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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standardization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standardization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Standardization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standardization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_constructs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_constructs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Language constructs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Language_constructs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Language constructs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Language_constructs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Hello,_world!"_in_Ada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Hello,_world!"_in_Ada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>"Hello, world!" in Ada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Hello,_world!"_in_Ada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Data types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Control structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Packages,_procedures_and_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Packages,_procedures_and_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Packages, procedures and functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Packages,_procedures_and_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pragmas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pragmas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Pragmas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pragmas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Generics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>International standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rationale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rationale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Rationale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rationale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ada (programming language)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7_(%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A9)" title="أيدا (لغة برمجة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أيدا (لغة برمجة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengache_de_programaci%C3%B3n_Ada" title="Luengache de programación Ada – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luengache de programación Ada" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(proqramla%C5%9Fd%C4%B1rma_dili)" title="Ada (proqramlaşdırma dili) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ada (proqramlaşdırma dili)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE" title="অ্যাডা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যাডা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F)" title="Ада (мова праграмавання) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ада (мова праграмавання)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada" title="Ada – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ada" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(programski_jezik)" title="Ada (programski jezik) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ada (programski jezik)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(llenguatge_de_programaci%C3%B3)" title="Ada (llenguatge de programació) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ada (llenguatge de programació)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Ада – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ада" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(programovac%C3%AD_jazyk)" title="Ada (programovací jazyk) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ada (programovací jazyk)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(programmeringssprog)" title="Ada (programmeringssprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ada (programmeringssprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(Programmiersprache)" title="Ada (Programmiersprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ada (Programmiersprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(programmeerimiskeel)" title="Ada (programmeerimiskeel) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ada (programmeerimiskeel)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada" title="Ada – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ada" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(lenguaje_de_programaci%C3%B3n)" title="Ada (lenguaje de programación) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ada (lenguaje de programación)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(programlingvo)" title="Ada (programlingvo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ada (programlingvo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(programazio-lengoaia)" title="Ada (programazio-lengoaia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ada (programazio-lengoaia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7_(%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="ایدا (زبان برنامه‌نویسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایدا (زبان برنامه‌نویسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(langage)" title="Ada (langage) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ada (langage)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada" title="Ada – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ada" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(inform%C3%A1tica)" title="Ada (informática) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ada (informática)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%9D%B4%EB%8B%A4_(%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%EB%B0%8D_%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4)" title="에이다 (프로그래밍 언어) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에이다 (프로그래밍 언어)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(%D5%AE%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82)" title="Ada (ծրագրավորման լեզու) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ada (ծրագրավորման լեզու)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(programski_jezik)" title="Ada (programski jezik) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ada (programski jezik)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(programifo-linguo)" title="Ada (programifo-linguo) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ada (programifo-linguo)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(bahasa_pemrograman)" title="Ada (bahasa pemrograman) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ada (bahasa pemrograman)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(linguage_de_programmation)" title="Ada (linguage de programmation) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ada (linguage de programmation)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(linguaggio_di_programmazione)" title="Ada (linguaggio di programmazione) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ada (linguaggio di programmazione)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%94_(%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA)" title="עדה (שפת תכנות) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עדה (שפת תכנות)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90)" title="ადა (პროგრამირების ენა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ადა (პროგრამირების ენა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0_(ADA)" title="Ада (ADA) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ада (ADA)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(lugha_ya_programu)" title="Ada (lugha ya programu) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ada (lugha ya programu)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8)" title="Ada (программалоо тили) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ada (программалоо тили)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(lingua_programmandi)" title="Ada (lingua programmandi) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ada (lingua programmandi)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(programoz%C3%A1si_nyelv)" title="Ada (programozási nyelv) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ada (programozási nyelv)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A1_(%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7)" title="അഡ (പ്രോഗ്രാമിങ് ഭാഷ) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അഡ (പ്രോഗ്രാമിങ് ഭാഷ)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(bahasa_pengaturcaraan)" title="Ada (bahasa pengaturcaraan) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ada (bahasa pengaturcaraan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(programmeertaal)" title="Ada (programmeertaal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ada (programmeertaal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada" title="Ada – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Ada" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada" title="Ada – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ada" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmeringsspr%C3%A5ket_Ada" title="Programmeringsspråket Ada – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Programmeringsspråket Ada" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE_(%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE)" title="ਅਡਾ (ਪ੍ਰੋਗ੍ਰਾਮਿੰਗ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਡਾ (ਪ੍ਰੋਗ੍ਰਾਮਿੰਗ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(j%C4%99zyk_programowania)" title="Ada (język programowania) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ada (język programowania)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(linguagem_de_programa%C3%A7%C3%A3o)" title="Ada (linguagem de programação) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ada (linguagem de programação)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(limbaj_de_programare)" title="Ada (limbaj de programare) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ada (limbaj de programare)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8F)" title="Ада (язык проґрамованя) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ада (язык проґрамованя)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Ада (язык программирования) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ада (язык программирования)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ada (programming language)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(programovac%C3%AD_jazyk)" title="Ada (programovací jazyk) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ada (programovací jazyk)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(programski_jezik)" title="Ada (programski jezik) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ada (programski jezik)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Ada (програмски језик) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ada (програмски језик)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(programski_jezik)" title="Ada (programski jezik) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ada (programski jezik)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(ohjelmointikieli)" title="Ada (ohjelmointikieli) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ada (ohjelmointikieli)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(programspr%C3%A5k)" title="Ada (programspråk) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ada (programspråk)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE_(%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF)" title="அடா (நிரலாக்க மொழி) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அடா (நிரலாக்க மொழி)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2" title="ภาษาเอดา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาเอดา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B7%D3%A3)" title="Ада (забони барномасозӣ) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ада (забони барномасозӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(programlama_dili)" title="Ada (programlama dili) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ada (programlama dili)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada" title="Ada – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ada" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_l%E1%BA%ADp_tr%C3%ACnh)" title="Ada (ngôn ngữ lập trình) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ada (ngôn ngữ lập trình)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada" title="Ada – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="Ada" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada" title="Ada – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Ada" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada" title="Ada – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Ada" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Ada</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ada_horizon_green_logo_with_slogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Green logo on horizon with Ada letters and slogan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ada_horizon_green_logo_with_slogan.svg/121px-Ada_horizon_green_logo_with_slogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="121" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ada_horizon_green_logo_with_slogan.svg/182px-Ada_horizon_green_logo_with_slogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ada_horizon_green_logo_with_slogan.svg/242px-Ada_horizon_green_logo_with_slogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Multi-paradigm_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm programming language">Multi-paradigm</a>: <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">aspect-oriented</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent programming">concurrent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Array_programming" title="Array programming">array</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">distributed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">generic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaprogramming" title="Metaprogramming">meta</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>MIL-STD-1815, Ada 83: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Ichbiah" title="Jean Ichbiah">Jean Ichbiah</a></li> <li>Ada 95: Tucker Taft</li> <li>Ada 2005: Tucker Taft</li> <li>Ada 2012: Tucker Taft</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">February 1980<span class="noprint">; 44 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1980-02</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">Ada 2022 / May 2023</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Static_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Static typing">static</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing">strong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Type_safety" title="Type safety">safe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nominal_type_system" title="Nominal type system">nominal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Multi- or <a href="/wiki/Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">cross-platform</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extensions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">.adb, .ads</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adaic.org">www<wbr />.adaic<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Major <a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">implementations</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">AdaCore <a href="/wiki/GNAT" title="GNAT">GNAT</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Green_Hills_Software" title="Green Hills Software">Green Hills Software</a> Optimising Ada 95 compiler,<br /><a href="/wiki/PTC_(software_company)" title="PTC (software company)">PTC</a> ApexAda and ObjectAda,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />MapuSoft Ada-C/C++ changer,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> formerly known as "AdaMagic with C Intermediate",<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/DDC-I" title="DDC-I">DDC-I</a> Score</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language#Dialects,_flavors_and_implementations" title="Programming language">Dialects</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/SPARK_(programming_language)" title="SPARK (programming language)">SPARK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravenscar_profile" title="Ravenscar profile">Ravenscar profile</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simula_67" class="mw-redirect" title="Simula 67">Simula 67</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> (Ada 95), <a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a> (Ada 95), <a href="/wiki/Modula-2" title="Modula-2">Modula-2</a> (Ada 95) <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> (Ada 2005), <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_(programming_language)" title="Eiffel (programming language)">Eiffel</a> (Ada 2012)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chapel_(programming_language)" title="Chapel (programming language)">Chapel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Drago_(programming_language)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drago (programming language) (page does not exist)">Drago</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/D_(programming_language)" title="D (programming language)">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_(programming_language)" title="Eiffel (programming language)">Eiffel</a>, Griffin,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nim_(programming_language)" title="Nim (programming language)">Nim</a>, <a href="/wiki/ParaSail_(programming_language)" title="ParaSail (programming language)">ParaSail</a>, <a href="/wiki/PL/SQL" title="PL/SQL">PL/SQL</a>, <a href="/wiki/PL/pgSQL" title="PL/pgSQL">PL/pgSQL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seed7" title="Seed7">Seed7</a>, SPARforte,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/ParaSail_(programming_language)#Description" title="ParaSail (programming language)">Sparkel</a>, <a href="/wiki/SQL/PSM" title="SQL/PSM">SQL/PSM</a>, <a href="/wiki/VHDL" title="VHDL">VHDL</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below hlist" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 3px;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Ada_Programming" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Ada Programming">Ada Programming</a> at Wikibooks</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ada</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statically_typed" class="mw-redirect" title="Statically typed">statically typed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a> <a href="/wiki/High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level programming language</a>, inspired by <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> and other languages. It has built-in language support for <i><a href="/wiki/Design_by_contract" title="Design by contract">design by contract</a></i> (DbC), extremely <a href="/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing">strong typing</a>, explicit concurrency, tasks, synchronous message passing, protected objects, and <a href="/wiki/Nondeterministic_programming" title="Nondeterministic programming">non-determinism</a>. Ada improves code safety and maintainability by using the <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> to find errors in favor of <a href="/wiki/Runtime_(program_lifecycle_phase)" class="mw-redirect" title="Runtime (program lifecycle phase)">runtime</a> errors. Ada is an <a href="/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">international</a> <a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">technical standard</a>, jointly defined by the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO), and the <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a> (IEC). As of May 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ada_(programming_language)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the standard, called Ada 2022 informally, is ISO/IEC 8652:2023.<sup id="cite_ref-ada-letters-june2023_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ada-letters-june2023-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ada was originally designed by a team led by French <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">computer scientist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Ichbiah" title="Jean Ichbiah">Jean Ichbiah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Groupe_Bull" title="Groupe Bull">Honeywell</a> under contract to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> (DoD) from 1977 to 1983 to supersede over 450 programming languages used by the DoD at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ada was named after <a href="/wiki/Ada_Lovelace" title="Ada Lovelace">Ada Lovelace</a> (1815–1852), who has been credited as the first computer programmer.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ada_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ada was originally designed for <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded</a> and <a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">real-time</a> systems. The Ada 95 revision, designed by S. Tucker Taft of <a href="/wiki/Intermetrics" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermetrics">Intermetrics</a> between 1992 and 1995, improved support for systems, numerical, financial, and <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a> (OOP). </p><p>Features of Ada include: <a href="/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing">strong typing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">modular programming</a> mechanisms (packages), <a href="/wiki/Run-time_checking" class="mw-redirect" title="Run-time checking">run-time checking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">parallel processing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Task_(computing)" title="Task (computing)">tasks</a>, synchronous <a href="/wiki/Message_passing" title="Message passing">message passing</a>, protected objects, and nondeterministic <a href="/wiki/Switch_statement" title="Switch statement">select statements</a>), <a href="/wiki/Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">exception handling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">generics</a>. Ada 95 added support for <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_dispatch" title="Dynamic dispatch">dynamic dispatch</a>. </p><p>The syntax of Ada minimizes choices of ways to perform basic operations, and prefers English keywords (such as "or else" and "and then") to symbols (such as "||" and "&&"). Ada uses the basic arithmetical operators "+", "-", "*", and "/", but avoids using other symbols. Code blocks are delimited by words such as "declare", "begin", and "end", where the "end" (in most cases) is followed by the identifier of the block it closes (e.g., <i>if ... end if</i>, <i>loop ... end loop</i>). In the case of conditional blocks this avoids a <i><a href="/wiki/Dangling_else" title="Dangling else">dangling else</a></i> that could pair with the wrong nested if-expression in other languages like C or Java. </p><p>Ada is designed for developing very large software systems. Ada packages can be compiled separately. Ada package specifications (the package interface) can also be compiled separately without the implementation to check for consistency. This makes it possible to detect problems early during the design phase, before implementation starts. </p><p>A large number of <a href="/wiki/Compile_time" title="Compile time">compile-time</a> checks are supported to help avoid bugs that would not be detectable until run-time in some other languages or would require explicit checks to be added to the source code. For example, the syntax requires explicitly named closing of blocks to prevent errors due to mismatched end tokens. The adherence to strong typing allows detecting many common software errors (wrong parameters, range violations, invalid references, mismatched types, etc.) either during compile-time, or otherwise during run-time. As concurrency is part of the language specification, the <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> can in some cases detect potential <a href="/wiki/Deadlock_(computer_science)" title="Deadlock (computer science)">deadlocks.</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compilers also commonly check for misspelled <a href="/wiki/Identifier" title="Identifier">identifiers</a>, visibility of packages, redundant declarations, etc. and can provide warnings and useful suggestions on how to fix the error. </p><p>Ada also supports <a href="/wiki/Runtime_system" title="Runtime system">run-time</a> checks to protect against access to unallocated memory, <a href="/wiki/Buffer_overflow" title="Buffer overflow">buffer overflow</a> errors, range violations, <a href="/wiki/Off-by-one_error" title="Off-by-one error">off-by-one errors</a>, array access errors, and other detectable bugs. These checks can be disabled in the interest of runtime efficiency, but can often be compiled efficiently. It also includes facilities to help <a href="/wiki/Software_verification" title="Software verification">program verification</a>. For these reasons, Ada is sometimes used in critical systems, where any <a href="/wiki/Anomaly_in_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Anomaly in software">anomaly</a> might lead to very serious consequences, e.g., accidental death, injury or severe financial loss. Examples of systems where Ada is used include <a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">avionics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">air traffic control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">railways</a>, banking, military and <a href="/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology">space technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ada_usage_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ada_usage-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Access_type"></span>Ada's dynamic <a href="/wiki/Memory_management" title="Memory management">memory management</a> is high-level and type-safe. Ada has no generic or untyped <a href="/wiki/Pointer_(computer_programming)" title="Pointer (computer programming)">pointers</a>; nor does it implicitly declare any pointer type. Instead, all dynamic memory allocation and deallocation must occur via explicitly declared <i>access types</i>. Each access type has an associated <i>storage pool</i> that handles the low-level details of memory management; the programmer can either use the default storage pool or define new ones (this is particularly relevant for <a href="/wiki/Non-Uniform_Memory_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Uniform Memory Access">Non-Uniform Memory Access</a>). It is even possible to declare several different access types that all designate the same type but use different storage pools. Also, the language provides for <i>accessibility checks</i>, both at compile time and at run time, that ensures that an <i>access value</i> cannot outlive the type of the object it points to.