense against a possible Soviet military reaction to Romania's new stance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1989_to_present-day">1989 to present-day</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bucharest&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1989 to present-day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asmita_Gardens,_Bucure%C8%99ti,_Romania_(Unsplash).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apartment blocks on Strada Glădiței near the Văcărești Nature Park (late 2000s-early 2010s)"><img alt="Apartment blocks on Strada Glădiței near the Văcărești Nature Park (late 2000s-early 2010s)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/da/Asmita_Gardens%2C_Bucure%C8%99ti%2C_Romania_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/405px-Asmita_Gardens%2C_Bucure%C8%99ti%2C_Romania_%28Unsplash%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/da/Asmita_Gardens%2C_Bucure%C8%99ti%2C_Romania_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/608px-Asmita_Gardens%2C_Bucure%C8%99ti%2C_Romania_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/da/Asmita_Gardens%2C_Bucure%C8%99ti%2C_Romania_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/810px-Asmita_Gardens%2C_Bucure%C8%99ti%2C_Romania_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Apartment blocks on Strada Glădiței near the <a href="/wiki/V%C4%83c%C4%83re%C8%99ti_Nature_Park" title="Văcărești Nature Park">Văcărești Nature Park</a> (late 2000s-early 2010s)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 269.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 267.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Libraria_Carturesti_Carusel_-_Interior_ziua.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of Cărturești Carusel, a former bank built in the 1900s on Strada Lipscani, renovated and transformed into a bookshop in 2015"><img alt="Interior of Cărturești Carusel, a former bank built in the 1900s on Strada Lipscani, renovated and transformed into a bookshop in 2015" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Libraria_Carturesti_Carusel_-_Interior_ziua.jpg/401px-Libraria_Carturesti_Carusel_-_Interior_ziua.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Libraria_Carturesti_Carusel_-_Interior_ziua.jpg/602px-Libraria_Carturesti_Carusel_-_Interior_ziua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Libraria_Carturesti_Carusel_-_Interior_ziua.jpg/803px-Libraria_Carturesti_Carusel_-_Interior_ziua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1605" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of <a href="/wiki/C%C4%83rture%C8%99ti_Carusel" title="Cărturești Carusel">Cărturești Carusel</a>, a former bank built in the 1900s on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Strada_Lipscani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strada Lipscani (page does not exist)">Strada Lipscani</a>, renovated and transformed into a bookshop in 2015</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bucharest_Mega_Mall_2017_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mega Mall on Bulevardul Pierre de Coubertin (2015)"><img alt="Mega Mall on Bulevardul Pierre de Coubertin (2015)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bucharest_Mega_Mall_2017_%281%29.jpg/360px-Bucharest_Mega_Mall_2017_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bucharest_Mega_Mall_2017_%281%29.jpg/540px-Bucharest_Mega_Mall_2017_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bucharest_Mega_Mall_2017_%281%29.jpg/720px-Bucharest_Mega_Mall_2017_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mega_Mall_(Bucharest)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mega Mall (Bucharest) (page does not exist)">Mega Mall</a> on Bulevardul Pierre de Coubertin (2015)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 216px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 214px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:4A,_Strada_Dimitrie_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83,_Bucharest_(Romania).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Minimalist house no. 4A on Strada Dimitrie Racoviță (probably late 2010s)"><img alt="Minimalist house no. 4A on Strada Dimitrie Racoviță (probably late 2010s)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/4A%2C_Strada_Dimitrie_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg/321px-4A%2C_Strada_Dimitrie_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/4A%2C_Strada_Dimitrie_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg/482px-4A%2C_Strada_Dimitrie_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/4A%2C_Strada_Dimitrie_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg/642px-4A%2C_Strada_Dimitrie_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3263" data-file-height="2743" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Minimalism#Minimalist_design_and_architecture" title="Minimalism">Minimalist</a> house no. 4A on Strada Dimitrie Racoviță (probably late 2010s)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bucuresti,_Romania._13_Aprilie_2018._Noaptea_Festivalului_luminilor,_Spotlight_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Romanian Athenaeum illuminated on April 13, 2018, during a Festival of Lights"><img alt="The Romanian Athenaeum illuminated on April 13, 2018, during a Festival of