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class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Network switch</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:372px;"><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2550T-PWR-Front.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/2550T-PWR-Front.jpg/370px-2550T-PWR-Front.jpg" width="370" height="76" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/2550T-PWR-Front.jpg/555px-2550T-PWR-Front.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320131624im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/2550T-PWR-Front.jpg/740px-2550T-PWR-Front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="178"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2550T-PWR-Front.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaya" title="Avaya">Avaya</a> <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERS_3500_and_ERS_2500_series" title="ERS 3500 and ERS 2500 series">ERS 2550T-PWR</a>, a 50-port Ethernet switch</div> </div> </div> <p>A <b>network switch</b> (also called <b>switching hub</b>, <b>bridging hub</b>, officially <b>MAC bridge</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup>) is a <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networking_device" title="Computer networking device" class="mw-redirect">computer networking device</a> that connects devices together on a <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer network</a>, by using <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet switching</a> to receive, process and forward data to the destination device. Unlike less advanced <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_hub" title="Network hub" class="mw-redirect">network hubs</a>, a network switch forwards data only to one or multiple devices that need to receive it, rather than broadcasting the same data out of each of its ports.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>A network switch is a multiport <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_bridge" title="Network bridge" class="mw-redirect">network bridge</a> that uses <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_address" title="Hardware address" class="mw-redirect">hardware addresses</a> to process and forward data at the <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_link_layer" title="Data link layer">data link layer</a> (layer 2) of the <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI model</a>. Switches can also process data at the <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_layer" title="Network layer">network layer</a> (layer 3) by additionally incorporating <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routing" title="Routing">routing</a> functionality that most commonly uses <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP addresses</a> to perform <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_forwarding" title="Packet forwarding">packet forwarding</a>; such switches are commonly known as layer-3 switches or <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilayer_switch" title="Multilayer switch">multilayer switches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-layer3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-layer3-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Beside most commonly used <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> switches, they exist for various types of networks, including <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">Fibre Channel</a>, <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode" title="Asynchronous Transfer Mode">Asynchronous Transfer Mode</a>, and <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InfiniBand" title="InfiniBand">InfiniBand</a>. The first Ethernet switch was introduced by <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpana_(company)" title="Kalpana (company)">Kalpana</a> in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p></p> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Overview"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Overview</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Network_design"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Network design</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Applications"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Applications</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Microsegmentation"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Microsegmentation</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Role_of_switches_in_a_network"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Role of switches in a network</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Layer-specific_functionality"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Layer-specific functionality</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Layer_1_.28hubs_vs._higher-layer_switches.29"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Layer 1 (hubs vs. higher-layer switches)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Layer_2"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Layer 2</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Layer_3"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Layer 3</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Layer_4"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Layer 4</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Layer_7"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Layer 7</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Types_of_switches"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Types of switches</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Form_factor"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Form factor</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Configuration_options"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Configuration options</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Typical_switch_management_features"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Typical switch management features</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Traffic_monitoring_on_a_switched_network"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Traffic monitoring on a switched network</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <p></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Overview">Overview</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_switch&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"> <div class="tsingle" style="margin:1px;width:182px;max-width:182px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cisco_small_business_SG300-28_28-port_Gigabit_Ethernet_rackmount_switch.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cisco_small_business_SG300-28_28-port_Gigabit_Ethernet_rackmount_switch.jpg/180px-Cisco_small_business_SG300-28_28-port_Gigabit_Ethernet_rackmount_switch.jpg" width="180" height="135" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cisco_small_business_SG300-28_28-port_Gigabit_Ethernet_rackmount_switch.jpg/270px-Cisco_small_business_SG300-28_28-port_Gigabit_Ethernet_rackmount_switch.