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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Immigration_to_the_Russian_Far_East_and_Siberia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration_to_the_Russian_Far_East_and_Siberia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Immigration to the Russian Far East and Siberia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration_to_the_Russian_Far_East_and_Siberia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deportation_to_Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deportation_to_Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Deportation to Central Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deportation_to_Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberation_and_division_of_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberation_and_division_of_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Liberation and division of Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberation_and_division_of_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Current status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current status subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Central Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_migration_to_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_migration_to_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Return migration to Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_migration_to_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_and_family_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_and_family_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Personal and family names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_and_family_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Patronymics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patronymics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Patronymics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patronymics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surnames_of_married_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surnames_of_married_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Surnames of married women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surnames_of_married_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generation_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generation_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Generation names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generation_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Census_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Census_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Census data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Census_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="كوريو-سارام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوريو-سارام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koryo-saram" title="Koryo-saram – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Koryo-saram" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korjo-saram" title="Korjo-saram – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Korjo-saram" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korjo-Saram" title="Korjo-Saram – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Korjo-Saram" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koryo-saram" title="Koryo-saram – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Koryo-saram" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%85" title="کوریو-سرم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوریو-سرم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koryo-saram" title="Koryo-saram – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Koryo-saram" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%A0%A4%EC%9D%B8" title="고려인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고려인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koryo-saram" title="Koryo-saram – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Koryo-saram" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koryo-saram" title="Koryo-saram – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Koryo-saram" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%98%D0%BE-%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Корјо-сарам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Корјо-сарам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korjo-saram" title="Korjo-saram – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Korjo-saram" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E9%BA%97%E4%BA%BA" title="高麗人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="高麗人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korio-saram" title="Korio-saram – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Korio-saram" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koryo-saram" title="Koryo-saram – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Koryo-saram" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%91-%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Корё-сарам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Корё-сарам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korjo-saram" title="Korjo-saram – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Korjo-saram" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koryo-saram" title="Koryo-saram – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Koryo-saram" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD-%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1" title="โครยอ-ซารัม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โครยอ-ซารัม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%91-%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Корё-сарам – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Корё-сарам" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koryo-saram" title="Koryo-saram – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Koryo-saram" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BE-%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Корьо-сарам – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Корьо-сарам" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Koryo-saram" title="Người Koryo-saram – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Koryo-saram" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E9%BA%97%E6%97%8F" title="高麗族 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="高麗族" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q711083#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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</nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Koryo-saram</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">About 500,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Uzbekistan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">174,200<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Kazakhstan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">118,450</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Russia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">87,819<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Kyrgyzstan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">17,094<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Ukraine" title="Koreans in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12,711<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Turkmenistan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">2,500<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Tajikistan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">634<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Belarus"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">400<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Estonia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">208<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koryo-mar" title="Koryo-mar">Koryo-mar</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christianity</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and others<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlyter2004Footnote_10_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlyter2004Footnote_10-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Koreans" title="Sakhalin Koreans">Sakhalin Koreans</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Koryo-saram</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">고려사람</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">高麗사람</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ko-Latn">Goryeosaram</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ko-Latn">Koryŏsaram</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">South Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">고려인</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">高麗人</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ko-Latn">Goryeoin</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ko-Latn">Koryŏin</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Russian name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Корё сарам</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Koryo saram</i></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Koryo-saram</b> (<a href="/wiki/Koryo-mar" title="Koryo-mar">Koryo-mar</a>: <span lang="ko">고려사람</span>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Корё сарам</span>) or <b>Koryoin</b> (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span lang="ko">고려인</span>) are ethnic <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">former Soviet Union</a>, who descend from Koreans that were living in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a>. </p><p>Koreans first began settling in the Russian Far East in the late 19th century. Their numbers increased as Koreans fled the <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Japanese colonization of Korea beginning in 1910</a>. A number of Koryo-saram became significant <a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_independence_activists" title="List of Korean independence activists">Korean independence activists</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Hong_Beom-do" title="Hong Beom-do">Hong Beom-do</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Fng_Sangjin" title="Chŏng Sangjin">Chŏng Sangjin</a>. In 1937, <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Koreans_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union">they were all deported</a> to <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. They have since dispersed throughout the former Soviet Union, with significant populations in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>. </p><p>Approximately 500,000 Koryo-saram reside in the former Soviet Union, primarily in the now-independent states of Central Asia. There are also large Korean communities in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a> (around <a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a>), the Russian Far East (around <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, and southern <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. While the ability to speak Korean has become increasingly rare amongst modern Koryo-saram, they have retained some elements of Korean culture, including <a href="/wiki/Korean_name" title="Korean name">Korean names</a>. <a href="/wiki/Koryo-saram_cuisine" title="Koryo-saram cuisine">Koryo-saram cuisine</a> has become popular throughout the former Soviet Union, with the dish <i><a href="/wiki/Morkovcha" title="Morkovcha">morkovcha</a></i> now widely available in grocery stores there. A significant number of Koryo-saram have either moved temporarily or permanently to South Korea for economic or cultural reasons. The <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>, especially the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, has motivated several thousand <a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Ukraine" title="Koreans in Ukraine">Korean Ukrainians</a> to move to <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> for safety.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Koreans" title="Sakhalin Koreans">Sakhalin Koreans</a> also exist on the island of <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a> in Russia, but they are often considered a separate ethnic group. They arrived when <a href="/wiki/Karafuto_Prefecture" title="Karafuto Prefecture">Sakhalin was partially under Japanese rule</a>, and were never subjected to the forced deportation to Central Asia. Some of them identify as Koryo-saram, but many do not. This has led to the term <i><b>materikovye</b></i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">материковые</span></span>) for Koryo-saram, meaning "<b>continentals</b>".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Autonym">Autonym</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koryo-saram&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Autonym"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term by which they refer to themselves is composed of two Korean words: "<span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Korea#Goryeo" title="Names of Korea">Koryo</a></i></span>", a historical name for Korea, and "<span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">saram</i></span>", meaning "person" or "people".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <i>Koryo</i> in "Koryo-saram" originated from the name of the <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo (Koryŏ) Dynasty</a> from which "Korea" was also derived. The name <i>Soviet Korean</i> was also used, more frequently before the collapse of the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl199918_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl199918-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russians may also lump Koryo-saram under the general label <i>koreytsy</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">корейцы</span></span>); however, this usage makes no distinctions between ethnic Koreans of the local nationality and the Korean nationals (citizens of North Korea or South Korea). </p><p>In Standard Korean, the term "Koryo-saram" is typically used to refer to historical figures from the Goryeo dynasty; to avoid ambiguity, Korean speakers use a word <i>Goryeoin</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">고려인</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">高麗人</span></span>, meaning the same as "Koryo-saram") to refer to ethnic Koreans in the post-Soviet states.<sup id="cite_ref-Byong_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byong-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Korean_vocabulary" title="Sino-Korean vocabulary">Sino-Korean</a> morpheme "-in" (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">인</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">人</span></span>) is not <a href="/wiki/Productivity_(linguistics)" title="Productivity (linguistics)">productive</a> in <a href="/wiki/Koryo-mal" class="mw-redirect" title="Koryo-mal">Koryo-mal</a>, the dialect spoken by Koryo-saram and as a result, only a few (mainly those who have studied Standard Korean) refer to themselves by this name; instead, "Koryo-saram" has come to be the preferred term.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koryo-saram&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration_to_the_Russian_Far_East_and_Siberia">Immigration to the Russian Far East and Siberia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koryo-saram&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Immigration to the Russian Far East and Siberia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC._%D0%91%D1%83%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0._1893.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC._%D0%91%D1%83%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0._1893.png/220px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC._%D0%91%D1%83%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0._1893.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC._%D0%91%D1%83%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0._1893.png/330px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC._%D0%91%D1%83%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0._1893.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC._%D0%91%D1%83%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0._1893.png/440px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC._%D0%91%D1%83%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0._1893.png 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption>A Korean home in <a href="/wiki/Nakhodka" title="Nakhodka">Nakhodka</a>, Russia (1893)</figcaption></figure> <p>The early 19th century saw the decline of the Korean <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon dynasty</a>. A small population of wealthy elite owned the farmlands in the country, and poor peasants found it difficult to survive. Koreans leaving the country in this period were obliged to move toward Russia, as the border with China was sealed by the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20007_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee20007-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the first Koreans in the Russian Empire, 761 families totalling 5,310 people, had actually migrated to Qing territory; the land they had settled on was ceded to Russia by the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Peking" title="Convention of Peking">Convention of Peking</a> in 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl19999_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl19999-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many peasants considered <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> to be a land where they could lead better lives, and so they subsequently migrated there. According to Russian sources early as 1863, 13 Korean households were recorded in <a href="/wiki/Posyet" title="Posyet">Posyet</a>, near Bay of Novgorod.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oversk_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oversk-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These numbers rose dramatically, and by 1869 Koreans composed 20% of the population of the <a href="/wiki/Primorsky_Krai" title="Primorsky Krai">Primorsky Krai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20007_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee20007-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway" title="Trans-Siberian Railway">Trans-Siberian Railway</a>, Koreans outnumbered Russians in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a>; the local governors encouraged them to naturalize.