Lights" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Bucuresti%2C_Romania._13_Aprilie_2018._Noaptea_Festivalului_luminilor%2C_Spotlight_2018.jpg/360px-Bucuresti%2C_Romania._13_Aprilie_2018._Noaptea_Festivalului_luminilor%2C_Spotlight_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Bucuresti%2C_Romania._13_Aprilie_2018._Noaptea_Festivalului_luminilor%2C_Spotlight_2018.jpg/540px-Bucuresti%2C_Romania._13_Aprilie_2018._Noaptea_Festivalului_luminilor%2C_Spotlight_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Bucuresti%2C_Romania._13_Aprilie_2018._Noaptea_Festivalului_luminilor%2C_Spotlight_2018.jpg/720px-Bucuresti%2C_Romania._13_Aprilie_2018._Noaptea_Festivalului_luminilor%2C_Spotlight_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Athenaeum" title="Romanian Athenaeum">Romanian Athenaeum</a> illuminated on April 13, 2018, during a Festival of Lights</div> </li> </ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bucharest&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2011</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">Romanian Revolution of 1989</a>, which began in <a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a>, Bucharest was the site of a rapid succession of major events between December 20 and December 22, leading to the overthrow of Ceaușescu's communist regime. Unhappy with some results of the revolution, students' leagues and other organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/Civic_Alliance_Foundation" title="Civic Alliance Foundation">Civic Alliance</a>, organized mass protests against the <a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Romania)" title="National Salvation Front (Romania)">National Salvation Front</a> government in 1990 (in what became known as <a href="/wiki/Golaniad" title="Golaniad">Golaniad</a>); these were violently suppressed by the miners of <a href="/wiki/Valea_Jiului" class="mw-redirect" title="Valea Jiului">Valea Jiului</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Mineriad" title="Mineriad">Mineriad</a> of June 14–15. Several other Mineriads followed – only one of them (the <a href="/wiki/September_1991_Mineriad" title="September 1991 Mineriad">September 1991 Mineriad</a>) succeeded in reaching Bucharest, being responsible for the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Petre_Roman" title="Petre Roman">Petre Roman</a> government. </p><p>After the year 2000, due to the advent of Romania's economic boom, the city has modernized and several historical areas have been restored. In 1992, the first connection to the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> took place at the <a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_Bucharest" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytechnic University of Bucharest">Polytechnic University of Bucharest</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Colectiv_nightclub_fire" title="Colectiv nightclub fire">Colectiv nightclub fire</a> killed 64 individuals, in a fast-spreading fire and resulting stampede, in October 2015. It was the country's deadliest-ever nightclub fire, the city's (and one of Romania's) worst accidental losses of life since the end of the civil war in 1989, and one of the deadliest incidents of any kind since that time. Many victims who were not trampled to death were killed through smoke inhalation and/or extensive burns. Three days of national mourning were observed, and blood drives were held. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_history">Administrative history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bucharest&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Administrative history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sectors_of_Bucharest" title="Sectors of Bucharest">Sectors of Bucharest</a></div> <p>A local administration was first attested under <a href="/wiki/Petru_cel_T%C3%A2n%C4%83r" class="mw-redirect" title="Petru cel Tânăr">Petru cel Tânăr</a> (in 1563), when a group of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A2rgar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pârgar (page does not exist)">pârgari</a></i> countersigned a property purchase; the city's borders, established by <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Ciobanul" class="mw-redirect" title="Mircea Ciobanul">Mircea Ciobanul</a>, were confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Matei_Basarab" title="Matei Basarab">Matei Basarab</a> in the 1640s, but the inner borders between properties remained rather chaotic, and were usually confirmed periodically by the <i><a href="/wiki/Jude_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jude (title)">Jude</a></i> and his <i>pârgari</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Self-administration <a href="/wiki/Privilege_(legal_ethics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Privilege (legal ethics)">privileges</a> were denied to Bucharesters and taken over by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Wallachia">Princes</a> during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncoveanu" title="Constantin Brâncoveanu">Constantin Brâncoveanu</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Regulamentul_Organic" title="Regulamentul Organic">Regulamentul Organic</a></i> period – in 1831, the population was allowed to elect a local council and was awarded a local budget; the council was expanded under <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Ioan_Cuza" title="Alexandru Ioan Cuza">Alexandru Ioan Cuza</a>, under whom the first <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Bucharest" title="Mayor of Bucharest">Mayor of Bucharest</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbu_Vl%C4%83doianu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbu Vlădoianu (page does not exist)">Barbu Vlădoianu</a>, was elected.