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320131624im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cisco_small_business_SG300-28_28-port_Gigabit_Ethernet_rackmount_switch.jpg/360px-Cisco_small_business_SG300-28_28-port_Gigabit_Ethernet_rackmount_switch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"/></a></div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="margin:1px;width:182px;max-width:182px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Internals_of_a_Cisco_small_business_SG300-28_28-port_Gigabit_Ethernet_rackmount_switch.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Internals_of_a_Cisco_small_business_SG300-28_28-port_Gigabit_Ethernet_rackmount_switch.jpg/180px-Internals_of_a_Cisco_small_business_SG300-28_28-port_Gigabit_Ethernet_rackmount_switch.jpg" width="180" height="135" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Internals_of_a_Cisco_small_business_SG300-28_28-port_Gigabit_Ethernet_rackmount_switch.jpg/270px-Internals_of_a_Cisco_small_business_SG300-28_28-port_Gigabit_Ethernet_rackmount_switch.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320131624im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Internals_of_a_Cisco_small_business_SG300-28_28-port_Gigabit_Ethernet_rackmount_switch.jpg/360px-Internals_of_a_Cisco_small_business_SG300-28_28-port_Gigabit_Ethernet_rackmount_switch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"/></a></div> </div> <div style="clear:left"></div> <div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left;text-align:left;background-color:transparent"><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco_small_business" title="Cisco small business" class="mw-redirect">Cisco small business</a> SG300-28 28-port Gigabit Ethernet rackmount switch and its internals</div> </div> </div> <p>A switch is a device used on a <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer network</a> to physically connect devices together. Multiple cables can be connected to a switch to enable networked devices to communicate with each other. Switches manage the flow of data across a network by only transmitting a received message to the device for which the message was intended. Each networked device connected to a switch can be identified using a <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_address" title="MAC address">MAC address</a>, allowing the switch to regulate the flow of traffic. This maximises security and efficiency of the network.</p> <p>Because of these features, a switch is often considered more "intelligent" than a <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_hub" title="Network hub" class="mw-redirect">network hub</a>. Hubs neither provide security, or identification of connected devices. This means that messages have to be transmitted out of every port of the hub, greatly degrading the efficiency of the network.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Network_design">Network design</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_switch&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Network design">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>An Ethernet switch operates at the data link layer of the <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI model</a> to create a separate <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision_domain" title="Collision domain">collision domain</a> for each switch port. Each computer connected to a switch port can transfer data to any of the other ones at a time, and the transmissions will not interfere – with the limitation that, in <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_duplex" title="Half duplex" class="mw-redirect">half duplex</a> mode, each line can only <i>either</i> receive from <i>or</i> transmit to its connected computer at a certain time. In <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_duplex" title="Full duplex" class="mw-redirect">full duplex</a> mode, each line can simultaneously transmit <i>and</i> receive, regardless of the partner.</p> <p>In the case of using a <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_hub" title="Ethernet hub">repeater hub</a>, only a single transmission could take place at a time for all ports combined, so they would all share the bandwidth and run in <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_duplex" title="Half duplex" class="mw-redirect">half duplex</a>. Necessary arbitration would also result in collisions requiring retransmissions.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Applications">Applications</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_switch&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The network switch plays an integral part in most modern <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">local area networks</a> (LANs). Mid-to-large sized LANs contain a number of linked <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_switch#Configuration_options" title="Network switch">managed</a> switches. <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_office/home_office" title="Small office/home office">Small office/home office</a> (SOHO) applications typically use a single switch, or an all-purpose <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_convergence" title="Technological convergence">converged device</a> such as a <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residential_gateway" title="Residential gateway">residential gateway</a> to access small office/home <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">broadband</a> services such as <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Subscriber_Line" title="Digital Subscriber Line" class="mw-redirect">DSL</a> or <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_Internet" title="Cable Internet" class="mw-redirect">cable Internet</a>. In most of these cases, the end-user device contains a <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">router</a> and components that interface to the particular physical broadband technology. User devices may also include a telephone interface for <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">Voice over IP</a> (VoIP) protocol.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Microsegmentation">Microsegmentation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_switch&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Microsegmentation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Segmentation is the use of a bridge or a switch (or a router) to split a larger collision domain into smaller ones in order to reduce collision probability and improve overall throughput. In the extreme, i. e. microsegmentation, each device is located on a dedicated switch port. In contrast to an Ethernet hub, there is a separate collision domain on each of the switch ports. This allows computers to have dedicated bandwidth on point-to-point connections to the network and also to run in full-duplex without collisions. Full-duplex mode has only one transmitter and one receiver per 'collision domain', making collisions impossible.