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20008_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee20008-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The village of <a href="/wiki/Blagoslovennoye" title="Blagoslovennoye">Blagoslovennoe</a> was founded in 1870 by Korean migrants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl199910_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl199910-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Korean village near <a href="/wiki/Zolotoy_Rog" title="Zolotoy Rog">Zolotoy Rog</a> that Russians called Koreyskaya slabodka (Корейская слабодка, literally means Korean village) and what Koreans called "Gaecheok-ri" (開拓里,개척리) was officially recognized by the Vladivostok authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-oversk_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oversk-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1897 <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Empire Census">Russian Empire Census</a> found 26,005 Korean speakers (16,225 men and 9,780 women) in the whole of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussian_Census1897_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussian_Census1897-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinhanchon_March_1st_Movement_Anniversary_Protest_(1920)_01_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Shinhanchon_March_1st_Movement_Anniversary_Protest_%281920%29_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Shinhanchon_March_1st_Movement_Anniversary_Protest_%281920%29_01_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Shinhanchon_March_1st_Movement_Anniversary_Protest_%281920%29_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Shinhanchon_March_1st_Movement_Anniversary_Protest_%281920%29_01_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Shinhanchon_March_1st_Movement_Anniversary_Protest_%281920%29_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Shinhanchon_March_1st_Movement_Anniversary_Protest_%281920%29_01_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2656" data-file-height="1564" /></a><figcaption>March 1st Movement anniversary protests in Vladivostok (1920)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 20th century, both Russia and Korea came into conflict with Japan. Following the end of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> in 1907, Russia enacted an anti-Korean law at the behest of Japan, under which the land of Korean farmers was confiscated and Korean labourers were laid off.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200014_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200014-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Korean migration to Russia continued to grow; 1914 figures showed 64,309 Koreans (among whom 20,109 were Russian citizens). Even the 1917 <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a> did nothing to slow migration; after the repression of the 1919 <a href="/wiki/March_First_Movement" title="March First Movement">March First Movement</a> in <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Japanese-colonised Korea</a>, migration actually intensified.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl199910_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl199910-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Korean leaders in <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sinhanch%27on" title="Sinhanch'on">Sinhanch'on</a> (literally, "New Korean Village") neighbourhood also provided support to the independence movement, making it a centre for nationalist activities, including arms supply; the <a href="/wiki/Shinhanchon_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinhanchon Incident">Japanese attacked it on 4 April 1920</a>, leaving hundreds dead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200015_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200015-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1923, the Korean population in the Soviet Union had grown to 106,817. The following year, the Soviets began taking measures to control Korean population movement to their territory; however, they were not completely successful until 1931; after that date, they halted all migration from Korea and required existing migrants to naturalise as Soviet citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl199910_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl199910-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Soviet policy of <i><a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Korenizatsiya">korenizatsiya</a></i> (indigenisation) resulted in the creation of 105 Korean village <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">soviets</a> (councils) in mixed-nationality <i>raion</i>, as well as an entire <i>raion</i> for the Korean nationality, the Pos'et Korean National Raion; these conducted their activities entirely in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean language</a>. The Soviet Koreans had a large number of their own official institutions, including 380 Korean schools, two teachers' colleges, one pedagogical school, three hospitals, a theatre, six journals, and seven newspapers (the largest of which, <i>Vanguard</i>, had a circulation of 10,000). The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Census_(1937)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Census (1937)">1937 Census</a> showed 168,259 Koreans in the Soviet Union. However, officials in the Russian Far East viewed the Koreans' ethnic and family ties to the Japanese Empire with suspicion, which would soon set the stage for the deportation of the whole population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl199910_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl199910-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deportation_to_Central_Asia">Deportation to Central Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koryo-saram&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Deportation to Central Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Koreans_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union">Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union</a></div> <p>In 1937, facing reports from the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD)</a> that there were possibilities that Japanese would have infiltrate the Russian Far East by means of ethnic Korean spies, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a> signed Resolution 1428-326 ss, "On the Exile of the Korean Population from border <i>Raions</i> of the Far East Kray", on 21 August.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl199911_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl199911-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the report of <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yezhov" title="Nikolai Yezhov">Nikolai Yezhov</a>, 36,442 Korean families totalling 171,781 persons were deported by 25 October.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl199912_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl199912-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deported Koreans faced difficult conditions in Central Asia: monetary assistance promised by the government never materialised, and furthermore, most of the deported were rice farmers and fishermen, who had difficulty adapting to the arid climate of their new home. Estimates based on population statistics suggest that 40,000 deported Koreans died in 1937 and 1938 for these reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl199913–14_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl199913–14-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, the deportees cooperated to build irrigation works and start rice farms; within three years, they had recovered their original standard of living.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2000141_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2000141-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The events of this period led to the formation of a cohesive identity among the Korean deportees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2000141_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2000141-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in schools for Soviet Korean children, the government switched Korean language from being the <a href="/wiki/Medium_of_instruction" title="Medium of instruction">medium of instruction</a> to being taught merely as a second language in 1939, and from 1945 stopped it from being taught entirely; furthermore, the only publication in the Korean language was the <i><a href="/wiki/Kore_Ilbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kore Ilbo">Lenin Kichi</a></i> (now called <i>Koryo Ilbo</i>). As a result, subsequent generations lost the use of the Korean language, which J. Otto Pohl described as "emasculat[ing] the expression of Korean culture in the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl199915_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl199915-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up until the era of <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a>, it was not permitted to speak openly of the deportations.<sup id="cite_ref-Byong_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byong-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberation_and_division_of_Korea">Liberation and division of Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koryo-saram&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Liberation and division of Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the August to September 1945 Soviet military campaign to liberate Korea, Koryo-saram <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Fng_Sangjin" title="Chŏng Sangjin">Chŏng Sangjin</a> was the only ethnic Korean who had a combat role on the Soviet side. He notably participated in the <a href="/wiki/Seishin_Operation" title="Seishin Operation">Seishin Operation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bae-2007_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bae-2007-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chŏng and a number of other Koryo-saram joined North Korea after the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">division of Korea</a>. Some Koryo-saram, including <a href="/wiki/Pak_Chang-ok" title="Pak Chang-ok">Pak Chang-ok</a>, became key figures in that government, where they formed a <a href="/wiki/Soviet-Korean_faction" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet-Korean faction">faction of Soviet Koreans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bae-2007_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bae-2007-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the mid-1950s, Kim Il Sung purged many Soviet-aligned Korean people, which led to the expulsion of a number of Koryo-saram from the North. Several of them, including Chŏng, returned to Central Asia and continued writing for the <i>Lenin Kichi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bae-2007_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bae-2007-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_status">Current status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koryo-saram&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Current status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars estimated<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (June 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> that roughly 470,000 Koryo-saram were living in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koryo-saram&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victor_Tsoi_1986.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Victor_Tsoi_1986.jpg/170px-Victor_Tsoi_1986.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Victor_Tsoi_1986.jpg/255px-Victor_Tsoi_1986.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Victor_Tsoi_1986.jpg 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Tsoi" title="Viktor Tsoi">Viktor Tsoi</a>, singer and songwriter who co-founded <a href="/wiki/Kino_(band)" title="Kino (band)">Kino</a>, one of the most popular and musically influential bands in the history of <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Russian music</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2002)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2002)">2002 census</a> gave a population of 148,556 Koreans in Russia, of which 75,835 were male and 72,721 female.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussian_Census2002Table_4.1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussian_Census2002Table_4.1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than half were living in <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Asian Russia</a>. Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2002)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2002)">2010 census</a> gave a population of 153,156 Koreans in Russia, this time more than half were living in <a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a> instead, but <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a> remained the federal district with highest number of Koreans. The Korean population there trace their roots back to a variety of sources. Aside from roughly 33,000 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a> nationals, mostly migrants retracing in reverse the 1937 deportation of their ancestors, between 4,000 and 12,000 <a href="/wiki/North_Koreans_in_Russia" title="North Koreans in Russia">North Korean migrant labourers</a> can be found in the region. Smaller numbers of South Koreans and <a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_China" title="Koreans in China">ethnic Koreans from China</a> have also come to the region to settle, invest, and/or engage in cross-border trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2006_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2006-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2002)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2002)">2002 census</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2010)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2010)">2010 census</a></i>:<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2021)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2021)">2021 census</a></i>:<sup id="cite_ref-census2021_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2021-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a></td> <td align="right">148,556</td> <td align="right">153,156</td> <td align="right">87,819 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">Number by <a href="/wiki/Federal_districts_of_Russia" title="Federal districts of Russia">federal districts</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Federal_District" title="Central Federal District">Central Federal District</a></td> <td align="right">16,720</td> <td align="right">21,779</td> <td align="right">12,194 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Federal_District" title="Northwestern Federal District">Northwestern Federal District</a></td> <td align="right">6,903</td> <td align="right">7,000</td> <td align="right">4,054 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_Federal_District" title="Southern Federal District">Southern Federal District</a></td> <td align="right">39,031</td> <td align="right">40,191</td> <td align="right">27,065 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Volga_Federal_District" title="Volga Federal District">Volga Federal District</a></td> <td align="right">9,088</td> <td align="right">12,215</td> <td align="right">7,455 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ural_Federal_District" title="Ural Federal District">Ural Federal District</a></td> <td align="right">4,071</td> <td align="right">3,805</td> <td align="right">2,112 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Federal_District" title="Siberian Federal District">Siberian Federal District</a></td> <td align="right">10,797</td> <td align="right">11,193</td> <td align="right">5,084 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Federal_District" title="Far Eastern Federal District">Far Eastern Federal District</a></td> <td align="right">61,946</td> <td align="right">56,973</td> <td align="right">29,855 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koryo-saram&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Ukraine" title="Koreans in Ukraine">Koreans in Ukraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oleksandr_Sin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Oleksandr_Sin.JPG/220px-Oleksandr_Sin.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Oleksandr_Sin.JPG/330px-Oleksandr_Sin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Oleksandr_Sin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oleksandr_Sin" title="Oleksandr Sin">Oleksandr Sin</a>, a mayor of <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhia" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaporizhia">Zaporizhia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Census_(2001)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Census (2001)">2001 census</a>, 12,711 people defined themselves as ethnic Koreans, up from 8,669 in 1989. Of these only 17.5% gave Korean as their native language. The majority (76%) named <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> as their native language, while 5.5% named <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest concentrations can be found in <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mykolaiv" title="Mykolaiv">Mykolaiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherkasy" title="Cherkasy">Cherkasy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luhansk" title="Luhansk">Luhansk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donetsk" title="Donetsk">Donetsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dnipro" title="Dnipro">Dnipro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia" title="Zaporizhzhia">Zaporizhia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>. The largest ethnic representative body, the Association of Koreans in Ukraine, is located in Kharkiv, where roughly 150 Korean families reside; the first <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean language</a> school was opened in 1996 under their direction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKi2002_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKi2002-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavlenko19992_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlenko19992-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the most famous Korean-Ukrainians are <a href="/wiki/Vitalii_Kim" title="Vitalii Kim">Vitalii Kim</a>, current governor of <a href="/wiki/Mykolaiv_Oblast" title="Mykolaiv Oblast">Mykolaiv Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavlo_Lee" title="Pavlo Lee">Pavlo Lee</a>, actor killed in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Irpin" title="Battle of Irpin">Russo-Ukrainian war</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oleksandr_Sin" title="Oleksandr Sin">Oleksandr Sin</a>, former mayor of <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia" title="Zaporizhzhia">Zaporizhzhia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 2001, many Koreans migrated into Ukraine from Central Asia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Asia">Central Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koryo-saram&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Central Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.jpg/220px-%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.jpg/330px-%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.jpg/440px-%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yugai" title="Boris Yugai">Boris Yugai</a>, a Kyrgyzstani <a href="/wiki/Major_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General">Major General</a>, was a notable member of the Koryo-saram community in Kyrgyzstan.