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a> (<i>bresle</i> or <i>isnafuri</i>), covering a large range of employments and defined either by trade or ethnicity, formed self-administrating units from the 17th century until the late 19th century. Several <i>isnafuri</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Lipscani" title="Lipscani">Lipscani</a> area gave their names to streets which still exist. Although they lacked clear defense duties, given that Bucharest was not fortified, they became the basis for <a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">military recruitment</a> in the small city <a href="/wiki/Garrison" title="Garrison">garrison</a>. Trading guilds became predominant over those of <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">artisans</a> during the 19th century, and all autochthonous ones collapsed under competition from the <i><a href="/wiki/Sudi%C8%9Bi" title="Sudiți">sudiți</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Wholesale" class="mw-redirect" title="Wholesale">wholesale</a> traders (protected by foreign diplomats), and disappeared altogether after 1875, when mass-produced imports from <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> flooded the market.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_and_communal_history">Religious and communal history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bucharest&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Religious and communal history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedrala_Patriarhal%C4%83,_Bucure%C8%99ti_(2023)_-_IMG_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Catedrala_Patriarhal%C4%83%2C_Bucure%C8%99ti_%282023%29_-_IMG_02.jpg/230px-Catedrala_Patriarhal%C4%83%2C_Bucure%C8%99ti_%282023%29_-_IMG_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Catedrala_Patriarhal%C4%83%2C_Bucure%C8%99ti_%282023%29_-_IMG_02.jpg/345px-Catedrala_Patriarhal%C4%83%2C_Bucure%C8%99ti_%282023%29_-_IMG_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Catedrala_Patriarhal%C4%83%2C_Bucure%C8%99ti_%282023%29_-_IMG_02.jpg/460px-Catedrala_Patriarhal%C4%83%2C_Bucure%C8%99ti_%282023%29_-_IMG_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The Church of the Patriarchy</figcaption></figure> <p>Bucharest is home to the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romanian Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_All_Romania" title="Patriarch of All Romania">Patriarchy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_of_Hungro-Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan of Hungro-Wallachia">Wallachian Metropolitan seat</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Roman-Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Roman-Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric">Archbishopric</a> (established in 1883) and <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nunciature" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Nunciature">Apostolic Nunciature</a>, of the Archbishopric and <a href="/wiki/Eparchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a> Council of the local <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a>, of the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_ethnic_minorities_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian ethnic minorities parties">Federation of the Jewish Communities of Romania</a> as well as an important site for other religions and churches. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a>'s times, a large number of religious locations were demolished to make room for tower blocks and other landmarks; the former included <a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C4%83c%C4%83re%C8%99ti_Monastery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Văcărești Monastery (page does not exist)">Văcărești Monastery</a>, which was torn down during works to enlarge the <a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C4%83c%C4%83re%C8%99ti_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Văcărești Lake (page does not exist)">Văcărești Lake</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanian_Orthodoxy">Romanian Orthodoxy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bucharest&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Romanian Orthodoxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For much of Bucharest's history, its neighbourhoods were designated by the names of the more important Orthodox churches in the respective areas. The first major religious monument in the city was the <a href="/wiki/Curtea_Veche" title="Curtea Veche">Curtea Veche</a> church, built by <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Ciobanul" class="mw-redirect" title="Mircea Ciobanul">Mircea Ciobanul</a> in the 1550s, followed by <i><a href="/wiki/Plumbuita_Monastery" title="Plumbuita Monastery">Plumbuita</a></i> (consecrated by <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Younger" title="Peter the Younger">Peter the Younger</a>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Constantin_%C8%98erban" title="Constantin Șerban">Constantin Șerban</a> erected the Metropolitan Church (today's <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Patriarchal_Cathedral" title="Romanian Patriarchal Cathedral">Patriarchal Cathedral</a>) in 1658, moving the bishopric from <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgovi%C8%99te" title="Târgoviște">Târgoviște</a> in 1668.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1678, under <a href="/wiki/%C8%98erban_Cantacuzino" title="Șerban Cantacuzino">Șerban Cantacuzino</a>, the Bishopric was equipped with a <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>, which published the first <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian-language</a> edition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></i> (the <i><a href="/wiki/Cantacuzino_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantacuzino Bible">Cantacuzino Bible</a></i>) during the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4,_Strada_Stavropoleos,_Bucharest_(Romania).