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the semantics of the language allow automatic <a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage collection</a> of inaccessible objects, most implementations do not support it by default, as it would cause unpredictable behaviour in real-time systems. Ada does support a limited form of <a href="/wiki/Region-based_memory_management" title="Region-based memory management">region-based memory management</a>; also, creative use of storage pools can provide for a limited form of automatic garbage collection, since destroying a storage pool also destroys all the objects in the pool. </p><p>A double-<a href="/wiki/Dash" title="Dash">dash</a> ("--"), resembling an <a href="/wiki/Em_dash" class="mw-redirect" title="Em dash">em dash</a>, denotes comment text. Comments stop at end of line; there is intentionally no way to make a comment span multiple lines, to prevent unclosed comments from accidentally voiding whole sections of source code. Disabling a whole block of code therefore requires the prefixing of each line (or column) individually with "--". While this clearly denotes disabled code by creating a column of repeated "--" down the page, it also renders the experimental dis/re-enablement of large blocks a more drawn-out process in editors without block commenting support. </p><p>The semicolon (";") is a <a href="/wiki/Statement_terminator" class="mw-redirect" title="Statement terminator">statement terminator</a>, and the null or no-operation statement is <code>null;</code>. A single <code>;</code> without a statement to terminate is not allowed. </p><p>Unlike most <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> standards, the Ada language definition (known as the <i>Ada Reference Manual</i> or <i>ARM</i>, or sometimes the <i>Language Reference Manual</i> or <i>LRM</i>) is <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a>. Thus, it is a common reference for Ada programmers, not only programmers implementing Ada compilers. Apart from the reference manual, there is also an extensive rationale document which explains the language design and the use of various language constructs. This document is also widely used by programmers. When the language was revised, a new rationale document was written. </p><p>One notable <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> tool that is used by many Ada programmers to aid them in writing Ada source code is the GNAT Programming Studio, and <a href="/wiki/GNAT" title="GNAT">GNAT</a> which is part of the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GNU Compiler Collection</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ada_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1970s the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">US Department of Defense</a> (DoD) became concerned by the number of different programming languages being used for its embedded computer system projects, many of which were obsolete or hardware-dependent, and none of which supported safe modular programming. In 1975, a <a href="/wiki/Working_group" title="Working group">working group</a>, the <a href="/wiki/High_Order_Language_Working_Group" title="High Order Language Working Group">High Order Language Working Group</a> (HOLWG), was formed with the intent to reduce this number by finding or creating a programming language generally suitable for the department's and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">UK Ministry of Defence</a>'s requirements. After many iterations beginning with an original <a href="/wiki/Straw_man_proposal" title="Straw man proposal">straw-man proposal</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the eventual programming language was named Ada. The total number of high-level programming languages in use for such projects fell from over 450 in 1983 to 37 by 1996. </p><p>HOLWG crafted the <a href="/wiki/Steelman_language_requirements" title="Steelman language requirements">Steelman language requirements</a>, a series of documents stating the requirements they felt a programming language should satisfy. Many existing languages were formally reviewed, but the team concluded in 1977 that no existing language met the specifications. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg/156px-Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg/235px-Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg/313px-Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2439" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption>Watercolour painting of Ada Lovelace</figcaption></figure> <p>Requests for proposals for a new programming language were issued and four contractors were hired to develop their proposals under the names of Red (<a href="/wiki/Intermetrics" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermetrics">Intermetrics</a> led by Benjamin Brosgol), Green (<a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Ichbiah" title="Jean Ichbiah">Jean Ichbiah</a>), Blue (<a href="/wiki/SofTech,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="SofTech, Inc.">SofTech</a>, led by John Goodenough)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Yellow (<a href="/wiki/SRI_International" title="SRI International">SRI International</a>, led by Jay Spitzen). In April 1978, after public scrutiny, the Red and Green proposals passed to the next phase. In May 1979, the Green proposal, designed by Jean Ichbiah at Honeywell, was chosen and given the name Ada—after Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace, usually known as <a href="/wiki/Ada_Lovelace" title="Ada Lovelace">Ada Lovelace</a>. This proposal was influenced by the language <a href="/wiki/LIS_(programming_language)" title="LIS (programming language)">LIS</a> that Ichbiah and his group had developed in the 1970s. The preliminary Ada reference manual was published in ACM SIGPLAN Notices in June 1979. The Military Standard reference manual was approved on December 10, 1980 (Ada Lovelace's birthday), and given the number MIL-STD-1815 in honor of Ada Lovelace's birth year. In 1981, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Hoare" title="Tony Hoare">Tony Hoare</a> took advantage of his <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a> speech to criticize Ada for being overly complex and hence unreliable,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but subsequently seemed to recant in the foreword he wrote for an Ada textbook.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ada attracted much attention from the programming community as a whole during its early days. Its backers and others predicted that it might become a dominant language for general purpose programming and not only defense-related work.<sup id="cite_ref-sward_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sward-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ichbiah publicly stated that within ten years, only two programming languages would remain: Ada and <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SIGAda-Rosen_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIGAda-Rosen-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early Ada compilers struggled to implement the large, complex language, and both compile-time and run-time performance tended to be slow and tools primitive.<sup id="cite_ref-sward_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sward-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compiler vendors expended most of their efforts in passing the massive, language-conformance-testing, government-required <a href="/wiki/Ada_Compiler_Validation_Capability" class="mw-redirect" title="Ada Compiler Validation Capability">Ada Compiler Validation Capability</a> (ACVC) validation suite that was required in another novel feature of the Ada language effort.<sup id="cite_ref-SIGAda-Rosen_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIGAda-Rosen-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first validated Ada implementation was the NYU Ada/Ed translator,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> certified on April 11, 1983. NYU Ada/Ed is implemented in the high-level set language <a href="/wiki/SETL" title="SETL">SETL</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several commercial companies began offering Ada compilers and associated development tools, including <a href="/wiki/Alsys" title="Alsys">Alsys</a>, <a href="/wiki/TeleSoft" title="TeleSoft">TeleSoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/DDC-I" title="DDC-I">DDC-I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Computer_Techniques" title="Advanced Computer Techniques">Advanced Computer Techniques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tartan_Laboratories" title="Tartan Laboratories">Tartan Laboratories</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irvine_Compiler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irvine Compiler (page does not exist)">Irvine Compiler</a>, <a href="/wiki/TLD_Systems" title="TLD Systems">TLD Systems</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Verdix" title="Verdix">Verdix</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-adaic-1992_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adaic-1992-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Computer manufacturers who had a significant business in the defense, aerospace, or related industries, also offered Ada compilers and tools on their platforms; these included <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_Computer_Corporation" title="Concurrent Computer Corporation">Concurrent Computer Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cray_Research,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Cray Research, Inc.">Cray Research, Inc.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harris_Computer_Systems" title="Harris Computer Systems">Harris Computer Systems</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siemens_Nixdorf_Informationssysteme_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme AG">Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme AG</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-adaic-1992_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adaic-1992-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, the US Department of Defense began to require the use of Ada (the <i>Ada mandate</i>) for all software,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though exceptions to this rule were often granted.<sup id="cite_ref-sward_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sward-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Department of Defense Ada mandate was effectively removed in 1997, as the DoD began to embrace <a href="/wiki/Commercial_off-the-shelf" title="Commercial off-the-shelf">commercial off-the-shelf</a> (COTS) technology.<sup id="cite_ref-sward_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sward-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar requirements existed in other <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">NATO</a> countries: Ada was required for NATO systems involving <a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">command and control</a> and other functions, and Ada was the mandated or preferred language for defense-related applications in countries such as Sweden, Germany, and Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late 1980s and early 1990s, Ada compilers had improved in performance, but there were still barriers to fully exploiting Ada's abilities, including a tasking model that was different from what most real-time programmers were used to.<sup id="cite_ref-SIGAda-Rosen_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIGAda-Rosen-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of Ada's <a href="/wiki/Safety-critical_system" title="Safety-critical system">safety-critical</a> support features, it is now used not only for military applications, but also in commercial projects where a software bug can have severe consequences, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">avionics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">air traffic control</a>, commercial rockets such as the <a href="/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)" title="Ariane (rocket family)">Ariane 4 and 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a> and other space systems, railway transport and banking.<sup id="cite_ref-Ada_usage_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ada_usage-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_Flight_Control_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primary Flight Control System (page does not exist)">Primary Flight Control System</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft flight control systems">fly-by-wire</a> system software in the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_777" title="Boeing 777">Boeing 777</a>, was written in Ada, as were the fly-by-wire systems for the aerodynamically unstable <a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Eurofighter Typhoon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Saab_JAS_39_Gripen" title="Saab JAS 39 Gripen">Saab Gripen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-22_Raptor" title="Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor">Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor</a> and the DFCS replacement flight control system for the <a href="/wiki/Grumman_F-14_Tomcat" title="Grumman F-14 Tomcat">Grumman F-14 Tomcat</a>. The Canadian Automated Air Traffic System was written in 1 million lines of Ada (<a href="/wiki/Source_lines_of_code" title="Source lines of code">SLOC</a> count). It featured advanced <a href="/wiki/Distributed_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed processing">distributed processing</a>, a distributed Ada database, and object-oriented design. Ada is also used in other air traffic systems, e.g., the UK's next-generation Interim Future Area Control Tools Support (iFACTS) air traffic control system is designed and implemented using <a href="/wiki/SPARK_(programming_language)" title="SPARK (programming language)">SPARK</a> Ada.