</figcaption></figure> <p>The majority of Koryo-saram in Central Asia reside in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>. Korean culture in Kazakhstan is centered in <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a>, the former capital. For much of the 20th century, this was the only place in Central Asia where a Korean language newspaper (the <i><a href="/wiki/Koryo_Ilbo" title="Koryo Ilbo">Koryo Ilbo</a></i>) and Korean language theater (<a href="/wiki/Korean_Theatre_of_Kazakhstan" title="Korean Theatre of Kazakhstan">Korean Theatre of Kazakhstan</a>) were in operation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2000122_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2000122-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The censuses of Kazakhstan recorded 96,500 Koryo-saram in 1939, 74,000 in 1959, 81,600 in 1970, 92,000 in 1979, 100,700 in 1989, and 99,700 in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlekseenko2000_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlekseenko2000-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, the population has remained roughly stable over the past three censuses: 18,355 (1989), 19,784 (1999), and 17,299 (2009).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This contrasts sharply with other non-indigenous groups such as <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan_Germans" title="Kyrgyzstan Germans">Germans</a>, many of whom <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germans_in_Russia,_Ukraine_and_the_Soviet_Union#Russian_Germans_and_Perestroika" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union">migrated to Germany</a> after the breakup of the Soviet Union. South Korea never had any programme to promote return migration of their diaspora in Central Asia, unlike Germany. However, they have established organisations to promote Korean language and culture, such as the Korean Centre of Education which opened in Bishkek in 2001. South Korean Christian missionaries are also active in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The population in Uzbekistan is largely scattered in rural areas. This population has suffered in recent years from linguistic handicaps, as the Koryo-saram there spoke <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> but not <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a>. After the independence of <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, many lost their jobs due to being unable to speak the national language. Some emigrated to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a>, but found life difficult there as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2000143_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2000143-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also a small Korean community in <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>. Mass settlement of Koreans in the country began during the late 1950s and early 1960s, after the loosening of restrictions on their freedom of movement which had previously kept them confined to Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. Pull factors for migration included rich natural resources and a relatively mild climate. Their population grew to 2,400 in 1959, 11,000 in 1979 and 13,000 in 1989; most lived in the capital <a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a>, with smaller concentrations in <a href="/wiki/Qurghonteppa" class="mw-redirect" title="Qurghonteppa">Qurghonteppa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khujand" title="Khujand">Khujand</a>. Like Koreans in other parts of Central Asia, they generally possessed higher incomes compared to members of other ethnic groups. However, with the May 1992 onset of <a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">civil war in Tajikistan</a>, many fled the country; by 1996, their population had fallen by over half to 6,300 people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBack2004_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBack2004-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most are engaged in agriculture and retail business.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Violence continued even after the end of the civil war; in 2000, suspected <a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a> members exploded a bomb in a Korean Christian church in Dushanbe, killing 9 and wounding 30.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDongSu2005_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDongSu2005-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_migration_to_Korea">Return migration to Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koryo-saram&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Return migration to Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gwangjukoryoinvillage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Gwangjukoryoinvillage.jpg/220px-Gwangjukoryoinvillage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Gwangjukoryoinvillage.jpg/330px-Gwangjukoryoinvillage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Gwangjukoryoinvillage.jpg/440px-Gwangjukoryoinvillage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Community centers for <a href="/wiki/Gwangju_Koryoin_Village" title="Gwangju Koryoin Village">Gwangju Koryoin Village</a>, which is one of the largest ethnic enclaves of Koryo-saram in South Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2022)</figcaption></figure> <p>There was some minor return migration of Soviet Koreans to Korea in the first half of the 20th century. They formed four main groups: those <a href="/wiki/Maki_Mirage" title="Maki Mirage">sent for intelligence work</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Japanese colonial period</a>, the Red Army personnel who arrived in 1945–1946, civilian advisors and teachers who arrived in the northern half of the peninsula in 1946–1948 and individuals who repatriated from the Soviet Union to North Korea for personal reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELankov2002112_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELankov2002112-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though it was common in most of the newly socialist countries of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> to receive Soviet-educated personnel who were from the country or had ancestral ethnic connections there, in North Korea such returned members of national diaspora played a more important role than in other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELankov2002111_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELankov2002111-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, labour migration to South Korea would grow to a large size. As of 2005<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koryo-saram&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, as many as 10,000 Uzbekistani nationals worked in South Korea, with most of them being ethnic Koreans. It is estimated that <a href="/wiki/Remittances" class="mw-redirect" title="Remittances">remittances</a> from South Korea to Uzbekistan exceed $100 million annually.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of Koryo-saram communities now exist in South Korea, including <a href="/wiki/Ttaetgol_Village" title="Ttaetgol Village">Ttaetgol Village</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gwangju_Koryoin_Village" title="Gwangju Koryoin Village">Gwangju Koryoin Village</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hambak_Village" title="Hambak Village">Hambak Village</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Jeon-2021_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeon-2021-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Texas_Street" title="Texas Street">Texas Street</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia_Street" title="Central Asia Street">Central Asia Street</a> in Seoul.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of these communities are also host to Russian speakers of other ethnicities.<sup id="cite_ref-Jeon-2021_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeon-2021-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Koryo-saram have consistently reported feeling social isolation or even employment discrimination<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when in Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-Korea_JoongAng_Daily-2012_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korea_JoongAng_Daily-2012-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The experience of returnees has been portrayed in media, such as the 2011 film <i><a href="/wiki/Hanaan" title="Hanaan">Hanaan</a></i>, by Koryo-saram director Ruslan Pak.<sup id="cite_ref-Korea_JoongAng_Daily-2012_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korea_JoongAng_Daily-2012-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koryo-saram&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Black; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 298.17653892067px; border-left-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 289.6981868486px; border-left-color:DarkBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 277.7606853915px; border-left-color:DarkGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkGreen"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 124.9812545238px; border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 18.16586821549px; border-left-color:Grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Grey"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 2447.176077809px 100px 0; border-right-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion of Koryo-saram </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DodgerBlue; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (49.35%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Grey; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a> (28.51%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (11.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkGreen; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (5.24%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkBlue; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> (0.21%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Others (0.14%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Black; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Not Answered (5.16%)</div> </div> </div></div><p>After their arrival in Central Asia, the Koryo-saram quickly established a way of life different from that of neighbouring peoples. They set up irrigation works and became known throughout the region as rice farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2000141_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2000141-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They interacted little with the nomadic peoples around them and focused on education. Although they soon ceased to wear <a href="/wiki/Hanbok" title="Hanbok">traditional Korean clothing</a>, they adopted Western-style dress rather than the clothing worn by the Central Asian peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200040_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200040-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ritual life of the Koryo-saram community has changed in various respects. Marriages have taken on the Russian style.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2000249_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2000249-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Korean_traditional_funeral" title="Korean traditional funeral">Korean traditional funerals</a>, the coffin is taken out of the house either through the window or a single door threshold; however, if there is more than one door threshold on the way out (e.g. in modern multi-stories buildings), three notches are made on each threshold.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name of the dead is traditionally written in <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">hanja</a>; however, as hardly anyone is left among the Koryo-saram who can write in hanja, the name is generally written in <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">hangul</a> only. On the other hand, the rituals for the first birthday and sixtieth anniversary have been preserved in their traditional form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2000250_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2000250-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In New York City, United States, there is the <a href="/wiki/All_Nations_Baptist_Church" title="All Nations Baptist Church">All Nations Baptist Church</a>, a Russian-speaking Christian church for Koryo-saram.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koryo-saram&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Koryo-saram_cuisine" title="Koryo-saram cuisine">Koryo-saram cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean-style_carrot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Korean-style_carrot.jpg/220px-Korean-style_carrot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Korean-style_carrot.jpg/330px-Korean-style_carrot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Korean-style_carrot.jpg/440px-Korean-style_carrot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3204" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Morkovcha" title="Morkovcha">Morkovcha</a> (Korean carrot salad)</figcaption></figure> <p>The cuisine of the Koryo-saram is closest to that of the <a href="/wiki/Hamgyong_Province" title="Hamgyong Province">Hamgyong provinces</a> in North Korea and is dominated by meat soups and salty side dishes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2000249_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2000249-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It uses similar cooking techniques but is adapted to local ingredients, which resulted in invention of new dishes. One well-known example is <i><a href="/wiki/Morkovcha" title="Morkovcha">morkovcha</a></i>, a variant of <a href="/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi">kimchi</a> that uses carrots. It has become popular in many parts of the former Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other examples of dishes include <i><a href="/wiki/Pyanse" title="Pyanse">pyanse</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kuksu" title="Kuksu">kuksu</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Funchoza" title="Funchoza">funchoza</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>timpeni</i>, <i>khe</i>, <i>chartagi</i>, <i>kadi che</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">가지채</span></span>), <a href="/wiki/Pteridium_aquilinum#Korea" title="Pteridium aquilinum"><i>kosari che</i></a>, <i>chirgym che</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Siryak-tyamuri" title="Siryak-tyamuri">siryak-tyamuri</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>kadyuri</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_and_family_names">Personal and family names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koryo-saram&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Personal and family names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="float:right;"> <caption>Korean surnames in<br />Romanization/Cyrillization<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Korean_names_in_Russian" title="Template:Korean names in Russian"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Korean_names_in_Russian" title="Template talk:Korean names in Russian"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Korean_names_in_Russian" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Korean names in Russian"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="3">Korean<br />(<a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">RR</a>) </th> <th colspan="2">Russian<br />(<a href="/wiki/BGN/PCGN_romanization_of_Russian" title="BGN/PCGN romanization of Russian">BGN</a>) </th> <th>Alterative English<br />Spellings </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="125"> </td> <td>안</td> <td>安 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/An_(Korean_surname)" title="An (Korean surname)">An</a> </td> <td>Ан </td> <td>An </td> <td>Ahn </td></tr> <tr> <td>배</td> <td>裵 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bae_(surname)" title="Bae (surname)">Bae</a> </td> <td>Бя<br />Пягай </td> <td>Bya<br />Pyagay </td> <td>Pae </td></tr> <tr> <td>백</td> <td>白 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baek" title="Baek">Baek</a> </td> <td>Пэк<br />Пяк </td> <td>P∙ek<br />Pyak </td> <td>Baik<br />Paek </td></tr> <tr> <td>박</td> <td>朴 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Park_(Korean_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Park (Korean name)">Bak</a> </td> <td>Пак </td> <td>Pak </td> <td>Park </td></tr> <tr> <td>반</td> <td>潘 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pan_(surname)" title="Pan (surname)">Ban</a> </td> <td>Пан </td> <td>Pan </td> <td>Pahn </td></tr> <tr> <td>방</td> <td>方<br />房 </td> <td>Bang </td> <td>Пан </td> <td>Pan </td> <td>Pang<br />Phang </td></tr> <tr> <td>부</td> <td>夫<br />傅 </td> <td>Bu </td> <td>Пу<br />Пугай </td> <td>Pu<br />Pugay </td> <td>Booh<br />Pooh </td></tr> <tr> <td>변</td> <td>卞<br />邊 </td> <td>Byeon </td> <td>Пён </td> <td>Pyon </td> <td>Pyoun </td></tr> <tr> <td>차</td> <td>車 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cha_(Korean_surname)" title="Cha (Korean surname)">Cha</a> </td> <td>Ча<br />Чагай </td> <td>Cha<br />Chagay </td> <td>Char<br />Tchah </td></tr> <tr> <td>채</td> <td>蔡 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chae" title="Chae">Chae</a> </td> <td>Цай </td> <td>Tsay </td> <td>Chai </td></tr> <tr> <td>천</td> <td>千 </td> <td>Cheon </td> <td>Чен </td> <td>Chen </td> <td>Choun </td></tr> <tr> <td>최</td> <td>崔 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Choi_(Korean_surname)" title="Choi (Korean surname)">Choe</a> </td> <td>Цой<br />Цхай<br />Цхой </td> <td>Tsoy<br />Tskhay<br />Tskhoy </td> <td>Choi<br />Chey<br />Choy </td></tr> <tr> <td>엄</td> <td>嚴 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Um_(Korean_surname)" title="Um (Korean surname)">Eom</a> </td> <td>Эм </td> <td>Em </td> <td>Oum </td></tr> <tr> <td>강</td> <td>姜<br />康<br />强<br />彊<br />剛 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kang_(Korean_surname)" title="Kang (Korean surname)">Gang</a> </td> <td>Кан </td> <td>Kan </td> <td>Kang </td></tr> <tr> <td>김</td> <td>金 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kim_(Korean_surname)" title="Kim (Korean surname)">Gim</a> </td> <td>Ким </td> <td>Kim </td> <td>Kim </td></tr> <tr> <td>고</td> <td>高 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ko_(Korean_surname)" title="Ko (Korean surname)">Go</a> </td> <td>Ко<br />Когай </td> <td>Ko<br />Kogay </td> <td>Koh </td></tr> <tr> <td>구</td> <td>具 </td> <td>Gu </td> <td>Ку </td> <td>Ku </td> <td>Koo </td></tr> <tr> <td>곽</td> <td>郭 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kwak_(Korean_surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwak (Korean surname)">Gwak</a> </td> <td>Квак </td> <td>Kvak </td> <td>Kwak </td></tr> <tr> <td>권</td> <td>權 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kwon" title="Kwon">Gwon</a> </td> <td>Кван<br />Квон </td> <td>Kvan<br />Kvon </td> <td>Kwon </td></tr> <tr> <td>한</td> <td>韓 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Han_(Korean_surname)" title="Han (Korean surname)">Han</a> </td> <td>Хан </td> <td>Khan </td> <td>Hahn </td></tr> <tr> <td>허</td> <td>許 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heo" title="Heo">Heo</a> </td> <td>Хе<br />Хегай </td> <td>Khe<br />Khegay<br />Khegai </td> <td>Huh<br />Hur </td></tr> <tr> <td>홍</td> <td>洪 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hong_(Korean_surname)" title="Hong (Korean surname)">Hong</a> </td> <td>Хон </td> <td>Khon </td> <td>Houng </td></tr> <tr> <td>황</td> <td>黃 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hwang_(Korean_surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hwang (Korean surname)">Hwang</a> </td> <td>Хван </td> <td>Khvan </td> <td>Hwang </td></tr> <tr> <td>현</td> <td>玄 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyun_(Korean_name)" title="Hyun (Korean name)">Hyeon</a> </td> <td>Хён </td> <td>Khyon </td> <td>Hyoun </td></tr> <tr> <td>이<br />리</td> <td>李 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lee_(Korean_surname)" title="Lee (Korean surname)">I</a><br />Ri </td> <td>И<br />Ли<br />Лигай<br />Ни<br />Нигай </td> <td>I<br />Li<br />Ligay<br />Ni<br />Nigay </td> <td>Lee<br />Rhee<br />Yi </td></tr> <tr> <td>임<br />림</td> <td>林 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Im_(Korean_surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Im (Korean surname)">Im</a><br />Rim </td> <td>Им<br />Лим </td> <td>Im<br />Lim </td> <td>Rhim<br />Yim </td></tr> <tr> <td>인</td> <td>印 </td> <td>In </td> <td>Ин </td> <td>In </td> <td>Yin </td></tr> <tr> <td>장</td> <td>張 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jang_(Korean_surname)" title="Jang (Korean surname)">Jang</a> </td> <td>Тян<br />Чан </td> <td>Tyan<br />Chan </td> <td>Chang<br />Jang </td></tr> <tr> <td>전</td> <td>全<br />田 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jeon_(Korean_surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeon (Korean surname)">Jeon</a> </td> <td>Тен </td> <td>Ten </td> <td>Chun<br />Jun </td></tr> <tr> <td>정</td> <td>鄭<br />丁 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chung_(Korean_surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chung (Korean surname)">Jeong</a> </td> <td>Тен<br />Чжен </td> <td>Ten<br />Chzhen </td> <td>Chung<br />Tseung </td></tr> <tr> <td>지</td> <td>池<br />智 </td> <td>Ji </td> <td>Ти<br />Тигай </td> <td>Ti<br />Tigay </td> <td>Chi<br />Jee </td></tr> <tr> <td>진</td> <td>陳 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jin_(Korean_surname)" title="Jin (Korean surname)">Jin</a> </td> <td>Чен </td> <td>Chen </td> <td>Chin </td></tr> <tr> <td>조</td> <td>趙<br />曺 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cho_(Korean_surname)" title="Cho (Korean surname)">Jo</a> </td> <td>Дё<br />Тё </td> <td>Dyo<br />Tyo </td> <td>Cho </td></tr> <tr> <td>주</td> <td>朱<br />周 </td> <td>Ju </td> <td>Дю<br />Дюгай<br />Дзю<br />Тюгай<br />Цзю </td> <td>Dyu<br />Dyugay<br />Dzyu<br />Tyugay<br />Tszyu </td> <td>Chu </td></tr> <tr> <td>마</td> <td>馬<br />麻 </td> <td>Ma </td> <td>Ма<br />Магай </td> <td>Ma<br />Magay </td> <td>Mar<br />Mha </td></tr> <tr> <td>맹</td> <td>孟 </td> <td>Maeng </td> <td>Мян </td> <td>Myan </td> <td>Maeing </td></tr> <tr> <td>민</td> <td>閔 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Min_(Korean_surname)" title="Min (Korean surname)">Min</a> </td> <td>Мин </td> <td>Min </td> <td>Mhin </td></tr> <tr> <td>문</td> <td>門<br />文 </td> <td>Mun </td> <td>Мун </td> <td>Mun </td> <td>Moon </td></tr> <tr> <td>명</td> <td>明 </td> <td>Myeong </td> <td>Мён </td> <td>Myon </td> <td>Myoung </td></tr> <tr> <td>나<br />라</td> <td>羅 </td> <td>Na<br />Ra </td> <td>На<br />Ра<br /> </td> <td>Na<br />Ra </td> <td>La<br />Rha </td></tr> <tr> <td>남</td> <td>南 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nam_(Korean_surname)" title="Nam (Korean surname)">Nam</a> </td> <td>Нам </td> <td>Nam </td> <td>Nahm </td></tr> <tr> <td>노<br />로</td> <td>盧<br />魯<br />路 </td> <td>No<br />Ro </td> <td>Но<br />Ногай<br />Ро </td> <td>No<br />Nogay<br />Ro </td> <td>Nho<br />Noh<br />Rho </td></tr> <tr> <td>오</td> <td>伍<br />吳 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/O_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="O (surname)">O</a> </td> <td>О<br />Огай </td> <td>O<br />Ogay </td> <td>Au<br />Oe<br />Oh </td></tr> <tr> <td>유</td> <td>兪<br />劉 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yoo_(Korean_surname)" title="Yoo (Korean surname)">Yu</a> </td> <td>Ю<br />Югай </td> <td>Yu<br />Yugay </td> <td>Yoo<br />You </td></tr> <tr> <td>류</td> <td>柳 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yoo_(Korean_surname)" title="Yoo (Korean surname)">Ryu</a> </td> <td>Ю<br />Югай, Люгай </td> <td>Yu<br />Yugay, Lyugay </td> <td>Ryoo<br />Ryou </td></tr> <tr> <td>서</td> <td>徐 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seo_(surname)" title="Seo (surname)">Seo</a> </td> <td>Ше<br />Шегай </td> <td>She<br />Shegay </td> <td>So<br />Sur </td></tr> <tr> <td>석</td> <td>石<br />昔 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seok_(Korean_name)" title="Seok (Korean name)">Seok</a> </td> <td>Шек </td> <td>Shek </td> <td>Suk </td></tr> <tr> <td>설</td> <td>薛<br />偰 </td> <td>Seol </td> <td>Шер </td> <td>Sher </td> <td>Sol<br />Sull </td></tr> <tr> <td>성</td> <td>成 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seong" title="Seong">Seong</a> </td> <td>Сен </td> <td>Sen </td> <td>Song </td></tr> <tr> <td>심</td> <td>沈 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sim_(Korean_surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sim (Korean surname)">Sim</a> </td> <td>Сим<br />Шим </td> <td>Sim<br />Shim </td> <td>Seem<br />Sheem </td></tr> <tr> <td>신</td> <td>申<br />辛<br />愼 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shin_(Korean_surname)" title="Shin (Korean surname)">Sin</a> </td> <td>Син<br />Шин </td> <td>Sin<br />Shin </td> <td>Seen<br />Sheen </td></tr> <tr> <td>손</td> <td>孫 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Son_(Korean_surname)" title="Son (Korean surname)">Son</a> </td> <td>Сон </td> <td>Son </td> <td>Sohn </td></tr> <tr> <td>송</td> <td>宋 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Song_(Korean_surname)" title="Song (Korean surname)">Song</a> </td> <td>Сон </td> <td>Son </td> <td>Sung </td></tr> <tr> <td>태</td> <td>太 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tae_(Korean_surname)" title="Tae (Korean surname)">Tae</a> </td> <td>Тхай<br />Тхя </td> <td>Tkhay<br />Tkhya </td> <td>Tai<br />Tay </td></tr> <tr> <td>우</td> <td>禹 </td> <td>U </td> <td>У<br />Угай </td> <td>U<br />Ugay </td> <td>Ou<br />Woo </td></tr> <tr> <td>왕</td> <td>王 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wang_(surname)#Korea" title="Wang (surname)">Wang</a> </td> <td>Ван </td> <td>Van </td> <td>(none) </td></tr> <tr> <td>원</td> <td>元 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Won_(Korean_surname)" title="Won (Korean surname)">Won</a> </td> <td>Вон </td> <td>Von </td> <td>Woon </td></tr> <tr> <td>양<br />량</td> <td>梁 </td> <td>Yang<br />Ryang </td> <td>Лян<br />Рян<br />Ян </td> <td>Lyan<br />Ryan<br />Yan </td> <td>Lyang<br />Ryang<br />Yaung </td></tr> <tr> <td>여<br />려</td> <td>余<br />呂<br />汝 </td> <td>Yeo<br />Ryeo </td> <td>Ё<br />Ёгай </td> <td>Yo<br />Yogay </td> <td>Yea<br />Yo<br />Yu </td></tr> <tr> <td>염<br />렴</td> <td>廉 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yeom" title="Yeom">Yeom</a><br />Ryeom </td> <td>Ём<br />Лём </td> <td>Yom<br />Lyom </td> <td>Yeoum </td></tr> <tr> <td>연<br />련</td> <td>延<br />燕<br />連 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yeon" title="Yeon">Yeon</a><br />Ryeon </td> <td>Ён </td> <td>Yon </td> <td>Yeoun </td></tr> <tr> <td>윤</td> <td>尹 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yoon_(Korean_surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoon (Korean surname)">Yun</a> </td> <td>Юн </td> <td>Yun </td> <td>Yoon </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_family_names" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Korean family names">List of Korean family names</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Korean" title="Cyrillization of Korean">Cyrillization of Korean</a></div> <p>Many Korean surnames, when Cyrillized, are spelled and pronounced slightly differently from the romanisations used in the U.S. and the resulting common pronunciations, as can be seen in the table at right. Some surnames of Koryo-saram have a particle "gai" added to them, such as Kogai or Nogai. The origin of this is unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim20033_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim20033-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The introduction of international passports by newly independent CIS countries, resulted in further differences in pronunciation as Korean surnames had to be transliterated from Cyrillic into Latin. In addition to a surname, Koreans also use clan names (known as <i><a href="/wiki/Bongwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bongwan">bongwan</a></i> in Korea and pronounced as пой among Koryo-saram) denoting the place of origin.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Korean_name" title="Korean name">Korean naming practices</a> and <a href="/wiki/Names_in_Russian_Empire,_Soviet_Union_and_CIS_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Names in Russian Empire, Soviet Union and CIS countries">Russian naming practices</a> are different – Koryo-saram use Russian name practices, but Korean surnames and sometimes Korean names. But most often Christian names are used from the saints of the Russian Orthodox Church, typical for Russians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Patronymics">Patronymics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koryo-saram&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Patronymics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Koryo-saram" title="Special:EditPage/Koryo-saram">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Koryo-saram%22">"Koryo-saram"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Koryo-saram%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Koryo-saram%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Koryo-saram%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Koryo-saram%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Koryo-saram%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Legislation of the Russian Empire in issuing documents required the father's name. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5_%D1%81_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC._25_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_2024_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0._Tatarstan.ru_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5_%D1%81_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC._25_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_2024_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0._Tatarstan.ru_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5_%D1%81_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC._25_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_2024_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0._Tatarstan.ru_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5_%D1%81_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC._25_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_2024_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0._Tatarstan.ru_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5_%D1%81_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC._25_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_2024_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0._Tatarstan.ru_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5_%D1%81_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC._25_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_2024_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0._Tatarstan.ru_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5_%D1%81_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC._25_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_2024_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0._Tatarstan.ru_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1507" data-file-height="1788" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tatyana_Kim" title="Tatyana Kim">Tatyana Kim</a> is founder and CEO of <a href="/wiki/Wildberries" title="Wildberries">Wildberries</a>, Russia's largest online retailer, and the country's first self-made woman billionaire.<br />(photo with old surname before returning to née surname <i>Kim</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Koreans began with the use of patronymics that were formed from the Korean names of their fathers. Over time, as the proportion of Christians increased, Koreans were given, in accordance with the tradition of the Russian Orthodox Church, names from the general list of revered saints. </p><p>Currently, 80% of Koryo-saram have a record of their Korean names. This differs from the pattern typical in the US, where <a href="/wiki/Korean-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean-American">Korean American</a> parents often register their children with a Korean given name as their legal middle name (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dae_Kim" title="Daniel Dae Kim">Daniel Dae Kim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Hongju_Koh" title="Harold Hongju Koh">Harold Hongju Koh</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Surnames_of_married_women">Surnames of married women</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koryo-saram&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Surnames of married women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Married_and_maiden_names#Russia_and_some_Slavic_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Married and maiden names">Married and maiden names § Russia and some Slavic countries</a></div> <p>In Korea, until the 20th century, women were generally called by their family name. Nobles received as a pseudo-name the name of the estate in which they lived and this did not change when getting married. </p><p>The preservation of his wife's name has been preserved as a tradition among modern Koreans, after women began to be given names. </p><p>The Koreans began to migrate to the Russian Empire in 1864 long before women were allowed to be given names in modern Korean tradition in Korea. </p><p>Legislation of the Russian Empire required the mandatory presence of the surname of the name and patronymic name for everyone. Including poor serf wives. When they were married they were given the surname of the husband, a patronymic formed on behalf of the father and given a name from the Sviatcy (List of names of saints of the Orthodox Church). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Generation_names">Generation names</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koryo-saram&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Generation names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Korea, it is common for siblings and cousins of the same generation to have one <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">hanja</a> syllable in common among all of their names; this is known as <i><a href="/wiki/Generation_name" title="Generation name">dollimja</a></i>. Russians have no equivalent practice, although they do have <a href="/wiki/Patronym" class="mw-redirect" title="Patronym">patronyms</a> which the Koryo-saram have for the most part adopted. Therefore, Koryo-saram do not use generation names. They use, depending on religion, either a name from Sviatcy or a name arbitrarily chosen from the hanja character used in Korea to form names. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koryo-saram&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Koryo-mar" title="Koryo-mar">Koryo-mar</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <caption>Languages among the Soviet Union's Korean population<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrosterud2000Tables_for_1970,_1979,_and_1989_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrosterud2000Tables_for_1970,_1979,_and_1989-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>1970 </th> <th>1979 </th> <th>1989 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Total population </th> <td>357,507 </td> <td>388,926 </td> <td>438,650 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Korean <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a> </th> <td>245,076 </td> <td>215,504 </td> <td>216,811 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Russian <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a> </th> <td>111,949 </td> <td>172,710 </td> <td>219,953 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Russian <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a> </th> <td>179,776 </td> <td>185,357 </td> <td>189,929 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Other <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a> </th> <td>6,034 </td> <td>8,938 </td> <td>16,217 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Due to deportation and the continuing urbanization of the population after 1952, the command of Korean among the Koryo-saram has continued to fall. This contrasts with other more rural minority groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Dungan_people" title="Dungan people">Dungan</a>, who have maintained a higher level of proficiency in their ethnic language. In 1989, the most recent year for which data are available, the number of Russian mother tongue speakers among the Koryo-saram population overtook that of Korean mother tongue speakers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koryo-saram&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of places in multiple countries that can be visited to learn about Koryo-saram history and culture. <a href="/wiki/Korean_Cultural_Centers" title="Korean Cultural Centers">Korean Cultural Centers</a> throughout the former Soviet Union, such as the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Cultural_Center,_Ussuriysk" title="Korean Cultural Center, Ussuriysk">one in Ussuriysk, Russia</a>, offer cultural experiences and sometimes museums on Koryo-saram and Korean history.