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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Haack" title="Susan Haack – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Susan Haack" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Haack" title="Susan Haack – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Susan Haack" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Haack" title="Susan Haack – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Susan Haack" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Haack" title="Susan Haack – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Susan Haack" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Haack" title="Susan Haack – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Susan Haack" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Haack" title="Susan Haack – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Susan Haack" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="سوزان هاک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سوزان هاک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Haack" title="Susan Haack – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Susan Haack" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Haack" title="Susan Haack – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Susan Haack" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%83" title="سوزان هاك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سوزان هاك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Haack" title="Susan Haack – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Susan Haack" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF" title="スーザン・ハーク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スーザン・ハーク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Haack" title="Susan Haack – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Susan Haack" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA,_%D0%A1%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Хаак, Сьюзен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хаак, Сьюзен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Haack" title="Susan Haack – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Susan Haack" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Haack" title="Susan Haack – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Susan Haack" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Susan Haack</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Susan_Haack.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Susan_Haack.JPG/220px-Susan_Haack.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Susan_Haack.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="342" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Haack in 2005</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1945 (age 78–79)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St_Hilda%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St Hilda's College, Oxford">St Hilda's College, Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Neopragmatism" title="Neopragmatism">Neopragmatism</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Foundherentism" title="Foundherentism">Foundherentism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">University of Warwick</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">University of Miami</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_logic" title="Philosophy of logic">Philosophy of logic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Foundherentism" title="Foundherentism">Foundherentism</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Susan Haack</b> (born 1945) is a <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_professor" title="Distinguished professor">distinguished professor</a> in the humanities, Cooper Senior Scholar in Arts and Sciences, professor of philosophy, and professor of law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">University of Miami</a> in <a href="/wiki/Coral_Gables,_Florida" title="Coral Gables, Florida">Coral Gables, Florida</a>. </p><p>Haack has written on <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">philosophy of language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>. Her <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">pragmatism</a> follows that of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_Haack&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_Haack&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Haack is a graduate of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> (B.A., B.Phil., Oxford; Ph.D., Cambridge). She was elected into <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a> as an honorary member. At Oxford, she studied at <a href="/wiki/St_Hilda%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St Hilda's College, Oxford">St. Hilda's College</a>, where her first philosophy teacher was Jean Austin, the widow of <a href="/wiki/J._L._Austin" title="J. L. Austin">J. L. Austin</a>. As an undergraduate, she took <a href="/wiki/Politics,_Philosophy_and_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics, Philosophy and Economics">Politics, Philosophy and Economics</a> and said of her taste for philosophy: "it was, initially, the 'politics' part that most appealed to me. But somewhere down the line, despite encouragement from my politics tutor to pursue that subject, philosophy took over."<sup id="cite_ref-Carrier_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carrier-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She studied <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> with <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a> and logic with <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Michael Dummett</a>. <a href="/wiki/David_Pears" title="David Pears">David Pears</a> supervised her B.Phil. dissertation on <a href="/wiki/Ambiguity" title="Ambiguity">ambiguity</a>. At Cambridge, she wrote her PhD under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Smiley" title="Timothy Smiley">Timothy Smiley</a>. She held the positions of Fellow of <a href="/wiki/New_Hall,_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="New Hall, Cambridge">New Hall, Cambridge</a> and professor of philosophy at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">University of Warwick</a> before taking her current position at the University of Miami. </p><p>Haack has said of her career that she is "very independent": </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>rather than follow philosophical fads and fashions, I pursue questions I believe are important, and tackle them in the ways that seem most likely to yield results; I am beholden to no clique or citation cartel; I put no stock in the ranking of philosophy graduate programs over which my colleagues obsess; I accept no research or travel funds from my university; I avoid publishing in journals that insist on taking all the rights to my work; etc., etc. Naturally, this independence comes at a price; but it also earns me the freedom to do the best work I can, without self-censorship, and to communicate with a much wider