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also used in the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Voie-Machine" title="Transmission Voie-Machine">TVM</a> in-<a href="/wiki/Cab_signalling" title="Cab signalling">cab signalling</a> system on the <a href="/wiki/TGV" title="TGV">TGV</a> high-speed rail system, and the metro suburban trains in Paris, London, Hong Kong and New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-Ada_usage_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ada_usage-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standardization">Standardization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ada_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Standardization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="margin-left: 1.5em;"> <caption>Timeline of Ada language </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Informal name </th> <th>ANSI Standard </th> <th>ISO/IEC Standard </th></tr> <tr> <td>1980 </td> <td>Ada </td> <td>MIL-STD 1815 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983 </td> <td>Ada 83/87 </td> <td>MIL-STD 1815A </td> <td>8652:1987 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td>Ada 95 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>8652:1995 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td>Ada 2005 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>8652:1995/Amd 1:2007 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td>Ada 2012 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>8652:2012 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023 </td> <td>Ada 2022 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>8652:2023 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Preliminary Ada can be found in ACM Sigplan Notices Vol 14, No 6, June 1979<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ada was first published in 1980 as an <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">ANSI</a> standard ANSI/<b>MIL-STD 1815</b>. As this very first version held many errors and inconsistencies ,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the revised edition was published in 1983 as ANSI/MIL-STD 1815A. Without any further changes, it became an ISO standard in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This version of the language is commonly known as <b>Ada 83</b>, from the date of its adoption by ANSI, but is sometimes referred to also as <b>Ada 87</b>, from the date of its adoption by ISO.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a French translation; DIN translated it into German as DIN 66268 in 1988. </p><p><b>Ada 95</b>, the joint ISO/IEC/ANSI standard ISO/IEC 8652:1995<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was published in February 1995, making it the first ISO standard object-oriented programming language. To help with the standard revision and future acceptance, the <a href="/wiki/US_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="US Air Force">US Air Force</a> funded the development of the <a href="/wiki/GNAT" title="GNAT">GNAT</a> <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">Compiler</a>. Presently, the GNAT Compiler is part of the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GNU Compiler Collection</a>. </p><p>Work has continued on improving and updating the technical content of the Ada language. A Technical Corrigendum to Ada 95 was published in October 2001,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a major Amendment, ISO/IEC 8652:1995/Amd 1:2007 <sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was published on March 9, 2007, commonly known as <b>Ada 2005</b> because work on the new standard was finished that year. </p><p>At the Ada-Europe 2012 conference in Stockholm, the Ada Resource Association (ARA) and Ada-Europe announced the completion of the design of the latest version of the Ada language and the submission of the reference manual to the <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22" title="ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22">ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22</a>/WG 9 of the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) and the <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a> (IEC) for approval. ISO/IEC 8652:2012<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adaic.org/resources/add_content/standards/12rm/html/RM-TTL.html">Ada 2012 RM</a>) was published in December 2012, known as <b>Ada 2012</b>. A technical corrigendum, ISO/IEC 8652:2012/COR 1:2016, was published <sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ada-auth.org/standards/rm12_w_tc1/html/RM-TTL.html">RM 2012 with TC 1</a>). </p><p>On May 2, 2023, the Ada community saw the formal approval of publication of the <b>Ada 2022</b> edition of the programming language standard.<sup id="cite_ref-ada-letters-june2023_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ada-letters-june2023-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the names Ada 83, 95 etc., legally there is only one Ada standard, the one of the last ISO/IEC standard: with the acceptance of a new standard version, the previous one becomes withdrawn. The other names are just informal ones referencing a certain edition. </p><p>Other related standards include <a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">ISO/IEC 8651</a>-3:1988 <i>Information processing systems—Computer graphics—Graphical Kernel System (GKS) language bindings—Part 3: Ada</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_constructs">Language constructs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ada_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Language constructs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ada is an <a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a>-like programming language featuring control structures with reserved words such as <i>if</i>, <i>then</i>, <i>else</i>, <i>while</i>, <i>for</i>, and so on. However, Ada also has many data structuring facilities and other abstractions which were not included in the original <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">ALGOL 60</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">type definitions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Record_(computer_science)" title="Record (computer science)">records</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pointer_(computer_programming)" title="Pointer (computer programming)">pointers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enumerated_type" title="Enumerated type">enumerations</a>. Such constructs were in part inherited from or inspired by <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Hello,_world!"_in_Ada"><span id=".22Hello.2C_world.21.22_in_Ada"></span>"Hello, world!" in Ada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ada_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: "Hello, world!" in Ada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A common example of a language's <a href="/wiki/Syntax_(programming_languages)" title="Syntax (programming languages)">syntax</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Hello_world_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Hello world program">Hello world program</a>: (hello.adb) </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ada mw-content-ltr mw-highlight-lines" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="linenos" data-line="1"></span><span class="kn">with</span> <span class="n">Ada.Text_IO</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="2"></span><span class="kd">procedure</span> <span class="nf">Hello</span> <span class="kr">is</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="3"></span><span class="kr">begin</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="4"></span> <span class="n">Ada</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Text_IO</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Put_Line</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Hello, world!"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="5"></span><span class="kr">end</span> <span class="nf">Hello</span><span class="p">;</span> </pre></div> <p>This program can be compiled by using the freely available open source compiler <a href="/wiki/GNAT" title="GNAT">GNAT</a>, by executing </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span>gnatmake<span class="w"> </span>hello.adb </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_types">Data types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ada_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Data types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ada's type system is not based on a set of predefined <a href="/wiki/Primitive_types" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive types">primitive types</a> but allows users to declare their own types. This declaration in turn is not based on the internal representation of the type but on describing the goal which should be achieved. This allows the compiler to determine a suitable memory size for the type, and to check for violations of the type definition at compile time and run time (i.e., range violations, buffer overruns, type consistency, etc.). Ada supports numerical types defined by a range, modulo types, aggregate types (records and arrays), and enumeration types. Access types define a reference to an instance of a specified type; untyped pointers are not permitted. Special types provided by the language are task types and protected types. </p><p>For example, a date might be represented as: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ada mw-content-ltr mw-highlight-lines" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="linenos" data-line="1"></span><span class="kd">type</span> <span class="kt">Day_type</span> <span class="kr">is</span> <span class="kr">range</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="p">..</span> <span class="mi">31</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="2"></span><span class="kd">type</span> <span class="kt">Month_type</span> <span class="kr">is</span> <span class="kr">range</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="p">..</span> <span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="3"></span><span class="kd">type</span> <span class="kt">Year_type</span> <span class="kr">is</span> <span class="kr">range</span> <span class="mi">1800</span> <span class="p">..</span> <span class="mi">2100</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="4"></span><span class="kd">type</span> <span class="kt">Hours</span> <span class="kr">is</span> <span class="ow">mod</span> <span class="mi">24</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="5"></span><span class="kd">type</span> <span class="kt">Weekday</span> <span class="kr">is</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">Monday</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">Tuesday</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">Wednesday</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">Thursday</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">Friday</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">Saturday</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">Sunday</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="6"></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="7"></span><span class="kd">type</span> <span class="kt">Date</span> <span class="kr">is</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="8"></span> <span class="kr">record</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="9"></span> <span class="n">Day</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Day_type</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="10"></span> <span class="n">Month</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Month_type</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="11"></span> <span class="n">Year</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Year_type</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="12"></span> <span class="kr">end record</span><span class="p">;</span> </pre></div> <p>Important to note: Day_type, Month_type, Year_type, Hours are incompatible types, meaning that for instance the following expression is illegal: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ada mw-content-ltr mw-highlight-lines" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="linenos" data-line="1"></span><span class="n">Today</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Day_type</span> <span class="p">:=</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="2"></span><span class="n">Current_Month</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Month_type</span> <span class="p">:=</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="3"></span><span class="p">...</span> <span class="n">Today</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">Current_Month</span> <span class="p">...</span> <span class="c1">-- illegal</span> </pre></div> <p>The predefined plus-operator can only add values of the same type, so the expression is illegal. </p><p>Types can be refined by declaring <a href="/wiki/Subtyping" title="Subtyping">subtypes</a>: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ada mw-content-ltr mw-highlight-lines" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="linenos" data-line="1"></span><span class="kd">subtype</span> <span class="kt">Working_Hours</span> <span class="kr">is</span> <span class="n">Hours</span> <span class="kr">range</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="p">..</span> <span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">-- at most 12 Hours to work a day</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="2"></span><span class="kd">subtype</span> <span class="kt">Working_Day</span> <span class="kr">is</span> <span class="n">Weekday</span> <span class="kr">range</span> <span class="n">Monday</span> <span class="p">..