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Role_of_switches_in_a_network">Role of switches in a network</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_switch&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Role of switches in a network">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Switches may operate at one or more layers of the <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI model</a>, including the data link and network layers. A device that operates simultaneously at more than one of these layers is known as a <i>multilayer switch</i>.</p> <p>In switches intended for commercial use, built-in or modular interfaces make it possible to connect different types of networks, including <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>, <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">Fibre Channel</a>, <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RapidIO" title="RapidIO">RapidIO</a>, <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode" title="Asynchronous Transfer Mode">ATM</a>, <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a> <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.hn" title="G.hn">G.hn</a> and <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.11" title="802.11" class="mw-redirect">802.11</a>. This connectivity can be at any of the layers mentioned. While layer-2 functionality is adequate for bandwidth-shifting within one technology, interconnecting technologies such as <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> and <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Token_ring" title="Token ring">token ring</a> is easier at layer 3.</p> <p>Devices that interconnect at layer 3 are traditionally called <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">routers</a>, so layer-3 switches can also be regarded as (relatively primitive) routers.</p> <p>Where there is a need for a great deal of analysis of network performance and security, switches may be connected between WAN routers as places for analytic modules. Some vendors provide <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_(computing)" title="Firewall (computing)">firewall</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> network <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrusion_detection" title="Intrusion detection" class="mw-redirect">intrusion detection</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> and performance analysis modules that can plug into switch ports. Some of these functions may be on combined modules.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In other cases, the switch is used to create a mirror image of data that can go to an external device. Since most switch port mirroring provides only one mirrored stream, <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_hub" title="Network hub" class="mw-redirect">network hubs</a> can be useful for fanning out data to several read-only analyzers, such as <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrusion_detection_system" title="Intrusion detection system">intrusion detection systems</a> and <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_sniffer" title="Packet sniffer" class="mw-redirect">packet sniffers</a>.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Layer-specific_functionality">Layer-specific functionality</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_switch&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Layer-specific functionality">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilayer_switch" title="Multilayer switch">Multilayer switch</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Smartswitch6000.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Smartswitch6000.jpg/220px-Smartswitch6000.jpg" width="220" height="226" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Smartswitch6000.jpg/330px-Smartswitch6000.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320131624im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Smartswitch6000.jpg/440px-Smartswitch6000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="470"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Smartswitch6000.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> A modular network switch with three network modules (a total of 24 Ethernet and 14 Fast Ethernet ports) and one power supply.</div> </div> </div> <p>While switches may learn about topologies at many layers, and forward at one or more layers, they do tend to have common features. Other than for high-performance applications, modern commercial switches use primarily Ethernet interfaces.</p> <p>At any layer, a modern switch may implement <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_over_Ethernet" title="Power over Ethernet">power over Ethernet</a> (PoE), which avoids the need for attached devices, such as a <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VoIP_phone" title="VoIP phone">VoIP phone</a> or <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_access_point" title="Wireless access point">wireless access point</a>, to have a separate power supply. Since switches can have redundant power circuits connected to <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uninterruptible_power_supply" title="Uninterruptible power supply">uninterruptible power supplies</a>, the connected device can continue operating even when regular office power fails.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Layer_1_.28hubs_vs._higher-layer_switches.29">Layer 1 (hubs vs. higher-layer switches)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_switch&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Layer 1 (hubs vs. higher-layer switches)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>A <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_hub" title="Network hub" class="mw-redirect">network hub</a>, or a repeater, is a simple network device that does not manage any of the traffic coming through it. Any packet entering a <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_port_(hardware)" title="Computer port (hardware)">port</a> is flooded out or "repeated" on every other port, except for the port of entry. Since every packet is repeated on every other port, packet <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_sense_multiple_access_with_collision_detection" title="Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection">collisions</a> affect the entire network, limiting its overall capacity.</p> <p>A network switch creates the layer 1 end-to-end connection only virtually, while originally it was mandatory. The bridging function of a switch uses information taken from layer 2 to select for each packet the particular port(s) it has to be forwarded to, removing the requirement that every node is presented with all traffic. As a result, the connection lines are not "switched" literally, instead they only appear that way on the packet level.</p> <p>There are specialized applications in which a network hub can be useful, such as copying traffic to multiple network sensors. High-end network switches usually have a feature called <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_mirroring" title="Port mirroring">port mirroring</a> that provides the same functionality.</p> <p>By the early 2000s, there was little price difference between a hub and a low-end switch.