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/4%2C_Strada_Stavropoleos%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg/200px-4%2C_Strada_Stavropoleos%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/4%2C_Strada_Stavropoleos%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg/300px-4%2C_Strada_Stavropoleos%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/4%2C_Strada_Stavropoleos%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg/400px-4%2C_Strada_Stavropoleos%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3883" data-file-height="2319" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Stavropoleos_Monastery" title="Stavropoleos Monastery">Stavropoleos Monastery</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The large-scale urban development under Prince Șerban and Prince <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncoveanu" title="Constantin Brâncoveanu">Constantin Brâncoveanu</a> saw the building of numerous religious facilities, including <a href="/wiki/Anthim_the_Iberian" title="Anthim the Iberian">Anthim the Iberian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Antim_Monastery" title="Antim Monastery">Antim Monastery</a>; in 1722, <a href="/wiki/Boyar" title="Boyar">boyar</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iordache_Cre%C8%9Bulescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iordache Crețulescu (page does not exist)">Iordache Crețulescu</a> added <a href="/wiki/Kretzulescu_Church" title="Kretzulescu Church">Kretzulescu Church</a> to the city's landscape,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during a period when most new places of worship were being dedicated by trader <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Phanariote" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariote">Phanariote</a> rulers consecrated several major places of worship, including, among others, the Văcărești Monastery (1720), a monumental <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">late-Byzantine</a> site, the <a href="/wiki/Stavropoleos_Monastery" title="Stavropoleos Monastery">Stavropoleos Church</a> (1724) – both built under <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mavrocordatos" title="Nicholas Mavrocordatos">Nicholas Mavrocordatos</a> -, <a href="/wiki/Popa_Nan_Church" title="Popa Nan Church">Popa Nan</a> (1719), <a href="/wiki/Domni%C8%9Ba_B%C4%83la%C8%99a_Church" title="Domnița Bălașa Church">Domnița Bălașa</a> (1751), the one in <a href="/wiki/Pantelimon,_Bucharest" title="Pantelimon, Bucharest">Pantelimon</a> (1752), <a href="/wiki/Schitu_M%C4%83gureanu" class="mw-redirect" title="Schitu Măgureanu">Schitu Măgureanu</a> (1756), <a href="/wiki/Icoanei_Church" title="Icoanei Church">Icoanei</a> (1786), and <a href="/wiki/Amzei_Church" title="Amzei Church">Amzei</a> (ca.1808).<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another period of growth in the building of Orthodox religious sites was the inter-war one: 23 new churches were added before 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_history_of_Bucharest">Jewish history of Bucharest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bucharest&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Jewish history of Bucharest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bucharest_-_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%98_(28257630823).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bucharest_-_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%98_%2828257630823%29.jpg/200px-Bucharest_-_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%98_%2828257630823%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bucharest_-_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%98_%2828257630823%29.jpg/300px-Bucharest_-_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%98_%2828257630823%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bucharest_-_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%98_%2828257630823%29.jpg/400px-Bucharest_-_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%98_%2828257630823%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4426" data-file-height="2974" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Templul_Coral" class="mw-redirect" title="Templul Coral">Bucharest Choral Synagogue</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bucharest" title="History of the Jews in Bucharest">History of the Jews in Bucharest</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jewish</a> community of Bucharest was, at least initially, overwhelmingly <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi</a> (until <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> began arriving from <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> in the early 19th century). Jews were first attested as shop owners under <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Ciobanul" class="mw-redirect" title="Mircea Ciobanul">Mircea Ciobanul</a> (ca.1550), and despite frequent<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> persecutions and <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a>, formed a large part of the professional elites for most of Bucharest's history, and the largest percentage of the total population after Romanians (around 11%). The main Jewish-inhabited areas were centered on the present-day <a href="/wiki/Unirii_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Unirii Square">Unirii Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dude%C8%99ti,_Bucharest" title="Dudești, Bucharest">Dudești</a> and <a href="/wiki/V%C4%83c%C4%83re%C8%99ti,_Bucharest" title="Văcărești, Bucharest">Văcărești</a> neighbourhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In World War II, Jews were the target of widespread violence during the <a href="/wiki/National_Legionary_State" title="National Legionary State">National Legionary State</a> regime and, many were attacked and had their property looted, while others were eventually killed. During the <a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_Rebellion_and_Bucharest_Pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionnaires' Rebellion and Bucharest Pogrom">Iron Guard Rebellion</a> in January 1941 some 130 Jews were brutally tortured and murdered. A certain number of local Jews were deported to <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a> regime, but most of them remained on the spot, being forcefully assigned to labor duties like cleaning out snow, sorting out the debris resulting from <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> bombings etc.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the WWII holocaust and emigration both to Israel and other countries the Jewish population was drastically reduced. Notable institutions of the community nowadays include the <a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Bucharest Synagogue">Bucharest Synagogue</a> and the <a href="/wiki/State_Jewish_Theater_(Romania)" title="State Jewish Theater (Romania)">State Jewish Theater</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_communities">Other communities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bucharest&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Other communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19,_Strada_General_Henri_Mathias_Berthelot,_Bucharest_(Romania).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/19%2C_Strada_General_Henri_Mathias_Berthelot%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg/200px-19%2C_Strada_General_Henri_Mathias_Berthelot%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/19%2C_Strada_General_Henri_Mathias_Berthelot%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg/300px-19%2C_Strada_General_Henri_Mathias_Berthelot%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/19%2C_Strada_General_Henri_Mathias_Berthelot%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg/400px-19%2C_Strada_General_Henri_Mathias_Berthelot%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3290" data-file-height="3404" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph_Cathedral,_Bucharest" title="Saint Joseph Cathedral, Bucharest">Saint Joseph Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Majority-<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> groups other than <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> included sizeable communities of <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Romania" title="Greeks in Romania">Greeks</a> (a highly influential and omnipresent one for much of the city's history, it was mentioned in Bucharest as early as 1561 and, after reaching its peak in the 18th century, entered a process of regression), <a href="/wiki/Aromanians" title="Aromanians">Aromanians</a> (first attested in 1623, but probably counted among the Greeks by previous testimonials), <a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbs in Romania">Serbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>, alongside other <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a> (Bulgarians and Serbs were confounded in common reference until the 19th century; at the same time, sources more readily distinguished between groups of traders from <a href="/wiki/Gabrovo" title="Gabrovo">Gabrovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiprovtsi" title="Chiprovtsi">Chiprovtsi</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Razgrad" title="Razgrad">Razgrad</a>; an important group of Bulgarians retreated with the Russians at the close of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War,_1828%E2%80%931829" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War, 1828–1829">war of 1828–1829</a>, and settled in Bucharest as gardeners and milkmen), as well as <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> parishioners of the <a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochian Orthodox Church">Antiochian Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> (<i>see also <a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Russian_Church" title="Bucharest Russian Church">Bucharest Russian Church</a></i>), and most of the <a href="/wiki/Albanians_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians of Romania">Albanians</a> present.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protected by the Church more than actually being considered its parishioners,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Roma_minority_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma minority in Romania">Roma</a> were, until 1855, <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a> of <a href="/wiki/Boyar" title="Boyar">boyars</a> and of the Church itself; in 1860, 9,000 Bucharesters were thought to have been Roma.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bucharest_Lutheran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bucharest_Lutheran.jpg/180px-Bucharest_Lutheran.