</span> <span class="n">Friday</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">-- Days to work</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="3"></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="4"></span><span class="no">Work_Load</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">constant</span> <span class="kr">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Working_Day</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="kr">of</span> <span class="n">Working_Hours</span> <span class="c1">-- implicit type declaration</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="5"></span> <span class="p">:=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Friday</span> <span class="p">=></span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Monday</span> <span class="p">=></span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kr">others</span> <span class="p">=></span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">-- lookup table for working hours with initialization</span> </pre></div> <p>Types can have modifiers such as <i>limited, abstract, private</i> etc. Private types do not show their inner structure; objects of limited types cannot be copied.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ada 95 adds further features for object-oriented extension of types. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Control_structures">Control structures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ada_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Control structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ada is a <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured programming</a> language, meaning that the flow of control is structured into standard statements. All standard constructs and deep-level early exit are supported, so the use of the also supported "<a href="/wiki/Goto_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goto (command)">go to</a>" commands is seldom needed. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ada mw-content-ltr mw-highlight-lines" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="linenos" data-line="1"></span><span class="c1">-- while a is not equal to b, loop.</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="2"></span><span class="kr">while</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">/=</span> <span class="n">b</span> <span class="kr">loop</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="3"></span> <span class="n">Ada</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Text_IO</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Put_Line</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Waiting"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="4"></span><span class="kr">end</span> <span class="kr">loop</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="5"></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="6"></span><span class="kr">if</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="n">b</span> <span class="kr">then</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="7"></span> <span class="n">Ada</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Text_IO</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Put_Line</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Condition met"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="8"></span><span class="kr">else</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="9"></span> <span class="n">Ada</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Text_IO</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Put_Line</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Condition not met"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="10"></span><span class="kr">end</span> <span class="kr">if</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="11"></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="12"></span><span class="kr">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="p">..</span> <span class="mi">10</span> <span class="kr">loop</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="13"></span> <span class="n">Ada</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Text_IO</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Put</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Iteration: "</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="14"></span> <span class="n">Ada</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Text_IO</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Put</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="15"></span> <span class="n">Ada</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Text_IO</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Put_Line</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="16"></span><span class="kr">end</span> <span class="kr">loop</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="17"></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="18"></span><span class="kr">loop</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="19"></span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="p">:=</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="20"></span> <span class="kr">exit</span> <span class="kr">when</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="21"></span><span class="kr">end</span> <span class="kr">loop</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="22"></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="23"></span><span class="kr">case</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="kr">is</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="24"></span> <span class="kr">when</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="p">=></span> <span class="n">Ada</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Text_IO</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Put</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"zero"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="25"></span> <span class="kr">when</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="p">=></span> <span class="n">Ada</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Text_IO</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Put</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"one"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="26"></span> <span class="kr">when</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="p">=></span> <span class="n">Ada</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Text_IO</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Put</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"two"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="27"></span> <span class="c1">-- case statements have to cover all possible cases:</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="28"></span> <span class="kr">when</span> <span class="kr">others</span> <span class="p">=></span> <span class="n">Ada</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Text_IO</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Put</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"none of the above"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="29"></span><span class="kr">end</span> <span class="kr">case</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="30"></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="31"></span><span class="kr">for</span> <span class="n">aWeekday</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">Weekday</span><span class="p">'</span><span class="na">Range</span> <span class="kr">loop</span> <span class="c1">-- loop over an enumeration</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="32"></span> <span class="n">Put_Line</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">Weekday</span><span class="p">'</span><span class="na">Image</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">aWeekday</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">-- output string representation of an enumeration</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="33"></span> <span class="kr">if</span> <span class="n">aWeekday</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">Working_Day</span> <span class="kr">then</span> <span class="c1">-- check of a subtype of an enumeration</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="34"></span> <span class="n">Put_Line</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="s">" to work for "</span> <span class="o">&</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="35"></span> <span class="n">Working_Hours</span><span class="p">'</span><span class="na">Image</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Work_Load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">aWeekday</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">-- access into a lookup table</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="36"></span> <span class="kr">end</span> <span class="kr">if</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="37"></span><span class="kr">end</span> <span class="kr">loop</span><span class="p">;</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Packages,_procedures_and_functions"><span id="Packages.2C_procedures_and_functions"></span>Packages, procedures and functions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ada_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Packages, procedures and functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the parts of an Ada program are packages, procedures and functions. </p><p>Functions differ from procedures in that they must return a value. Function calls cannot be used "as a statement", and their result must be assigned to a variable. However, since Ada 2012, functions are not required to be pure and may mutate their suitably declared parameters or the global state.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Example: Package specification (example.ads) </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ada mw-content-ltr mw-highlight-lines" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="linenos" data-line="1"></span><span class="kd">package</span> <span class="nc">Example</span> <span class="kr">is</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="2"></span> <span class="kd">type</span> <span class="kt">Number</span> <span class="kr">is</span> <span class="kr">range</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="p">..</span> <span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="3"></span> <span class="kd">procedure</span> <span class="nf">Print_and_Increment</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">j</span><span class="p">: </span><span class="nv">in</span> <span class="nv">out</span> <span class="nv">Number</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="4"></span><span class="kr">end</span> <span class="nf">Example</span><span class="p">;</span> </pre></div> <p>Package body (example.adb) </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ada mw-content-ltr mw-highlight-lines" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="linenos" data-line="1"></span><span class="kn">with</span> <span class="n">Ada.Text_IO</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="2"></span><span class="kd">package</span> <span class="kd">body</span> <span class="nc">Example</span> <span class="kr">is</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="3"></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="4"></span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Number</span> <span class="p">:=</span> <span class="n">Number</span><span class="p">'</span><span class="na">First</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="5"></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="6"></span> <span class="kd">procedure</span> <span class="nf">Print_and_Increment</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">j</span><span class="p">: </span><span class="nv">in</span> <span class="nv">out</span> <span class="nv">Number</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="kr">is</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="7"></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="8"></span> <span class="kd">function</span> <span class="nf">Next</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">k</span><span class="p">: </span><span class="nv">in</span> <span class="nv">Number</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="kr">return</span> <span class="n">Number</span> <span class="kr">is</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="9"></span> <span class="kr">begin</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="10"></span> <span class="kr">return</span> <span class="n">k</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="11"></span> <span class="kr">end</span> <span class="nf">Next</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="12"></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="13"></span> <span class="kr">begin</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="14"></span> <span class="n">Ada</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Text_IO</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Put_Line</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="s">"The total is: "</span> <span class="o">&</span> <span class="n">Number</span><span class="p">'</span><span class="na">Image</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">j</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">);</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="15"></span> <span class="n">j</span> <span class="p">:=</span> <span class="n">Next</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">j</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="16"></span> <span class="kr">end</span> <span class="nf">Print_and_Increment</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="17"></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="18"></span><span class="c1">-- package initialization executed when the package is elaborated</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="19"></span><span class="kr">begin</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="20"></span> <span class="kr">while</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="n">Number</span><span class="p">'</span><span class="na">Last</span> <span class="kr">loop</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="21"></span> <span class="n">Print_and_Increment</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="22"></span> <span class="kr">end</span> <span class="kr">loop</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="23"></span><span class="kr">end</span> <span class="nf">Example</span><span class="p">;</span> </pre></div> <p>This program can be compiled, e.g., by using the freely available open-source compiler <a href="/wiki/GNAT" title="GNAT">GNAT</a>, by executing </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span>gnatmake<span class="w"> </span>-z<span class="w"> </span>example.adb </pre></div> <p>Packages, procedures and functions can nest to any depth, and each can also be the logical outermost block. </p><p>Each package, procedure or function can have its own declarations of constants, types, variables, and other procedures, functions and packages, which can be declared in any order. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pragmas">Pragmas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ada_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pragmas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A pragma is a <a href="/wiki/Compiler_directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiler directive">compiler directive</a> that conveys information to the compiler to allow specific manipulating of compiled output.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain pragmas are built into the language,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others are implementation-specific. </p><p>Examples of common usage of compiler pragmas would be to disable certain features, such as run-time type checking or array subscript boundary checking, or to instruct the compiler to insert object code instead of a function call (as C/C++ does with <a href="/wiki/Inline_function" title="Inline function">inline functions</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generics">Generics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ada_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Generics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Generic_programming#Generics_in_Ada" title="Generic programming">Generic programming § Generics in Ada</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Generic_programming&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>Ada has had generics since it was first designed in 1977–1980. The <a href="/wiki/Standard_library" title="Standard library">standard library</a> uses generics to provide many services. Ada 2005 adds a comprehensive generic container library to the standard library, which was inspired by C++'s <a href="/wiki/Standard_Template_Library" title="Standard Template Library">Standard Template Library</a>. </p><p>A <i>generic unit</i> is a package or a subprogram that takes one or more <i>generic formal parameters</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <i>generic formal parameter</i> is a value, a variable, a constant, a type, a subprogram, or even an instance of another, designated, generic unit. For generic formal types, the syntax distinguishes between discrete, floating-point, fixed-point, access (pointer) types, etc. Some formal parameters can have default values. </p> To <i>instantiate</i> a generic unit, the programmer passes <i>actual</i> parameters for each formal. The generic instance then behaves just like any other unit. It is possible to instantiate generic units at <a href="/wiki/Run_time_(program_lifecycle_phase)" class="mw-redirect" title="Run time (program lifecycle phase)">run-time</a>, for example inside a loop.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ada_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Octicons-terminal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/24px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" 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programming language consisting of a highly restricted subset of Ada, annotated with meta-information describing desired component behavior and individual runtime requirements</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHDL" title="VHDL">VHDL</a>, Ada-based hardware description language</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ada_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see Summary of Ada Language Changes<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ISO&rft.atitle=ISO%2FIEC+8652%3A2012&rft.date=2013-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F61507.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/69798.html">"ISO/IEC 8652:2012/Cor 1:2016"</a>. <i>ISO</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ISO&rft.atitle=ISO%2FIEC+8652%3A2012%2FCor+1%3A2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F69798.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706133825/http://www.digilife.be/quickreferences/QRC/Ada%20Syntax%20Card.pdf">"Ada Syntax Card"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digilife.be/quickreferences/QRC/Ada%20Syntax%20Card.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ada+Syntax+Card&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digilife.be%2Fquickreferences%2FQRC%2FAda%2520Syntax%2520Card.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.adacore.com/courses/intro-to-ada/chapters/subprograms.html#function-calls">"Subprograms"</a>. <i>learn.adacore.com</i>. AdaCore<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=learn.adacore.com&rft.atitle=Subprograms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.adacore.com%2Fcourses%2Fintro-to-ada%2Fchapters%2Fsubprograms.html%23function-calls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.adaic.com/standards/83lrm/html/lrm-02-08.html#2.8">"Ada 83 LRM, Sec 2.8: Pragmas"</a>. Archive.adaic.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ada+83+LRM%2C+Sec+2.8%3A+Pragmas&rft.pub=Archive.adaic.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.adaic.com%2Fstandards%2F83lrm%2Fhtml%2Flrm-02-08.html%232.8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206005541/http://archive.adaic.com/standards/83lrm/html/lrm-B.html">"Ada 83 LRM, Appendix/Annex B: Predefined Language Pragmas"</a>. Archive.adaic.com. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ada+83+LRM%2C+Appendix%2FAnnex+B%3A+Predefined+Language+Pragmas&rft.pub=Archive.adaic.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.adaic.com%2Fstandards%2F83lrm%2Fhtml%2Flrm-B.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adaic.org/resources/add_content/standards/05rm/html/RM-12.html">"Generic Units"</a>. <i>www.adaic.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.adaic.org&rft.atitle=Generic+Units&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adaic.org%2Fresources%2Fadd_content%2Fstandards%2F05rm%2Fhtml%2FRM-12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ada_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_standards">International standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ada_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: International standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8652" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8652">ISO/IEC 8652</a>: Information technology—Programming languages—Ada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15291" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 15291">ISO/IEC 15291</a>: Information technology—Programming languages—Ada Semantic Interface Specification (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ASIS" class="extiw" title="wikt:ASIS">ASIS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_18009" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 18009">ISO/IEC 18009</a>: Information technology—Programming languages—Ada: Conformity assessment of a language processor (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ACATS" class="extiw" title="wikt:ACATS">ACATS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1003" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1003">IEEE Standard 1003.5b-1996</a>, the <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> Ada binding</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041209184612/http://www.omg.org/technology/documents/formal/ada_language_mapping.htm">Ada Language Mapping Specification</a>, the <a href="/wiki/CORBA" class="mw-redirect" title="CORBA">CORBA</a> <a href="/wiki/Interface_description_language" title="Interface description language">interface description language</a> (IDL) to Ada mapping</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rationale">Rationale</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ada_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rationale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These documents have been published in various forms, including print. </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIchbiahBarnesFirthWoodger1986" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Ichbiah" title="Jean Ichbiah">Ichbiah, Jean D.</a>; Barnes, John G. P.; Firth, Robert J.; Woodger, Mike (1986), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070202205233/http://archive.adaic.com/standards/83rat/html/Welcome.html"><i>Rationale for the Design of the Ada Programming Language</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.adaic.com/standards/83rat/html/Welcome.html">the original</a> on 2007-02-02</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rationale+for+the+Design+of+the+Ada+Programming+Language&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Ichbiah&rft.aufirst=Jean+D.&rft.au=Barnes%2C+John+G.+P.&rft.au=Firth%2C+Robert+J.&rft.au=Woodger%2C+Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.adaic.com%2Fstandards%2F83rat%2Fhtml%2FWelcome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span> Also available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a187106.pdf">apps.dtic.mil</a>, pdf</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1995" class="citation cs2">Barnes, John G. P. (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adaic.org/resources/add_content/standards/95rat/rat95html/rat95-contents.html"><i>Ada 95 rationale: the language: the standard libraries</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ada+95+rationale%3A+the+language%3A+the+standard+libraries&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=John+G.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adaic.org%2Fresources%2Fadd_content%2Fstandards%2F95rat%2Frat95html%2Frat95-contents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2006" class="citation cs2">Barnes, John (2006) [2005], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adaic.org/standards/05rat/html/Rat-TTL.html"><i>Rationale for Ada 2005</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rationale+for+Ada+2005&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adaic.org%2Fstandards%2F05rat%2Fhtml%2FRat-TTL.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ada_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooch1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Grady_Booch" title="Grady Booch">Booch, Grady</a> (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/softwareengineer0002booc"><i>Software Engineering with Ada</i></a></span>. California: The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8053-0604-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8053-0604-8"><bdi>0-8053-0604-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Software+Engineering+with+Ada&rft.place=California&rft.pub=The+Benjamin%2FCummings+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-8053-0604-8&rft.aulast=Booch&rft.aufirst=Grady&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoftwareengineer0002booc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkansholm1996" class="citation book cs1">Skansholm, Jan (1996). <i>Ada 95 From the Beginning</i>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-40376-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-40376-5"><bdi>0-201-40376-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ada+95+From+the+Beginning&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-201-40376-5&rft.aulast=Skansholm&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilpin1985" class="citation book cs1">Gilpin, Geoff (1985). <i>Ada: A Guided Tour and Tutorial</i>. Prentice hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-004045-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-004045-9"><bdi>978-0-13-004045-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ada%3A+A+Guided+Tour+and+Tutorial&rft.pub=Prentice+hall&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-13-004045-9&rft.aulast=Gilpin&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeidler1997" class="citation book cs1">Beidler, John (1997). <i>Data Structures and Algorithms: An Object-Oriented Approach Using Ada 95</i>. Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-94834-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-94834-1"><bdi>0-387-94834-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Data+Structures+and+Algorithms%3A+An+Object-Oriented+Approach+Using+Ada+95&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-387-94834-1&rft.aulast=Beidler&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzalez1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dean_W._Gonzalez" title="Dean W. Gonzalez">Gonzalez, Dean W.</a> (1991). <i>Ada Programmer's Handbook</i>. Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8053-2529-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8053-2529-8"><bdi>0-8053-2529-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ada+Programmer%27s+Handbook&rft.pub=Benjamin-Cummings+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8053-2529-8&rft.aulast=Gonzalez&rft.aufirst=Dean+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Ari1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/M._Ben-Ari" class="mw-redirect" title="M. Ben-Ari">Ben-Ari, M.