CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html lang="en"lang="en"> <head> <!-- NATGEO | 4646a21f1717 | 3796 | f76c83dbe62914fe5ac9b6d66e0d0d4dd85c4ee1 | www.nationalgeographic.com | Sat, 23 Nov 2024 18:01:19 GMT --> <meta charSet="utf-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no" /> <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <script src="https://dcf.espn.com/TWDC-DTCI/prod/Bootstrap.js" async></script> <link data-react-helmet="true" rel="stylesheet" href="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/fusion-59015cb9.css"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="stylesheet" href="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/8202-e4f72c35.css"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="stylesheet" href="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/natgeo-762fa9a3.css"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="stylesheet" href="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/5427-d6305e79.css"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="stylesheet" href="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/related-d7145173.css"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="canonical" href=""/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="mask-icon" href="https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/icons/mask-icon.svg" color="#FFCC00"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="shortcut icon" href="https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/icons/favicon.ico"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/icons/favicon-32x32.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="32x32" href="https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/icons/favicon-32x32.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="180x180" href="https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/icons/favicon-180x180.png"/> <script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/runtime-8349f61a.js" defer></script><script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/8202-236416f1.js" defer></script><script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/9479-e4570a09.js" defer></script><script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/7708-37c5b074.js" defer></script><script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/9009-c31cd74d.js" defer></script><script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/3021-2f0be111.js" defer></script><script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/8330-6af310aa.js" defer></script><script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/5427-0bf927ab.js" defer></script> <link rel="prefetch" href="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/_manifest.js" as="script" /><link rel="prefetch" href="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/natgeo-b6cb5abe.js" as="script" /> <link rel="prefetch" href="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/related-8db7b276.js" as="script" /> <title data-react-helmet="true">Maps</title> <meta data-react-helmet="true" name="title" content="Maps"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="description" content="Related Topic Page | National Geographic"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="medium" content="website"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:site_name" content="National Geographic"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:title" content="Maps"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:description" content="Related Topic Page | National Geographic"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:url" content=""/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:image" content="https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/default.NG.logo.dark.jpg"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:image:width" content="1900"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:image:height" content="997"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:type" content="website"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="referrer" content="origin"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:audiences" content="General"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:concepts" content/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:events" content/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:firstSubject" content="Maps"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:genres" content/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:locations" content/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:organizations" content/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:otherSubjects" content/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:people" content/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:series" content/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:source" content/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:site" content="@NatGeo"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:title" content="Maps"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:description" content="Related Topic Page | National Geographic"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:url" content=""/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:image:src" content="https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/default.NG.logo.dark.jpg"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:card" content="summary"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:creator" content="@NatGeo"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:image:alt" content="Maps"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:app:id:iphone" content="418671597"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:app:name:iphone" content="National Geographic"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:app:id:googleplay" content="com.natgeomobile.ngmagazine"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:app:name:googleplay" content="National Geographic"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/natgeo"/> <script data-react-helmet="true" src="https://scripts.webcontentassessor.com/scripts/340714530193d9627afecb7a2bab115079ee90db012cba398ac76b3339880fdc"></script> <script data-nr-type="legacy" data-nr-pct="100">(() => {function gc(n){n=document.cookie.match("(^|;) ?"+n+"=([^;]*)(;|$)");return n?n[2]:null}function sc(n){document.cookie=n}function smpl(n){n/=100;return!!n&&Math.random()<=n}var _nr=!1,_nrCookie=gc("_nr");null!==_nrCookie?"1"===_nrCookie&&(_nr=!0):smpl(100)?(_nr=!0,sc("_nr=1; path=/")):(_nr=!1,sc("_nr=0; path=/"));_nr && (() => {;window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.init={distributed_tracing:{enabled:true},privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};;NREUM.info = {"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","sa":1,"licenseKey":"5985ced6ff","applicationID":"703643455"};__nr_require=function(t,e,n){function r(n){if(!e[n]){var o=e[n]={exports:{}};t[n][0].call(o.exports,function(e){var o=t[n][1][e];return r(o||e)},o,o.exports)}return e[n].exports}if("function"==typeof __nr_require)return __nr_require;for(var o=0;o<n.length;o++)r(n[o]);return r}({1:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){try{s.console&&console.log(t)}catch(e){}}var o,i=t("ee"),a=t(31),s={};try{o=localStorage.getItem("__nr_flags").split(","),console&&"function"==typeof console.log&&(s.console=!0,o.indexOf("dev")!==-1&&(s.dev=!0),o.indexOf("nr_dev")!==-1&&(s.nrDev=!0))}catch(c){}s.nrDev&&i.on("internal-error",function(t){r(t.stack)}),s.dev&&i.on("fn-err",function(t,e,n){r(n.stack)}),s.dev&&(r("NR AGENT IN DEVELOPMENT MODE"),r("flags: "+a(s,function(t,e){return t}).join(", ")))},{}],2:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n,r,s){try{l?l-=1:o(s||new UncaughtException(t,e,n),!0)}catch(f){try{i("ierr",[f,c.now(),!0])}catch(d){}}return"function"==typeof u&&u.apply(this,a(arguments))}function UncaughtException(t,e,n){this.message=t||"Uncaught error with no additional information",this.sourceURL=e,this.line=n}function o(t,e){var n=e?null:c.now();i("err",[t,n])}var i=t("handle"),a=t(32),s=t("ee"),c=t("loader"),f=t("gos"),u=window.onerror,d=!1,p="nr@seenError";if(!c.disabled){var l=0;c.features.err=!0,t(1),window.onerror=r;try{throw new Error}catch(h){"stack"in h&&(t(14),t(13),"addEventListener"in window&&t(7),c.xhrWrappable&&t(15),d=!0)}s.on("fn-start",function(t,e,n){d&&(l+=1)}),s.on("fn-err",function(t,e,n){d&&!n[p]&&(f(n,p,function(){return!0}),this.thrown=!0,o(n))}),s.on("fn-end",function(){d&&!this.thrown&&l>0&&(l-=1)}),s.on("internal-error",function(t){i("ierr",[t,c.now(),!0])})}},{}],3:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("loader");r.disabled||(r.features.ins=!0)},{}],4:[function(t,e,n){function r(){U++,L=g.hash,this[u]=y.now()}function o(){U--,g.hash!==L&&i(0,!0);var t=y.now();this[h]=~~this[h]+t-this[u],this[d]=t}function i(t,e){E.emit("newURL",[""+g,e])}function a(t,e){t.on(e,function(){this[e]=y.now()})}var s="-start",c="-end",f="-body",u="fn"+s,d="fn"+c,p="cb"+s,l="cb"+c,h="jsTime",m="fetch",v="addEventListener",w=window,g=w.location,y=t("loader");if(w[v]&&y.xhrWrappable&&!y.disabled){var x=t(11),b=t(12),E=t(9),R=t(7),O=t(14),T=t(8),S=t(15),P=t(10),M=t("ee"),C=M.get("tracer"),N=t(23);t(17),y.features.spa=!0;var L,U=0;M.on(u,r),b.on(p,r),P.on(p,r),M.on(d,o),b.on(l,o),P.on(l,o),M.buffer([u,d,"xhr-resolved"]),R.buffer([u]),O.buffer(["setTimeout"+c,"clearTimeout"+s,u]),S.buffer([u,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+s]),T.buffer([m+s,m+"-done",m+f+s,m+f+c]),E.buffer(["newURL"]),x.buffer([u]),b.buffer(["propagate",p,l,"executor-err","resolve"+s]),C.buffer([u,"no-"+u]),P.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"]),a(T,m+s),a(T,m+"-done"),a(P,"new-jsonp"),a(P,"jsonp-end"),a(P,"cb-start"),E.on("pushState-end",i),E.on("replaceState-end",i),w[v]("hashchange",i,N(!0)),w[v]("load",i,N(!0)),w[v]("popstate",function(){i(0,U>1)},N(!0))}},{}],5:[function(t,e,n){function r(){var t=new PerformanceObserver(function(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();s(v,[n])});try{t.observe({entryTypes:["resource"]})}catch(e){}}function o(t){if(s(v,[window.performance.getEntriesByType(w)]),window.performance["c"+p])try{window.performance[h](m,o,!1)}catch(t){}else try{window.performance[h]("webkit"+m,o,!1)}catch(t){}}function i(t){}if(window.performance&&window.performance.timing&&window.performance.getEntriesByType){var a=t("ee"),s=t("handle"),c=t(14),f=t(13),u=t(6),d=t(23),p="learResourceTimings",l="addEventListener",h="removeEventListener",m="resourcetimingbufferfull",v="bstResource",w="resource",g="-start",y="-end",x="fn"+g,b="fn"+y,E="bstTimer",R="pushState",O=t("loader");if(!O.disabled){O.features.stn=!0,t(9),"addEventListener"in window&&t(7);var T=NREUM.o.EV;a.on(x,function(t,e){var n=t[0];n instanceof T&&(this.bstStart=O.now())}),a.on(b,function(t,e){var n=t[0];n instanceof T&&s("bst",[n,e,this.bstStart,O.now()])}),c.on(x,function(t,e,n){this.bstStart=O.now(),this.bstType=n}),c.on(b,function(t,e){s(E,[e,this.bstStart,O.now(),this.bstType])}),f.on(x,function(){this.bstStart=O.now()}),f.on(b,function(t,e){s(E,[e,this.bstStart,O.now(),"requestAnimationFrame"])}),a.on(R+g,function(t){this.time=O.now(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash}),a.on(R+y,function(t){s("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time])}),u()?(s(v,[window.performance.getEntriesByType("resource")]),r()):l in window.performance&&(window.performance["c"+p]?window.performance[l](m,o,d(!1)):window.performance[l]("webkit"+m,o,d(!1))),document[l]("scroll",i,d(!1)),document[l]("keypress",i,d(!1)),document[l]("click",i,d(!1))}}},{}],6:[function(t,e,n){e.exports=function(){return"PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver}},{}],7:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){for(var e=t;e&&!e.hasOwnProperty(u);)e=Object.getPrototypeOf(e);e&&o(e)}function o(t){s.inPlace(t,[u,d],"-",i)}function i(t,e){return t[1]}var a=t("ee").get("events"),s=t("wrap-function")(a,!0),c=t("gos"),f=XMLHttpRequest,u="addEventListener",d="removeEventListener";e.exports=a,"getPrototypeOf"in Object?(r(document),r(window),r(f.prototype)):f.prototype.hasOwnProperty(u)&&(o(window),o(f.prototype)),a.on(u+"-start",function(t,e){var n=t[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var r=c(n,"nr@wrapped",function(){function t(){if("function"==typeof n.handleEvent)return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)}var e={object:t,"function":n}[typeof n];return e?s(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n});this.wrapped=t[1]=r}}),a.on(d+"-start",function(t){t[1]=this.wrapped||t[1]})},{}],8:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){var r=t[e];"function"==typeof r&&(t[e]=function(){var t=i(arguments),e={};o.emit(n+"before-start",[t],e);var a;e[m]&&e[m].dt&&(a=e[m].dt);var s=r.apply(this,t);return o.emit(n+"start",[t,a],s),s.then(function(t){return o.emit(n+"end",[null,t],s),t},function(t){throw o.emit(n+"end",[t],s),t})})}var o=t("ee").get("fetch"),i=t(32),a=t(31);e.exports=o;var s=window,c="fetch-",f=c+"body-",u=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],d=s.Request,p=s.Response,l=s.fetch,h="prototype",m="nr@context";d&&p&&l&&(a(u,function(t,e){r(d[h],e,f),r(p[h],e,f)}),r(s,"fetch",c),o.on(c+"end",function(t,e){var n=this;if(e){var r=e.headers.get("content-length");null!==r&&(n.rxSize=r),o.emit(c+"done",[null,e],n)}else o.emit(c+"done",[t],n)}))},{}],9:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("history"),o=t("wrap-function")(r);e.exports=r;var i=window.history&&window.history.constructor&&window.history.constructor.prototype,a=window.history;i&&i.pushState&&i.replaceState&&(a=i),o.inPlace(a,["pushState","replaceState"],"-")},{}],10:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){function e(){f.emit("jsonp-end",[],l),t.removeEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.removeEventListener("error",n,c(!1))}function n(){f.emit("jsonp-error",[],l),f.emit("jsonp-end",[],l),t.removeEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.removeEventListener("error",n,c(!1))}var r=t&&"string"==typeof t.nodeName&&"script"===t.nodeName.toLowerCase();if(r){var o="function"==typeof t.addEventListener;if(o){var a=i(t.src);if(a){var d=s(a),p="function"==typeof d.parent[d.key];if(p){var l={};u.inPlace(d.parent,[d.key],"cb-",l),t.addEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.addEventListener("error",n,c(!1)),f.emit("new-jsonp",[t.src],l)}}}}}function o(){return"addEventListener"in window}function i(t){var e=t.match(d);return e?e[1]:null}function a(t,e){var n=t.match(l),r=n[1],o=n[3];return o?a(o,e[r]):e[r]}function s(t){var e=t.match(p);return e&&e.length>=3?{key:e[2],parent:a(e[1],window)}:{key:t,parent:window}}var c=t(23),f=t("ee").get("jsonp"),u=t("wrap-function")(f);if(e.exports=f,o()){var d=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,p=/(.*).([^.]+)/,l=/^(w+)(.|$)(.*)$/,h=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];Node&&Node.prototype&&Node.prototype.appendChild?u.inPlace(Node.prototype,h,"dom-"):(u.inPlace(HTMLElement.prototype,h,"dom-"),u.inPlace(HTMLHeadElement.prototype,h,"dom-"),u.inPlace(HTMLBodyElement.prototype,h,"dom-")),f.on("dom-start",function(t){r(t[0])})}},{}],11:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("mutation"),o=t("wrap-function")(r),i=NREUM.o.MO;e.exports=r,i&&(window.MutationObserver=function(t){return this instanceof i?new i(o(t,"fn-")):i.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=i.prototype)},{}],12:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=i.context(),n=s(t,"executor-",e,null,!1),r=new f(n);return i.context(r).getCtx=function(){return e},r}var o=t("wrap-function"),i=t("ee").get("promise"),a=t("ee").getOrSetContext,s=o(i),c=t(31),f=NREUM.o.PR;e.exports=i,f&&(window.Promise=r,["all","race"].forEach(function(t){var e=f[t];f[t]=function(n){function r(t){return function(){i.emit("propagate",[null,!o],a,!1,!1),o=o||!t}}var o=!1;c(n,function(e,n){Promise.resolve(n).then(r("all"===t),r(!1))});var a=e.apply(f,arguments),s=f.resolve(a);return s}}),["resolve","reject"].forEach(function(t){var e=f[t];f[t]=function(t){var n=e.apply(f,arguments);return t!==n&&i.emit("propagate",[t,!0],n,!1,!1),n}}),f.prototype["catch"]=function(t){return this.then(null,t)},f.prototype=Object.create(f.prototype,{constructor:{value:r}}),c(Object.getOwnPropertyNames(f),function(t,e){try{r[e]=f[e]}catch(n){}}),o.wrapInPlace(f.prototype,"then",function(t){return function(){var e=this,n=o.argsToArray.apply(this,arguments),r=a(e);r.promise=e,n[0]=s(n[0],"cb-",r,null,!1),n[1]=s(n[1],"cb-",r,null,!1);var c=t.apply(this,n);return r.nextPromise=c,i.emit("propagate",[e,!0],c,!1,!1),c}}),i.on("executor-start",function(t){t[0]=s(t[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),t[1]=s(t[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)}),i.on("executor-err",function(t,e,n){t[1](n)}),i.on("cb-end",function(t,e,n){i.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)}),i.on("propagate",function(t,e,n){this.getCtx&&!e||(this.getCtx=function(){if(t instanceof Promise)var e=i.context(t);return e&&e.getCtx?e.getCtx():this})}),r.toString=function(){return""+f})},{}],13:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("raf"),o=t("wrap-function")(r),i="equestAnimationFrame";e.exports=r,o.inPlace(window,["r"+i,"mozR"+i,"webkitR"+i,"msR"+i],"raf-"),r.on("raf-start",function(t){t[0]=o(t[0],"fn-")})},{}],14:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){t[0]=a(t[0],"fn-",null,n)}function o(t,e,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(t[1])?0:+t[1],t[0]=a(t[0],"fn-",this,n)}var i=t("ee").get("timer"),a=t("wrap-function")(i),s="setTimeout",c="setInterval",f="clearTimeout",u="-start",d="-";e.exports=i,a.inPlace(window,[s,"setImmediate"],s+d),a.inPlace(window,[c],c+d),a.inPlace(window,[f,"clearImmediate"],f+d),i.on(c+u,r),i.on(s+u,o)},{}],15:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){d.inPlace(e,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",s)}function o(){var t=this,e=u.context(t);t.readyState>3&&!e.resolved&&(e.resolved=!0,u.emit("xhr-resolved",[],t)),d.inPlace(t,y,"fn-",s)}function i(t){x.push(t),m&&(E?E.then(a):w?w(a):(R=-R,O.data=R))}function a(){for(var t=0;t<x.length;t++)r([],x[t]);x.length&&(x=[])}function s(t,e){return e}function c(t,e){for(var n in t)e[n]=t[n];return e}t(7);var f=t("ee"),u=f.get("xhr"),d=t("wrap-function")(u),p=t(23),l=NREUM.o,h=l.XHR,m=l.MO,v=l.PR,w=l.SI,g="readystatechange",y=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],x=[];e.exports=u;var b=window.