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Layer_2">Layer 2</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_switch&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Layer 2">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>A <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_bridge" title="Network bridge" class="mw-redirect">network bridge</a>, operating at the data link layer, may interconnect a small number of devices in a home or the office. This is a trivial case of bridging, in which the bridge learns the <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_address" title="MAC address">MAC address</a> of each connected device.</p> <p>Single bridges also can provide extremely high performance in specialized applications such as <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_area_networks" title="Storage area networks" class="mw-redirect">storage area networks</a>.</p> <p>Classic bridges may also interconnect using a <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanning_tree_protocol" title="Spanning tree protocol" class="mw-redirect">spanning tree protocol</a> that disables links so that the resulting local area network is a <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_(graph_theory)" title="Tree (graph theory)">tree</a> without loops. In contrast to routers, spanning tree bridges must have topologies with only one active path between two points. The older <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.1D" title="IEEE 802.1D">IEEE 802.1D</a> spanning tree protocol could be quite slow, with forwarding stopping for 30 seconds while the spanning tree reconverged. A <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_Spanning_Tree_Protocol" title="Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol" class="mw-redirect">Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol</a> was introduced as IEEE <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.1w" title="802.1w" class="mw-redirect">802.1w</a>. The newest standard <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortest_path_bridging" title="Shortest path bridging" class="mw-redirect">Shortest path bridging</a> (<a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.1aq" title="IEEE 802.1aq">IEEE 802.1aq</a>) is the next logical progression and incorporates all the older Spanning Tree Protocols (<a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.1D" title="IEEE 802.1D">IEEE 802.1D</a> STP, <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.1w" title="IEEE 802.1w" class="mw-redirect">IEEE 802.1w</a> RSTP, <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.1s" title="IEEE 802.1s" class="mw-redirect">IEEE 802.1s</a> MSTP) that blocked traffic on all but one alternative path. IEEE 802.1aq (Shortest Path Bridging SPB) allows all paths to be active with multiple equal cost paths, provides much larger layer 2 topologies (up to 16 million compared to the 4096 VLANs limit),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> faster convergence, and improves the use of the mesh topologies through increase bandwidth and redundancy between all devices by allowing traffic to load share across all paths of a mesh network.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>While <i>layer 2 switch</i> remains more of a marketing term than a technical term,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the products that were introduced as "switches" tended to use microsegmentation and <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_duplex" title="Full duplex" class="mw-redirect">full duplex</a> to prevent collisions among devices connected to Ethernet. By using an internal <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forwarding_plane" title="Forwarding plane">forwarding plane</a> much faster than any interface, they give the impression of simultaneous paths among multiple devices. '<a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonblocking_minimal_spanning_switch" title="Nonblocking minimal spanning switch">Non-blocking</a>' devices use a forwarding plane or equivalent method fast enough to allow full duplex traffic for each port simultaneously.</p> <p>Once a bridge learns the addresses of its connected nodes, it forwards data link layer frames using a layer 2 forwarding method. There are four forwarding methods a bridge can use, of which the second through fourth method were performance-increasing methods when used on "switch" products with the same input and output port bandwidths:</p> <ol> <li><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a>: The switch buffers and verifies each frame before forwarding it.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut-through_switching" title="Cut-through switching">Cut through</a>: The switch reads only up to the frame's hardware address before starting to forward it. Cut-through switches have to fall back to store and forward if the outgoing port is busy at the time the packet arrives. There is no error checking with this method.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragment_free" title="Fragment free" class="mw-redirect">Fragment free</a>: A method that attempts to retain the benefits of both store and forward and cut through. Fragment free checks the first 64 <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">bytes</a> of the <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_frame" title="Ethernet frame">frame</a>, where <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_address" title="MAC address">addressing</a> information is stored. According to Ethernet specifications, collisions should be detected during the first 64 bytes of the frame, so frames that are in error because of a collision will not be forwarded. This way the frame will always reach its intended destination. Error checking of the actual data in the packet is left for the end device.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_switching" title="Adaptive switching">Adaptive switching</a>: A method of automatically selecting between the other three modes.</li> </ol> <p>While there are specialized applications, such as storage area networks, where the input and output interfaces are the same bandwidth, this is not always the case in general LAN applications. In LANs, a switch used for end user access typically concentrates lower bandwidth and <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstream_(networking)" title="Upstream (networking)">uplinks</a> into a higher bandwidth.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Layer_3">Layer 3</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_switch&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Layer 3">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Within the confines of the Ethernet physical layer, a layer-3 switch can perform some or all of the functions normally performed by a <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">router</a>. The most common layer-3 capability is awareness of <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_multicast" title="IP multicast">IP multicast</a> through <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGMP_snooping" title="IGMP snooping">IGMP snooping</a>. With this awareness, a layer-3 switch can increase efficiency by delivering the traffic of a multicast group only to ports where the attached device has signaled that it wants to listen to that group.