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Kazakhstan there is a number of places. In Ushtobe, there is a <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93Korea_Friendship_Park" title="Kazakhstan–Korea Friendship Park">Kazakhstan–Korea Friendship Park</a> that marks where the Koryo-saram first settled in Kazakhstan. It has a Korean cemetery and memorials for Koryo-saram figures.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in Ushtobe, the <a href="/wiki/Karatal_Korean_History_Center" title="Karatal Korean History Center">Karatal Korean History Center</a> has a museum with authentic houses and historical materials on display.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Almaty, there is the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Theatre_of_Kazakhstan" title="Korean Theatre of Kazakhstan">Korean Theatre</a>, where one can watch plays in Korean with Russian subtitles.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In South Korea, one can visit the various enclaves they live in, as well as visit a history museum in Gwangju Koryoin Village.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In New York City, United States, the restaurant <a href="/wiki/Cafe_Lily" title="Cafe Lily">Cafe Lily</a> is operated by Koryo-saram, and serves Koryo-saram cuisine.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koryo-saram&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Korea_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Korea_Map.svg/28px-Korea_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Korea_Map.svg/42px-Korea_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Korea_Map.svg/56px-Korea_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Korea" class="mw-disambig" title="Portal:Korea">Korea portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Koreans_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union">Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_people" title="Dungan people">Dungan</a>, the Turkic name for <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> who settled in Central Asia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_diaspora" title="Korean diaspora">Korean diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Kamchatka" title="Koreans in Kamchatka">Koreans in Kamchatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Koryo-saram" title="List of Koryo-saram">List of Koryo-saram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Korea" title="Russians in Korea">Russians in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="North Korea–Russia relations">North Korea–Russia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Russia–South Korea relations">Russia–South Korea relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a>, whose predecessors were founded by Korean nationalists in exile in the Soviet Union.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koryo-saram&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nouns in Korean do not inflect for number unless it is needed to avoid ambiguity, therefore "<i>saram</i>" translates as either "<i>person</i>" or "<i>people</i>" depending on context.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Old name of Posyet at the date of foundation in 1860 was Novgorodsky Posyet. The korean source says it is Novgorod bay, however by context, it means Novgorodsky bay, which can be translated as bay of Novgorod by the Russian "-sky".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The region already had a Korean house in 1874, and was the biggest Korean village among the 7 villages recorded in the 1907 Russian census. The town was abandoned after the 1911 order by the Russian authorities due to cholera concerns. and the old town became the new base for the Russian Kazakh military.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koryo-saram&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2021/08/20/ethnic-groups/">"Опубликованы данные об этническом составе населения Узбекистана"</a> [Data on the ethnic composition of the population of Uzbekistan has been published]. 20 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D0%B1+%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.date=2021-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazeta.uz%2Fru%2F2021%2F08%2F20%2Fethnic-groups%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoryo-saram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx">"Национальный состав населения Российской Федерации согласно переписи населения 2021 года"</a> [National composition of the population of the Russian Federation according to the 2021 population census]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221230204643/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+2021+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fstorage%2Fmediabank%2FTom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoryo-saram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stat.gov.kg/en/opendata/category/312/">"Total population by nationality - Open Data - Statistics of the Kyrgyz Republic"</a>. <i>National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Statistics+Committee+of+the+Kyrgyz+Republic&rft.atitle=Total+population+by+nationality+-+Open+Data+-+Statistics+of+the+Kyrgyz+Republic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.gov.kg%2Fen%2Fopendata%2Fcategory%2F312%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoryo-saram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul1/select_5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=50&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20%20%20%20%20%20%20&n_page=3">"сеукраїнський перепис населення 2001 - Результати - Національний склад населення, мовні ознаки, громадянство - Розподіл населення за національністю та рідною мовою - корейці"</a> [Ukrainian census 2001 - Results - National composition of the population, linguistic characteristics, citizenship - Distribution of the population by nationality and native language - Koreans]. <i>www.2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua&rft.atitle=%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+2001+-+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8+-+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96+%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%2C+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+-+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8E+%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8E+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8E+-+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%96&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua%2Fresults%2Fnationality_population%2Fnationality_popul1%2Fselect_5%2F%3Fbotton%3Dcens_db%26box%3D5.1W%26k_t%3D00%26p%3D50%26rz%3D1_1%26rz_b%3D2_1%2520%2520%2520%2520%2520%2520%2520%26n_page%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoryo-saram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624062134/http://asgabat.net/stati/obschestvo/nacionalnyi-i-religioznyi-sostav-naselenija-turkmenistana-segodnja.html">"今話題のニュース配信サービス"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asgabat.net/stati/obschestvo/nacionalnyi-i-religioznyi-sostav-naselenija-turkmenistana-segodnja.html">the original</a> on 2016-06-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%BB%8A%E8%A9%B1%E9%A1%8C%E3%81%AE%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E9%85%8D%E4%BF%A1%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%93%E3%82%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasgabat.net%2Fstati%2Fobschestvo%2Fnacionalnyi-i-religioznyi-sostav-naselenija-turkmenistana-segodnja.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoryo-saram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116004155/http://stat.tj/en/img/526b8592e834fcaaccec26a22965ea2b_1355502192.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>stat.tj</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stat.tj/en/img/526b8592e834fcaaccec26a22965ea2b_1355502192.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.tj&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstat.tj%2Fen%2Fimg%2F526b8592e834fcaaccec26a22965ea2b_1355502192.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoryo-saram" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belstat.gov.by/upload/iblock/345/34515eeb3bb5f4ea5ca53b72290e9595.pdf">"НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ СТАТИСТИЧЕСКИЙ КОМИТЕТ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ"</a> [NATIONAL STATISTICAL COMMITTEE OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Russian). p. 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%AC%D0%9D%D0%AB%D0%99+%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%A7%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%99+%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%9C%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%A2+%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%A3%D0%91%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%98+%D0%91%D0%95%D0%9B%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%A3%D0%A1%D0%AC&rft.pages=32&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belstat.gov.by%2Fupload%2Fiblock%2F345%2F34515eeb3bb5f4ea5ca53b72290e9595.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoryo-saram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://andmed.stat.ee/en/stat/rahvaloendus__rel2021__rahvastiku-demograafilised-ja-etno-kultuurilised-naitajad__rahvus-emakeel/RL21428/table/tableViewLayout2">"POPULATION, 31 DECEMBER 2021 by Year, Ethnic nationality, Place of residence and Sex"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=POPULATION%2C+31+DECEMBER+2021+by+Year%2C+Ethnic+nationality%2C+Place+of+residence+and+Sex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fandmed.stat.ee%2Fen%2Fstat%2Frahvaloendus__rel2021__rahvastiku-demograafilised-ja-etno-kultuurilised-naitajad__rahvus-emakeel%2FRL21428%2Ftable%2FtableViewLayout2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoryo-saram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlyter2004Footnote_10-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlyter2004Footnote_10_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchlyter2004">Schlyter 2004</a>, Footnote 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asiapacific.ca/publication/ukrainian-refugees-korean-descent-seek-fresh-start-south">"Ukrainian Refugees of Korean Descent Seek Fresh Start in South Korea"</a>. <i>Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94%EA%B5%90%EB%A5%98%EC%A7%84%ED%9D%A5%EC%9B%90&rft.atitle=%ED%95%9C%EC%8B%9D+%EB%8C%80%EC%A4%91%ED%99%94%EC%9D%98+%EC%9D%BC%EB%93%B1+%EA%B3%B5%EC%8B%A0+%EA%B3%A0%EB%A0%A4%EC%9D%B8+%EB%8F%99%ED%8F%AC%2C+%EA%B7%B8%EB%93%A4%EC%9D%84+%EC%9C%84%ED%95%9C+%EB%B0%B0%EB%A0%A4%EC%9D%98+%ED%95%84%EC%9A%94%EC%84%B1&rft.date=2017-02-28&rft.aulast=%EC%9D%B4&rft.aufirst=%EB%AA%85%EC%88%99&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkofice.or.kr%2Fc30correspondent%2Fc30_correspondent_02_view.asp%3Fseq%3D13516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoryo-saram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mixmarkt.eu/en/germany/recipes/Rezept/1/salat-funchoza/">"Korean glass noodle salad "Funchosa" detailed photo and video recipe"</a>. <i>Mix Markt</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mix+Markt&rft.atitle=Korean+glass+noodle+salad+%22Funchosa%22+detailed+photo+and+video+recipe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mixmarkt.eu%2Fen%2Fgermany%2Frecipes%2FRezept%2F1%2Fsalat-funchoza%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoryo-saram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF이2011" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script">이, 은주 (2011-11-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView.php?id=20111102024008"><bdi lang="ko">우리 음식 지켜 온 중앙亞 고려인들</bdi></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Shinmun" title="Seoul Shinmun">Seoul Shinmun</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seoul+Shinmun&rft.atitle=%EC%9A%B0%EB%A6%AC+%EC%9D%8C%EC%8B%9D+%EC%A7%80%EC%BC%9C+%EC%98%A8+%EC%A4%91%EC%95%99%E4%BA%9E+%EA%B3%A0%EB%A0%A4%EC%9D%B8%EB%93%A4&rft.date=2011-11-02&rft.aulast=%EC%9D%B4&rft.aufirst=%EC%9D%80%EC%A3%BC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seoul.co.kr%2Fnews%2FnewsView.php%3Fid%3D20111102024008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoryo-saram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim20033-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim20033_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim2003">Kim 2003</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2001" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kim, Yong-un (June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arirang.ru/bons/bons.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Корейские боны (пои)</bdi></a> [Korean bons (poi)]. <i>Ariran</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ariran&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B+%28%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B8%29&rft.date=2001-06&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Yong-un&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arirang.ru%2Fbons%2Fbons.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoryo-saram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrosterud2000Tables_for_1970,_1979,_and_1989-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrosterud2000Tables_for_1970,_1979,_and_1989_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrosterud2000">Trosterud 2000</a>, Tables for 1970, 1979, and 1989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/culture/2023/10/199_265244.html">"Ussuriysk, foothold of Korea's independence movement"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Times" title="The Korea Times">The Korea Times</a></i>. 2019-03-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Times&rft.atitle=Ussuriysk%2C+foothold+of+Korea%27s+independence+movement&rft.date=2019-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreatimes.co.kr%2Fwww%2Fculture%2F2023%2F10%2F199_265244.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoryo-saram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.okpedia.kr/Contents/ContentsView?localCode=cis&contentsId=GC95300933"><bdi lang="ko">우수리스크 고려인문화센터</bdi></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Overseas_Korean_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Overseas Korean Culture">Encyclopedia of Overseas Korean Culture</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Overseas+Korean+Culture&rft.atitle=%EC%9A%B0%EC%88%98%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%81%AC+%EA%B3%A0%EB%A0%A4%EC%9D%B8%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94%EC%84%BC%ED%84%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.okpedia.kr%2FContents%2FContentsView%3FlocalCode%3Dcis%26contentsId%3DGC95300933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoryo-saram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF권2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">권, 형석 (2022-08-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chosun.com/culture-life/culture_general/2022/08/16/YNP3KT5R2RABVK4NYSV37UQQC4/"><bdi lang="ko">고려인 최초 정착지에 세운 '추모의 벽'… 15人 독립영웅 우뚝</bdi></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chosun_Ilbo" title="The Chosun Ilbo">The Chosun Ilbo</a></i> (in Korean)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Chosun+Ilbo&rft.atitle=%EA%B3%A0%EB%A0%A4%EC%9D%B8+%EC%B5%9C%EC%B4%88+%EC%A0%95%EC%B0%A9%EC%A7%80%EC%97%90+%EC%84%B8%EC%9A%B4+%27%EC%B6%94%EB%AA%A8%EC%9D%98+%EB%B2%BD%27%E2%80%A6+15%E4%BA%BA+%EB%8F%85%EB%A6%BD%EC%98%81%EC%9B%85+%EC%9A%B0%EB%9A%9D&rft.date=2022-08-15&rft.aulast=%EA%B6%8C&rft.aufirst=%ED%98%95%EC%84%9D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chosun.com%2Fculture-life%2Fculture_general%2F2022%2F08%2F16%2FYNP3KT5R2RABVK4NYSV37UQQC4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoryo-saram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhLee2019" class="citation web cs1">Oh, Hyun Woo; Lee, Jihae (November 8, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=179004">"Park in Kazakhstan honoring ethnic Koreans to be built"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Korea.net" title="Korea.net">Korea.net</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Korea.net&rft.atitle=Park+in+Kazakhstan+honoring+ethnic+Koreans+to+be+built&rft.date=2019-11-08&rft.aulast=Oh&rft.aufirst=Hyun+Woo&rft.au=Lee%2C+Jihae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.korea.net%2FNewsFocus%2FCulture%2Fview%3FarticleId%3D179004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoryo-saram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://koreans.kz/news/muzey-istorii-kore-saram-v-ushtobe.html?lang=ru">"Музей истории коре сарам в Уштобе"</a> [Museum of the History of Koryo Saram in Ushtob]. <i>KOREANS.KZ</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KOREANS.KZ&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%B2+%D0%A3%D1%88%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkoreans.kz%2Fnews%2Fmuzey-istorii-kore-saram-v-ushtobe.html%3Flang%3Dru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoryo-saram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwon2023" class="citation web cs1">Kwon, Mee-yoo (2023-08-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2023/10/120_357393.html">"Korean Theater of Kazakhstan carries legacy of independence fighter"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Times" title="The Korea Times">The Korea Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Times&rft.atitle=Korean+Theater+of+Kazakhstan+carries+legacy+of+independence+fighter&rft.date=2023-08-19&rft.aulast=Kwon&rft.aufirst=Mee-yoo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreatimes.co.kr%2Fwww%2Fnation%2F2023%2F10%2F120_357393.