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){var e=new h(t);try{u.emit("new-xhr",[e],e),e.addEventListener(g,o,p(!1))}catch(n){try{u.emit("internal-error",[n])}catch(r){}}return e};if(c(h,b),b.prototype=h.prototype,d.inPlace(b.prototype,["open","send"],"-xhr-",s),u.on("send-xhr-start",function(t,e){r(t,e),i(e)}),u.on("open-xhr-start",r),m){var E=v&&v.resolve();if(!w&&!v){var R=1,O=document.createTextNode(R);new m(a).observe(O,{characterData:!0})}}else f.on("fn-end",function(t){t[0]&&t[0].type===g||a()})},{}],16:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){if(!s(t))return null;var e=window.NREUM;if(!e.loader_config)return null;var n=(e.loader_config.accountID||"").toString()||null,r=(e.loader_config.agentID||"").toString()||null,f=(e.loader_config.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!r)return null;var h=l.generateSpanId(),m=l.generateTraceId(),v=Date.now(),w={spanId:h,traceId:m,timestamp:v};return(t.sameOrigin||c(t)&&p())&&(w.traceContextParentHeader=o(h,m),w.traceContextStateHeader=i(h,v,n,r,f)),(t.sameOrigin&&!u()||!t.sameOrigin&&c(t)&&d())&&(w.newrelicHeader=a(h,m,v,n,r,f)),w}function o(t,e){return"00-"+e+"-"+t+"-01"}function i(t,e,n,r,o){var i=0,a="",s=1,c="",f="";return o+"@nr="+i+"-"+s+"-"+n+"-"+r+"-"+t+"-"+a+"-"+c+"-"+f+"-"+e}function a(t,e,n,r,o,i){var a="btoa"in window&&"function"==typeof window.btoa;if(!a)return null;var s={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:r,ap:o,id:t,tr:e,ti:n}};return i&&r!==i&&(s.d.tk=i),btoa(JSON.stringify(s))}function s(t){return f()&&c(t)}function c(t){var e=!1,n={};if("init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&(n=NREUM.init.distributed_tracing),t.sameOrigin)e=!0;else if(n.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var r=0;r<n.allowed_origins.length;r++){var o=h(n.allowed_origins[r]);if(t.hostname===o.hostname&&t.protocol===o.protocol&&t.port===o.port){e=!0;break}}return e}function f(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.enabled}function u(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.exclude_newrelic_header}function d(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.cors_use_newrelic_header!==!1}function p(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}var l=t(28),h=t(18);e.exports={generateTracePayload:r,shouldGenerateTrace:s}},{}],17:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(var r=0;r<p;r++)t.removeEventListener(d[r],this.listener,!1);return e.protocol&&"data"===e.protocol?void g("Ajax/DataUrl/Excluded"):void(e.aborted||(n.duration=a.now()-this.startTime,this.loadCaptureCalled||4!==t.readyState?null==e.status&&(e.status=0):i(this,t),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,s("xhr",[e,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this)))}}function o(t,e){var n=c(e),r=t.params;r.hostname=n.hostname,r.port=n.port,r.protocol=n.protocol,r.host=n.hostname+":"+n.port,r.pathname=n.pathname,t.parsedOrigin=n,t.sameOrigin=n.sameOrigin}function i(t,e){t.params.status=e.status;var n=v(e,t.lastSize);if(n&&(t.metrics.rxSize=n),t.sameOrigin){var r=e.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");r&&(t.params.cat=r.split(", ").pop())}t.loadCaptureCalled=!0}var a=t("loader");if(a.xhrWrappable&&!a.disabled){var s=t("handle"),c=t(18),f=t(16).generateTracePayload,u=t("ee"),d=["load","error","abort","timeout"],p=d.length,l=t("id"),h=t(24),m=t(22),v=t(19),w=t(23),g=t(25).recordSupportability,y=NREUM.o.REQ,x=window.XMLHttpRequest;a.features.xhr=!0,t(15),t(8),u.on("new-xhr",function(t){var e=this;e.totalCbs=0,e.called=0,e.cbTime=0,e.end=r,e.ended=!1,e.xhrGuids={},e.lastSize=null,e.loadCaptureCalled=!1,e.params=this.params||{},e.metrics=this.metrics||{},t.addEventListener("load",function(n){i(e,t)},w(!1)),h&&(h>34||h<10)||t.addEventListener("progress",function(t){e.lastSize=t.loaded},w(!1))}),u.on("open-xhr-start",function(t){this.params={method:t[0]},o(this,t[1]),this.metrics={}}),u.on("open-xhr-end",function(t,e){"loader_config"in NREUM&&"xpid"in NREUM.loader_config&&this.sameOrigin&&e.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",NREUM.loader_config.xpid);var n=f(this.parsedOrigin);if(n){var r=!1;n.newrelicHeader&&(e.setRequestHeader("newrelic",n.newrelicHeader),r=!0),n.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.setRequestHeader("traceparent",n.traceContextParentHeader),n.traceContextStateHeader&&e.setRequestHeader("tracestate",n.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r&&(this.dt=n)}}),u.on("send-xhr-start",function(t,e){var n=this.metrics,r=t[0],o=this;if(n&&r){var i=m(r);i&&(n.txSize=i)}this.startTime=a.now(),this.listener=function(t){try{"abort"!==t.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==t.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof e.onload))&&o.end(e)}catch(n){try{u.emit("internal-error",[n])}catch(r){}}};for(var s=0;s<p;s++)e.addEventListener(d[s],this.listener,w(!1))}),u.on("xhr-cb-time",function(t,e,n){this.cbTime+=t,e?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof n.onload||this.end(n)}),u.on("xhr-load-added",function(t,e){var n=""+l(t)+!!e;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[n]&&(this.xhrGuids[n]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}),u.on("xhr-load-removed",function(t,e){var n=""+l(t)+!!e;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[n]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[n],this.totalCbs-=1)}),u.on("xhr-resolved",function(){this.endTime=a.now()}),u.on("addEventListener-end",function(t,e){e instanceof x&&"load"===t[0]&&u.emit("xhr-load-added",[t[1],t[2]],e)}),u.on("removeEventListener-end",function(t,e){e instanceof x&&"load"===t[0]&&u.emit("xhr-load-removed",[t[1],t[2]],e)}),u.on("fn-start",function(t,e,n){e instanceof x&&("onload"===n&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(t[0]&&t[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=a.now()))}),u.on("fn-end",function(t,e){this.xhrCbStart&&u.emit("xhr-cb-time",[a.now()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,e],e)}),u.on("fetch-before-start",function(t){function e(t,e){var n=!1;return e.newrelicHeader&&(t.set("newrelic",e.newrelicHeader),n=!0),e.traceContextParentHeader&&(t.set("traceparent",e.traceContextParentHeader),e.traceContextStateHeader&&t.set("tracestate",e.traceContextStateHeader),n=!0),n}var n,r=t[1]||{};"string"==typeof t[0]?n=t[0]:t[0]&&t[0].url?n=t[0].url:window.URL&&t[0]&&t[0]instanceof URL&&(n=t[0].href),n&&(this.parsedOrigin=c(n),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var o=f(this.parsedOrigin);if(o&&(o.newrelicHeader||o.traceContextParentHeader))if("string"==typeof t[0]||window.URL&&t[0]&&t[0]instanceof URL){var i={};for(var a in r)i[a]=r[a];i.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),e(i.headers,o)&&(this.dt=o),t.length>1?t[1]=i:t.push(i)}else t[0]&&t[0].headers&&e(t[0].headers,o)&&(this.dt=o)}),u.on("fetch-start",function(t,e){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=a.now(),this.dt=e,t.length>=1&&(this.target=t[0]),t.length>=2&&(this.opts=t[1]);var n,r=this.opts||{},i=this.target;if("string"==typeof i?n=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof y?n=i.url:window.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(n=i.href),o(this,n),"data"!==this.params.protocol){var s=(""+(i&&i instanceof y&&i.method||r.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=s,this.txSize=m(r.body)||0}}),u.on("fetch-done",function(t,e){if(this.endTime=a.now(),this.params||(this.params={}),"data"===this.params.protocol)return void g("Ajax/DataUrl/Excluded");this.params.status=e?e.status:0;var n;"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);var r={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:a.now()-this.startTime};s("xhr",[this.params,r,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this)})}},{}],18:[function(t,e,n){var r={};e.exports=function(t){if(t in r)return r[t];if(0===(t||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};var e=document.createElement("a"),n=window.location,o={};e.href=t,o.port=e.port;var i=e.href.split("://");!o.port&&i[1]&&(o.port=i[1].split("/")[0].split("@").pop().split(":")[1]),o.port&&"0"!==o.port||(o.port="https"===i[0]?"443":"80"),o.hostname=e.hostname||n.hostname,o.pathname=e.pathname,o.protocol=i[0],"/"!==o.pathname.charAt(0)&&(o.pathname="/"+o.pathname);var a=!e.protocol||":"===e.protocol||e.protocol===n.protocol,s=e.hostname===document.domain&&e.port===n.port;return o.sameOrigin=a&&(!e.hostname||s),"/"===o.pathname&&(r[t]=o),o}},{}],19:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=t.responseType;return"json"===n&&null!==e?e:"arraybuffer"===n||"blob"===n||"json"===n?o(t.response):"text"===n||""===n||void 0===n?o(t.responseText):void 0}var o=t(22);e.exports=r},{}],20:[function(t,e,n){function r(){}function o(t,e,n,r){return function(){return u.recordSupportability("API/"+e+"/called"),i(t+e,[f.now()].concat(s(arguments)),n?null:this,r),n?void 0:this}}var i=t("handle"),a=t(31),s=t(32),c=t("ee").get("tracer"),f=t("loader"),u=t(25),d=NREUM;"undefined"==typeof window.newrelic&&(newrelic=d);var p=["setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"],l="api-",h=l+"ixn-";a(p,function(t,e){d[e]=o(l,e,!0,"api")}),d.addPageAction=o(l,"addPageAction",!0),d.setCurrentRouteName=o(l,"routeName",!0),e.exports=newrelic,d.interaction=function(){return(new r).get()};var m=r.prototype={createTracer:function(t,e){var n={},r=this,o="function"==typeof e;return i(h+"tracer",[f.now(),t,n],r),function(){if(c.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[f.now(),r,o],n),o)try{return e.apply(this,arguments)}catch(t){throw c.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],n),t}finally{c.emit("fn-end",[f.now()],n)}}}};a("actionText,setName,setAttribute,save,ignore,onEnd,getContext,end,get".split(","),function(t,e){m[e]=o(h,e)}),newrelic.noticeError=function(t,e){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),u.recordSupportability("API/noticeError/called"),i("err",[t,f.now(),!1,e])}},{}],21:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){if(NREUM.init){for(var e=NREUM.init,n=t.split("."),r=0;r<n.length-1;r++)if(e=e[n[r]],"object"!=typeof e)return;return e=e[n[n.length-1]]}}e.exports={getConfiguration:r}},{}],22:[function(t,e,n){e.exports=function(t){if("string"==typeof t&&t.length)return t.length;if("object"==typeof t){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&t instanceof ArrayBuffer&&t.byteLength)return t.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&t instanceof Blob&&t.size)return t.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&t instanceof FormData))try{return JSON.stringify(t).length}catch(e){return}}}},{}],23:[function(t,e,n){var r=!1;try{var o=Object.defineProperty({},"passive",{get:function(){r=!0}});window.addEventListener("testPassive",null,o),window.removeEventListener("testPassive",null,o)}catch(i){}e.exports=function(t){return r?{passive:!0,capture:!!t}:!!t}},{}],24:[function(t,e,n){var r=0,o=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[/s](d+.d+)/);o&&(r=+o[1]),e.exports=r},{}],25:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=[a,t,{name:t},e];return i("storeMetric",n,null,"api"),n}function o(t,e){var n=[s,t,{name:t},e];return i("storeEventMetrics",n,null,"api"),n}var i=t("handle"),a="sm",s="cm";e.exports={constants:{SUPPORTABILITY_METRIC:a,CUSTOM_METRIC:s},recordSupportability:r,recordCustom:o}},{}],26:[function(t,e,n){function r(){return s.exists&&performance.now?Math.round(performance.now()):(i=Math.max((new Date).getTime(),i))-a}function o(){return i}var i=(new Date).getTime(),a=i,s=t(33);e.exports=r,e.exports.offset=a,e.exports.getLastTimestamp=o},{}],27:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();n.forEach(function(t){"first-paint"===t.name?l("timing",["fp",Math.floor(t.startTime)]):"first-contentful-paint"===t.name&&l("timing",["fcp",Math.floor(t.startTime)])})}function o(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();if(n.length>0){var r=n[n.length-1];if(f&&f<r.startTime)return;var o=[r],i=a({});i&&o.push(i),l("lcp",o)}}function i(t){t.getEntries().forEach(function(t){t.hadRecentInput||l("cls",[t])})}function a(t){var e=navigator.connection||navigator.mozConnection||navigator.webkitConnection;if(e)return e.type&&(t["net-type"]=e.type),e.effectiveType&&(t["net-etype"]=e.effectiveType),e.rtt&&(t["net-rtt"]=e.rtt),e.downlink&&(t["net-dlink"]=e.downlink),t}function s(t){if(t instanceof w&&!y){var e=Math.round(t.timeStamp),n={type:t.type};a(n),e<=h.now()?n.fid=h.now()-e:e>h.offset&&e<=Date.now()?(e-=h.offset,n.fid=h.now()-e):e=h.now(),y=!0,l("timing",["fi",e,n])}}function c(t){"hidden"===t&&(f=h.now(),l("pageHide",[f]))}if(!("init"in NREUM&&"page_view_timing"in NREUM.init&&"enabled"in NREUM.init.page_view_timing&&NREUM.init.page_view_timing.enabled===!1)){var f,u,d,p,l=t("handle"),h=t("loader"),m=t(30),v=t(23),w=NREUM.o.EV;if("PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver){u=new PerformanceObserver(r);try{u.observe({entryTypes:["paint"]})}catch(g){}d=new PerformanceObserver(o);try{d.observe({entryTypes:["largest-contentful-paint"]})}catch(g){}p=new PerformanceObserver(i);try{p.observe({type:"layout-shift",buffered:!0})}catch(g){}}if("addEventListener"in document){var y=!1,x=["click","keydown","mousedown","pointerdown","touchstart"];x.forEach(function(t){document.addEventListener(t,s,v(!1))})}m(c)}},{}],28:[function(t,e,n){function r(){function t(){return e?15&e[n++]:16*Math.random()|0}var e=null,n=0,r=window.crypto||window.msCrypto;r&&r.getRandomValues&&(e=r.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var o,i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx",a="",s=0;s<i.length;s++)o=i[s],"x"===o?a+=t().toString(16):"y"===o?(o=3&t()|8,a+=o.toString(16)):a+=o;return a}function o(){return a(16)}function i(){return a(32)}function a(t){function e(){return n?15&n[r++]:16*Math.random()|0}var n=null,r=0,o=window.crypto||window.msCrypto;o&&o.getRandomValues&&Uint8Array&&(n=o.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(t)));for(var i=[],a=0;a<t;a++)i.push(e().toString(16));return i.join("")}e.exports={generateUuid:r,generateSpanId:o,generateTraceId:i}},{}],29:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){if(!o)return!1;if(t!==o)return!1;if(!e)return!0;if(!i)return!1;for(var n=i.split("."),r=e.split("."),a=0;a<r.length;a++)if(r[a]!==n[a])return!1;return!0}var o=null,i=null,a=/Version\/(\S+)\s+Safari/;if(navigator.userAgent){var s=navigator.userAgent,c=s.match(a);c&&s.indexOf("Chrome")===-1&&s.indexOf("Chromium")===-1&&(o="Safari",i=c[1])}e.exports={agent:o,version:i,match:r}},{}],30:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){function e(){t(s&&document[s]?document[s]:document[i]?"hidden":"visible")}"addEventListener"in document&&a&&document.addEventListener(a,e,o(!1))}var o=t(23);e.exports=r;var i,a,s;"undefined"!=typeof document.hidden?(i="hidden",a="visibilitychange",s="visibilityState"):"undefined"!=typeof document.msHidden?(i="msHidden",a="msvisibilitychange"):"undefined"!=typeof document.webkitHidden&&(i="webkitHidden",a="webkitvisibilitychange",s="webkitVisibilityState")},{}],31:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=[],r="",i=0;for(r in t)o.call(t,r)&&(n[i]=e(r,t[r]),i+=1);return n}var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;e.exports=r},{}],32:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){e||(e=0),"undefined"==typeof n&&(n=t?t.length:0);for(var r=-1,o=n-e||0,i=Array(o<0?0:o);++r<o;)i[r]=t[e+r];return i}e.exports=r},{}],33:[function(t,e,n){e.exports={exists:"undefined"!=typeof window.performance&&window.performance.timing&&"undefined"!=typeof window.performance.timing.navigationStart}},{}],ee:[function(t,e,n){function r(){}function o(t){function e(t){return t&&t instanceof r?t:t?f(t,c,a):a()}function n(n,r,o,i,a){if(a!==!1&&(a=!0),!l.aborted||i){t&&a&&t(n,r,o);for(var s=e(o),c=m(n),f=c.length,u=0;u<f;u++)c[u].apply(s,r);var p=d[y[n]];return p&&p.push([x,n,r,s]),s}}function i(t,e){g[t]=m(t).concat(e)}function h(t,e){var n=g[t];if(n)for(var r=0;r<n.length;r++)n[r]===e&&n.splice(r,1)}function m(t){return g[t]||[]}function v(t){return p[t]=p[t]||o(n)}function w(t,e){l.aborted||u(t,function(t,n){e=e||"feature",y[n]=e,e in d||(d[e]=[])})}var g={},y={},x={on:i,addEventListener:i,removeEventListener:h,emit:n,get:v,listeners:m,context:e,buffer:w,abort:s,aborted:!1};return x}function i(t){return f(t,c,a)}function a(){return new r}function s(){(d.api||d.feature)&&(l.aborted=!0,d=l.backlog={})}var c="nr@context",f=t("gos"),u=t(31),d={},p={},l=e.exports=o();e.exports.getOrSetContext=i,l.backlog=d},{}],gos:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){if(o.call(t,e))return t[e];var r=n();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(t,e,{value:r,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),r}catch(i){}return t[e]=r,r}var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;e.exports=r},{}],handle:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n,r){o.buffer([t],r),o.emit(t,e,n)}var o=t("ee").get("handle");e.exports=r,r.ee=o},{}],id:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=typeof t;return!t||"object"!==e&&"function"!==e?-1:t===window?0:a(t,i,function(){return o++})}var o=1,i="nr@id",a=t("gos");e.exports=r},{}],loader:[function(t,e,n){function r(){if(!T++){var t=O.info=NREUM.info,e=m.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];if(setTimeout(f.abort,3e4),!(t&&t.licenseKey&&t.applicationID&&e))return f.abort();c(E,function(e,n){t[e]||(t[e]=n)});var n=a();s("mark",["onload",n+O.offset],null,"api"),s("timing",["load",n]);var r=m.createElement("script");0===t.agent.indexOf("http://")||0===t.agent.indexOf("https://")?r.src=t.agent:r.src=l+"://"+t.agent,e.parentNode.insertBefore(r,e)}}function o(){"complete"===m.readyState&&i()}function i(){s("mark",["domContent",a()+O.offset],null,"api")}var a=t(26),s=t("handle"),c=t(31),f=t("ee"),u=t(29),d=t(21),p=t(23),l=d.getConfiguration("ssl")===!1?"http":"https",h=window,m=h.document,v="addEventListener",w="attachEvent",g=h.XMLHttpRequest,y=g&&g.prototype,x=!1;NREUM.o={ST:setTimeout,SI:h.setImmediate,CT:clearTimeout,XHR:g,REQ:h.Request,EV:h.Event,PR:h.Promise,MO:h.MutationObserver};var b=""+location,E={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",agent:"js-agent.newrelic.com/nr-spa-1216.min.js"},R=g&&y&&y[v]&&!/CriOS/.test(navigator.userAgent),O=e.exports={offset:a.getLastTimestamp(),now:a,origin:b,features:{},xhrWrappable:R,userAgent:u,disabled:x};if(!x){t(20),t(27),m[v]?