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Layer_4">Layer 4</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_switch&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Layer 4">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>While the exact meaning of the term <i>layer-4 switch</i> is vendor-dependent, it almost always starts with a capability for <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translation" title="Network address translation">network address translation</a>, but then adds some type of <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load_balancing_(computing)" title="Load balancing (computing)">load distribution</a> based on <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a> sessions.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The device may include a stateful <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_(computing)" title="Firewall (computing)">firewall</a>, a <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPN" title="VPN" class="mw-redirect">VPN</a> concentrator, or be an <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPSec" title="IPSec" class="mw-redirect">IPSec</a> security gateway.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Layer_7">Layer 7</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_switch&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Layer 7">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Layer-7 switches may distribute loads based on <b>Uniform Resource Locator</b> <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" title="Uniform Resource Locator" class="mw-redirect">URL</a> or by some installation-specific technique to recognize application-level transactions. A layer-7 switch may include a <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_cache" title="Web cache">web cache</a> and participate in a <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network">content delivery network</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:24-port_3Com_switch.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/24-port_3Com_switch.JPG/220px-24-port_3Com_switch.JPG" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/24-port_3Com_switch.JPG/330px-24-port_3Com_switch.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320131624im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/24-port_3Com_switch.JPG/440px-24-port_3Com_switch.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:24-port_3Com_switch.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19-inch_rack" title="19-inch rack">Rack-mounted</a> 24-port <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Com" title="3Com">3Com</a> switch</div> </div> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Types_of_switches">Types of switches</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_switch&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Types of switches">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" width="40" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320131624im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"/></div> </td> <td class="mbox-text"><span class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is in a list format that may be better presented using <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Prose" title="Wikipedia:Prose" class="mw-redirect">prose</a>.</b> <span class="hide-when-compact">You can help by converting this section to prose, if <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Embedded_list" title="Wikipedia:Embedded list" class="mw-redirect">appropriate</a>. <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available.</span> <small><i>(November 2014)</i></small></span></td> </tr> </table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Form_factor">Form factor</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_switch&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Form factor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul> <li><i>Desktop,</i> not mounted in an enclosure, typically intended to be used in a home or office environment outside a wiring closet.</li> <li><i>Rack-mounted,</i> a switch that mounts in an <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equipment_rack" title="Equipment rack" class="mw-redirect">equipment rack</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chassis" title="Chassis">Chassis</a>,</i> with swappable module cards.</li> <li><i><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIN_rail" title="DIN rail">DIN rail</a>–mounted,</i> normally seen in <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Ethernet" title="Industrial Ethernet">industrial environments</a>.</li> </ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Configuration_options">Configuration options</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_switch&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Configuration options">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul> <li><i>Unmanaged</i> switches – these switches have no configuration interface or options. They are <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug_and_play" title="Plug and play">plug and play</a>. They are typically the least expensive switches, and therefore often used in a <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOHO_network" title="SOHO network" class="mw-redirect">small office/home office</a> environment. Unmanaged switches can be desktop or rack mounted.</li> <li><i>Managed</i> switches – these switches have one or more methods to modify the operation of the switch. Common management methods include: a <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line interface</a> (CLI) accessed via <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_console" title="Serial console" class="mw-redirect">serial console</a>, <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">telnet</a> or <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell" title="Secure Shell">Secure Shell</a>, an embedded <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Network_Management_Protocol" title="Simple Network Management Protocol">Simple Network Management Protocol</a> (SNMP) agent allowing management from a remote console or management station, or a web interface for management from a <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>. Examples of configuration changes that one can do from a managed switch include: enabling features such as <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanning_Tree_Protocol" title="Spanning Tree Protocol">Spanning Tree Protocol</a> or port mirroring, setting <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">port bandwidth</a>, creating or modifying <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_LAN" title="Virtual LAN">virtual LANs</a> (VLANs), etc. Two sub-classes of managed switches are marketed today: <ul> <li><i>Smart</i> (or intelligent) switches – these are managed switches with a limited set of management features. Likewise "web-managed" switches are switches which fall into a market niche between unmanaged and managed. For a price much lower than a fully managed switch they provide a web interface (and usually no CLI access) and allow configuration of basic settings, such as VLANs, port-bandwidth and duplex.