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bucharest_Lutheran.jpg/270px-Bucharest_Lutheran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bucharest_Lutheran.jpg/360px-Bucharest_Lutheran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The Lutheran Church</figcaption></figure> <p>Presently, there are 18 <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Roman-Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Roman-Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> places of worship in Bucharest, including <a href="/wiki/Bucharest_B%C4%83r%C4%83%C5%A3ia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bucharest Bărăţia">Bărăţia</a> (built in 1741, rebuilt 1861), the <a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedrala_Sf%C3%A2ntul_Iosif" class="extiw" title="ro:Catedrala Sfântul Iosif">Saint Joseph Cathedral</a> (1884) and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Church_(Bucharest)" title="Italian Church (Bucharest)">Italian Church</a> (1916). The Romanian Catholic community (which includes adherents to the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Church_United_with_Rome,_Greek-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Church United with Rome, Greek-Catholic">Eastern Rite Church</a>) has traditionally been accompanied by the presence of majority-Catholic ethnic groups: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Ragusan</a> traders were first mentioned in the 16th century; <a href="/wiki/Italians_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Italians of Romania">Italians</a>, recorded ca.1630, were traditionally employed as <a href="/wiki/Stonemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Stonemason">stonemasons</a>; a <a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish minority in Romania">Polish</a> minority became notable after the 1863 <a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a> forced many to take refuge in Romania; the French, highly influential during the late 18th century and early 19th century, grouped 700 ethnics by the 1890s; between the two World Wars, Bucharest became home to a large <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székely</a> community (probably some tens of thousands).<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mostly <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Gregorian</a> <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, who originally came from <a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rousse" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousse">Rousse</a>, were first mentioned in the 17th century, and left their mark on the entire city with the activities of <a href="/wiki/Manuc-bei" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuc-bei">Manuc-bei</a> and <a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krikor_Zambaccian" class="extiw" title="ro:Krikor Zambaccian">Krikor Zambaccian</a> (<i>see also: <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Romania">Armenians in Romania</a></i>). They built their first church ca.1638, and their first <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian-language</a> school in 1817; a new church, built on the model of the one in <a href="/wiki/Echmiadzin" class="mw-redirect" title="Echmiadzin">Echmiadzin</a>, was consecrated in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a> in Bucharest have traditionally been <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_Hungary" title="Reformed Church in Hungary">Calvinist</a> <a href="/wiki/Magyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyars">Magyars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regat_Germans" title="Regat Germans">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in Romania">Lutherans</a>, who accounted for several thousands of the city's inhabitants;<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mentioned as early as 1574, Lutherans have a church just north of <a href="/wiki/Sala_Palatului" title="Sala Palatului">Sala Palatului</a>, on <i>Strada Luterană</i> (the Lutheran Street). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Romania" title="Islam in Romania">Islam</a> was initially present through the means of the relatively minor <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> community and small groups of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a> Romas and Muslim Arabs;<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is now represented by a growing, largely Middle Eastern immigrant community. In 1923, a <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> was constructed in <a href="/wiki/Carol_Park" title="Carol Park">Carol Park</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population_history">Population history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bucharest&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Population history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="40%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:10%;">Year </th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td>1595 </td> <td>10,000 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1650 </td> <td>20,000 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1789 </td> <td>30,030 property-owners; 6,000 houses <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1810 </td> <td>42,000 <small>(of which 32,185 Orthodox Christians)</small><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1831 </td> <td>60,587 <small>(property-owners; 10,000 houses)</small> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1859 </td> <td>121,734 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1877 </td> <td>177,646 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1900 </td> <td>282,000 