(m[v]("DOMContentLoaded",i,p(!1)),h[v]("load",r,p(!1))):(m[w]("onreadystatechange",o),h[w]("onload",r)),s("mark",["firstbyte",a.getLastTimestamp()],null,"api");var T=0}},{}],"wrap-function":[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){function n(e,n,r,c,f){function nrWrapper(){var i,a,u,p;try{a=this,i=d(arguments),u="function"==typeof r?r(i,a):r||{}}catch(l){o([l,"",[i,a,c],u],t)}s(n+"start",[i,a,c],u,f);try{return p=e.apply(a,i)}catch(h){throw s(n+"err",[i,a,h],u,f),h}finally{s(n+"end",[i,a,p],u,f)}}return a(e)?e:(n||(n=""),nrWrapper[p]=e,i(e,nrWrapper,t),nrWrapper)}function r(t,e,r,o,i){r||(r="");var s,c,f,u="-"===r.charAt(0);for(f=0;f<e.length;f++)c=e[f],s=t[c],a(s)||(t[c]=n(s,u?c+r:r,o,c,i))}function s(n,r,i,a){if(!h||e){var s=h;h=!0;try{t.emit(n,r,i,e,a)}catch(c){o([c,n,r,i],t)}h=s}}return t||(t=u),n.inPlace=r,n.flag=p,n}function o(t,e){e||(e=u);try{e.emit("internal-error",t)}catch(n){}}function i(t,e,n){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{var r=Object.keys(t);return r.forEach(function(n){Object.defineProperty(e,n,{get:function(){return t[n]},set:function(e){return t[n]=e,e}})}),e}catch(i){o([i],n)}for(var a in t)l.call(t,a)&&(e[a]=t[a]);return e}function a(t){return!(t&&t instanceof Function&&t.apply&&!t[p])}function s(t,e){var n=e(t);return n[p]=t,i(t,n,u),n}function c(t,e,n){var r=t[e];t[e]=s(r,n)}function f(){for(var t=arguments.length,e=new Array(t),n=0;n<t;++n)e[n]=arguments[n];return e}var u=t("ee"),d=t(32),p="nr@original",l=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,h=!1;e.exports=r,e.exports.wrapFunction=s,e.exports.wrapInPlace=c,e.exports.argsToArray=f},{}]},{},["loader",2,17,5,3,4]);;NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","sa":1,"licenseKey":"8d01ff17d1","applicationID":"415461361"}})();})();</script> <link href="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com" rel="preconnect" /> </head> <body> <div id="natgeo"><div id="fitt-analytics"><div></div><div><div class="ResponsiveWrapper"><div class="GlobalNav"><div class="StickyBar"><div class="StickyBar--sticky"><nav class="NavBar"><div class="NavBar__Left__Container"><div class="NavBar__Logo__Container"><div data-track-event_name="natgeo logo" class="fitt-tracker"><a class="AnchorLink" tabindex="0" title="National Geographic" href="/"><picture><source srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e76f5368-6797-4794-b7f6-8d757c79ea5c/ng-logo-2fl.png?w=109&amp;h=32, https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e76f5368-6797-4794-b7f6-8d757c79ea5c/ng-logo-2fl.png?w=218&amp;h=64 2x"/><img alt="National Geographic Logo - Home" class="Image Logo NavBar__Logo Logo__lg" data-mptype="image" src="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e76f5368-6797-4794-b7f6-8d757c79ea5c/ng-logo-2fl.png?w=109&amp;h=32"/></picture></a></div></div></div><button aria-label="Skip to content" class="Button--unstyled SkipNav" tabindex="0">Skip to content</button><div class="NavBar__Spacer"></div><ul class="NavBar__List" role="presentation"><li class="NavBar__List--item"></li><li class="NavBar__List--item "><div data-track-event_name="global nav interaction" data-track-nav_item="search" data-track-nav_type="default" data-track-nav_layer="top nav" class="fitt-tracker"><a class="AnchorLink NavBar__List--search" tabindex="0" aria-label="Search" href="/search"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="NavBar__list--searchIcon icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__search"></use></svg></a></div></li><li class="NavBar__List--item NavBar__List--renew"><div data-track-event_name="global nav interaction" data-track-nav_item="newsletters" data-track-nav_type="default" data-track-nav_layer="top nav" class="fitt-tracker"><a class="AnchorLink NavBar__List--link" tabindex="0" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/newsletters/signup">Newsletters</a></div></li><li class="NavBar__List--item"><div data-track-event_name="global nav interaction" data-track-nav_item="subscribe" data-track-nav_type="default" data-track-nav_layer="top nav" class="fitt-tracker"><a class="AnchorLink Button Button--anchorLink Button--default FillButton FillButton--link FillButton--secondary FillButton--large" tabindex="0" href="/subscribe" title="Subscribe"><span class="fillOne"></span><span class="fillTwo"></span><span class="content"><span>Subscribe</span></span></a></div></li><li class="NavBar__List--item"><div class="MenuModal NavBar__Menu--item"><button aria-label="Menu" aria-expanded="false" class="Button Button--default Button--icon MenuModal__MenuButton NavBar__Menu--item" tabindex="0"><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__double-chevron__down"></use></svg>Menu</button></div></li></ul></nav></div></div></div></div></div><div class="stickyFrame stickyFrame--bottom"></div><div class="bp-mobileMDPlus bp-mobileLGPlus bp-tabletPlus bp-desktopPlus bp-desktopLGPlus" data-fitt-page-type="related"><div class="ResponsiveWrapper"><div class="PageLayout page-container cf PageLayout--desktopLg PageLayout--related fitt-fade-in"><div class="PageLayout__Main" role="main" tabindex="-1"><div><div><div id="no-id-module-1" class="StackModule"><div class="BannerHeading"><div class="BannerHeading__Title" role="presentation"><div class="Header Header--left Header__IndentedLine"><div><h1 class="RichText Header__Headline Header__Headline--x-small">Maps</h1></div></div></div></div></div><div class="GridPromoTile"><div class="GridPromoTile__Row"><div class="col col col-bottom-gutter-2 col-lg-8 col-sm-no-gutter" aria-label="Here’s what early European cartographers got right"><div class="GridPromoTile__Tile"><article class="PromoTile__Type--hero PromoTile PromoTile__Theme--light PromoTile__Layout--vertical PromoTile__Type--hero"><a class="AnchorLink PromoTile__Link" tabindex="0" aria-label="Here’s what early European cartographers got right, Read" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/antique-maps-sunderland-collection-oculi-mundi" id="undefined_5278e7a9-07b9-4467-9433-8cf87a510421" target="_self"><span class="sr-only">Here’s what early European cartographers got right</span></a><footer class="BackgroundImage BackgroundImage--zoom PromoTile__Footer"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--3x2"></div><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--lowRes" style="background-position:center center;transition:transform .25s ease, opacity .5s ease;background-image:url(&quot;data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mNkYAAAAAYAAjCB0C8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=&quot;)"></span><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--highRes"></span><div class="PromoTile__Section_and_title"><div class="PromoTile__Section"><ul class="SectionLabelWrapper"><li class="SectionLabel SectionLabel--link"><a class="AnchorLink" tabindex="0" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"><span>History & Culture</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="PromoTile__Title PromoTile__Title--hero"><div class="PromoTile__Title--truncated"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span>Here’s what early European cartographers got right</span></span></div><div class="PromoTile__Title--mobile">Here’s what early European cartographers got right</div></div></div><div class="PromoTile__Button PromoTile__Button--hero"><button aria-hidden="true" class="Button Button--alt" tabindex="-1"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="Icon Icon--hero icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__article"></use></svg>Read</button></div><span class="PromoTile__Logo"></span></footer></article></div></div><div class="col col-bottom-gutter-2 col-md-6 col-lg-4 " aria-label="The lost continent of Zealandia was mapped for the first time"><div class="GridPromoTile__Tile"><article class="PromoTile__Type--image PromoTile PromoTile__Theme--light PromoTile__Layout--vertical PromoTile__Type--image"><a class="AnchorLink PromoTile__Link" tabindex="0" aria-label="The lost continent of Zealandia was mapped for the first time, Read" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/premium/article/the-lost-continent-of-zealandia-has-been-mapped-for-the-first-time" id="undefined_75a54ed4-8118-4e11-a9ac-df9055a0913a" target="_self"><span class="sr-only">The lost continent of Zealandia was mapped for the first time</span></a><header class="PromoTile__Header"><div class="BackgroundImage BackgroundImage--zoom PromoTile__Header__Image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--3x2"></div><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--lowRes" style="background-position:center center;transition:transform .25s ease, opacity .5s ease;background-image:url(&quot;data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mNkYAAAAAYAAjCB0C8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=&quot;)"></span><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--highRes"></span></div></header><footer class="PromoTile__Footer"><div class="PromoTile__Section_and_title"><div class="PromoTile__Section"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="PromoTile__LockIcon icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__premium-lock-yellow"></use></svg><ul class="SectionLabelWrapper"><li class="SectionLabel SectionLabel--link"><a class="AnchorLink" tabindex="0" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science"><span>Science</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="PromoTile__Title"><div class="PromoTile__Title--truncated"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span>The lost continent of Zealandia was mapped for the first time</span></span></div><div class="PromoTile__Title--mobile">The lost continent of Zealandia was mapped for the first time</div></div></div><div class="PromoTile__Button PromoTile__Button--image"><button aria-hidden="true" class="Button Button--alt" tabindex="-1"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="Icon Icon--image icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__article"></use></svg>Read</button></div><span class="PromoTile__Logo"></span></footer></article></div></div><div class="col col-bottom-gutter-2 col-md-6 col-lg-4 " aria-label="How Moroccan crafts inspired this author to become a globemaker"><div class="GridPromoTile__Tile"><article class="PromoTile__Type--image PromoTile PromoTile__Theme--light PromoTile__Layout--vertical PromoTile__Type--image"><a class="AnchorLink PromoTile__Link" tabindex="0" aria-label="How Moroccan crafts inspired this author to become a globemaker, Read" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/morocco-craftspeople-inspired-peter-bellerby-to-become-a-globemaker" id="undefined_c1f5a3bf-e079-4edb-aee6-c38f1c8aa3a1" target="_self"><span class="sr-only">How Moroccan crafts inspired this author to become a globemaker</span></a><header class="PromoTile__Header"><div class="BackgroundImage BackgroundImage--zoom PromoTile__Header__Image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--3x2"></div><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--lowRes" style="background-position:center center;transition:transform .25s ease, opacity .5s ease;background-image:url(&quot;data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mNkYAAAAAYAAjCB0C8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=&quot;)"></span><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--highRes"></span></div></header><footer class="PromoTile__Footer"><div class="PromoTile__Section_and_title"><div class="PromoTile__Section"><ul class="SectionLabelWrapper"><li class="SectionLabel SectionLabel--link"><a class="AnchorLink" tabindex="0" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel"><span>Travel</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="PromoTile__Title"><div class="PromoTile__Title--truncated"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span>How Moroccan crafts inspired this author to become a globemaker</span></span></div><div class="PromoTile__Title--mobile">How Moroccan crafts inspired this author to become a globemaker</div></div></div><div class="PromoTile__Button PromoTile__Button--image"><button aria-hidden="true" class="Button Button--alt" tabindex="-1"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="Icon Icon--image icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__article"></use></svg>Read</button></div><span class="PromoTile__Logo"></span></footer></article></div></div><div class="col col-bottom-gutter-2 col-md-6 col-lg-4 " aria-label="These Gettysburg maps reveal how Lee lost the fight"><div class="GridPromoTile__Tile"><article class="PromoTile__Type--image PromoTile PromoTile__Theme--light PromoTile__Layout--vertical PromoTile__Type--image"><a class="AnchorLink PromoTile__Link" tabindex="0" aria-label="These Gettysburg maps reveal how Lee lost the fight, Read" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/premium/article/battle-of-gettysburg-day-maps" id="undefined_0a05d364-bc58-43fe-a384-f87d4823cc4e" target="_self"><span class="sr-only">These Gettysburg maps reveal how Lee lost the fight</span></a><header class="PromoTile__Header"><div class="BackgroundImage BackgroundImage--zoom PromoTile__Header__Image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--3x2"></div><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--lowRes" style="background-position:center center;transition:transform .25s ease, opacity .5s ease;background-image:url(&quot;data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mNkYAAAAAYAAjCB0C8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=&quot;)"></span><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--highRes"></span></div></header><footer class="PromoTile__Footer"><div class="PromoTile__Section_and_title"><div class="PromoTile__Section"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="PromoTile__LockIcon icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__premium-lock-yellow"></use></svg><ul class="SectionLabelWrapper"><li class="SectionLabel SectionLabel--link"><a class="AnchorLink" tabindex="0" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine"><span>History Magazine</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="PromoTile__Title"><div class="PromoTile__Title--truncated"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span>These Gettysburg maps reveal how Lee lost the fight</span></span></div><div class="PromoTile__Title--mobile">These Gettysburg maps reveal how Lee lost the fight</div></div></div><div class="PromoTile__Button PromoTile__Button--image"><button aria-hidden="true" class="Button Button--alt" tabindex="-1"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="Icon Icon--image icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__article"></use></svg>Read</button></div><span class="PromoTile__Logo"></span></footer></article></div></div><div class="col col-bottom-gutter-2 col-md-6 col-lg-4 " aria-label="Swastika Mountain needed a new name. Here’s how it got one."><div class="GridPromoTile__Tile"><article class="PromoTile__Type--image PromoTile PromoTile__Theme--light PromoTile__Layout--vertical PromoTile__Type--image"><a class="AnchorLink PromoTile__Link" tabindex="0" aria-label="Swastika Mountain needed a new name. Here’s how it got one., Read" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/swastika-mountain-geographic-name-changes" id="undefined_3dc75cf8-f2c8-46f1-915a-e9c7bde1e656" target="_self"><span class="sr-only">Swastika Mountain needed a new name. Here’s how it got one.</span></a><header class="PromoTile__Header"><div class="BackgroundImage BackgroundImage--zoom PromoTile__Header__Image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--3x2"></div><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--lowRes" style="background-position:center center;transition:transform .25s ease, opacity .5s ease;background-image:url(&quot;data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mNkYAAAAAYAAjCB0C8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=&quot;)"></span><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--highRes"></span></div></header><footer class="PromoTile__Footer"><div class="PromoTile__Section_and_title"><div class="PromoTile__Section"><ul class="SectionLabelWrapper"><li class="SectionLabel SectionLabel--link"><a class="AnchorLink" tabindex="0" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"><span>History & Culture</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="PromoTile__Title"><div class="PromoTile__Title--truncated"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span>Swastika Mountain needed a new name. Here’s how it got one.</span></span></div><div class="PromoTile__Title--mobile">Swastika Mountain needed a new name. Here’s how it got one.