audience than the usual "niche literature" does<sup id="cite_ref-Carrier_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carrier-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophical_work">Philosophical work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_Haack&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Philosophical work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Haack's major contribution to philosophy, in the 1993 book <i>Evidence and Inquiry</i> is her <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemological</a> theory called <a href="/wiki/Foundherentism" title="Foundherentism">foundherentism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is her attempt to avoid the logical problems of both pure <a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">foundationalism</a> (which is susceptible to infinite regress) and pure <a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">coherentism</a> (which is susceptible to circularity). She illustrates this idea with the metaphor of the crossword puzzle. A highly simplified version of this proceeds as follows: Finding an answer using a clue is analogous to a foundational source (grounded in <a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">empirical evidence</a>). Making sure that the interlocking words are mutually sensible is analogous to justification through coherence. Both are necessary components in the justification of knowledge. </p><p>Haack has been a fierce critic of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Richard Rorty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She wrote a play, <i>We Pragmatists ...: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Peirce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Rorty</a> in Conversation</i>, consisting entirely of quotes from both philosophers. She performed the role of Peirce. Haack published a vigorous essay<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="New Criterion">New Criterion</a></i>, taking strong exception to many of Rorty's views, especially his claim to be a sort of pragmatist. </p><p>In <i>Manifesto of a Passionate Moderate</i>, Haack is highly critical of the view that there is a specifically female perspective on logic and scientific truth and is critical of <a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">feminist epistemology</a>. She holds that many feminist critiques of science and philosophy are excessively concerned with <a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">political correctness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Haack describes her 2003 book <i>Defending Science – Within Reason: Between Scientism and Cynicism</i>, as a defence of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_inquiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific inquiry">scientific inquiry</a> from the moderate viewpoint. During an interview with <a href="/wiki/D.J._Grothe" class="mw-redirect" title="D.J. Grothe">D.J. Grothe</a>, then of the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry" title="Center for Inquiry">Center for Inquiry</a>, Haack put forward the proposition that those on the far left consider science to be rhetoric motivated by power or politics, and she then proceeds to show how science can, and often does provide real benefits and gains, regardless of what the left may claim. The book offers a sounder and more solid defence of scientific inquiry in response to the narrow logical models of rationality proposed by some philosophers of science. Haack's opinion on the topic of inquiry, whoever may be undertaking it, is that good evidence, sound methods, transparent review and fitting new discovery into the collective sphere of human knowledge are signs of robust inquiry. Haack claims that quality inquiry can be done by many, however the scientific community has numerous tools or helps that have brought many benefits to mankind, and which help foster science's credibility. These tools and helps may not be available to those engaged in individual inquiry. When asked about how she responds to paranormal or supernatural claims, Haack indicates supporters of such claims have a heavy burden of proof. Rather than labelling such claims as pseudo-science, she admits these things can be "pretty bad stuff" and if they are to be considered seriously, they would need extraordinary evidence, and that such evidence should fit with the best warranted scientific theory about how things are. In this interview Haack also responds to the question of religion's compatibility with science. She agrees there is great tension between the two. While stating her disagreement with British philosopher of religion <a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Swinburne" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard G. Swinburne">Richard G. Swinburne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a>, she referred to the pertinent chapter of her book for a comprehensive understanding of her views on this matter.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the related chapter ten of <i>Defending Science</i>, Haack disagrees with Gould's claim that science and religion have their own distinct domains that do not overlap. (See <a href="/wiki/Non-overlapping_magisteria" title="Non-overlapping magisteria">NOMA</a>). Haack also disagrees with Swinburne. Haack believes that while scientists, historians and detectives play a useful role in scientific inquiry, theologians do not. Haack shows how religion and science make claims about how the world is. She shows how science and religion also make assertions as to what could lead to a better human condition. By these statements, Haack shows that religion and science do not enjoy their own separate space. She points out areas where prior and current religious claims about the natural universe are strongly refuted by the best warranted findings of science. She also stipulates that controversy and unanswered questions abound in modern science. She summarises her defence for scientific inquiry by stating that she makes no apology for reserving her "greatest admiration for those who delight to exercise the mind, no matter which way it takes them...those for whom doing their damnedest with the mind, no holds barred, is a point of honor".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She has written for <i><a href="/wiki/Free_Inquiry" title="Free Inquiry">Free Inquiry</a></i> magazine and the <a href="/wiki/Council_for_Secular_Humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Council for Secular Humanism">Council for Secular Humanism</a>. Haack's work has been reviewed and cited in the popular press, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_Literary_Supplement" title="The Times Literary Supplement">The Times Literary Supplement</a></i> as well as in academic journals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memberships">Memberships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_Haack&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Memberships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Haack is an honorary member of <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Phi Beta Kappa Society">Phi Beta Kappa Society</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Phi" title="Phi Kappa Phi">Phi Kappa Phi</a>, a past President of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce#CSPS" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles S. Peirce Society</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a past member of the US/UK Educational Commission. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_writings">Selected writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_Haack&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Selected writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Deviant_Logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Deviant Logic">Deviant Logic</a></i>. Cambridge University Press, 1974.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHaackKolenda,_Konstantin1977" class="citation journal cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Haack, Susan</a>; Kolenda, Konstantin (1977). "Two Fallibilists in Search of the Truth". <i>Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society</i>. <b>51</b> (Supplementary Volumes): 63–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faristoteliansupp%2F51.1.63">10.1093/aristoteliansupp/51.1.63</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4106816">4106816</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Aristotelian+Society&rft.atitle=Two+Fallibilists+in+Search+of+the+Truth&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=Supplementary+Volumes&rft.pages=63-104&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Faristoteliansupp%2F51.1.63&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4106816%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Haack&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Kolenda%2C+Konstantin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Haack" class="Z3988"></span> (<a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a> have strikingly similar views on the <a href="/wiki/Propensity_probability" title="Propensity probability">propensity theory of probability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">philosophy of science</a>.)</li> <li><i>Philosophy of Logics</i>. Cambridge University Press, 1978.</li> <li><i>Evidence and Inquiry</i>. Blackwell, 1993. Second edition, Prometheus Books 2009.</li> <li><i>Deviant Logic, Fuzzy Logic: Beyond the Formalism</i>. The University of Chicago Press, 1996. (Extends the 1974 <i>Deviant Logic</i>, with some additional essays published between 1973 and 1980, particularly on fuzzy logic, cf <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philosophical_Review" title="The Philosophical Review">The Philosophical Review</a></i>, 107:3, 468–471 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.columbia.edu/~av72/papers/PhilReview(Review)_1998.pdf">[1]</a>)</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newcriterion.com/articles.cfm/rortyism-haack-3261">Vulgar Rortyism</a>," <i>The New Criterion 16</i>, 1997.</li> <li><i>Manifesto of a Passionate Moderate: Unfashionable Essays</i>. The University of Chicago Press, 1997.</li> <li><i>Defending Science – Within Reason: Between Scientism and Cynicism</i>. Prometheus Books, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59102-117-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-59102-117-0">1-59102-117-0</a>.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060628074443/http://www.defendingscience.org/loader.cfm?url=%2Fcommonspot%2Fsecurity%2Fgetfile.cfm&PageID=2408">Trial and Error: The Supreme Court's Philosophy of Science</a>". <i>American Journal of Public Health</i>, 2005.</li> <li><i>Pragmatism, Old and New</i> (Robert Lane, associate editor). Prometheus Books, 2006.</li> <li><i>Putting Philosophy to Work: Inquiry and Its Place in Culture</i>. Prometheus Books, 2008.</li> <li><i>Evidence Matters: Science, Proof and Truth in the Law</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2014.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_Haack&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/pragmati/">Pragmatism – Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carrier-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carrier_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carrier_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120509022732/http://freethoughtblogs.com/carrier/archives/1207">"Interview with Susan Haack"</a>. Richard Carrier Blogs. 6 May 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freethoughtblogs.com/carrier/archives/1207">the original</a> on 9 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+with+Susan+Haack&rft.pub=Richard+Carrier+Blogs&rft.date=2012-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreethoughtblogs.com%2Fcarrier%2Farchives%2F1207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Haack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAune1996" class="citation journal cs1">Aune, B. (1996). "Haack's <i>Evidence and Inquiry</i>". <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_and_Phenomenological_Research" title="Philosophy and Phenomenological Research">Philosophy and Phenomenological Research</a></i>. <b>56</b> (3): 627–632. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2108389">10.2307/2108389</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2108389">2108389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+and+Phenomenological+Research&rft.atitle=Haack%27s+Evidence+and+Inquiry&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=627-632&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2108389&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2108389%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Aune&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Haack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlage1995" class="citation journal cs1">Flage, D. E. (1995). "Evidence and Inquiry: Towards Reconstruction in Epistemology". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Review_of_Metaphysics" title="The Review of Metaphysics">The Review of Metaphysics</a></i>. <b>49</b> (1): 136–138. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20129822">20129822</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Metaphysics&rft.atitle=Evidence+and+Inquiry%3A+Towards+Reconstruction+in+Epistemology&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=136-138&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20129822%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Flage&rft.aufirst=D.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Haack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFumerton1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_by_acquaintance#Fumerton" title="Knowledge by acquaintance">Fumerton, R.</a> (1998). "Evidence and Enquiry". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philosophical_Quarterly" title="The Philosophical Quarterly">The Philosophical Quarterly</a></i>. <b>48</b> (192): 409–412. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2660334">2660334</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philosophical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Evidence+and+Enquiry&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=192&rft.pages=409-412&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2660334%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fumerton&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Haack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaack1993" class="citation book cs1">Haack, Susan (1993). "Ch. 9: Vulgar Pragmatism: an Unedifying Prospect". <i>Evidence and Inquiry</i>. Oxford UK: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-11851-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-11851-9"><bdi>0-631-11851-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1398949M">1398949M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+9%3A+Vulgar+Pragmatism%3A+an+Unedifying+Prospect&rft.btitle=Evidence+and+Inquiry&rft.place=Oxford+UK&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL1398949M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-631-11851-9&rft.aulast=Haack&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Haack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZalta" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rorty/">"Richard Rorty"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Richard+Rorty&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Frorty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Haack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaack1997" class="citation web cs1">Haack, Susan (November 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newcriterion.com/articles.cfm/rortyism-haack-3261">"Vulgar Rortyism"</a>. The New Criterion.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vulgar+Rortyism&rft.pub=The+New+Criterion&rft.date=1997-11&rft.aulast=Haack&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newcriterion.com%2Farticles.cfm%2Frortyism-haack-3261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Haack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaack2000" class="citation book cs1">Haack, Susan (2000) [1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ezeTXOlQngC"><i>Manifesto of a Passionate Moderate: Unfashionable Essays</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31137-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31137-1"><bdi>978-0-226-31137-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manifesto+of+a+Passionate+Moderate%3A+Unfashionable+Essays&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-226-31137-1&rft.aulast=Haack&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ezeTXOlQngC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Haack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynn_Hankinson_Nelson1995" class="citation journal cs1">Lynn Hankinson Nelson (1995). "The Very Idea of Feminist Epistemology". <i><a href="/wiki/Hypatia_(journal)" title="Hypatia (journal)">Hypatia</a></i>. <b>10</b> (3): 31–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1527-2001.1995.tb00736.x">10.1111/j.1527-2001.1995.tb00736.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3810236">3810236</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144075886">144075886</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hypatia&rft.atitle=The+Very+Idea+of+Feminist+Epistemology&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=31-49&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144075886%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3810236%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1527-2001.1995.tb00736.x&rft.au=Lynn+Hankinson+Nelson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Haack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusan" class="citation web cs1">Susan, Haack. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201192523/http://www.pointofinquiry.org/susan_haack_defending_science_within_reason/">"Interview with D.J Groeth"</a>. Center for Inquiry. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pointofinquiry.org/susan_haack_defending_science_within_reason/">the original</a> on 1 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+with+D.J+Groeth&rft.pub=Center+for+Inquiry&rft.aulast=Susan&rft.aufirst=Haack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pointofinquiry.org%2Fsusan_haack_defending_science_within_reason%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Haack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaack2003" class="citation book cs1">Haack, Susan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/defendingscience00susa"><i>Defending Science – Within Reason: between Scientisim and Cynicism</i></a>. Chapter 10, "And, in Conclusion": <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Books" title="Prometheus Books">Prometheus Books</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RhXxaPTc_EYC&pg=PA175">175</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59102-117-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-59102-117-0"><bdi>1-59102-117-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defending+Science+%E2%80%93+Within+Reason%3A+between+Scientisim+and+Cynicism&rft.place=Chapter+10%2C+%22And%2C+in+Conclusion%22&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-59102-117-0&rft.aulast=Haack&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdefendingscience00susa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Haack" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peircesociety.org/">"The Charles S. Peirce Society"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Charles+S.+Peirce+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peircesociety.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Haack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_Haack&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian2009" class="citation journal cs1">Christian, Rose Ann (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jaar.oxfordjournals.org/content/77/3/461.short">"Restricting the Scope of the Ethics of Belief: Haack's Alternative to Clifford and James"</a>. <i>J Am Acad Relig</i>. <b>77</b> (3): 461–493. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Flfp037">10.1093/jaarel/lfp037</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Am+Acad+Relig&rft.atitle=Restricting+the+Scope+of+the+Ethics+of+Belief%3A+Haack%27s+Alternative+to+Clifford+and+James&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=461-493&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Flfp037&rft.aulast=Christian&rft.aufirst=Rose+Ann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjaar.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F77%2F3%2F461.short&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+Haack" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="337" data-mwtitle="Susan_Haack.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Susan_Haack.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/Susan_Haack.ogg/Susan_Haack.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spoken Wikipedia"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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