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1912 </td> <td>341,321 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1918 </td> <td>383,000 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1930 </td> <td>639,040 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941 </td> <td>992,000 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1948 </td> <td>1,025,180 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956 </td> <td>1,177,661 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966 </td> <td>1,366,684 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977 </td> <td>1,807,239 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992 </td> <td>2,064,474 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td>2,300,000 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002 </td> <td>1,926,334 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003 </td> <td>2,082,000 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td>1,883,425 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td>2,106,144 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treaties_signed_in_Bucharest">Treaties signed in Bucharest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bucharest&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Treaties signed in Bucharest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest,_1812" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Bucharest, 1812">Treaty of May 28, 1812</a>, at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War,_1806%E2%80%931812" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War, 1806–1812">Russo-Turkish War</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest,_1886" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Bucharest, 1886">Treaty of March 3, 1886</a>, at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Bulgarian_War" title="Serbo-Bulgarian War">Serbo-Bulgarian War</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest,_1913" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Bucharest, 1913">Treaty of August 10, 1913</a>, at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest,_1916" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Bucharest, 1916">Treaty of August 4, 1916</a>, the treaty of alliance between Romania and the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Entente</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest,_1918" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Bucharest, 1918">Treaty of May 6, 1918</a>, the treaty between Romania and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bucharest&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Bucharest_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Bucharest history">Timeline of Bucharest history</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bucharest&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFȚînțăreanu1959" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Țînțăreanu, Alex. (1959). <i>BUCUREȘTI Scurt Istoric</i> (in Romanian). S.P.C. Muzeul de Istorie a Orașului București. p. 7, 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BUCURE%C8%98TI+Scurt+Istoric&rft.pages=7%2C+8&rft.pub=S.P.C.+Muzeul+de+Istorie+a+Ora%C8%99ului+Bucure%C8%99ti&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=%C8%9A%C3%AEn%C8%9B%C4%83reanu&rft.aufirst=Alex.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bucharest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.25-26; Morintz and Rosetti, p.12-18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.26; Morintz and Rosetti, p.18-27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the dispute's relevancy to Bucharest, see Giurescu, p.30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.32-34; Morintz and Rosetti, p.28-31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.33; Morintz and Rosetti, p.28-29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.37; Morintz and Rosetti, p.33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.38-39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.39; Morintz and Rosetti, p.33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.39; Morintz and Rosetti, p.34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.42; Ionașcu and Zirra, p.56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.42, 47; Ionaşcu and Zirra, p.58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ionașcu and Zirra, p.58-59, 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.50; Ionaşcu and Zirra, p.58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.53-55, 61; p.147, 154–155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.60-61, 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.59, 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.63-64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.64-67; Ionașcu and Zirra, p.65-67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.68-71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.71; Ionaşcu and Zirra, p.69; Rosetti, p.163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Çelebi, in Giurescu, p.75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.74-75, 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cantea, p.99-100; Giurescu, p.77-79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Djuvara, p.212; Giurescu, p.79-86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.93-94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Djuvara, p.47-48, 92; Giurescu, p.94-96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.96-98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Djuvara, p.49, 285; Giurescu, p.98-99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Djuvara, p.49, 