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoryo-saram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2017/06/25/2017062500574.html"><bdi lang="ko">광주고려인마을, 역사박물관 열었다</bdi></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chosun_Ilbo" title="The Chosun Ilbo">The Chosun Ilbo</a></i> (in Korean). 2017-06-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Chosun+Ilbo&rft.atitle=%EA%B4%91%EC%A3%BC%EA%B3%A0%EB%A0%A4%EC%9D%B8%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%84%2C+%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EB%B0%95%EB%AC%BC%EA%B4%80+%EC%97%B4%EC%97%88%EB%8B%A4&rft.date=2017-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chosun.com%2Fsite%2Fdata%2Fhtml_dir%2F2017%2F06%2F25%2F2017062500574.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoryo-saram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF강2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">강, 성철 (2019-01-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20190104114200371"><bdi lang="ko">광주 고려인마을에 고려인역사박물관 건립 추진</bdi></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Yonhap_News_Agency" title="Yonhap News Agency">Yonhap News Agency</a></i> (in Korean)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yonhap+News+Agency&rft.atitle=%EA%B4%91%EC%A3%BC+%EA%B3%A0%EB%A0%A4%EC%9D%B8%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%84%EC%97%90+%EA%B3%A0%EB%A0%A4%EC%9D%B8%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EB%B0%95%EB%AC%BC%EA%B4%80+%EA%B1%B4%EB%A6%BD+%EC%B6%94%EC%A7%84&rft.date=2019-01-04&rft.aulast=%EA%B0%95&rft.aufirst=%EC%84%B1%EC%B2%A0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yna.co.kr%2Fview%2FAKR20190104114200371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoryo-saram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishan2017" class="citation news cs1">Mishan, Ligaya (2017-02-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/16/dining/cafe-lily-review-bensonhurst-korean-uzbek.html">"At Cafe Lily, the Korean-Uzbek Menu Evokes a Past Exodus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=At+Cafe+Lily%2C+the+Korean-Uzbek+Menu+Evokes+a+Past+Exodus&rft.date=2017-02-16&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Mishan&rft.aufirst=Ligaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F02%2F16%2Fdining%2Fcafe-lily-review-bensonhurst-korean-uzbek.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoryo-saram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koryo-saram&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlekseenko2000" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alekseenko, Aleksandr Nikolaevich (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecsocman.hse.ru/data/632/697/1217/010Alekseenko.pdf"><bdi lang="ru">Республика в зеркале переписей населения</bdi></a> [Republic in the Mirror of the Population Censuses] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Population and Society: Newsletter of the Centre for Demography and Human Ecology</i> (in Russian) (47). Institute of Economic Forecasting of the Russian Academy of Sciences: <span class="nowrap">58–</span>62<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Population+and+Society%3A+Newsletter+of+the+Centre+for+Demography+and+Human+Ecology&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.issue=47&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E58-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Alekseenko&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr+Nikolaevich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecsocman.hse.ru%2Fdata%2F632%2F697%2F1217%2F010Alekseenko.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoryo-saram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBack2004" class="citation journal cs1">Back, Tae-Hyun (2004). "The social reality faced by ethnic Koreans in Central Asia". <i>Korean and Korean American Studies Bulletin</i>. <b>12</b> (<span class="nowrap">2–</span>3): <span class="nowrap">45–</span>88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korean+and+Korean+American+Studies+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+social+reality+faced+by+ethnic+Koreans+in+Central+Asia&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Back&rft.aufirst=Tae-Hyun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoryo-saram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2005" class="citation journal cs1">Chang, Jon (February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081007111253/http://www.koreamjournal.com/Magazine/index.php/kj/2005/february/spotlight/central_asia_or_bust">"Central Asia or Bust"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/KoreAm" title="KoreAm">KoreAm</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koreamjournal.com/Magazine/index.php/kj/2005/february/spotlight/central_asia_or_bust">the original</a> on 7 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KoreAm&rft.atitle=Central+Asia+or+Bust&rft.date=2005-02&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreamjournal.com%2FMagazine%2Findex.php%2Fkj%2F2005%2Ffebruary%2Fspotlight%2Fcentral_asia_or_bust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoryo-saram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDongSu2005" class="citation cs2">Dong, Xiaoyang; Su, Chang (August 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080410040701/http://leav-www.army.mil/fmso/documents/New-Great-Game.pdf">"Strategic Adjustments and Countermeasures against Extremist Forces of Central Asian Countries after 9/11"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, in Charles Hawkins; Robert Love (eds.), <i>Proceedings of the Central Asia Symposium, Monterey, California</i>, Fort Monroe, Virginia: U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command, pp. <span class="nowrap">47–</span>82, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leav-www.army.mil/fmso/documents/New-Great-Game.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Strategic+Adjustments+and+Countermeasures+against+Extremist+Forces+of+Central+Asian+Countries+after+9%2F11&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Central+Asia+Symposium%2C+Monterey%2C+California&rft.place=Fort+Monroe%2C+Virginia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.pub=U.S.+Army+Training+and+Doctrine+Command&rft.date=2005-08&rft.aulast=Dong&rft.aufirst=Xiaoyang&rft.au=Su%2C+Chang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fleav-www.army.mil%2Ffmso%2Fdocuments%2FNew-Great-Game.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoryo-saram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKi2002" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ki, Kwangseo (December 2002), "구소련 한인사회의 역사적 변천과 현실 [Korean society in the former Soviet Union: historical development and realities]", <i>Proceedings of 2002 Conference of the Association for the Study of Overseas Koreans (ASOK)</i> (in Korean), Seoul: Association for the Study of Overseas Koreans</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%EA%B5%AC%EC%86%8C%EB%A0%A8+%ED%95%9C%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%EC%9D%98+%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EC%A0%81+%EB%B3%80%EC%B2%9C%EA%B3%BC+%ED%98%84%EC%8B%A4+%5BKorean+society+in+the+former+Soviet+Union%3A+historical+development+and+realities%5D&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+2002+Conference+of+the+Association+for+the+Study+of+Overseas+Koreans+%28ASOK%29&rft.place=Seoul&rft.pub=Association+for+the+Study+of+Overseas+Koreans&rft.date=2002-12&rft.aulast=Ki&rft.aufirst=Kwangseo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoryo-saram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2003" class="citation cs2">Kim, German Nikolaevich (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031030024707/http://www.koryosaram.freenet.kz/update1/names.doc"><i>Names of Koryo-saram</i></a>, Al-Farabi University, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koryosaram.freenet.kz/update1/names.doc">the original</a> on 30 October 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Names+of+Koryo-saram&rft.pub=Al-Farabi+University&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=German+Nikolaevich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koryosaram.freenet.kz%2Fupdate1%2Fnames.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoryo-saram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2003b" class="citation cs2">Kim, Young-Sik (2003b), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070409034111/http://asianresearch.org/articles/1632.html"><i>Who were the Soviet Koreans? The left-right confrontation in Korea – Its origin</i></a>, Association for Asian Research, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asianresearch.org/articles/1632.html">the original</a> on 9 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+were+the+Soviet+Koreans%3F+The+left-right+confrontation+in+Korea+%E2%80%93+Its+origin&rft.pub=Association+for+Asian+Research&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Young-Sik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianresearch.org%2Farticles%2F1632.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoryo-saram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLankov2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Lankov" title="Andrei Lankov">Lankov, Andrei</a> (2002). "The Emergence of the Soviet faction in North Korea, 1945-55". <i>From Stalin to Kim: The Formation of North Korea 1945-1960</i>. London: C. Hurst & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-563-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-563-3"><bdi>978-1-85065-563-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Emergence+of+the+Soviet+faction+in+North+Korea%2C+1945-55&rft.btitle=From+Stalin+to+Kim%3A+The+Formation+of+North+Korea+1945-1960&rft.place=London&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-563-3&rft.aulast=Lankov&rft.aufirst=Andrei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoryo-saram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2000" class="citation cs2">Lee, Kwang-kyu (2000), <i>Overseas Koreans</i>, Seoul: Jimoondang, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/89-88095-18-9" title="Special:BookSources/89-88095-18-9"><bdi>89-88095-18-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Overseas+Koreans&rft.place=Seoul&rft.pub=Jimoondang&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=89-88095-18-9&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Kwang-kyu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoryo-saram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2006" class="citation cs2">Lee, Jeanyoung (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161223134737/http://cct.pa.go.kr/data/acf2006/multi/multi_0202_Jeanyoung%20Lee.pdf"><i>Migration, Ethnicity and Citizenship: Ethnic-Korean Returnees in the Russian Far East</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Transformation & Prospect toward Multiethnic, Multiracial & Multicultural Society: Enhancing Intercultural Communication, Asia Culture Forum, <a href="/wiki/Inha_University" title="Inha University">Inha University</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cct.pa.go.kr/data/acf2006/multi/multi_0202_Jeanyoung%20Lee.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migration%2C+Ethnicity+and+Citizenship%3A+Ethnic-Korean+Returnees+in+the+Russian+Far+East&rft.pub=Transformation+%26+Prospect+toward+Multiethnic%2C+Multiracial+%26+Multicultural+Society%3A+Enhancing+Intercultural+Communication%2C+Asia+Culture+Forum%2C+Inha+University&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Jeanyoung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcct.pa.go.kr%2Fdata%2Facf2006%2Fmulti%2Fmulti_0202_Jeanyoung%2520Lee.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoryo-saram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavlenko1999" class="citation cs2">Pavlenko, Valentina Nikolaevna (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041124071107/http://lgi.osi.hu/ethnic/csdb/doc/Apavlenko1.doc">"Establishing a boarding school for Koreans in Ukraine"</a>, <i>Local Government and Public Service Reform Initiative Case Studies</i> (30), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lgi.osi.hu/ethnic/csdb/doc/Apavlenko1.doc">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(DOC)</span> on 24 November 2004</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Local+Government+and+Public+Service+Reform+Initiative+Case+Studies&rft.atitle=Establishing+a+boarding+school+for+Koreans+in+Ukraine&rft.issue=30&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Pavlenko&rft.aufirst=Valentina+Nikolaevna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flgi.osi.hu%2Fethnic%2Fcsdb%2Fdoc%2FApavlenko1.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoryo-saram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPohl1999" class="citation cs2">Pohl, J. Otto (1999), <i>Ethnic Cleansing in the USSR, 1937-1949</i>, Greenwood, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30921-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-30921-3"><bdi>0-313-30921-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Cleansing+in+the+USSR%2C+1937-1949&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-313-30921-3&rft.aulast=Pohl&rft.aufirst=J.+Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoryo-saram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Reckel, Johannes; Schatz, Merle, eds. (2020), <i>Korean Diaspora – Central Asia, Siberia and Beyond</i>, Universitätsverlag Göttingen, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17875%2Fgup2020-1307">10.17875/gup2020-1307</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86395-451-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86395-451-2"><bdi>978-3-86395-451-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korean+Diaspora+%E2%80%93+Central+Asia%2C+Siberia+and+Beyond&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4tsverlag+G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17875%2Fgup2020-1307&rft.isbn=978-3-86395-451-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoryo-saram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlyter2004" class="citation cs2">Schlyter, Bridget (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040517114418/http://orient4.orient.su.se/centralasia/FocasWien.html">"Korean Business and Culture in Former Soviet Central Asia"</a>, <i>Forum for Central Asian Studies</i>, Stockholm University, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orient4.orient.su.se/centralasia/FocasWien.html">the original</a> on 17 May 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2006</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Korean+Business+and+Culture+in+Former+Soviet+Central+Asia&rft.btitle=Forum+for+Central+Asian+Studies&rft.pub=Stockholm+University&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Schlyter&rft.aufirst=Bridget&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forient4.orient.su.se%2Fcentralasia%2FFocasWien.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoryo-saram" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Census_data">Census data</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koryo-saram&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Census data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussian_Census1897" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120528084326/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97.php"><i>Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. (General Population Census of the Russian Empire in 1897)</i></a>, Demoscope.ru, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97.php">the original</a> on 28 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+1897+%D0%B3.+%28General+Population+Census+of+the+Russian+Empire+in+1897%29&rft.pub=Demoscope.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Frus_lan_97.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoryo-saram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrosterud2000" class="citation cs2">Trosterud, Trond (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081020191853/http://www.hum.uit.no/a/trond/sintr.html"><i>Soviet censuses: Introduction to the census data, legend to the tables, and sources</i></a>, Norway: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Troms%C3%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Tromsø">University of Tromsø</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hum.uit.no/a/trond/sintr.html">the original</a> on 20 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+censuses%3A+Introduction+to+the+census+data%2C+legend+to+the+tables%2C+and+sources&rft.place=Norway&rft.pub=University+of+Troms%C3%B8&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Trosterud&rft.aufirst=Trond&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hum.uit.no%2Fa%2Ftrond%2Fsintr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoryo-saram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussian_Census2002" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160229073920/http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/TOM_04_01.xls"><i>Russian Census</i></a>, Федеральная служба государственной статистики, 9 October 2002, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/TOM_04_01.xls">the original</a> on 29 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2006</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Census&rft.pub=%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8&rft.date=2002-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perepis2002.ru%2Fct%2Fdoc%2FTOM_04_01.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoryo-saram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277973184_Koreans_of_The_South_Ussury_in_1879">Koreans of The South Ussury in 1879</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koryo-saram&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180810071128/http://ksearu.org/">Association of Scientific and Technological Societies Koreans (<b>ANTOK</b>)</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arirang.ru/">CIS Koreans Information Web-Site of ARIRANG.RU</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://world.lib.ru/k/kim_o_i/indexdate.shtml">Lib.Ru: the Koreans</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://koryoplanet.narod.ru/">Tashkent Representation of the Institute of Asian Culture and Development (<b>TP IAKR</b>)</a> — an Association of Koreans in <a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a>.