</div></div></div><div class="PromoTile__Button PromoTile__Button--image"><button aria-hidden="true" class="Button Button--alt" tabindex="-1"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="Icon Icon--image icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__article"></use></svg>Read</button></div><span class="PromoTile__Logo"></span></footer></article></div></div></div></div><div id="no-id-module-3" class="StackModule"><div tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="ad-wrapper"><div data-box-type="fitt-adbox-interstitialAd"><div class="Ad interstitialAd interstitialAd ad-slot Ad--hasLabel" data-slot-type="interstitialAd" data-collapse-before-load="true" data-slot-kvps="pos=interstitialAd" data-label="advertisement"></div></div></div></div><div class="InfiniteFeedModule"><div class="InfiniteFeedModule__feed InfiniteFeedModule__feed--horizontal"><div class="GridPromoTile"><div class="GridPromoTile__Row"><div class="col col-bottom-gutter " aria-label="This scientist is on a mission to map the world’s oceans"><div class="GridPromoTile__Tile"><article class="PromoTile__Type--hero PromoTile PromoTile__Theme--light PromoTile__Layout--vertical PromoTile__Type--hero"><a class="AnchorLink PromoTile__Link" tabindex="0" aria-label="This scientist is on a mission to map the world’s oceans, Read" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/impact/article/scientist-ved-chirayat-maps-seafloors-fluidcam-midar" id="undefined_3008a103-d320-4b35-aa26-a8c2b8459f8a" target="_self"><span class="sr-only">This scientist is on a mission to map the world’s oceans</span></a><footer class="BackgroundImage BackgroundImage--zoom PromoTile__Footer"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--3x2"></div><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--lowRes" style="background-position:center center;transition:transform .25s ease, opacity .5s ease;background-image:url(&quot;data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mNkYAAAAAYAAjCB0C8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=&quot;)"></span><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--highRes"></span><div class="PromoTile__Section_and_title"><div class="PromoTile__Section"><ul class="SectionLabelWrapper"><li class="SectionLabel SectionLabel--link"><a class="AnchorLink" tabindex="0" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine"><span>Magazine</span></a></li><li class="SectionLabel SectionLabel--link"><a class="AnchorLink" tabindex="0" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/innovator/"><span>Innovator</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="PromoTile__Title PromoTile__Title--hero"><div class="PromoTile__Title--truncated"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span>This scientist is on a mission to map the world’s oceans</span></span></div><div class="PromoTile__Title--mobile">This scientist is on a mission to map the world’s oceans</div></div></div><div class="PromoTile__Button PromoTile__Button--hero"><button aria-hidden="true" class="Button Button--alt" tabindex="-1"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="Icon Icon--hero icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__article"></use></svg>Read</button></div><span class="PromoTile__Logo"></span></footer></article></div></div><div class="col col-bottom-gutter " aria-label="These enigmatic documents kept their secrets for centuries"><div class="GridPromoTile__Tile"><article class="PromoTile__Type--image PromoTile PromoTile__Theme--light PromoTile__Layout--horizontal PromoTile__Type--image"><a class="AnchorLink PromoTile__Link" tabindex="0" aria-label="These enigmatic documents kept their secrets for centuries, Read" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/these-enigmatic-documents-have-kept-their-secrets-for-centuries" id="undefined_63907903-5ed3-46aa-9680-3ef7599ac860" target="_self"><span class="sr-only">These enigmatic documents kept their secrets for centuries</span></a><header class="PromoTile__Header"><div class="BackgroundImage BackgroundImage--zoom PromoTile__Header__Image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--3x2"></div><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--lowRes" style="background-position:center center;transition:transform .25s ease, opacity .5s ease;background-image:url(&quot;data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mNkYAAAAAYAAjCB0C8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=&quot;)"></span><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--highRes"></span></div></header><footer class="PromoTile__Footer"><div class="PromoTile__Section_and_title"><div class="PromoTile__Section"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="PromoTile__LockIcon icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__premium-lock-yellow"></use></svg><ul class="SectionLabelWrapper"><li class="SectionLabel SectionLabel--link"><a class="AnchorLink" tabindex="0" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine"><span>History Magazine</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="PromoTile__Title"><div class="PromoTile__Title--truncated"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span>These enigmatic documents kept their secrets for centuries</span></span></div><div class="PromoTile__Title--mobile">These enigmatic documents kept their secrets for centuries</div></div></div><div class="PromoTile__Button PromoTile__Button--image"><button aria-hidden="true" class="Button Button--alt" tabindex="-1"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="Icon Icon--image icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__article"></use></svg>Read</button></div><span class="PromoTile__Logo"></span></footer></article></div></div><div class="col col-bottom-gutter " aria-label="This man was actually first to sail around the world"><div class="GridPromoTile__Tile"><article class="PromoTile__Type--image PromoTile PromoTile__Theme--light PromoTile__Layout--horizontal PromoTile__Type--image"><a class="AnchorLink PromoTile__Link" tabindex="0" aria-label="This man was actually first to sail around the world, Read" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/this-man-was-actually-first-to-sail-around-the-world" id="undefined_a20d7981-384e-467b-93f4-7ce91dac4703" target="_self"><span class="sr-only">This man was actually first to sail around the world</span></a><header class="PromoTile__Header"><div class="BackgroundImage BackgroundImage--zoom PromoTile__Header__Image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--3x2"></div><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--lowRes" style="background-position:center center;transition:transform .25s ease, opacity .5s ease;background-image:url(&quot;data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mNkYAAAAAYAAjCB0C8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=&quot;)"></span><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--highRes"></span></div></header><footer class="PromoTile__Footer"><div class="PromoTile__Section_and_title"><div class="PromoTile__Section"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="PromoTile__LockIcon icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__premium-lock-yellow"></use></svg><ul class="SectionLabelWrapper"><li class="SectionLabel SectionLabel--link"><a class="AnchorLink" tabindex="0" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine"><span>History Magazine</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="PromoTile__Title"><div class="PromoTile__Title--truncated"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span>This man was actually first to sail around the world</span></span></div><div class="PromoTile__Title--mobile">This man was actually first to sail around the world</div></div></div><div class="PromoTile__Button PromoTile__Button--image"><button aria-hidden="true" class="Button Button--alt" tabindex="-1"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="Icon Icon--image icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__article"></use></svg>Read</button></div><span class="PromoTile__Logo"></span></footer></article></div></div><div class="col col-bottom-gutter " aria-label="These fabled ‘ghost’ islands exist only in atlases"><div class="GridPromoTile__Tile"><article class="PromoTile__Type--image PromoTile PromoTile__Theme--light PromoTile__Layout--horizontal PromoTile__Type--image"><a class="AnchorLink PromoTile__Link" tabindex="0" aria-label="These fabled ‘ghost’ islands exist only in atlases, Read" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/these-fabled-ghost-islands-exist-only-in-atlases" id="undefined_6b814bd6-e5c9-4481-bd34-fa016af6aed0" target="_self"><span class="sr-only">These fabled ‘ghost’ islands exist only in atlases</span></a><header class="PromoTile__Header"><div class="BackgroundImage BackgroundImage--zoom PromoTile__Header__Image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--3x2"></div><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--lowRes" style="background-position:center center;transition:transform .25s ease, opacity .5s ease;background-image:url(&quot;data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mNkYAAAAAYAAjCB0C8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=&quot;)"></span><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--highRes"></span></div></header><footer class="PromoTile__Footer"><div class="PromoTile__Section_and_title"><div class="PromoTile__Section"><ul class="SectionLabelWrapper"><li class="SectionLabel SectionLabel--link"><a class="AnchorLink" tabindex="0" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel"><span>Travel</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="PromoTile__Title"><div class="PromoTile__Title--truncated"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span>These fabled ‘ghost’ islands exist only in atlases</span></span></div><div class="PromoTile__Title--mobile">These fabled ‘ghost’ islands exist only in atlases</div></div></div><div class="PromoTile__Button PromoTile__Button--image"><button aria-hidden="true" class="Button Button--alt" tabindex="-1"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="Icon Icon--image icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__article"></use></svg>Read</button></div><span class="PromoTile__Logo"></span></footer></article></div></div><div class="col col-bottom-gutter " aria-label="This European map inspired a cartography craze 500 years ago"><div class="GridPromoTile__Tile"><article class="PromoTile__Type--image PromoTile PromoTile__Theme--light PromoTile__Layout--horizontal PromoTile__Type--image"><a class="AnchorLink PromoTile__Link" tabindex="0" aria-label="This European map inspired a cartography craze 500 years ago, Read" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/this-european-map-inspired-a-cartography-craze-500-years-ago" id="undefined_63c97e82-1681-46df-a5c9-9ae77ec78603" target="_self"><span class="sr-only">This European map inspired a cartography craze 500 years ago</span></a><header class="PromoTile__Header"><div class="BackgroundImage BackgroundImage--zoom PromoTile__Header__Image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--3x2"></div><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--lowRes" style="background-position:center center;transition:transform .25s ease, opacity .5s ease;background-image:url(&quot;data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mNkYAAAAAYAAjCB0C8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=&quot;)"></span><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--highRes"></span></div></header><footer class="PromoTile__Footer"><div class="PromoTile__Section_and_title"><div class="PromoTile__Section"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="PromoTile__LockIcon icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__premium-lock-yellow"></use></svg><ul class="SectionLabelWrapper"><li class="SectionLabel SectionLabel--link"><a class="AnchorLink" tabindex="0" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine"><span>History Magazine</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="PromoTile__Title"><div class="PromoTile__Title--truncated"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span>This European map inspired a cartography craze 500 years ago</span></span></div><div class="PromoTile__Title--mobile">This European map inspired a cartography craze 500 years ago</div></div></div><div class="PromoTile__Button PromoTile__Button--image"><button aria-hidden="true" class="Button Button--alt" tabindex="-1"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="Icon Icon--image icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__article"></use></svg>Read</button></div><span class="PromoTile__Logo"></span></footer></article></div></div><div class="col col-bottom-gutter " aria-label="Want to see the real Paris? Walk this way."><div class="GridPromoTile__Tile"><article class="PromoTile__Type--image PromoTile PromoTile__Theme--light PromoTile__Layout--horizontal PromoTile__Type--image"><a class="AnchorLink PromoTile__Link" tabindex="0" aria-label="Want to see the real Paris? Walk this way., Read" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/this-paris-trail-reveals-underrated-gems-free-of-big-city-crowds" id="undefined_16c4d506-2655-4e1a-a3bd-7768b1b2b5c5" target="_self"><span class="sr-only">Want to see the real Paris? Walk this way.</span></a><header class="PromoTile__Header"><div class="BackgroundImage BackgroundImage--zoom PromoTile__Header__Image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--3x2"></div><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--lowRes" style="background-position:center center;transition:transform .25s ease, opacity .5s ease;background-image:url(&quot;data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mNkYAAAAAYAAjCB0C8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=&quot;)"></span><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--highRes"></span></div></header><footer class="PromoTile__Footer"><div class="PromoTile__Section_and_title"><div class="PromoTile__Section"><ul class="SectionLabelWrapper"><li class="SectionLabel SectionLabel--link"><a class="AnchorLink" tabindex="0" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel"><span>Travel</span></a></li><li class="SectionLabel"><span><span>Best of Europe</span></span></li></ul></div><div class="PromoTile__Title"><div class="PromoTile__Title--truncated"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span>Want to see the real Paris? Walk this way.</span></span></div><div class="PromoTile__Title--mobile">Want to see the real Paris? Walk this way.</div></div></div><div class="PromoTile__Button PromoTile__Button--image"><button aria-hidden="true" class="Button Button--alt" tabindex="-1"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="Icon Icon--image icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__article"></use></svg>Read</button></div><span class="PromoTile__Logo"></span></footer></article></div></div><div class="col col-bottom-gutter " aria-label="Visual timeline shows Ukraine’s 30-year struggle for independence"><div class="GridPromoTile__Tile"><article class="PromoTile__Type--image PromoTile PromoTile__Theme--light PromoTile__Layout--horizontal PromoTile__Type--image"><a class="AnchorLink PromoTile__Link" tabindex="0" aria-label="Visual timeline shows Ukraine’s 30-year struggle for independence, Read" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/follow-ukraine-independence-struggle-visual-timeline" id="undefined_bfcd7f65-b152-4305-8697-bd6cf9f60030" target="_self"><span class="sr-only">Visual timeline shows Ukraine’s 30-year struggle for independence</span></a><header class="PromoTile__Header"><div class="BackgroundImage BackgroundImage--zoom PromoTile__Header__Image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--3x2"></div><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--lowRes" style="background-position:center center;transition:transform .25s ease, opacity .5s ease;background-image:url(&quot;data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mNkYAAAAAYAAjCB0C8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=&quot;)"></span><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--highRes"></span></div></header><footer class="PromoTile__Footer"><div class="PromoTile__Section_and_title"><div class="PromoTile__Section"><ul class="SectionLabelWrapper"><li class="SectionLabel SectionLabel--link"><a class="AnchorLink" tabindex="0" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"><span>History & Culture</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="PromoTile__Title"><div class="PromoTile__Title--truncated"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span>Visual timeline shows Ukraine’s 30-year struggle for independence</span></span></div><div class="PromoTile__Title--mobile">Visual timeline shows Ukraine’s 30-year struggle for independence</div></div></div><div class="PromoTile__Button PromoTile__Button--image"><button aria-hidden="true" class="Button Button--alt" tabindex="-1"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="Icon Icon--image icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__article"></use></svg>Read</button></div><span class="PromoTile__Logo"></span></footer></article></div></div><div class="col col-bottom-gutter " aria-label="Digital mapmaking innovations are revolutionizing travel"><div class="GridPromoTile__Tile"><article class="PromoTile__Type--image PromoTile PromoTile__Theme--light PromoTile__Layout--horizontal PromoTile__Type--image"><a class="AnchorLink PromoTile__Link" tabindex="0" aria-label="Digital mapmaking innovations are revolutionizing travel, Read" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/digital-mapmaking-innovations-are-revolutionizing-travel" id="undefined_b9e5ce2b-eee9-452f-9b83-417f437e271b" target="_self"><span class="sr-only">Digital mapmaking innovations are revolutionizing travel</span></a><header class="PromoTile__Header"><div class="BackgroundImage BackgroundImage--zoom PromoTile__Header__Image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--3x2"></div><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--lowRes" style="background-position:center center;transition:transform .25s ease, opacity .5s ease;background-image:url(&quot;data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mNkYAAAAAYAAjCB0C8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=&quot;)"></span><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--highRes"></span></div></header><footer class="PromoTile__Footer"><div class="PromoTile__Section_and_title"><div class="PromoTile__Section"><ul class="SectionLabelWrapper"><li class="SectionLabel SectionLabel--link"><a class="AnchorLink" tabindex="0" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel"><span>Travel</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="PromoTile__Title"><div class="PromoTile__Title--truncated"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span>Digital mapmaking innovations are revolutionizing travel</span></span></div><div class="PromoTile__Title--mobile">Digital mapmaking innovations are revolutionizing travel</div></div></div><div class="PromoTile__Button PromoTile__Button--image"><button aria-hidden="true" class="Button Button--alt" tabindex="-1"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="Icon Icon--image icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__article"></use></svg>Read</button></div><span class="PromoTile__Logo"></span></footer></article></div></div></div><div class="GridPromoTile__Button"><a class="AnchorLink Button Button--anchorLink Button--default FillButton FillButton--link FillButton--outlined FillButton--xlarge" tabindex="0" href="#" title="load more"><span class="fillOne"></span><span class="fillTwo"></span><span class="content"><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="FillButton--icon icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__loading"></use></svg><span>load more</span></span></a></div></div></div><div class="InfiniteFeedModule__right-rail"><div class="ArticleStickiness"><div class="ArticleStickiness__Sticky-Section" style="height:250px;top:20px"><div class="ArticleStickiness__Offset-Manager"><div