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Enterprise managed</i> (or fully managed) switches – these have a full set of management features, including CLI, SNMP agent, and web interface. They may have additional features to manipulate configurations, such as the ability to display, modify, backup and restore configurations. Compared with smart switches, enterprise switches have more features that can be customized or optimized, and are generally more expensive than smart switches. Enterprise switches are typically found in networks with larger number of switches and connections, where centralized management is a significant savings in administrative time and effort. A <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stackable_switch" title="Stackable switch">stackable switch</a> is a version of enterprise-managed switch.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Typical_switch_management_features">Typical switch management features</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_switch&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Typical switch management features">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linksys48portswitch.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Linksys48portswitch.jpg/220px-Linksys48portswitch.jpg" width="220" height="226" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Linksys48portswitch.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320131624im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Linksys48portswitch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="339"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linksys48portswitch.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linksys" title="Linksys">Linksys</a> 48-port switch</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Switch-and-nest.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Switch-and-nest.jpg/220px-Switch-and-nest.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Switch-and-nest.jpg/330px-Switch-and-nest.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320131624im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Switch-and-nest.jpg/440px-Switch-and-nest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Switch-and-nest.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> HP <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procurve" title="Procurve" class="mw-redirect">Procurve</a> rack-mounted switches mounted in a standard telco rack <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19-inch_rack" title="19-inch rack">19-inch rack</a> with network cables</div> </div> </div> <ul> <li>Turn particular port range on or off</li> <li>Link bandwidth and <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)" title="Duplex (telecommunications)">duplex</a> settings</li> <li>Priority settings for ports</li> <li>IP management by IP clustering</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_filtering" title="MAC filtering">MAC filtering</a> and other types of "port security" features which prevent <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_flooding" title="MAC flooding">MAC flooding</a></li> <li>Use of <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanning_Tree_Protocol" title="Spanning Tree Protocol">Spanning Tree Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Network_Management_Protocol" title="Simple Network Management Protocol">SNMP</a> monitoring of device and link health</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_mirroring" title="Port mirroring">Port mirroring</a> (also known as: port monitoring, spanning port, SPAN port, roving analysis port or link mode port)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_aggregation" title="Link aggregation">Link aggregation</a> (also known as <i>bonding</i>, <i>trunking</i> or <i>teaming</i>) allows the use of multiple ports for the same connection achieving higher data transfer rates</li> <li>VLAN settings. Creating VLANs can serve security and performance goals by reducing the size of the <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_domain" title="Broadcast domain">broadcast domain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.1X" title="802.1X" class="mw-redirect">802.1X</a> <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_access_control" title="Network access control" class="mw-redirect">network access control</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGMP_snooping" title="IGMP snooping">IGMP snooping</a></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Traffic_monitoring_on_a_switched_network">Traffic monitoring on a switched network</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_switch&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Traffic monitoring on a switched network">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Unless port mirroring or other methods such as <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMON" title="RMON">RMON</a>, SMON or <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFlow" title="SFlow">sFlow</a> are implemented in a switch,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> it is difficult to monitor traffic that is bridged using a switch because only the sending and receiving ports can see the traffic. These monitoring features are rarely present on consumer-grade switches.</p> <p>Two popular methods that are specifically designed to allow a network analyst to monitor traffic are:</p> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_mirroring" title="Port mirroring">Port mirroring</a> – the switch sends a copy of network packets to a monitoring network connection.</li> <li>SMON – "Switch Monitoring" is described by <a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2613">RFC 2613</a> and is a protocol for controlling facilities such as port mirroring.</li> </ul> <p>Another method to monitor may be to connect a layer-1 hub between the monitored device and its switch port. This will induce minor delay, but will provide multiple interfaces that can be used to monitor the individual switch port.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_switch&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="noprint portal tright" style="border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em"> <table style="background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;max-width:175px"> <tr style="vertical-align:middle"> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bus_icon.