207; Giurescu, p.103-105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.105-106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Djuvara, p.281-282; Giurescu, p.106-108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Djuvara, p.287-288; Giurescu, p.107-109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Djuvara, p.215, 287–288, 293–295; Giurescu, p.110-111, 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Djuvara, p.165, 168–169; Giurescu, p.252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Djuvara, p.298-304, 293–295; Giurescu, p.114-119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Djuvara, p.147; Giurescu, p.119-120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Djuvara, p.321; Giurescu, p.122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.122-125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Girardin, in Djuvara, p.105-106, 166, in Giurescu, p.126-127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Djuvara, p.113; Giurescu, p.127-128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Djuvara, p.329; Giurescu, p.134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.130-131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Djuvara, 207; Giurescu, p.127-130, 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Djuvara, p.324, 330–331; Giurescu, p.133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.135-136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.139-140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.140-142, 260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.144, 150, 152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.152-153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.154-161, 169–171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.157, 161, 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.167, 181–185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.177-178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.189-191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.196, 198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.191-195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Patrimoniul Arhitectural al Secolului XX</i> (<i>Arhitectura Art-Deco</i>, <i>Căutările naționale – arhitectura neoromânească</i>); Giurescu, p.198-199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.211-212</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Patrimoniul Arhitectural al Secolului XX</i> (<i>Arhitectura dictaturii ceauȘiste</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.55, 60, 71, 333–334</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.338, 349</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Djuvara, 184–187; Giurescu, 288–289</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.73-74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.86-87; Rosetti, p. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.89-90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Djuvara, p.47; Ionașcu and Zirra, p.75; Giurescu, p.94, 96, 100–101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Djuvara, p.179; Giurescu, p.271-272</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Djuvara, p.183; Giurescu, p.124, 183, 267–269, 272–273</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Djuvara, p.270</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.267, 274</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.62, 269, 272–274</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Djuvara, p.178; Giurescu, p.270-271</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Djuvara, 179; Giurescu, p.272</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p.273</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ionescu, p.10</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bucharest&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Bucharest" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:History of Bucharest">History of Bucharest</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Bucharest#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Bucharest">Timeline of Bucharest § Bibliography</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neagu_Djuvara" title="Neagu Djuvara">Neagu Djuvara</a>, <i>Între Orient și Occident. Tările române la începutul epocii moderne</i>, <a href="/wiki/Humanitas" title="Humanitas">Humanitas</a>, Bucharest, 1995</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_C._Giurescu" title="Constantin C. Giurescu">Constantin C. Giurescu</a>, <i>Istoria Bucureștilor. Din cele mai vechi timpuri pînă în zilele noastre</i>, Ed. Pentru Literatură, Bucharest, 1966</li> <li>Ștefan Ionescu, <i>Bucureștii în vremea fanarioţilor</i>, <a href="/wiki/Editura_Dacia" title="Editura Dacia">Editura Dacia</a>, Cluj, 1974</li> <li>Muzeul de Istorie a Orașului București, <i>Bucureștii de odinioară</i>, Editura Științifică, Bucharest, 1959: <ul><li>(Cap. I.) Sebastian Morintz, D. V. Rosetti, "Din cele mai vechi timpuri și pînă la formarea Bucureștilor" (pp. 11–35)</li> <li>(Cap. II) I. Ionașcu, Vlad Zirra, "Mănăstirea Radu Vodă și biserica Bucur" (pp. 49–77)</li> <li>(Cap. III) Gh. Cantea, "Cercetări arheologice pe dealul Mihai Vodă și în împrejurimi" (pp. 93–127)</li> <li>(Cap. IV) D. V. Rosetti, "Curtea Veche" (pp. 146–165)</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archi-web.com/uar/p_prezentare.htm">Uniunea Arhitecților din România, <i>Patrimoniul Arhitectural al Secolului XX – România, Prezentare generală</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1441422#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX487455">Spain</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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