class="ArticleStickiness__Sticky-Element ArticleStickiness__Sticky-Element--fade-in"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div></div><div class="ResponsiveWrapper"><div class="GlobalFooter"><div class="GlobalFooter__Wrapper"><div class="GlobalFooter__Menu GlobalFooter__Container"><div class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List"><div><h4 class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List--title" aria-label="Legal">Legal</h4><ul role="presentation"><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Terms of Use" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://disneytermsofuse.com/english/">Terms of Use</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Privacy Policy" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://privacy.thewaltdisneycompany.com/en/current-privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Your US State Privacy Rights" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://privacy.thewaltdisneycompany.com/en/current-privacy-policy/your-us-state-privacy-rights/">Your US State Privacy Rights</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Children&#x27;s Online Privacy Policy" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://disneyprivacycenter.com/kids-privacy-policy/english/">Children&#x27;s Online Privacy Policy</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Interest-Based Ads" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="http://preferences-mgr.trustarc.com/?pid=disney01&amp;aid=natgeo01&amp;type=natgeo">Interest-Based Ads</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="About Nielsen Measurement" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="http://www.nielsen.com/digitalprivacy">About Nielsen Measurement</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link ot-sdk-show-settings" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://privacy.thewaltdisneycompany.com/en/dnssmpi/">Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List"><div><h4 class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List--title" aria-label="Our Sites">Our Sites</h4><ul role="presentation"><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Nat Geo Home" href="/">Nat Geo Home</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Attend a Live Event" target="_self" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/events/">Attend a Live Event</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Book a Trip" target="_self" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/expeditions/?cmpid=int_org=ngp::int_mc=website::int_src=ngp::int_cmp=exp_hp::int_add=ngpexp201904-book-footer">Book a Trip</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Buy Maps" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://www.natgeomaps.com">Buy Maps</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Inspire Your Kids" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://kids.nationalgeographic.com">Inspire Your Kids</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Shop Nat Geo" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://www.shopdisney.com/franchises/national-geographic/">Shop Nat Geo</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Visit the D.C. Museum" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/tickets/events/">Visit the D.C. Museum</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Watch TV" target="_self" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/tv/">Watch TV</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Learn About Our Impact" href="/impact">Learn About Our Impact</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Support Our Mission" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/give/">Support Our Mission</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Masthead" target="_self" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/pages/article/masthead">Masthead</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Press Room" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://nationalgeographicpartners.com/press/">Press Room</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Advertise With Us" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://www.disneyadsales.com/our-brands/national-geographic/">Advertise With Us</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List"><div><h4 class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List--title" aria-label="Join Us">Join Us</h4><ul role="presentation"><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Subscribe" href="/subscribe">Subscribe</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Customer Service" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://help.nationalgeographic.com/">Customer Service</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Renew Subscription" href="/renew">Renew Subscription</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Manage Your Subscription" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://ngmservice.com">Manage Your Subscription</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Work at Nat Geo" target="_self" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/pages/topic/careers">Work at Nat Geo</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Sign Up for Our Newsletters" target="_blank" href="/newsletters/signup?gblftr">Sign Up for Our Newsletters</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Contribute to Protect the Planet" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://give.nationalgeographic.org/page/53299/donate/1?user_id=wb8em7wclp2gec8f8rj9f6lp88q9dftd">Contribute to Protect the Planet</a></li></ul></div></div><div class=" GlobalFooter__Menu__ConstantContainer"><div class="GlobalFooter__Menu__ConstantContainer--share"><h4 class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List--title" aria-label="Follow us">Follow us</h4><section class="Share flex flex-no-wrap"><button aria-label="National Geographic Instagram" class="Button Button--default Button--icon-noLabel Share__Item Share__Item--instagram__v2" tabindex="0"><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="Share__Icon icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__social__instagram__v2"></use></svg><span class="Share__Text">National Geographic Instagram</span></button><button aria-label="National Geographic Facebook" class="Button Button--default Button--icon-noLabel Share__Item Share__Item--facebook__v2" tabindex="0"><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="Share__Icon icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__social__facebook__v2"></use></svg><span class="Share__Text">National Geographic Facebook</span></button><button aria-label="National Geographic Twitter" class="Button Button--default Button--icon-noLabel Share__Item Share__Item--x__v2" tabindex="0"><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="Share__Icon icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__social__x__v2"></use></svg><span class="Share__Text">National Geographic Twitter</span></button><button aria-label="National Geographic Youtube" class="Button Button--default Button--icon-noLabel Share__Item Share__Item--youtube" tabindex="0"><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="Share__Icon icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__social__youtube"></use></svg><span class="Share__Text">National Geographic Youtube</span></button><button aria-label="National Geographic Linkedin" class="Button Button--default Button--icon-noLabel Share__Item Share__Item--linkedin__v2" tabindex="0"><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="Share__Icon icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__social__linkedin__v2"></use></svg><span class="Share__Text">National Geographic Linkedin</span></button><button aria-label="National Geographic Tiktok" class="Button Button--default Button--icon-noLabel Share__Item Share__Item--tiktok" tabindex="0"><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="Share__Icon icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__social__tiktok"></use></svg><span class="Share__Text">National Geographic Tiktok</span></button><button aria-label="National Geographic Reddit" class="Button Button--default Button--icon-noLabel Share__Item Share__Item--reddit" tabindex="0"><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="Share__Icon icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__social__reddit"></use></svg><span class="Share__Text">National Geographic Reddit</span></button></section></div><div class="CountryModal"><div data-track-event_name="United States (Change)" class="fitt-tracker"><button aria-label="United States - Current Market" aria-expanded="false" class="Button--unstyled CountryModal__Button" tabindex="0"><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="CountryModal__Button--flag icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__flag__united-states"></use></svg><span>United States (Change)</span></button></div></div></div></div><hr class="GlobalFooter--hr"/></div></div></div><div class="ResponsiveWrapper"><div class="GlobalFooter__CopyrightWrapper"><div class="GlobalFooter__Container GlobalFooter__Copyright"><div class="GlobalFooter__Copyright__Item GlobalFooter__Copyright__Item--logoContainer"><div data-track-event_name="National Geographic Logo" class="fitt-tracker"><a class="AnchorLink" tabindex="0" title="National Geographic Logo" href="/"><img alt="National Geographic Logo - Home" class="Image Logo GlobalFooter__Copyright__Logo Logo__lg" data-mptype="image" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7"/></a></div></div><div class="GlobalFooter__Copyright__Item GlobalFooter__Copyright__Item--textContainer"><p class="GlobalFooter__Copyright__Item--text"><span class="GlobalFooter__Copyright__Item--line">Copyright © 1996-2015 National Geographic Society</span><span class="GlobalFooter__Copyright__Item--line">Copyright © 2015-2024 National Geographic Partners, LLC. All rights reserved</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> <script>window['__CONFIG__']={"uid":"natgeo","strictMode":false,"mode":"universal","logLevel":"info","logOutput":"json","tms":{"enabled":true,"env":"dev","tag":"https://nexus.ensighten.com/TWDC-DTCI/dev/Bootstrap.js","tagNS":"Boostrapper","emitEvent":"tms:ready","loadScript":false,"loadAsync":true},"allowMocks":true,"globalVar":"__natgeo__","cdnPath":"//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client","buildHash":false,"http":{"timeout":{"client":10000}},"apiEnv":"production","envName":"prod","mockDataPort":1981,"host":"localhost","basename":"","collateXhr":{}};window['__natgeo__']={"app":{"uid":"natgeo","mode":"universal","apiEnv":"production","envName":"prod","cdnPath":"//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client","collateXhr":{},"allowMocks":true,"mockDataPort":1981,"excludePageCSS":false,"assets":{"chunks":["//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/runtime-8349f61a.js","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/8202-236416f1.js","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/9479-e4570a09.js","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/7708-37c5b074.js","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/9009-c31cd74d.js","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/3021-2f0be111.js","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/8330-6af310aa.js","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/5427-0bf927ab.js"],"entries":["//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/natgeo-b6cb5abe.js","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/related-8db7b276.js"],"css":["//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/fusion-59015cb9.css","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/8202-e4f72c35.css","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/natgeo-762fa9a3.css","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/5427-d6305e79.css","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/related-d7145173.css"]},"device":"desktop","modifier":"","edition":{"key":"natgeo-en-us","config":{"dateTime":{"long":"dddd MMMM D, yyyy","medium":"MMMM D, yyyy","short":"M/D","timeFormat":"h:mm","firstDayOfWeek":"Sunday","timeZone":"US/Eastern","timeZoneBucket":"America/New_York","defaultFormat":"MMM D, yyyy","timeZoneString":"ET","ddd, M/D":"ddd, M/D","MMM D":"MMM D","age":{"seconds":"s","minutes":"m","hours":"h","days":"d"}},"numberFormat":{"long":"#,###","short":"###","currency":"#,###.00","percent":"#.00%"},"temperature":{"scale":"fahrenheit","symbol":"&deg; F"},"analytics":{},"ads":{},"meta":{"titleBranding":"natgeo.meta.title.branding","description":"natgeo.meta.description","schema":{"name":""},"defaultMetaImage":"","social":{"twitter":{"twitterId":"@NatGeo","card":"summary","site":"@NatGeo","language":"en"},"facebook":{"og_site_name":"National Geographic","og_type":"website","locale":"en_US"}}},"appDetails":{"ios":{"id":"","name":"","deepLinkUrl":"","deepLinkUrlScheme":""},"android":{"id":"","name":"","deepLinkUrl":"","deepLinkUrlScheme":""}},"videoAutoStart":{"index":false},"activeSite":true,"countries":[{"name":"United States","country-code":"us"}],"oneId":{"clientId":"DTCI-NATGEO.CONSUMER.WEB","responderPage":"/responder_v4","responderPageStg":"/stg/responder_v4","loginReload":"off","optionalConfigs":{"reporting":{"context":"NATGEOCONSUMERWEB","source":"NATGEO_CONSUMER_WEB"}}},"editionSettings":{"key":"natgeo-en-us","site":"natgeo","language":"en","country":"us","domain":"www.nationalgeographic.com","editionSiteId":"1","https":false,"showPremVideoAds":true,"pccApiKey":"11mxera6h5cl7174b5nrs17ytr"},"javaLocale":{"language":"en","region":"US"}},"translations":{"alertBanner.closeButtonAriaLabel":"Close ${position} alert banner","ambientVideo.aria.labelWithTitle":"Silent Video for ${title}","ambientVideo.aria.label":"Silent Video ${counter}","article.facebookShare.ariaLabel":"Share on Facebook","article.facebookShare.label":"Share","article.meterText":"You have <span>${count} free articles</span> left this month.","article.meterText.fallback":"You're almost out of free articles this month","article.lastFreeArticleText":"This is your last free article this month.","article.minuteRead":"${minRead} min read","Audio":"Audio","audio.and":"and","audio.aria.label":"Audio Player","audio.elapsedOutOf":"elapsed out of","audio.hour":"hour","audio.hours":"hours","audio.min":"minute","audio.mins":"minutes","audio.muted":"Audio muted. Unmute","audio.pausingContent":"Pausing content. ${elapsedTime}. Play","audio.play":"Play","audio.playingContent":"Playing content. Pause","audio.position":"Audio position","audio.sec":"second","audio.secs":"seconds","audio.skipBackwards":"Skip Backward ${skipTime} Seconds","audio.skipForwards":"Skip Forwards ${skipTime} Seconds","audio.sliderDetails":"Use the left or right arrow keys to decrease or increase the slider value.","audio.unmuted":"Audio Unmuted. Mute","Average Life Span In The Wild":"Average Life Span In The Wild","axolotl image":"Axolotl image","Clear search bar":"Clear search bar","Click to Search Button":"Click to Search Button","Close Description Modal":"Close Description Modal","Common Name":"Common Name","common.search":"Search","common.changeText":"Change","Current population trend":"Current population trend","Diet":"Diet","Extinct":"Extinct","fastfacts.logo.altText":"${logoName} Logo","Gallery":"Gallery","Headlines":"Headlines","Image":"Image","Learn more about IUCN Threatened Species Designations":"Learn more about IUCN Threatened Species Designations","Least Concern":"Least Concern","login":"Login","media.playIcon.ariaLabel":"play","menumodal.close":"Close Menu","natgeo.article.datePublishedLabel":"Published","natgeo.contentGating.slider.downarrow.aria":"Collapse","natgeo.contentGating.slider.uparrow.aria":"Expand","natgeo.ctaText.explore":"Explore","natgeo.ctaText.learnMore":"Learn More","natgeo.ctaText.play":"Play","natgeo.ctaText.read":"Read","natgeo.ctaText.seeGuide":"See Guide","natgeo.ctaText.seeMore":"See More","natgeo.ctaText.seePhotos":"See Photos","natgeo.ctaText.watch":"Watch","natgeo.error.heading":"Something went wrong","natgeo.error.text":"Please try again or <a href=\"/\">return home</a>.","natgeo.facebookShare.ariaLabel":"National Geographic Facebook","natgeo.fastfacts.averageLifeSpan":"Average Life Span","natgeo.fastfacts.common":"Common Name","natgeo.fastfacts.currentPopulation.decreasing":"Decreasing","natgeo.fastfacts.currentPopulation.increasing":"Increasing","natgeo.fastfacts.currentPopulation.stable":"Stable","natgeo.fastfacts.diet":"Diet","natgeo.fastfacts.groupName":"Group Name","natgeo.fastfacts.details":"Details","natgeo.fastfacts.lifespan.captivity.avg.desc":"${low} to ${high} years","natgeo.fastfacts.lifespan.captivity.high.desc":"Up to ${high} years","natgeo.fastfacts.lifespan.captivity.median.desc":"${median} years","natgeo.fastfacts.lifespan.captivity.title":"Average Life Span In Captivity","natgeo.fastfacts.lifespan.wild.avg.desc":"${low} to ${high} years","natgeo.fastfacts.lifespan.wild.high.desc":"Up to ${high} years","natgeo.fastfacts.lifespan.wild.median.desc":"${median} years","natgeo.fastfacts.lifespan.wild.title":"Average Life Span In The Wild","natgeo.fastfacts.scientific":"Scientific Name","natgeo.fastfacts.size":"Size","natgeo.fastfacts.type":"Type","natgeo.fastfacts.weight":"Weight","natgeo.home.title":"home (en)","natgeo.instagramShare.ariaLabel":"National Geographic Instagram","natgeo.leadslide.homelink.alt":"National Geographic logo - Home","natgeo.leadslide.homelink.target":"National Geographic logo - Home","natgeo.leadslide.downarrow.aria":"Scroll to next slide","natgeo.linkedinShare.ariaLabel":"National Geographic Linkedin","natgeo.logo.alt":"National Geographic Logo","natgeo.logo.alt.kids":"National Geographic Kids Logo","natgeo.logo.title.kids":"National Geographic Kids","natgeo.mediaspotlight.description":"Media Spotlight pagetype description.","natgeo.mediaspotlight.title":"Nat Geo Photo of the Day","natgeo.meta.description.kids":"National Geographic Kids","natgeo.meta.description":"Explore National Geographic. A world leader in geography, cartography and exploration.","natgeo.meta.title.branding.kids":"National Geographic Kids","natgeo.meta.title.branding":"National Geographic","natgeo.redditShare.ariaLabel":"National Geographic Reddit","natgeo.search.aria.nav":"Search Pages","natgeo.search.aria.next":"Next Page","natgeo.search.aria.pageLink":"Page ${page}","natgeo.search.aria.previous":"Previous