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://koryo-saram.site">Koryo-saram: Notes on the Koreans</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icfks.narod.ru/index-eng.html">International Center for Korean Studies of Lomonosov Moscow State University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://koryosaram.net/">Koryo Saram: the Unreliable People (documentary film)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080224202608/http://www.sslee.freenet.kz/projectinformation.htm">Koryo Saram Resource of the Central Asian Fulbright Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2086958/%7Ctitle=Zheruiyk"><i>Zheruiyk - Promised land</i></a> (also known as "Atazhurt") - film about Kazakhstani Koreans</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RJOxUpnaOBg"><span class="plainlinks">Sen-bong (Vanguard: Korean Kolkhoz)</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> – A 1946 Soviet documentary about a Korean <a href="/wiki/Kolkhoz" title="Kolkhoz">kolkhoz</a> named "Sŏnbong" (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Авангард</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Avangard</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'vanguard') now in <a href="/wiki/Shieli_District" title="Shieli District">Shieli District</a>, Kyzylorda</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lNHDOt1flL8&t=389"><span class="plainlinks">[20분 요약] 100년 전 우리나라의 모습을 담은 영상 발굴! "김씨네 이야기" | 현대사 아카이브 발굴 프로젝트 (KBS 200904 방송)</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> – footage from a Soviet film entitled <i>Arctic Star</i> (<a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">NARA</a> 242-MID-5153) of Koryo-saram in Uzbekistan in the 1940s</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Koryo-saram110" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Koryo-saram" title="Template:Koryo-saram"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Koryo-saram" title="Template talk:Koryo-saram"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Koryo-saram" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Koryo-saram"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Koryo-saram110" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Koryo-saram</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Korea under Japanese rule</a> (1910–1945) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_independence_movement" title="Korean independence movement">Korean independence movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhanch%27on" title="Sinhanch'on">Sinhanch'on</a> (1911–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kw%C5%8Fn%C5%8Fphoe" title="Kwŏnŏphoe">Kwŏnŏphoe</a> (1911–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Socialist_Party" title="Korean Socialist Party">Korean Socialist Party</a> (1918–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Independence_Army" title="Korean Independence Army">Korean Independence Army</a> (1920–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Northern_Army_Command" title="Korean Northern Army Command">Korean Northern Army Command</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maki_Mirage" title="Maki Mirage">Maki Mirage</a> (1920–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhanch%27on_Incident" title="Sinhanch'on Incident">Sinhanch'on Incident</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_Incident" title="Free City Incident">Free City Incident</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Koreans_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union">Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_faction_incident" title="August faction incident">August faction incident</a> (1956)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Language8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Koryo-mar" title="Koryo-mar">Koryo-mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Korean" title="Cyrillization of Korean">Cyrillization of Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_standard_language" title="North Korean standard language">North Korean standard language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukjin_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Yukjin dialect">Yukjin dialect</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Koryo-saram_cuisine" title="Koryo-saram cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Begodya" title="Begodya">Begodya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Funchoza" title="Funchoza">Funchoza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khe_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khe (food)">Khe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuksu" title="Kuksu">Kuksu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morkovcha" title="Morkovcha">Morkovcha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pukjai" title="Pukjai">Pukjai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siryak-tyamuri" title="Siryak-tyamuri">Siryak-tyamuri</a></i></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Kazakhstan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birobidzhan" title="Birobidzhan">Birobidzhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Cultural_Center,_Ussuriysk" title="Korean Cultural Center, Ussuriysk">Korean Cultural Center, Ussuriysk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Ukraine" title="Koreans in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="In_South_Korea67" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Koryo-saram_communities_in_South_Korea" title="Category:Koryo-saram communities in South Korea">In South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia_Street" title="Central Asia Street">Central Asia Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ttaetgol_Village" title="Ttaetgol Village">Ttaetgol Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwangju_Koryoin_Village" title="Gwangju Koryoin Village">Gwangju Koryoin Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hambak_Village" title="Hambak Village">Hambak Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Street" title="Texas Street">Texas Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karatal_Korean_History_Center" title="Karatal Korean History Center">Karatal Korean History Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93Korea_Friendship_Park" title="Kazakhstan–Korea Friendship Park">Kazakhstan–Korea Friendship Park</a> (Bastobe)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Newspapers10" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Newspapers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haejo_sinmun" title="Haejo sinmun">Haejo sinmun</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taedong_kongbo_(Vladivostok)" title="Taedong kongbo (Vladivostok)">Taedong kongbo</a></i> (1908–1910)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taeyangbo" title="Taeyangbo">Taeyangbo</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kw%C5%8Fn%C5%8Fp_sinmun" title="Kwŏnŏp sinmun">Kwŏnŏp sinmun</a></i> (1912–1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ch%27%C5%8Fnggu_sinbo" title="Ch'ŏnggu sinbo">Ch'ŏnggu sinbo</a></i> (1917–1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Koryo_Ilbo" title="Koryo Ilbo">Koryo Ilbo</a></i> (1923–)</li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Nations_Baptist_Church" title="All Nations Baptist Church">All Nations Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cafe_Lily" title="Cafe Lily">Cafe Lily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Theatre_of_Kazakhstan" title="Korean Theatre of Kazakhstan">Korean Theatre of Kazakhstan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Koryo-saram" title="List of Koryo-saram">Notable people</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Min" title="Aleksandr Min">Aleksandr Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kim" title="Alexandra Kim">Alexandra Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cho_Ki-chon" title="Cho Ki-chon">Cho Ki-chon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Fng_Sangjin" title="Chŏng Sangjin">Chŏng Sangjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Kim" title="German Kim">German Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Ka-i" title="Ho Ka-i">Ho Ka-i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Beom-do" title="Hong Beom-do">Hong Beom-do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Pen_Hwa" title="Kim Pen Hwa">Kim Pen Hwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatyana_Bakalchuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatyana Bakalchuk">Tatyana Bakalchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Tsoi" title="Viktor Tsoi">Viktor Tsoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalii_Kim" title="Vitalii Kim">Vitalii Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kim" title="Vladimir Kim">Vladimir Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Kim" title="Yevgeny Kim">Yevgeny Kim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hanaan" title="Hanaan">Hanaan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Koryo_Saram:_The_Unreliable_People" title="Koryo Saram: The Unreliable People">Koryo Saram: The Unreliable People</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sen-bong_(Avangard:_Koreyskiy_Kolkhoz)" title="Sen-bong (Avangard: Koreyskiy Kolkhoz)">Sen-bong (Avangard: Koreyskiy Kolkhoz)</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Korean_diaspora104" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Korean_diaspora" title="Template:Korean diaspora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Korean_diaspora" title="Template talk:Korean diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Korean_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Korean diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Korean_diaspora104" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Korean_diaspora" title="Korean diaspora">Korean diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Africa" title="Koreans in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Spain#Las_Palmas" title="Koreans in Spain">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_South_Africa" title="Koreans in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Canadians" title="Korean Canadians">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_Canadians" title="List of Korean Canadians">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Cuba" title="Koreans in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Guatemala" title="Koreans in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Mexico" title="Koreans in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Americans" title="Korean Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_Americans" title="List of Korean Americans">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Korean immigration to Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Koreans_in_Baltimore" title="History of Koreans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Koreans_in_Boston" title="History of Koreans in Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Chicago" title="Koreans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Koreans_in_Houston" title="History of Koreans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Americans_in_Greater_Los_Angeles" title="Korean Americans in Greater Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_the_New_York_City_metropolitan_area" title="Koreans in the New York City metropolitan area">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Koreatown" title="Philadelphia Koreatown">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans_in_Portland,_Oregon" title="History of Korean Americans in Portland, Oregon">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Koreans in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Argentina" title="Koreans in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Brazilians" title="Korean Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Chile" title="Koreans in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Paraguay" title="Koreans in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Peru" title="Koreans in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Uruguayans" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Venezuela" title="Koreans in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_China" title="Koreans in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Chinese" title="Korean Chinese">Korean Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Beijing" title="Koreans in Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Hong_Kong" title="Koreans in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Shanghai" title="Koreans in Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Japan" title="Koreans in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindan" title="Mindan">Mindan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongryon" title="Chongryon">Chongryon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Mongolia" title="Koreans in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Koreans_in_South_Korea" title="North Koreans in South Korea">South Korea (North Koreans)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Taiwan" title="Koreans in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Indonesia" title="Koreans in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Malaysia" title="Koreans in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_the_Philippines" title="Koreans in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Singapore" title="Koreans in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Thailand" title="Koreans in Thailand">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_defectors_in_Thailand" title="North Korean defectors in Thailand">North Korean defectors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Vietnam" title="Koreans in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_India" title="Koreans in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Varanasi" title="Koreans in Varanasi">Varanasi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Nepal" title="Koreans in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Koreans in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_the_Arab_world" title="Koreans in the Arab world">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Iran" title="Koreans in Iran">Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Post-Soviet states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Koreans_in_Russia" title="North Koreans in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Kamchatka" title="Koreans in Kamchatka">Kamchatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Koreans" title="Sakhalin Koreans">Sakhalin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Ukraine" title="Koreans in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Koreans in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_France" title="Koreans in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Germany" title="Koreans in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_the_Netherlands" title="Koreans in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Poland" title="Koreans in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Spain" title="Koreans in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Koreans in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Australians" title="Korean Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Micronesia" title="Koreans in Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_New_Zealanders" title="Korean New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Korean immigration to Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koryo-mar" title="Koryo-mar">Koryo-mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zainichi_Korean_language" title="Zainichi Korean language">Zainichi Korean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Misc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_adoption_of_South_Korean_children" title="International adoption of South Korean children">Adoptees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreatown" title="Koreatown">Koreatown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_defectors" title="North Korean defectors">North Korean defectors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_defectors" title="South Korean defectors">South Korean defectors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Russia&#124;link=Russia_Immigration_to_Russia165" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_Russia" title="Template:Immigration to Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_Russia" title="Template talk:Immigration to Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Russia&#124;link=Russia_Immigration_to_Russia165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Russia" title="Immigration to Russia">Immigration to Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Russia">Albanians</a></li> <li>British <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian" title="Anglo-Russian">English</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Russians" title="Scottish Russians">Scottish</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Russia" title="Belarusians in Russia">Belarusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarians in Russia">Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danish_Russians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danish Russians (page does not exist)">Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonians_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonians in Russia">Estonians</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_people_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French people in Russia (page does not exist)">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germans_in_Russia,_Ukraine_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union">Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in Russia and the Soviet Union">Greeks</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarians in Russia">Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Russians" title="Irish Russians">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Italians in Russia (page does not exist)">Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvians_in_Russia" title="Latvians in Russia">Latvians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanians_in_Russia" title="Lithuanians in Russia">Lithuanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonians in Russia">Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kola_Norwegians" title="Kola Norwegians">Norwegians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Russia" title="Polish minority in Russia">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanians_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanians in Russia">Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Russians" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Russians">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovaks_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovaks in Russia">Slovaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenes_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenes in Russia">Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spaniards_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spaniards in Russia (page does not