</a> (1998). <i>Ada for Software Engineers</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-97912-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-97912-0"><bdi>0-471-97912-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ada+for+Software+Engineers&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-471-97912-0&rft.aulast=Ben-Ari&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1996" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Norman (1996). <i>Ada as a Second Language</i>. McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-011607-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-011607-5"><bdi>0-07-011607-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ada+as+a+Second+Language&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Science%2FEngineering%2FMath&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-07-011607-5&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnsWellings2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Burns_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Burns (professor)">Burns, Alan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Andy_Wellings" title="Andy Wellings">Wellings, Andy</a> (2001). <i>Real-Time Systems and Programming Languages. Ada 95, Real-Time Java and Real-Time POSIX</i>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-72988-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-72988-1"><bdi>0-201-72988-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Real-Time+Systems+and+Programming+Languages.+Ada+95%2C+Real-Time+Java+and+Real-Time+POSIX.&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-201-72988-1&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Wellings%2C+Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnsWellings1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Burns_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Burns (professor)">Burns, Alan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Andy_Wellings" title="Andy Wellings">Wellings, Andy</a> (1995). <i>Concurrency in Ada</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-62911-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-62911-X"><bdi>0-521-62911-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concurrency+in+Ada&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-521-62911-X&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Wellings%2C+Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson1991" class="citation book cs1">Atkinson, Colin (1991). <i>Object-Oriented Reuse, Concurrency and Distribution: An Ada-Based Approach</i>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-56527-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-56527-7"><bdi>0-201-56527-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Object-Oriented+Reuse%2C+Concurrency+and+Distribution%3A+An+Ada-Based+Approach&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-201-56527-7&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoochBryan1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Grady_Booch" title="Grady Booch">Booch, Grady</a>; Bryan, Doug (1994). <i>Software Engineering with Ada</i>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8053-0608-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8053-0608-0"><bdi>0-8053-0608-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Software+Engineering+with+Ada&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8053-0608-0&rft.aulast=Booch&rft.aufirst=Grady&rft.au=Bryan%2C+Doug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1989" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Do-While (1989). <i>Ada in Action: With Practical Programming Examples</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-60708-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-60708-8"><bdi>0-471-60708-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ada+in+Action%3A+With+Practical+Programming+Examples&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-471-60708-8&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Do-While&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStubbsWebre1993" class="citation book cs1">Stubbs, Daniel; Webre, Neil W. (1993). <i>Data Structures with Abstract Data Types and Ada</i>. Brooks Cole. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-14448-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-534-14448-9"><bdi>0-534-14448-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Data+Structures+with+Abstract+Data+Types+and+Ada&rft.pub=Brooks+Cole&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-534-14448-9&rft.aulast=Stubbs&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Webre%2C+Neil+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLedru1998" class="citation book cs1">Ledru, Pascal (December 1998). <i>Distributed Programming in Ada with Protected Objects</i>. Dissertation.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58112-034-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-58112-034-6"><bdi>1-58112-034-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Distributed+Programming+in+Ada+with+Protected+Objects&rft.pub=Dissertation.com&rft.date=1998-12&rft.isbn=1-58112-034-6&rft.aulast=Ledru&rft.aufirst=Pascal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCulwin1997" class="citation book cs1">Culwin, Fintan (1997). <i>Ada, a Developmental Approach</i>. Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-264680-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-264680-3"><bdi>0-13-264680-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ada%2C+a+Developmental+Approach&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-13-264680-3&rft.aulast=Culwin&rft.aufirst=Fintan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglishCulwin1997" class="citation book cs1">English, John; Culwin, Fintan (January 1997). <i>Ada 95 the Craft of Object-Oriented Programming</i>. Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-230350-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-230350-7"><bdi>0-13-230350-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ada+95+the+Craft+of+Object-Oriented+Programming&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1997-01&rft.isbn=0-13-230350-7&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Culwin%2C+Fintan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusserStepanov1989" class="citation book cs1">Musser, David R.; Stepanov, Alexander (24 October 1989). <i>The Ada Generic Library: Linear List Processing Packages</i>. Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-97133-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-97133-5"><bdi>0-387-97133-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ada+Generic+Library%3A+Linear+List+Processing+Packages&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1989-10-24&rft.isbn=0-387-97133-5&rft.aulast=Musser&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft.au=Stepanov%2C+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman1997" class="citation book cs1">Feldman, Michael B. (1997). <i>Software Construction and Data Structures with Ada 95</i>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-88795-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-88795-9"><bdi>0-201-88795-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Software+Construction+and+Data+Structures+with+Ada+95&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-201-88795-9&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Michael+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston1997" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Simon (1997). <i>Ada 95 for C and C++ Programmers</i>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-40363-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-40363-3"><bdi>0-201-40363-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ada+95+for+C+and+C%2B%2B+Programmers&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-201-40363-3&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldmanKoffman1992–1993" class="citation book cs1">Feldman, Michael B.; Koffman, Elliot B. (1992–1993). <i>Ada: Problem Solving and Program Design</i>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-52279-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-52279-9"><bdi>0-201-52279-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ada%3A+Problem+Solving+and+Program+Design&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1992%2F1993&rft.isbn=0-201-52279-9&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Michael+B.&rft.au=Koffman%2C+Elliot+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span> 795 pages.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldmanKoffman1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Koffman" title="Elliot Koffman">Feldman, Michael B.</a>; Koffman, Elliot B. (1999). <i>Ada 95</i>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-36123-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-36123-X"><bdi>0-201-36123-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ada+95&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-201-36123-X&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Michael+B.&rft.au=Koffman%2C+Elliot+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaleWeemsMcCormick1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nell_B._Dale" title="Nell B. Dale">Dale, Nell B.</a>; Weems, Chip; McCormick, John (August 1996). <i>Programming and Problem Solving with Ada 95</i>. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7637-0293-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7637-0293-5"><bdi>0-7637-0293-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Programming+and+Problem+Solving+with+Ada+95&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=1996-08&rft.isbn=0-7637-0293-5&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=Nell+B.&rft.au=Weems%2C+Chip&rft.au=McCormick%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaleMcCormick2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nell_B._Dale" title="Nell B. Dale">Dale, Nell B.</a>; McCormick, John (2007). <i>Ada Plus Data Structures: An Object-Oriented Approach, 2nd edition</i>. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-3794-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-3794-8"><bdi>978-0-7637-3794-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ada+Plus+Data+Structures%3A+An+Object-Oriented+Approach%2C+2nd+edition&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-3794-8&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=Nell+B.&rft.au=McCormick%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrell1992" class="citation book cs1">Krell, Bruce C. (1992). <i>Developing With Ada: Life-Cycle Methods</i>. Bantam Dell Pub Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-553-09102-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-553-09102-6"><bdi>0-553-09102-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Developing+With+Ada%3A+Life-Cycle+Methods&rft.pub=Bantam+Dell+Pub+Group&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-553-09102-6&rft.aulast=Krell&rft.aufirst=Bruce+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishop1990" class="citation book cs1">Bishop, Judy (10 May 1990). <i>Distributed Ada: Developments and Experiences</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-39251-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-39251-9"><bdi>0-521-39251-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Distributed+Ada%3A+Developments+and+Experiences&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990-05-10&rft.isbn=0-521-39251-9&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Judy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanden1994" class="citation book cs1">Sanden, Bo (1994). <i>Software Systems Construction With Examples in Ada</i>. Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-030834-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-030834-X"><bdi>0-13-030834-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Software+Systems+Construction+With+Examples+in+Ada&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-13-030834-X&rft.aulast=Sanden&rft.aufirst=Bo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillam1994" class="citation book cs1">Hillam, Bruce (1994). <i>Introduction to Abstract Data Types Using Ada</i>. Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-045949-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-045949-6"><bdi>0-13-045949-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Abstract+Data+Types+Using+Ada&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-13-045949-6&rft.aulast=Hillam&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudd1994" class="citation book cs1">Rudd, David (1994). <i>Introduction to Software Design and Development With Ada</i>. Brooks Cole. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-314-02829-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-314-02829-3"><bdi>0-314-02829-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Software+Design+and+Development+With+Ada&rft.pub=Brooks+Cole&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-314-02829-3&rft.aulast=Rudd&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyle1991" class="citation book cs1">Pyle, Ian C. (1991). <i>Developing Safety Systems: A Guide Using Ada</i>. Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-204298-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-204298-3"><bdi>0-13-204298-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Developing+Safety+Systems%3A+A+Guide+Using+Ada&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-13-204298-3&rft.aulast=Pyle&rft.aufirst=Ian+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1989" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Louis (1989). <i>Artificial Intelligence With Ada</i>. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-003350-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-003350-1"><bdi>0-07-003350-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artificial+Intelligence+With+Ada&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-07-003350-1&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnsWellings1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Burns_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Burns (professor)">Burns, Alan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Andy_Wellings" title="Andy Wellings">Wellings, Andy</a> (1995). <i>HRT-HOOD: A Structured Design Method for Hard Real-Time Ada Systems</i>. North-Holland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-444-82164-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-444-82164-3"><bdi>0-444-82164-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HRT-HOOD%3A+A+Structured+Design+Method+for+Hard+Real-Time+Ada+Systems&rft.pub=North-Holland&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-444-82164-3&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Wellings%2C+Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavitchPeterson1992" class="citation book cs1">Savitch, Walter; Peterson, Charles (1992). <i>Ada: An Introduction to the Art and Science of Programming</i>. Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8053-7070-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8053-7070-6"><bdi>0-8053-7070-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ada%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Art+and+Science+of+Programming&rft.pub=Benjamin-Cummings+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-8053-7070-6&rft.aulast=Savitch&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.au=Peterson%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss1993" class="citation book cs1">Weiss, Mark Allen (1993). <i>Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis in Ada</i>. Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8053-9055-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8053-9055-3"><bdi>0-8053-9055-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Data+Structures+and+Algorithm+Analysis+in+Ada&rft.pub=Benjamin-Cummings+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8053-9055-3&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Mark+Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLedgard1983" class="citation book cs1">Ledgard, Henry (1983). <i>Ada: An Introduction</i> (second ed.). Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-90814-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-90814-5"><bdi>0-387-90814-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ada%3A+An+Introduction&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-387-90814-5&rft.aulast=Ledgard&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjørnerOest1980" class="citation book cs1">Bjørner, Dines; Oest, Ole N., eds. (1980). <i>Towards a Formal Description of Ada</i>. London: Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-10283-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-10283-3"><bdi>3-540-10283-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towards+a+Formal+Description+of+Ada&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=3-540-10283-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ada_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Barnes_(computer_scientist)" title="John Barnes (computer scientist)">Barnes, John</a> (2014). <i>Programming in Ada 2022</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-56477-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-56477-9"><bdi>978-1-009-56477-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Programming+in+Ada+2022&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-009-56477-9&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Barnes_(computer_scientist)" title="John Barnes (computer scientist)">Barnes, John</a> (2014). <i>Programming in Ada 2012 with a Preview of Ada 2022</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-18134-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-18134-1"><bdi>978-1-009-18134-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Programming+in+Ada+2012+with+a+Preview+of+Ada+2022&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-009-18134-1&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Barnes_(computer_scientist)" title="John Barnes (computer scientist)">Barnes, John</a> (2014). <i>Programming in Ada 2012</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-42481-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-42481-4"><bdi>978-1-107-42481-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Programming+in+Ada+2012&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-42481-4&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Barnes_(computer_scientist)" title="John Barnes (computer scientist)">Barnes, John</a> (2006). <i>Programming in Ada 2005</i>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-34078-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-34078-7"><bdi>0-321-34078-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Programming+in+Ada+2005&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-321-34078-7&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Barnes_(computer_scientist)" title="John Barnes (computer scientist)">Barnes, John</a> (1991). <i>Programming in Ada plus Language Reference Manual</i>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-56539-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-56539-0"><bdi>0-201-56539-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Programming+in+Ada+plus+Language+Reference+Manual&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-201-56539-0&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Barnes_(computer_scientist)" title="John Barnes (computer scientist)">Barnes, John</a> (1998). <i>Programming in Ada 95</i>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-34293-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-34293-6"><bdi>0-201-34293-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Programming+in+Ada+95&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-201-34293-6&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Barnes_(computer_scientist)" title="John Barnes (computer scientist)">Barnes, John</a> (1997). <i>High Integrity Ada: The SPARK Approach</i>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-17517-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-17517-7"><bdi>0-201-17517-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Integrity+Ada%3A+The+SPARK+Approach&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-201-17517-7&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Barnes_(computer_scientist)" title="John Barnes (computer scientist)">Barnes, John</a> (2003). <i>High Integrity Software: The SPARK Approach to Safety and Security</i>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-13616-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-13616-0"><bdi>0-321-13616-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Integrity+Software%3A+The+SPARK+Approach+to+Safety+and+Security&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-321-13616-0&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAda+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ada_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Ada_Programming" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Ada Programming">Ada Programming</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right 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title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Script" title="Pascal Script">Pascal Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygene_(programming_language)" title="Oxygene (programming language)">Oxygene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clascal" title="Clascal">Clascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_Pascal" title="Concurrent Pascal">Concurrent Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_(programming_language)" title="Joyce (programming language)">Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperPascal" title="SuperPascal">SuperPascal</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Niklaus_Wirth,_UrGU_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Niklaus_Wirth%2C_UrGU_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-Niklaus_Wirth%2C_UrGU_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Niklaus_Wirth%2C_UrGU_%28cropped%29.jpg/135px-Niklaus_Wirth%2C_UrGU_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Niklaus_Wirth%2C_UrGU_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Niklaus_Wirth%2C_UrGU_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="389" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">Compilers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delphi_(software)" title="Delphi (software)">Delphi</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Delphi_(software)" title="History of Delphi (software)">history</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygene_(programming_language)" title="Oxygene (programming language)">Oxygene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)#Compilers_and_interpreters" title="Pascal (programming language)">VSI Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP_Pascal" title="IP Pascal">IP Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Pascal" title="Free Pascal">Free Pascal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lazarus_(software)" title="Lazarus (software)">Lazarus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PascalABC.NET" title="PascalABC.NET">PascalABC.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Pascal" title="GNU Pascal">GNU Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbo51" title="Turbo51">Turbo51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pic_Micro_Pascal" title="Pic Micro Pascal">Pic Micro Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Compiler_Kit" title="Amsterdam Compiler Kit">ACK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Pascal" title="Virtual Pascal">Virtual Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Pascal" title="Apple Pascal">Apple Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borland_Kylix" title="Borland Kylix">Borland Kylix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbo_Pascal" title="Turbo Pascal">Turbo Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Pascal" title="Microsoft Pascal">Microsoft Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCSD_Pascal" title="UCSD Pascal">UCSD Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JRT_Pascal" title="JRT Pascal">JRT Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal/MT%2B" title="Pascal/MT+">Pascal/MT+</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Component_Library_for_Cross_Platform" title="Component Library for Cross Platform">CLX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Component_Library" title="Free Component Library">FCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FireMonkey" title="FireMonkey">FireMonkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Component_Library" title="Lazarus Component Library">LCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Windows_Library" title="Object Windows Library">Object Windows Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenWire_(library)" title="OpenWire (library)">OpenWire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Pascal_Runtime_Library" title="Free Pascal Runtime Library">RTL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbo_Vision" title="Turbo Vision">Turbo Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Component_Library" title="Visual Component Library">Visual Component Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">Microcomputer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_MicroEngine" title="Pascal MicroEngine">Pascal MicroEngine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparisons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Pascal_and_C" title="Comparison of Pascal and C">Pascal and C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Pascal_and_Delphi" title="Comparison of Pascal and Delphi">Pascal and Delphi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Designer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Niklaus Wirth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generic_programming#Genericity_in_Pascal" title="Generic programming">Genericity</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Related to</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a> (1958)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Modula-2" title="Modula-2">Modula-2</a> (1977)</dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ada</a> (1983)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oberon_(programming_language)" title="Oberon (programming language)">Oberon</a> (1986)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Modula-3" title="Modula-3">Modula-3</a> (1988)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oberon-2" title="Oberon-2">Oberon-2</a> (1991)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Component_Pascal" title="Component Pascal">Component Pascal</a> (1991)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Programming_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Programming_languages" title="Template:Programming languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Programming_languages" title="Template talk:Programming languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Programming_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Programming languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Programming_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_programming_languages" title="Timeline of programming languages">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_programming_languages" title="History of programming languages">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(.NET)" title="Visual Basic (.NET)">.NET</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a></li> <li><a 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