Page","natgeo.search.enter":"Enter","natgeo.search.next":"Next","natgeo.search.noResults.found.kids":"Sorry, we couldn't find any results for that search. Try one of these pages!","natgeo.search.noResults.found":"No results found.","natgeo.search.popularSearches":"Popular Searches","natgeo.search.previous":"Previous","natgeo.search.suggested.didYouMean":"Did you mean","natgeo.search.suggested.searchInstead":"Search instead for","natgeo.search.suggested.showingFor":"Showing results for","natgeo.signin.copy":"Sign in with your email","natgeo.signin.title":"Sign In to National Geographic","natgeo.snapchatShare.ariaLabel":"National Geographic Snapchat","natgeo.sponsorBanner.ariaLabel":"Sponsor Banner","natgeo.sponsorNote.ariaLabel":"Sponsor Note","natgeo.tiktokShare.ariaLabel":"National Geographic Tiktok","natgeo.twitterShare.ariaLabel":"National Geographic Twitter","natgeo.video.nowPlaying":"Now Playing","natgeo.video.readMore":"Read More","natgeo.video.upNext":"Up Next","natgeo.youtubeShare.ariaLabel":"National Geographic Youtube","or":"or","paywall.already.subscriber":"Already a Subscriber?","paywall.link.subscription":"subscription is linked","paywall.family.link.subscription":"Link your subscription","paywall.family.subscribers":"Already a Nat Geo Premium Subscriber?","paywall.magazine.subscribers":"Already signed in? Check that your","paywall.meter.collapse":"Collapse subscribe message","paywall.meter.expand":"Expand subscribe message","paywall.signin":"Sign In","promoTile.videoStory":"Video Story","Error: Please enter a valid e-mail address.":"Error: Please enter a valid e-mail address.","Please select at least one newsletter and click Sign Up.":"Please select at least one newsletter and click Sign Up.","Read Description":"Read Description","Scientific Name":"Scientific Name","Sign Up":"Sign Up","Size":"Size","Sponsor Content":"Sponsor Content","Table":"Table","trips":"trips","Type":"Type","UCN red list status":"UCN red list status","Video":"Video","video.title":"Video Player","Weight":"Weight","Close Fast Facts Modal":"Close Fast Facts Modal","Close Search Modal":"Close Search Modal","Close User Modal":"Close User Modal","Close":"Close"}},"flags":{"ftr":true,"hdr":true,"prxy":false,"mktg":true},"tms":{"enabled":true,"env":"dev","tag":"https://dcf.espn.com/TWDC-DTCI/prod/Bootstrap.js","tagNS":"Boostrapper","emitEvent":"tms:ready","loadScript":false,"loadAsync":true,"frameTag":"https://dcf.espn.com/TWDC-DTCI/embed_privacy_prod/Bootstrap.js"},"oneIdEnv":"prod","userAB":"0","featureGating":{"ensighten":{"enabled":true,"ns":"Boostrapper","scriptTag":"https://dcf.espn.com/TWDC-DTCI/prod/Bootstrap.js","frameTag":"https://dcf.espn.com/TWDC-DTCI/embed_privacy_prod/Bootstrap.js"},"adConfig":{"enabled":true,"insertedAdLimit":null,"insertedAdSpacing":900,"pzn":{"mode":"ltd","extra":true},"refreshInterval":30},"contentExclusions":{"disable":false},"sponsoredContent":{"enabled":true},"uvpUpgrade":{"enabled":false},"intrctvSlctrs":{"fullPage":{"key":"fullPage","value":"div:not(#natgeo)"},"markup":[{"key":"class=\"leaflet-container ","value":"div#map"}],"spredfast":{"key":"spredfast","value":"iframe"}},"intrctvAllowedSrcs":{"facebook":{"src":["//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js","//facebook.com/plugins/","//facebook.com/video/embed?video_id=","//interactives.natgeofe.com/","//www.facebook.com/plugins/","//www.facebook.com/video/embed?video_id="]},"fullPage":{"src":["//interactives.natgeofe.com/"]},"game":{"src":["//images.nationalgeographic.com/","//interactives.natgeofe.com/","//nationalgeographic.com/","//www.nationalgeographic.com/","//cdn1.edgedatg.com/"]},"iHeartRadio":{"src":["//iheart.com/podcast/","//interactives.natgeofe.com/","//www.iheart.com/podcast/"]},"instagram":{"src":["//instagram.com/p/","//instagram.com/embed.js","//interactives.natgeofe.com/","//platform.instagram.com/en_US/embeds.js","//www.instagram.com/embed.js"]},"markup":{"href":["//api.tiles.mapbox.com/mapbox-gl-js/","//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=","//fonts.ngeo.com/","//interactives.natgeofe.com/","//nationalgeographic.com/","//ngm.nationalgeographic.com/","//s3.amazonaws.com/ng-plastic-prod","//www.nationalgeographic.com/"],"src":["//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/","//api.tiles.mapbox.com/mapbox-gl-js/","//assets.documentcloud.org/viewer/loader.js","//d3js.org/d3","//fonts.ngeo.com/","//images.nationalgeographic.com/","//interactives.natgeofe.com/","//nationalgeographic.com/","//news.nationalgeographic.com/","//ngm.nationalgeographic.com/","//platform.vine.co/static/scripts/embed.js","//s3.amazonaws.com/ng-plastic-prod","//www.nationalgeographic.com/"]},"soundCloud":{"src":["//interactives.natgeofe.com/","//soundcloud.com/","//w.soundcloud.com/"]},"source":{"src":["//interactives.natgeofe.com/"]},"spredfast":{"href":["//interactives.natgeofe.com/"],"src":["//interactives.natgeofe.com/"]},"twitter":{"src":["//interactives.natgeofe.com/","//platform.twitter.com/","//twitter.com/","//www.twitter.com/"]},"vimeo":{"src":["//interactives.natgeofe.com/","//player.vimeo.com/","//vimeo.com/moogaloop.swf?clip_id=","//www.vimeo.com/moogaloop.swf?clip_id="]}}},"debug":{"on":false},"baseURL":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com","webpack":{}},"ads":{},"analytics":{},"routing":{"location":{"pathname":"/related/d84d1f1b-dc39-3394-8590-787b73752f08/maps","port":"","hash":"","path":"/related/d84d1f1b-dc39-3394-8590-787b73752f08/maps","host":"","protocol":"","params":"","query":{}},"params":{"taxonomy":"d84d1f1b-dc39-3394-8590-787b73752f08","slug":"maps","pageType":"related"}},"page":{"key":"","title":"","type":"related","meta":{"description":"Related Topic Page | National Geographic","ogMetadata":{"type":"website","sclDsc":"Related Topic Page | National Geographic","sclTtl":"Maps","sctn":{},"twtHndl":"@NatGeo"},"title":"Maps","section":"related","subSection":"d84d1f1b-dc39-3394-8590-787b73752f08","section3":"maps","section4":"","pageName":"natgeo:related"},"content":{"footer":{"frms":[{"id":"natgeo-marketing-inline-email-footer-frame1","placement":"footer","chldOptns":{"bannerPlacement":"footer"}},{"placement":"footer","logoObj":{"key":"logoObj","alt":"National Geographic Logo - Home","href":"/","title":null,"logo":{"image":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":3.4364261168384878,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4da26b5c-18ee-413f-96dd-4cf3fb4a68a0/2fl-white.png"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4da26b5c-18ee-413f-96dd-4cf3fb4a68a0/2fl-white.png","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4da26b5c-18ee-413f-96dd-4cf3fb4a68a0/2fl-white.png"}},"mobileLogo":{"image":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":3.4364261168384878,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4da26b5c-18ee-413f-96dd-4cf3fb4a68a0/2fl-white.png"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4da26b5c-18ee-413f-96dd-4cf3fb4a68a0/2fl-white.png","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4da26b5c-18ee-413f-96dd-4cf3fb4a68a0/2fl-white.png"}}},"id":"natgeo-footer","cmsType":"FooterFrame","mods":[{"mnu":[{"title":"Legal","links":[{"url":"https://disneytermsofuse.com/english/","isExternal":null,"title":"Terms of Use"},{"url":"https://privacy.thewaltdisneycompany.com/en/current-privacy-policy/","isExternal":null,"title":"Privacy Policy"},{"url":"https://privacy.thewaltdisneycompany.com/en/current-privacy-policy/your-us-state-privacy-rights/","isExternal":null,"title":"Your US State Privacy Rights"},{"url":"https://disneyprivacycenter.com/kids-privacy-policy/english/","isExternal":null,"title":"Children's Online Privacy Policy"},{"url":"http://preferences-mgr.trustarc.com/?pid=disney01&aid=natgeo01&type=natgeo","isExternal":null,"title":"Interest-Based Ads"},{"url":"http://www.nielsen.com/digitalprivacy","isExternal":null,"title":"About Nielsen Measurement"},{"url":"https://privacy.thewaltdisneycompany.com/en/dnssmpi/","isExternal":null,"title":"Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information","style":"ot-sdk-show-settings"}]},{"title":"Our Sites","links":[{"url":"/","isExternal":null,"title":"Nat Geo Home"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/events/","isExternal":null,"title":"Attend a Live Event"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/expeditions/?cmpid=int_org=ngp::int_mc=website::int_src=ngp::int_cmp=exp_hp::int_add=ngpexp201904-book-footer","isExternal":null,"title":"Book a Trip"},{"url":"https://www.natgeomaps.com","isExternal":null,"title":"Buy Maps"},{"url":"https://kids.nationalgeographic.com","isExternal":null,"title":"Inspire Your Kids"},{"url":"https://www.shopdisney.com/franchises/national-geographic/","isExternal":null,"title":"Shop Nat Geo"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.org/tickets/events/","isExternal":null,"title":"Visit the D.C. Museum"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/tv/","isExternal":null,"title":"Watch TV"},{"url":"/impact","isExternal":null,"title":"Learn About Our Impact"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.org/give/","isExternal":null,"title":"Support Our Mission"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/pages/article/masthead","isExternal":null,"title":"Masthead"},{"url":"https://nationalgeographicpartners.com/press/","isExternal":null,"title":"Press Room"},{"url":"https://www.disneyadsales.com/our-brands/national-geographic/","isExternal":null,"title":"Advertise With Us"}]},{"title":"Join Us","links":[{"url":"/subscribe","isExternal":false,"title":"Subscribe"},{"url":"https://help.nationalgeographic.com/","isExternal":false,"title":"Customer Service"},{"url":"/renew","isExternal":false,"title":"Renew Subscription"},{"url":"https://ngmservice.com","isExternal":false,"title":"Manage Your Subscription"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/pages/topic/careers","isExternal":false,"title":"Work at Nat Geo"},{"url":"/newsletters/signup?gblftr","isExternal":true,"title":"Sign Up for Our Newsletters","target":"_blank"},{"url":"https://give.nationalgeographic.org/page/53299/donate/1?user_id=wb8em7wclp2gec8f8rj9f6lp88q9dftd","isExternal":true,"title":"Contribute to Protect the Planet","target":"_blank"}]}]},{"edtnSltr":{"rgns":[{"title":"Europe","countries":[{"title":"Bulgaria","flag":{"icon":"flag__bulgaria","alt":"bu"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/bg","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.bg/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Croatia","flag":{"icon":"flag__croatia","alt":"cr"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/hr","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"http://www.adriamedia.hr/izdanja/national-geographic-hrvatska","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Czech Republic","flag":{"icon":"flag__czech-republic","alt":"cz"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/cz","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"https://www.national-geographic.cz","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Denmark","flag":{"icon":"flag__denmark","alt":"de"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/dk","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Estonia","flag":{"icon":"flag__estonia","alt":"es"},"links":[{"url":"http://www.nationalgeographic.ee","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Finland","flag":{"icon":"flag__finland","alt":"fi"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/fi","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"France","flag":{"icon":"flag__france","alt":"fr"},"links":"https://www.nationalgeographic.fr"},{"title":"Georgia","flag":{"icon":"flag__georgia","alt":"ge"},"links":[{"url":"http://www.nationalgeographic.ge","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Germany","flag":{"icon":"flag__germany","alt":"ge"},"links":"https://www.nationalgeographic.de"},{"title":"Greece","flag":{"icon":"flag__greece","alt":"gr"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/gr","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Hungary","flag":{"icon":"flag__hungary","alt":"hu"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/hu","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"http://www.ng.hu","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Israel","flag":{"icon":"flag__israel","alt":"is"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/il","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Italy","flag":{"icon":"flag__italy","alt":"it"},"links":"http://www.nationalgeographic.it"},{"title":"Kazakhstan","flag":{"icon":"flag__kazakhstan","alt":"ka"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.kz","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Lithuania","flag":{"icon":"flag__lithuania","alt":"li"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.lt","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Netherlands","flag":{"icon":"flag__netherlands","alt":"ne"},"links":"https://www.nationalgeographic.nl"},{"title":"Norway","flag":{"icon":"flag__norway","alt":"no"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/no","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Poland","flag":{"icon":"flag__poland","alt":"po"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/pl","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"http://www.national-geographic.pl","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Portugal","flag":{"icon":"flag__portugal","alt":"po"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/pt","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"https://nationalgeographic.sapo.pt","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Romania","flag":{"icon":"flag__romania","alt":"ro"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/ro","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"https://www.natgeo.ro/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Russia","flag":{"icon":"flag__russia","alt":"ru"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/ru","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"http://www.nat-geo.ru/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Serbia","flag":{"icon":"flag__serbia","alt":"se"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/rs","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Slovenia","flag":{"icon":"flag__slovenia","alt":"sl"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/si","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"http://www.nationalgeographic.si/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Spain","flag":{"icon":"flag__spain","alt":"sp"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.es/","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Sweden","flag":{"icon":"flag__sweden","alt":"sw"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/se","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Turkey","flag":{"icon":"flag__turkey","alt":"tu"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/tr","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"http://www.nationalgeographic.com.tr/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"United Kingdom","flag":{"icon":"flag__united-kingdom","alt":"uk"},"links":"https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/"}]},{"title":"The Americas","countries":[{"title":"Brazil","flag":{"icon":"flag__brazil","alt":"br"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographicbrasil.com/","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Canada","flag":{"icon":"flag__canada","alt":"ca"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/ca","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Mexico","flag":{"icon":null,"alt":"mx"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.ngenespanol.com/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Pan-Regional Latin America (Spanish)","flag":{"icon":null,"alt":"pa"},"links":"https://www.nationalgeographicla.com/"},{"title":"United States","flag":{"icon":"flag__united-states","alt":"us"},"links":"/"}]},{"title":"Asia, Australia & Oceania","countries":[{"title":"Australia","flag":{"icon":"flag__australia","alt":"au"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com.au","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Mainland China","flag":{"icon":null,"alt":"ch"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeo.com.cn/","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"http://www.ngchina.com.cn/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Hong Kong","flag":{"icon":null,"alt":"ho"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/hk","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"India","flag":{"icon":"flag__india","alt":"in"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/in","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"https://www.amarchitrakatha.com/in/magazines/national-geographic/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Indonesia","flag":{"icon":"flag__indonesia","alt":"in"},"links":[{"url":"https://nationalgeographic.grid.id/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Japan","flag":{"icon":"flag__japan","alt":"ja"},"links":[{"url":"http://www.ngcjapan.com/tv/","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"http://www.nationalgeographic.jp","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Korea","flag":{"icon":"flag__south-korea","alt":"ko"},"links":[{"url":"http://www.ngckorea.com","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.co.kr/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Pan-Regional Asia (English)","flag":{"icon":null,"alt":"pa"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/asia","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Taiwan","flag":{"icon":null,"alt":"ta"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.fng.tw/ngc/","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"https://www.natgeomedia.com/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Thailand","flag":{"icon":"flag__thailand","alt":"th"},"links":[{"url":"http://www.ngthai.com","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]}]},{"title":"Middle East & Africa","countries":[{"title":"Farsi","flag":{"icon":null,"alt":"fa"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/farsi","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Persian","flag":{"icon":null,"alt":"pe"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/persian","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"South Africa","flag":{"icon":"flag__south-africa","alt":"so"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/za","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Middle