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bus_icon.svg/32px-Bus_icon.svg.png" width="32" height="19" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bus_icon.svg/48px-Bus_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320131624im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bus_icon.svg/64px-Bus_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="125" data-file-height="75"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Computer_networking" title="Portal:Computer networking" class="mw-redirect">Computer networking portal</a></td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridging_(networking)" title="Bridging (networking)">Bridging (networking)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Console_server" title="Console server" class="mw-redirect">Console server</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy-Efficient_Ethernet" title="Energy-Efficient Ethernet">Energy-Efficient Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_Channel_switch" title="Fibre Channel switch">Fibre Channel switch</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fully_switched_network" title="Fully switched network">Fully switched network</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAN_switching" title="LAN switching">LAN switching</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">Local area network</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switch" title="Packet switch">Packet switch</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">Router (computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stackable_switch" title="Stackable switch">Stackable switch</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_switch" title="Turing switch">Turing switch</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">Wide area network</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_switch&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IEEE 802.1D</span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/http://www.ccontrols.com/pdf/Extv3n3.pdf">"Hubs Versus Switches – Understand the Tradeoffs"</a> (PDF). <i>ccontrols.com</i>. 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-10</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetwork+switch&rft.atitle=Hubs+Versus+Switches%26nbsp%3B%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3B+Understand+the+Tradeoffs&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccontrols.com%2Fpdf%2FExtv3n3.pdf&rft.jtitle=ccontrols.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-layer3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-layer3_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Thayumanavan Sridhar (September 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac123/ac147/archived_issues/ipj_1-2/switch_evolution.html">"Layer 2 and Layer 3 Switch Evolution"</a>. <i>cisco.com</i>. The Internet Protocol Journal <b>1</b> (2). Cisco Systems<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-05</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetwork+switch&rft.atitle=Layer+2+and+Layer+3+Switch+Evolution&rft.aulast=Thayumanavan+Sridhar&rft.au=Thayumanavan+Sridhar&rft.date=September+1998&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cisco.com%2Fweb%2Fabout%2Fac123%2Fac147%2Farchived_issues%2Fipj_1-2%2Fswitch_evolution.html&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=cisco.com&rft.pub=Cisco+Systems&rft.series=The+Internet+Protocol+Journal&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Robert J. Kohlhepp (2000-10-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/http://www.networkcomputing.com/1119/1119f1products_5.html">"The 10 Most Important Products of the Decade"</a>. Network Computing<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-25</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetwork+switch&rft.aulast=Robert+J.+Kohlhepp&rft.au=Robert+J.+Kohlhepp&rft.btitle=The+10+Most+Important+Products+of+the+Decade&rft.date=2000-10-02&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.networkcomputing.com%2F1119%2F1119f1products_5.html&rft.pub=Network+Computing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/http://cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/modules/ps2706/ps4452/index.html">Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series Firewall Services Module</a>, Cisco Systems,2007</span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/http://www.3com.com/products/en_US/detail.jsp?tab=features&sku=3C17546&pathtype=purchase3Com">Switch 8800 Firewall Module</a>, 3Com Corporation, 2006</span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/http://cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/modules/ps2706/ps5058/index.html">Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series Intrusion Detection System (IDSM-2) Module</a>, Cisco Systems,2007</span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/http://www.checkpoint.com/support/technical/online_ug/firewall-14.0/config.htm">Getting Started with Check Point Fire Wall-1</a>, Checkpoint Software Technologies Ltd., n.d.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Matthew Glidden (October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/http://www.atpm.com/7.10/networking-1.shtml">"Switches and Hubs"</a>. <i>About This Particular Macintosh blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetwork+switch&rft.atitle=Switches+and+Hubs&rft.aulast=Matthew+Glidden&rft.au=Matthew+Glidden&rft.date=October+2001&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atpm.com%2F7.10%2Fnetworking-1.shtml&rft.jtitle=About+This+Particular+Macintosh+blog&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Shuang Yu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/http://standards.ieee.org/news/2012/802.1aq.html">"IEEE APPROVES NEW IEEE 802.1aq™ SHORTEST PATH BRIDGING STANDARD"</a>. IEEE Standards Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2012</span>. <q>Using the IEEE’s next-generation VLAN, called a Service Interface Identifier (I-SID), it is capable of supporting 16 million unique services compared to the VLAN limit of four thousand.</q></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetwork+switch&rft.aulast=Shuang+Yu&rft.au=Shuang+Yu&rft.btitle=IEEE+APPROVES+NEW+IEEE+802.1aq%E2%84%A2+SHORTEST+PATH+BRIDGING+STANDARD&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstandards.ieee.org%2Fnews%2F2012%2F802.1aq.html&rft.pub=IEEE+Standards+Association&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Peter Ashwood-Smith (24 Feb 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/http://meetings.apnic.net/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/32007/APRICOT_SPB_Overview.pdf">"Shortest Path Bridging IEEE 802.1aq Overview"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetwork+switch&rft.aulast=Peter+Ashwood-Smith&rft.au=Peter+Ashwood-Smith&rft.btitle=Shortest+Path+Bridging+IEEE+802.1aq+Overview&rft.date=24+Feb+2011&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeetings.apnic.net%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0012%2F32007%2FAPRICOT_SPB_Overview.pdf&rft.pub=Huawei&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Jim Duffy (11 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/news/internet/3357242/largest-illinois-healthcare-system-uproots-cisco-build-40m-private-cloud/">"Largest Illinois healthcare system uproots Cisco to build $40M private cloud"</a>. PC Advisor<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2012</span>. <q>Shortest Path Bridging will replace Spanning Tree in the Ethernet fabric.