East (English)","flag":{"icon":null,"alt":"mi"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/ae","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Middle East (Arabic)","flag":{"icon":null,"alt":"mi"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/me","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"http://www.ngalarabiya.com","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]}]}],"crnt":{"title":"United States","flag":{"icon":"flag__united-states","alt":"us"},"links":"/"},"key":"edtnSltr"},"shrURLs":{"key":"shrURLs","fb":"https://www.facebook.com/natgeo","fbLabel":"natgeo.facebookShare.ariaLabel","fbIcon":"facebook__v2","fbButtonTracking":{"event_name":"share","share_method":"facebook","content_title":""},"twitter":"https://twitter.com/natgeo/","twitterLabel":"natgeo.twitterShare.ariaLabel","twitterIcon":"x__v2","twitterButtonTracking":{"event_name":"share","share_method":"twitter","content_title":""},"instagram":"https://www.instagram.com/natgeo/","instagramLabel":"natgeo.instagramShare.ariaLabel","instagramIcon":"instagram__v2","instagramButtonTracking":{"event_name":"share","share_method":"instagram","content_title":""},"tiktok":"https://www.tiktok.com/@natgeo?lang=en","tiktokLabel":"natgeo.tiktokShare.ariaLabel","tiktokButtonTracking":{"event_name":"share","share_method":"tiktok"},"youtube":"https://www.youtube.com/@NatGeo","youtubeLabel":"natgeo.youtubeShare.ariaLabel","youtubeButtonTracking":{"event_name":"share","share_method":"youtube"},"linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/company/national-geographic","linkedinLabel":"natgeo.linkedinShare.ariaLabel","linkedinIcon":"linkedin__v2","linkedinButtonTracking":{"event_name":"share","share_method":"linkedin"},"reddit":"https://www.reddit.com/r/nationalgeographic/s/7yv1etDW6q","redditLabel":"natgeo.redditShare.ariaLabel","redditButtonTracking":{"event_name":"share","share_method":"reddit"}}}]},{"placement":"footer","id":"frame10","mods":[{"logoObj":{"key":"logoObj","alt":"National Geographic Logo - Home","href":"/","title":null,"logo":{"image":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":3.4364261168384878,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4da26b5c-18ee-413f-96dd-4cf3fb4a68a0/2fl-white.png"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4da26b5c-18ee-413f-96dd-4cf3fb4a68a0/2fl-white.png","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4da26b5c-18ee-413f-96dd-4cf3fb4a68a0/2fl-white.png"}},"mobileLogo":{"image":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":3.4364261168384878,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4da26b5c-18ee-413f-96dd-4cf3fb4a68a0/2fl-white.png"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4da26b5c-18ee-413f-96dd-4cf3fb4a68a0/2fl-white.png","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4da26b5c-18ee-413f-96dd-4cf3fb4a68a0/2fl-white.png"}}},"cprt":{"key":"cprt","txt":["Copyright © 1996-2015 National Geographic Society","Copyright © 2015-2024 National Geographic Partners, LLC. All rights reserved"]}}],"cmsType":"CopyrightFrame"}]},"header":{"frms":[{"id":"natgeo-global-header-frame1","placement":"header","chldOptns":{"bannerPlacement":"header"}},{"placement":"header","id":"natgeo-nav","mods":[{"logoObj":{"key":"logoObj","alt":"National Geographic Logo - Home","href":"/","title":"National Geographic","logo":{"image":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":3.404255319148936,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e76f5368-6797-4794-b7f6-8d757c79ea5c/ng-logo-2fl.png"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e76f5368-6797-4794-b7f6-8d757c79ea5c/ng-logo-2fl.png","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e76f5368-6797-4794-b7f6-8d757c79ea5c/ng-logo-2fl.png"}},"mobileLogo":{"image":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":0.7,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/1852daf6-1c8d-4428-8ee2-d9a82bd0401c/ng-border.png"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/1852daf6-1c8d-4428-8ee2-d9a82bd0401c/ng-border.png","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/1852daf6-1c8d-4428-8ee2-d9a82bd0401c/ng-border.png"}}},"usr":{"key":"usr","links":[{"url":"#oneid-profile","title":"Account Settings"},{"url":"https://w1.buysub.com/servlet/ECareGateway?cds_mag_code=NGM&cds_page_id=226717&cds_misc_1=NGM","title":"Manage Your Subscription"},{"url":"/subscribe/link-subscription","title":"Link Your Subscription"},{"url":"https://help.nationalgeographic.com/s/","title":"Help","target":"_blank"},{"url":"#oneid-logout","title":"Log Out"}],"lnk":{"url":"#oneid-login"}},"srch":{"title":null,"icon":null,"href":"/search","key":"srch","shw":true},"rnw":{"key":"rnw","shw":true,"title":"Newsletters","url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/newsletters/signup"},"sbcrb":{"key":"sbcrb","shw":true,"title":"Subscribe","url":"/subscribe"},"mnu":{"undefined":{"title":"","links":[{"url":"/subscribe","title":"Subscribe"},{"url":"/renew","title":"Renew"}]},"prmMnu":{"key":"prmMnu","title":"Topics","links":[{"url":"/animals","title":"Animals"},{"url":"/environment","title":"Environment"},{"url":"/history","title":"History & Culture"},{"url":"/science","title":"Science"},{"url":"/travel","title":"Travel"}]},"secMnu":{"key":"secMnu","title":"Sites","links":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/tv/","title":"Watch TV!"},{"url":"/magazine","title":"Read The Magazine"},{"url":"/family","title":"Visit Nat Geo Family"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/expeditions/","title":"Book A Trip"},{"url":"https://kids.nationalgeographic.com","title":"Inspire your Kids"},{"url":"/podcasts/overheard","title":"Listen to Podcasts"},{"url":"https://www.shopdisney.com/franchises/national-geographic/","title":"Shop Nat Geo"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/events/","title":"Attend a Live Event"},{"url":"/impact/","title":"Learn About Our Impact"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.org/give/","title":"Support Our Mission"}]},"key":"mnu"},"cmsType":"NavModule"}],"cmsType":"NavFrame"},{"id":"e17aa8d2-d11b-4156-88f1-93b2a532cac9","className":"stickyFrame stickyFrame--bottom","placement":"header","chldOptns":{"bannerPlacement":"footer"}}]},"frms":[{"mods":[{"cmsType":"StackModule","align":"left","edgs":[{"cmsType":"BannerHeadingTile","title":"Maps"}]},{"tiles":[{"cmsType":"RegularImmersivePrismTile","isPremium":false,"isEntitled":false,"cId":"undefined_5278e7a9-07b9-4467-9433-8cf87a510421","description":"Explore the Sunderland Collection’s stunning maps and atlases, spanning European mapmakers from the Middle Ages to the Enlightenment.","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/antique-maps-sunderland-collection-oculi-mundi","text":"natgeo.ctaText.read","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.3698996655518394,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0ab384dc-459c-4893-84f9-d32e6a09173f/World-map-with-windheads.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0ab384dc-459c-4893-84f9-d32e6a09173f/World-map-with-windheads_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0ab384dc-459c-4893-84f9-d32e6a09173f/World-map-with-windheads_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0ab384dc-459c-4893-84f9-d32e6a09173f/World-map-with-windheads_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0ab384dc-459c-4893-84f9-d32e6a09173f/World-map-with-windheads_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0ab384dc-459c-4893-84f9-d32e6a09173f/World-map-with-windheads_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0ab384dc-459c-4893-84f9-d32e6a09173f/World-map-with-windheads_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0ab384dc-459c-4893-84f9-d32e6a09173f/World-map-with-windheads_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0ab384dc-459c-4893-84f9-d32e6a09173f/World-map-with-windheads.jpg","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0ab384dc-459c-4893-84f9-d32e6a09173f/World-map-with-windheads.jpg","dsc":"This world map with windheads, part of the Portolan Atlas by luxury mapmaker Battista Agnese, was created for emperors and kings in around 1550. Portolan charts were originally made in the 13th century as functional tools for mariners, before becoming fashionable works of art. They were eventually replaced by sea atlases."},"abstract":"Explore the Sunderland Collection’s stunning maps and atlases, spanning European mapmakers from the Middle Ages to the Enlightenment.","title":"Here’s what early European cartographers got right","tags":[{"name":"History & Culture","id":"b0c8dd52-23a8-34c0-a940-f46792bc9e70","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"}]},{"cmsType":"RegularEdgeToEdgePrismTile","isPremium":true,"isEntitled":false,"cId":"undefined_75a54ed4-8118-4e11-a9ac-df9055a0913a","description":"This enormous chunk of submerged continental crust sits between Antarctica and Australia, where it connected the landmasses as part of a supercontinent some 300 million years ago.","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/premium/article/the-lost-continent-of-zealandia-has-been-mapped-for-the-first-time","text":"natgeo.ctaText.read","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.5003663003663004,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e028fa9f-53c9-4e90-aa2b-4cc5cf60af04/R97HEN.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e028fa9f-53c9-4e90-aa2b-4cc5cf60af04/R97HEN_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e028fa9f-53c9-4e90-aa2b-4cc5cf60af04/R97HEN_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e028fa9f-53c9-4e90-aa2b-4cc5cf60af04/R97HEN_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e028fa9f-53c9-4e90-aa2b-4cc5cf60af04/R97HEN_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e028fa9f-53c9-4e90-aa2b-4cc5cf60af04/R97HEN_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e028fa9f-53c9-4e90-aa2b-4cc5cf60af04/R97HEN_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e028fa9f-53c9-4e90-aa2b-4cc5cf60af04/R97HEN_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e028fa9f-53c9-4e90-aa2b-4cc5cf60af04/R97HEN.jpg","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e028fa9f-53c9-4e90-aa2b-4cc5cf60af04/R97HEN.jpg","dsc":"Pancake Rocks, Punakaiki, West Coast, South Island, New Zealand"},"abstract":"This enormous chunk of submerged continental crust sits between Antarctica and Australia, where it connected the landmasses as part of a supercontinent some 300 million years ago.","title":"The lost continent of Zealandia was mapped for the first time","tags":[{"name":"Science","id":"2af51eeb-09a8-3bcf-8467-6b2a08edb76c","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science"}]},{"cmsType":"RegularEdgeToEdgePrismTile","isPremium":false,"isEntitled":false,"cId":"undefined_c1f5a3bf-e079-4edb-aee6-c38f1c8aa3a1","description":"Meeting craftspeople in Morocco inspired the globemaker to test his skills and proved that true artisans share the same creative dedication and laser focus.","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/morocco-craftspeople-inspired-peter-bellerby-to-become-a-globemaker","text":"natgeo.ctaText.read","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.499605367008682,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b81a37fb-37bd-4285-babf-e24d6679970b/NFAA.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b81a37fb-37bd-4285-babf-e24d6679970b/NFAA_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b81a37fb-37bd-4285-babf-e24d6679970b/NFAA_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b81a37fb-37bd-4285-babf-e24d6679970b/NFAA_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b81a37fb-37bd-4285-babf-e24d6679970b/NFAA_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b81a37fb-37bd-4285-babf-e24d6679970b/NFAA_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b81a37fb-37bd-4285-babf-e24d6679970b/NFAA_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b81a37fb-37bd-4285-babf-e24d6679970b/NFAA_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b81a37fb-37bd-4285-babf-e24d6679970b/NFAA.jpg","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b81a37fb-37bd-4285-babf-e24d6679970b/NFAA.jpg","dsc":"Peter Bellerby, author of The Curious Story, discovered his true abilities after an artisans trip to Morocco."},"abstract":"Meeting craftspeople in Morocco inspired the globemaker to test his skills and proved that true artisans share the same creative dedication and laser focus.","title":"How Moroccan crafts inspired this author to become a globemaker","tags":[{"name":"Travel","id":"432c4f83-2d55-3974-b95f-a221c87c0fd1","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel"}]},{"cmsType":"RegularEdgeToEdgePrismTile","isPremium":true,"isEntitled":false,"cId":"undefined_0a05d364-bc58-43fe-a384-f87d4823cc4e","description":"The distinctive terrain—from its hills and ridges to its rocks and fields—played a pivotal role in the July 1863 battle whose victory revitalized the Union.","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/premium/article/battle-of-gettysburg-day-maps","text":"natgeo.ctaText.read","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.4075601374570448,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/69b6865c-4564-47aa-bf22-64cead28f464/GettyLEADRS.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/69b6865c-4564-47aa-bf22-64cead28f464/GettyLEADRS_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/69b6865c-4564-47aa-bf22-64cead28f464/GettyLEADRS_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/69b6865c-4564-47aa-bf22-64cead28f464/GettyLEADRS_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/69b6865c-4564-47aa-bf22-64cead28f464/GettyLEADRS_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/69b6865c-4564-47aa-bf22-64cead28f464/GettyLEADRS_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/69b6865c-4564-47aa-bf22-64cead28f464/GettyLEADRS_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/69b6865c-4564-47aa-bf22-64cead28f464/GettyLEADRS_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/69b6865c-4564-47aa-bf22-64cead28f464/GettyLEADRS.jpg","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/69b6865c-4564-47aa-bf22-64cead28f464/GettyLEADRS.jpg","dsc":"Monuments, like the one belonging to the 96th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment, can be found throughout Gettysburg National Military Park.","ttl":"In remembrance"},"abstract":"The distinctive terrain—from its hills and ridges to its rocks and fields—played a pivotal role in the July 1863 battle whose victory revitalized the Union.","title":"These Gettysburg maps reveal how Lee lost the fight","tags":[{"name":"History Magazine","id":"9e8034f6-2e16-3b86-998b-56f8ff9dffb7","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine"}]},{"cmsType":"RegularEdgeToEdgePrismTile","isPremium":false,"isEntitled":false,"cId":"undefined_3dc75cf8-f2c8-46f1-915a-e9c7bde1e656","description":"It wasn’t a nod to the Nazis, but that didn’t make the Oregon peak any less controversial. This is how—and why—wild places get renamed in the U.S.","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/swastika-mountain-geographic-name-changes","text":"natgeo.ctaText.read","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/16979a7a-32e0-4502-95bf-b07129fd1f23/RKGNFP.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/16979a7a-32e0-4502-95bf-b07129fd1f23/RKGNFP_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/16979a7a-32e0-4502-95bf-b07129fd1f23/RKGNFP_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/16979a7a-32e0-4502-95bf-b07129fd1f23/RKGNFP_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/16979a7a-32e0-4502-95bf-b07129fd1f23/RKGNFP_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/16979a7a-32e0-4502-95bf-b07129fd1f23/RKGNFP_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/16979a7a-32e0-4502-95bf-b07129fd1f23/RKGNFP_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/16979a7a-32e0-4502-95bf-b07129fd1f23/RKGNFP_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/16979a7a-32e0-4502-95bf-b07129fd1f23/RKGNFP.jpg","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/16979a7a-32e0-4502-95bf-b07129fd1f23/RKGNFP.jpg","dsc":"Trees and low lying clouds over the Umpqua National Forest in Oregon.","ttl":"RKGNFP.jpg"},"abstract":"It wasn’t a nod to the Nazis, but that didn’t make the Oregon peak any less controversial. This is how—and why—wild places get renamed in the U.S.","title":"Swastika Mountain needed a new name. Here’s how it got one.","tags":[{"name":"History & Culture","id":"b0c8dd52-23a8-34c0-a940-f46792bc9e70","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"}]}],"cmsType":"PromoGridModule","enableAds":true,"gridType":"grid","pageInfo":{"endCursor":"MTQ","hasNextPage":true,"startCursor":"MA","totalCount":366,"totalPages":25},"pageType":"related","taxonomyId":"d84d1f1b-dc39-3394-8590-787b73752f08","tags":[{"label":"MAPMAKING","href":"/related/e31a7e8e-0f7a-3b0f-95e5-ec6169647e03/mapmaking"},{"label":"GEOGRAPHY","href":"/related/6f0905ba-8819-3def-bd64-a26ac7f4e61f/geography"},{"label":"GEO-LITERACY","href":"/related/78d5904e-e185-38bb-9d7e-33f41ff3ed71/geo-literacy"},{"label":"PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY","href":"/related/3299ee06-2778-3553-aa02-30820f0586cb/physical-geography"},{"label":"CONTINENTAL DRIFT","href":"/related/df76b43a-2ee1-3b43-a1c6-a6f5fd42fd0a/continental-drift"},{"label":"GEOLOGY","href":"/related/39546bac-752c-3b4b-a096-03b1b6f1cf70/geology"}]},{"cmsType":"StackModule","align":"left","edgs":[{"cmsType":"AdTile","pos":"interstitialAd"}]},{"tiles":[{"cmsType":"RegularImmersivePrismTile","isPremium":false,"isEntitled":false,"cId":"undefined_3008a103-d320-4b35-aa26-a8c2b8459f8a","description":"We’ve imaged more of Mars than of our own planet’s seafloor. Ved Chirayath wants to change that.","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/impact/article/scientist-ved-chirayat-maps-seafloors-fluidcam-midar","text":"natgeo.ctaText.read","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":0.7353629976580797,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0137637e-9016-4749-ab38-6b6dbf75c038/NGS2022EXPL_Ved_Chirayath_0039_crop.