</q></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetwork+switch&rft.au=Jim+Duffy&rft.aulast=Jim+Duffy&rft.btitle=Largest+Illinois+healthcare+system+uproots+Cisco+to+build+%2440M+private+cloud&rft.date=11+May+2012&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcadvisor.co.uk%2Fnews%2Finternet%2F3357242%2Flargest-illinois-healthcare-system-uproots-cisco-build-40m-private-cloud%2F&rft.pub=PC+Advisor&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/http://www.techpowerup.com/165594/IEEE-Approves-New-IEEE-802.1aq-Shortest-Path-Bridging-Standard.html">"IEEE Approves New IEEE 802.1aq Shortest Path Bridging Standard"</a>. Tech Power Up. 7 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetwork+switch&rft.btitle=IEEE+Approves+New+IEEE+802.1aq+Shortest+Path+Bridging+Standard&rft.date=7+May+2012&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techpowerup.com%2F165594%2FIEEE-Approves-New-IEEE-802.1aq-Shortest-Path-Bridging-Standard.html&rft.pub=Tech+Power+Up&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">D. Fedyk, Ed.,; P. Ashwood-Smith, Ed.,; D. Allan, A. Bragg,; P. Unbehagen (April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/ietf-announce/current/msg10166.html">"IS-IS Extensions Supporting IEEE 802.1aq"</a>. IETF<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetwork+switch&rft.au=D.+Allan%2C+A.+Bragg%2C&rft.au=D.+Fedyk%2C+Ed.%2C&rft.aulast=D.+Fedyk%2C+Ed.%2C&rft.au=P.+Ashwood-Smith%2C+Ed.%2C&rft.au=P.+Unbehagen&rft.btitle=IS-IS+Extensions+Supporting+IEEE+802.1aq&rft.date=April+2012&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ietf.org%2Fmail-archive%2Fweb%2Fietf-announce%2Fcurrent%2Fmsg10166.html&rft.pub=IETF&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="CITEREFS._Sathaye1999" class="citation">S. Sathaye (January 1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/http://www.nanog.org/mtg-9901/ppt/alteon/alteon.ppt"><i>The Ins and Outs of Layer 4+ Switching</i></a>, NANOG 15, <q>It usually means one of two things: - 1. Layer 4 information is used to prioritize and queue traffic (routers have done this for years) - 2. Layer 4 information is used to direct application sessions to different servers (next generation load balancing).</q></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetwork+switch&rft.aulast=S.+Sathaye&rft.au=S.+Sathaye&rft.btitle=The+Ins+and+Outs+of+Layer+4%2B+Switching&rft.date=January+1999&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nanog.org%2Fmtg-9901%2Fppt%2Falteon%2Falteon.ppt&rft.pub=NANOG+15&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/http://www.irbs.net/internet/nanog/0110/0618.html">How worried is too worried? Plus, a Global Crossing Story.</a>, NANOG mailing list archives, S. Gibbard,October 2001</span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://web.archive.org/web/20071213185114/http://www.hp.com/rnd/products/switches/ProCurve_Switch_1800_Series/specs.htm">Tech specs for a sample HP "web-managed" switch</a> at the <a href="/web/20150320131624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived December 13, 2007)</span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2819.txt">Remote Network Monitoring Management Information Base</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2819">RFC 2819</a>, S. 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<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohtv%C3%B5rgu_kommutaator" title="Kohtvõrgu kommutaator – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%B3%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Μεταγωγέας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conmutador_(dispositivo_de_red)" title="Conmutador (dispositivo de red) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch" title="Switch – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%86_%D8%B4%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%87" title="سوئیچ شبکه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutateur_r%C3%A9seau" title="Commutateur réseau – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch" title="Switch – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%A4%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%8C%ED%81%AC_%EC%8A%A4%EC%9C%84%EC%B9%98" title="네트워크 스위치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mre%C5%BEni_preklopnik" title="Mrežni preklopnik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengalih_jaringan" title="Pengalih jaringan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutator_(rete_de_computatores)" title="Commutator (rete de computatores) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch" title="Switch – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%92_(%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D)" title="מתג (רשתות מחשבים) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%ABkla_komutators" title="Tīkla komutators – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komutatorius" title="Komutatorius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch_(informatika)" title="Switch (informatika) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Мрежен преклопник – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D" title="നെറ്റ്‌വർക്ക് സ്വിച്ച് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suis_(rangkaian)" title="Suis (rangkaian) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch_(hardware)" title="Switch (hardware) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%83%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%8F%E3%83%96" title="スイッチングハブ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch" title="Switch – Norwegian (bokmål)" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prze%C5%82%C4%85cznik_sieciowy" title="Przełącznik sieciowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comutador_(redes)" title="Comutador (redes) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch_de_re%C8%9Bea" title="Switch de rețea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Сетевой коммутатор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_switch" title="Ethernet switch – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prep%C3%ADna%C4%8D_(prvok_po%C4%8D%C3%ADta%C4%8Dovej_siete)" title="Prepínač (prvok počítačovej siete) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omre%C5%BEno_stikalo" title="Omrežno stikalo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Свич – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svi%C4%8D" title="Svič – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kytkin_(tietoliikenne)" title="Kytkin (tietoliikenne) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch" title="Switch – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF" title="பிணைய நிலைமாற்றி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%8C" title="เนตเวิร์กสวิตช์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9F_anahtar%C4%B1" title="Ağ anahtarı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Мережевий комутатор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch" title="Switch – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320131624/https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B%E5%99%A8" title="網路交換器 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li> <li 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