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0137637e-9016-4749-ab38-6b6dbf75c038/NGS2022EXPL_Ved_Chirayath_0039_crop_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0137637e-9016-4749-ab38-6b6dbf75c038/NGS2022EXPL_Ved_Chirayath_0039_crop_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0137637e-9016-4749-ab38-6b6dbf75c038/NGS2022EXPL_Ved_Chirayath_0039_crop_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0137637e-9016-4749-ab38-6b6dbf75c038/NGS2022EXPL_Ved_Chirayath_0039_crop_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0137637e-9016-4749-ab38-6b6dbf75c038/NGS2022EXPL_Ved_Chirayath_0039_crop_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0137637e-9016-4749-ab38-6b6dbf75c038/NGS2022EXPL_Ved_Chirayath_0039_crop_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0137637e-9016-4749-ab38-6b6dbf75c038/NGS2022EXPL_Ved_Chirayath_0039_crop_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0137637e-9016-4749-ab38-6b6dbf75c038/NGS2022EXPL_Ved_Chirayath_0039_crop.jpg","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0137637e-9016-4749-ab38-6b6dbf75c038/NGS2022EXPL_Ved_Chirayath_0039_crop.jpg","dsc":"tk","ttl":"Departments-02.2023-Innovator-Ved Chirayath"},"abstract":"We’ve imaged more of Mars than of our own planet’s seafloor. Ved Chirayath wants to change that.","title":"This scientist is on a mission to map the world’s oceans","tags":[{"name":"Magazine","id":"9af83c1e-1fdc-3710-b252-c42eedb1b7c1","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine"},{"name":"Innovator","id":"3b3fd6c6-04e7-3400-97e8-9459567e7b51","type":"series","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/innovator/"}]},{"cmsType":"RegularEdgeToEdgePrismTile","isPremium":true,"isEntitled":false,"cId":"undefined_63907903-5ed3-46aa-9680-3ef7599ac860","description":"From the Voynich Manuscript to the tablets of Easter Island, the craftiest cryptologists haven't decoded these mysteries of history.","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/these-enigmatic-documents-have-kept-their-secrets-for-centuries","text":"natgeo.ctaText.read","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.4691535150645625,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/aca63257-2bb8-4695-987b-9e48b7615a14/City6.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/aca63257-2bb8-4695-987b-9e48b7615a14/City6_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/aca63257-2bb8-4695-987b-9e48b7615a14/City6_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/aca63257-2bb8-4695-987b-9e48b7615a14/City6_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/aca63257-2bb8-4695-987b-9e48b7615a14/City6_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/aca63257-2bb8-4695-987b-9e48b7615a14/City6_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/aca63257-2bb8-4695-987b-9e48b7615a14/City6_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/aca63257-2bb8-4695-987b-9e48b7615a14/City6_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/aca63257-2bb8-4695-987b-9e48b7615a14/City6.jpg","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/aca63257-2bb8-4695-987b-9e48b7615a14/City6.jpg","dsc":"No records exist to explain Easter Island’s monolithic statues, the moai.","ttl":"Opener or Easter Island"},"abstract":"From the Voynich Manuscript to the tablets of Easter Island, the craftiest cryptologists haven't decoded these mysteries of history.","title":"These enigmatic documents kept their secrets for centuries","tags":[{"name":"History Magazine","id":"9e8034f6-2e16-3b86-998b-56f8ff9dffb7","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine"}]},{"cmsType":"RegularEdgeToEdgePrismTile","isPremium":true,"isEntitled":false,"cId":"undefined_a20d7981-384e-467b-93f4-7ce91dac4703","description":"Juan Sebastián Elcano completed the first known circumnavigation of the globe in September 1522. The Basque navigator led the tattered remains of Magellan's fleet back to Spain after the commander's death in 1521.","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/this-man-was-actually-first-to-sail-around-the-world","text":"natgeo.ctaText.read","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":0.8720703125,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/cc011a9e-38b9-4c76-b00b-88ae71e83d39/Elcanolead2.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/cc011a9e-38b9-4c76-b00b-88ae71e83d39/Elcanolead2_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/cc011a9e-38b9-4c76-b00b-88ae71e83d39/Elcanolead2_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/cc011a9e-38b9-4c76-b00b-88ae71e83d39/Elcanolead2_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/cc011a9e-38b9-4c76-b00b-88ae71e83d39/Elcanolead2_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/cc011a9e-38b9-4c76-b00b-88ae71e83d39/Elcanolead2_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/cc011a9e-38b9-4c76-b00b-88ae71e83d39/Elcanolead2_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/cc011a9e-38b9-4c76-b00b-88ae71e83d39/Elcanolead2_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/cc011a9e-38b9-4c76-b00b-88ae71e83d39/Elcanolead2.jpg","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/cc011a9e-38b9-4c76-b00b-88ae71e83d39/Elcanolead2.jpg","dsc":"Juan Sebastián Elcano is shown in a 1791 engraving in Retratos de los españoles ilustres.","ttl":"Juan Sebastián Elcano"},"abstract":"Juan Sebastián Elcano completed the first known circumnavigation of the globe in September 1522. The Basque navigator led the tattered remains of Magellan's fleet back to Spain after the commander's death in 1521.","title":"This man was actually first to sail around the world","tags":[{"name":"History Magazine","id":"9e8034f6-2e16-3b86-998b-56f8ff9dffb7","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine"}]},{"cmsType":"RegularEdgeToEdgePrismTile","isPremium":false,"isEntitled":false,"cId":"undefined_6b814bd6-e5c9-4481-bd34-fa016af6aed0","description":"Early mapmakers and explorers covered the seas with mythical lands. Here’s where to find ones that turned out to be real.","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/these-fabled-ghost-islands-exist-only-in-atlases","text":"natgeo.ctaText.read","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.501098901098901,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0b834b94-0c90-4975-a218-e29147dee346/GettyImages-860740098.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0b834b94-0c90-4975-a218-e29147dee346/GettyImages-860740098_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0b834b94-0c90-4975-a218-e29147dee346/GettyImages-860740098_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0b834b94-0c90-4975-a218-e29147dee346/GettyImages-860740098_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0b834b94-0c90-4975-a218-e29147dee346/GettyImages-860740098_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0b834b94-0c90-4975-a218-e29147dee346/GettyImages-860740098_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0b834b94-0c90-4975-a218-e29147dee346/GettyImages-860740098_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0b834b94-0c90-4975-a218-e29147dee346/GettyImages-860740098_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0b834b94-0c90-4975-a218-e29147dee346/GettyImages-860740098.jpg","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0b834b94-0c90-4975-a218-e29147dee346/GettyImages-860740098.jpg","dsc":"aerial view of low tide at Montgomery Reef, Kimberley Coast in Western Australia"},"abstract":"Early mapmakers and explorers covered the seas with mythical lands. Here’s where to find ones that turned out to be real.","title":"These fabled ‘ghost’ islands exist only in atlases","tags":[{"name":"Travel","id":"432c4f83-2d55-3974-b95f-a221c87c0fd1","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel"}]},{"cmsType":"RegularEdgeToEdgePrismTile","isPremium":true,"isEntitled":false,"cId":"undefined_63c97e82-1681-46df-a5c9-9ae77ec78603","description":"Johannes Putsch’s 1533 map personified the continent as a queen and inspired a wave of mapmaking that depicted places as people, animals, and even plants.","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/this-european-map-inspired-a-cartography-craze-500-years-ago","text":"natgeo.ctaText.read","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":0.6337890625,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2ae83cf7-6f90-45c0-bd25-d42540e1ccab/Map2.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2ae83cf7-6f90-45c0-bd25-d42540e1ccab/Map2_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2ae83cf7-6f90-45c0-bd25-d42540e1ccab/Map2_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2ae83cf7-6f90-45c0-bd25-d42540e1ccab/Map2_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2ae83cf7-6f90-45c0-bd25-d42540e1ccab/Map2_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2ae83cf7-6f90-45c0-bd25-d42540e1ccab/Map2_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2ae83cf7-6f90-45c0-bd25-d42540e1ccab/Map2_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2ae83cf7-6f90-45c0-bd25-d42540e1ccab/Map2_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2ae83cf7-6f90-45c0-bd25-d42540e1ccab/Map2.jpg","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2ae83cf7-6f90-45c0-bd25-d42540e1ccab/Map2.jpg","dsc":"\"Europa regina\" (\"Queen Europe\") is seen in the 1588 edition of Sebastian Münster's Cosmographia, based on the original 1530s woodcut by Johannes Putsch.","ttl":"Europa regina"},"abstract":"Johannes Putsch’s 1533 map personified the continent as a queen and inspired a wave of mapmaking that depicted places as people, animals, and even plants.","title":"This European map inspired a cartography craze 500 years ago","tags":[{"name":"History Magazine","id":"9e8034f6-2e16-3b86-998b-56f8ff9dffb7","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine"}]},{"cmsType":"RegularEdgeToEdgePrismTile","isPremium":false,"isEntitled":false,"cId":"undefined_16c4d506-2655-4e1a-a3bd-7768b1b2b5c5","description":"Stretching more than 320 miles, the Greater Paris Trail highlights the city’s myriad facets, from architectural showstoppers to everyday treasures, far from crowds.","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/this-paris-trail-reveals-underrated-gems-free-of-big-city-crowds","text":"natgeo.ctaText.read","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":0.66650390625,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0b11d4ec-f8d0-4f4a-ae72-7557da2bffdb/resized-GettyImages-1072830146.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0b11d4ec-f8d0-4f4a-ae72-7557da2bffdb/resized-GettyImages-1072830146_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0b11d4ec-f8d0-4f4a-ae72-7557da2bffdb/resized-GettyImages-1072830146_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0b11d4ec-f8d0-4f4a-ae72-7557da2bffdb/resized-GettyImages-1072830146_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0b11d4ec-f8d0-4f4a-ae72-7557da2bffdb/resized-GettyImages-1072830146_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0b11d4ec-f8d0-4f4a-ae72-7557da2bffdb/resized-GettyImages-1072830146_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0b11d4ec-f8d0-4f4a-ae72-7557da2bffdb/resized-GettyImages-1072830146_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0b11d4ec-f8d0-4f4a-ae72-7557da2bffdb/resized-GettyImages-1072830146_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0b11d4ec-f8d0-4f4a-ae72-7557da2bffdb/resized-GettyImages-1072830146.jpg","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0b11d4ec-f8d0-4f4a-ae72-7557da2bffdb/resized-GettyImages-1072830146.jpg","dsc":"The charming ambiance of rowboats along the artificial lake of Daumesnil, which is located within the Bois de Vincennes park in Paris.","ttl":"Bois de Vincennes"},"abstract":"Stretching more than 320 miles, the Greater Paris Trail highlights the city’s myriad facets, from architectural showstoppers to everyday treasures, far from crowds.","title":"Want to see the real Paris? Walk this way.","tags":[{"name":"Travel","id":"432c4f83-2d55-3974-b95f-a221c87c0fd1","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel"},{"name":"Best of Europe","id":"10edf625-640b-3a33-9973-de5bd867ff56","type":"series"}]},{"cmsType":"RegularEdgeToEdgePrismTile","isPremium":false,"isEntitled":false,"cId":"undefined_bfcd7f65-b152-4305-8697-bd6cf9f60030","description":"Since the Soviet Union’s 1991 collapse, Ukraine has had to contend with neighboring Russia’s tightening grip and expanding power.","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/follow-ukraine-independence-struggle-visual-timeline","text":"natgeo.ctaText.read","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ca38040d-26b4-44a6-b188-d1256ad9627d/GettyImages-1238707900.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ca38040d-26b4-44a6-b188-d1256ad9627d/GettyImages-1238707900_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ca38040d-26b4-44a6-b188-d1256ad9627d/GettyImages-1238707900_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ca38040d-26b4-44a6-b188-d1256ad9627d/GettyImages-1238707900_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ca38040d-26b4-44a6-b188-d1256ad9627d/GettyImages-1238707900_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ca38040d-26b4-44a6-b188-d1256ad9627d/GettyImages-1238707900_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ca38040d-26b4-44a6-b188-d1256ad9627d/GettyImages-1238707900_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ca38040d-26b4-44a6-b188-d1256ad9627d/GettyImages-1238707900_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ca38040d-26b4-44a6-b188-d1256ad9627d/GettyImages-1238707900.jpg","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/ca38040d-26b4-44a6-b188-d1256ad9627d/GettyImages-1238707900.jpg","dsc":"DONETSK, UKRAINE - FEBRUARY 23: People arrive at recruiting office to register themselves after declaration of mobilization in the Donetsk region under the control of pro-Russian separatists, on February 23, 2022."},"abstract":"Since the Soviet Union’s 1991 collapse, Ukraine has had to contend with neighboring Russia’s tightening grip and expanding power.","title":"Visual timeline shows Ukraine’s 30-year struggle for independence","tags":[{"name":"History & Culture","id":"b0c8dd52-23a8-34c0-a940-f46792bc9e70","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"}]},{"cmsType":"RegularEdgeToEdgePrismTile","isPremium":false,"isEntitled":false,"cId":"undefined_b9e5ce2b-eee9-452f-9b83-417f437e271b","description":"GPS for scuba divers, cars with built-in holographic maps, and other new tech mean ’you’ll never get lost again.‘","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/digital-mapmaking-innovations-are-revolutionizing-travel","text":"natgeo.ctaText.read","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.5003663003663004,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/c2d196c4-df97-4e0d-a0f9-f3c19846de32/GettyImages-1275782723.JPG"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/c2d196c4-df97-4e0d-a0f9-f3c19846de32/GettyImages-1275782723_16x9.JPG"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/c2d196c4-df97-4e0d-a0f9-f3c19846de32/GettyImages-1275782723_3x2.JPG"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/c2d196c4-df97-4e0d-a0f9-f3c19846de32/GettyImages-1275782723_square.JPG"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/c2d196c4-df97-4e0d-a0f9-f3c19846de32/GettyImages-1275782723_2x3.JPG"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/c2d196c4-df97-4e0d-a0f9-f3c19846de32/GettyImages-1275782723_3x4.JPG"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/c2d196c4-df97-4e0d-a0f9-f3c19846de32/GettyImages-1275782723_4x3.JPG"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/c2d196c4-df97-4e0d-a0f9-f3c19846de32/GettyImages-1275782723_2x1.JPG"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/c2d196c4-df97-4e0d-a0f9-f3c19846de32/GettyImages-1275782723.JPG","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/c2d196c4-df97-4e0d-a0f9-f3c19846de32/GettyImages-1275782723.JPG","dsc":"SHANGHAI, CHINA - SEPTEMBER 22: A tourist visits the Bund with Huawei AR Map on September 22, 2020 in Shanghai, China. (Photo by Wang Gang/VCG via Getty Images)","ttl":"AR Map"},"abstract":"GPS for scuba divers, cars with built-in holographic maps, and other new tech mean ’you’ll never get lost again.‘","title":"Digital mapmaking innovations are revolutionizing travel","tags":[{"name":"Travel","id":"432c4f83-2d55-3974-b95f-a221c87c0fd1","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel"}]}],"cmsType":"InfiniteFeedModule","enableAds":true,"gridType":"list","layout":"horizontal","pageInfo":{"endCursor":"MTQ","hasNextPage":true,"startCursor":"MA","totalCount":366,"totalPages":25},"pageType":"related","taxonomyId":"d84d1f1b-dc39-3394-8590-787b73752f08","tags":[{"label":"MAPMAKING","href":"/related/e31a7e8e-0f7a-3b0f-95e5-ec6169647e03/mapmaking"},{"label":"GEOGRAPHY","href":"/related/6f0905ba-8819-3def-bd64-a26ac7f4e61f/geography"},{"label":"GEO-LITERACY","href":"/related/78d5904e-e185-38bb-9d7e-33f41ff3ed71/geo-literacy"},{"label":"PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY","href":"/related/3299ee06-2778-3553-aa02-30820f0586cb/physical-geography"},{"label":"CONTINENTAL DRIFT","href":"/related/df76b43a-2ee1-3b43-a1c6-a6f5fd42fd0a/continental-drift"},{"label":"GEOLOGY","href":"/related/39546bac-752c-3b4b-a096-03b1b6f1cf70/geology"}]}]}],"meta":{"dsc":"Related Topic Page | National Geographic","ttl":"Maps","sclDsc":"Related Topic Page | National Geographic","sclTtl":"Maps","pgTxnmy":{"audiences":["General"],"subjects":["Maps"]}},"flags":{"hideSource":true,"hideGenre":true,"hideDek":true},"prtfloFlgs":{"hideSharing":false,"hideSource":false,"hideGenre":true}},"ads":{"kvps":[{"name":"pgtyp","value":"related"},{"name":"ed","value":"us"},{"name":"lang","value":"en"}]},"analytics":{"page_type":"related","page_url":"www.nationalgeographic.com/related/d84d1f1b-dc39-3394-8590-787b73752f08/maps","userab_cookie":"0","page_taxonomy":{"frstSbj":"Maps","auds":"General"}}},"request":{"headers":{},"httpVersion":"1.1","method":"GET","url":"/related/d84d1f1b-dc39-3394-8590-787b73752f08/maps","vary":{"cached":true,"device":"pc","host":"www.nationalgeographic.com","path":"/related/d84d1f1b-dc39-3394-8590-787b73752f08/maps","forwarded-proto":"https","country":"hk","edition":"natgeo-en-us","edition-view":"natgeo-en-us","loggedin":"false","userab":"0"}},"viewport":{"width":1260,"height":0},"user":{}};</script><script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/_manifest.js" defer></script><script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/natgeo-b6cb5abe.js" defer></script><script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/related-8db7b276.js" defer></script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10