exist)">Spaniards</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Russians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swedish Russians (page does not exist)">Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_emigration_to_Russia" title="Swiss emigration to Russia">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Russia" title="Ukrainians in Russia">Ukrainians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Russia" title="Afghans in Russia">Afghans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabs_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabs in Russia (page does not exist)">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Russia" title="Armenians in Russia">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Russia" title="Assyrians in Russia">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Russia" title="Azerbaijanis in Russia">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangladeshis_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bangladeshis in Russia (page does not exist)">Bangladeshis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burmese in Russia (page does not exist)">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodians_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambodians in Russia (page does not exist)">Cambodians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Russia" title="Ethnic Chinese in Russia">Chinese</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dungan_people" title="Dungan people">Dungans</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgians_in_Russia" title="Georgians in Russia">Georgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Russia" title="Indians in Russia">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Russia" title="Iranians in Russia">Iranians</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Russia" title="Japanese people in Russia">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_Russia" title="Kazakhs in Russia">Kazakhs</a></li> <li>Koreans <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Koryo-saram</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Koreans" title="Sakhalin Koreans">Sakhalin</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/North_Koreans_in_Russia" title="North Koreans in Russia">North Koreans</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Russia" title="Kurds in Russia">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Russia">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongolians_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mongolians in Russia (page does not exist)">Mongolians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis_in_Russia" title="Nepalis in Russia">Nepalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Russia" title="Turks in Russia">Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmens in Russia">Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_Russia" title="Uzbeks in Russia">Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people_in_Russia" title="Vietnamese people in Russia">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Russians" title="Afro-Russians">Black Africans</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritreans_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eritreans in Russia (page does not exist)">Eritreans</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Americans in Russia">Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_American_migration_to_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latin American migration to Russia (page does not exist)">Latin Americans</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cubans_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cubans in Russia (page does not exist)">Cubans</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Russia226" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_of_Russia" title="Template:Ethnic groups of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Russia226" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Russia" title="Ethnic groups in Russia">Ethnic groups in Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_larger_indigenous_peoples_of_Russia" title="List of larger indigenous peoples of Russia">Titular<br />nationalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Adyghe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bzhedugs" title="Bzhedugs">Bzhedugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natukhajs" title="Natukhajs">Natukhajs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapsugs" title="Shapsugs">Shapsugs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altaians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelkans" title="Chelkans">Chelkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telengits" title="Telengits">Telengits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubalar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubalar">Tubalars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aukhs" title="Aukhs">Aukhovite Chechens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_people" title="Chukchi people">Chukchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Cherkess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Besleney" title="Besleney">Besleney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ademey" title="Ademey">Ademey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_larger_indigenous_peoples_of_Russia#Indigenous_peoples_of_Dagestan" title="List of larger indigenous peoples of Russia">Indigenous peoples of Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardians" title="Kabardians">Kabardians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelians" title="Karelians">Karelians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas" title="Khakas">Khakas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koibal_people" title="Koibal people">Koibals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abugach" title="Abugach">Abugach</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanty" title="Khanty">Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_peoples" title="Komi peoples">Komi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izhma_Komi" title="Izhma Komi">Izhma Komi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_peoples" title="Komi peoples">Komi-Permyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_people" title="Mansi people">Mansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_people" title="Mari people">Mari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mari_people" title="Eastern Mari people">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_Mari_people" title="Hill Mari people">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadow_Mari_people" title="Meadow Mari people">Meadow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvins" title="Mordvins">Mordvins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mokshas" title="Mokshas">Mokshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyas" title="Erzyas">Erzyas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenets people">Nenets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khandeyar" title="Khandeyar">Khandeyar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digor_people" title="Digor people">Digors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_people" title="Iron people">Irons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amur-Ussuri_Cossacks" title="Amur-Ussuri Cossacks">Amur-Ussuri Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikal_Cossacks" title="Baikal Cossacks">Baikal Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks" title="Kuban Cossacks">Kuban Cossacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tozhu_Tuvans" title="Tozhu Tuvans">Tozhu Tuvans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurts" title="Udmurts">Udmurts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga Tatars</a> <ul><li>as <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Tatars" title="Astrakhan Tatars">Astrakhan Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryashens" title="Kryashens">Kryashens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatars" title="Mishar Tatars">Mishar Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C4%9Fayb%C3%A4k" title="Nağaybäk">Nağaybäks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_indigenous_peoples_of_Russia" title="List of minor indigenous peoples of Russia">Indigenous<br />peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_indigenous_peoples_of_Russia#Far_North" title="List of minor indigenous peoples of Russia">Far North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleuts" title="Aleuts">Aleuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_people" title="Chukchi people">Chukchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulyms" title="Chulyms">Chulyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvans" title="Chuvans">Chuvans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgans" title="Dolgans">Dolgans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enets_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Enets people">Enets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itelmens" title="Itelmens">Itelmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamchadals" title="Kamchadals">Kamchadals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kereks" title="Kereks">Kereks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ket_people" title="Ket people">Kets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanty" title="Khanty">Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koryaks" title="Koryaks">Koryaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyutors" title="Alyutors">Alyutors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apuka" title="Apuka">Apuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaga_people" title="Karaga people">Karaga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_people" title="Mansi people">Mansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naukan_people" title="Naukan people">Naukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenets people">Nenets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khandeyar" title="Khandeyar">Khandeyar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nganasan_people" title="Nganasan people">Nganasans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkup_people" title="Selkup people">Selkups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugh_people" title="Yugh people">Yughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_people" title="Yukaghir people">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Yupik" title="Siberian Yupik">Yupiks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Russia" title="Northwest Russia">Northwest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izhorians" title="Izhorians">Izhorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Sámi peoples">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setos" title="Setos">Setos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vepsians" title="Vepsians">Vepsians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votians" title="Votians">Votians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East#Traditional_ethnic_groups" title="Russian Far East">Far East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenks" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamnigan" title="Hamnigan">Hamnigans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evens" title="Evens">Evens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanai_people" title="Nanai people">Nanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negidals" title="Negidals">Negidals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_people" title="Nivkh people">Nivkhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroch_people" title="Oroch people">Orochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orok_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Orok people">Oroks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taz_people" title="Taz people">Taz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udege_people" title="Udege people">Udege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulch_people" title="Ulch people">Ulchs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Siberia" title="Indigenous peoples of Siberia">Siberia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamasins" title="Kamasins">Kamasins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumandins" title="Kumandins">Kumandins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shors" title="Shors">Shors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aba_people" title="Aba people">Aba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyot" title="Soyot">Soyots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatars" title="Siberian Tatars">Siberian Tatars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baraba_Tatars" title="Baraba Tatars">Baraba Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chat_Tatars" title="Chat Tatars">Chat Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eushta_Tatars" title="Eushta Tatars">Eushta Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmak_Tatars" title="Kalmak Tatars">Kalmak Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Bukharans" title="Siberian Bukharans">Siberian Bukharans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabolotnie_Tatars" title="Zabolotnie Tatars">Zabolotnie Tatars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleuts" title="Teleuts">Teleuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofalar" title="Tofalar">Tofalars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dagestan#Ethnic_groups" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abazins" title="Abazins">Abazins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_people" title="Aghul people">Aghuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aukhs" title="Aukhs">Aukhovite Chechens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avars_(Caucasus)" title="Avars (Caucasus)">Avars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhvakh_people" title="Akhvakh people">Akhvakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andi_people" title="Andi people">Andis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archi_people" title="Archi people">Archis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagvalal_people" title="Bagvalal people">Bagvalals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezhta_people" title="Bezhta people">Bezhtas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botlikh_people" title="Botlikh people">Botlikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamalal_people" title="Chamalal people">Chamalals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godoberi_people" title="Godoberi people">Godoberi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinukh_people" title="Hinukh people">Hinukhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunzib_people" title="Hunzib people">Hunzibs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karata_people" title="Karata people">Karatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarshi_people" title="Khwarshi people">Khwarshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindi_people" title="Tindi people">Tindis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsez_people" title="Tsez people">Tsez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Russia" title="Azerbaijanis in Russia">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargins" title="Dargins">Dargins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaitags" title="Kaitags">Kaitags</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laks_(Caucasus)" title="Laks (Caucasus)">Laks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgins" title="Lezgins">Lezgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ak_Nogai" title="Ak Nogai">Ak Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karagash" title="Karagash">Karagash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_people" title="Rutul people">Rutuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_people" title="Tabasaran people">Tabasarans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_people" title="Talysh people">Talysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_people" title="Tsakhur people">Tsakhurs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_Indigenous_peoples_of_Russia#Other" class="mw-redirect" title="List of minor Indigenous peoples of Russia">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Besermyan" title="Besermyan">Besermyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tver_Karelians" title="Tver Karelians">Tver Karelians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other ethnic peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazians" title="Abkhazians">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Russia" title="Afghans in Russia">Afghans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabs_in_the_Caucasus" title="Arabs in the Caucasus">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Russia" title="Armenians in Russia">Armenians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherkesogai" title="Cherkesogai">Cherkesogai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Russia" title="Assyrians in Russia">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Russia" title="Azerbaijanis in Russia">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Russia" title="Belarusians in Russia">Belarusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubans" title="Cubans">Cubans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_people" title="Dungan people">Dungans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Setos" title="Setos">Setos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_Finns" title="Ingrian Finns">Ingrian Finns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murmansk_Finns" title="Murmansk Finns">Murmansk Finns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Finns" title="Siberian Finns">Siberian Finns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_people" title="Gagauz people">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgians_in_Russia" title="Georgians in Russia">Georgians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjarians" title="Adjarians">Adjarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingiloy_people" title="Ingiloy people">Ingiloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelians" title="Mingrelians">Mingrelians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svans" title="Svans">Svans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Georgia">Georgian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_Germans" title="Russia Germans">Germans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Mennonite">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans" title="Volga Germans">Volga Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Russia_and_Ukraine" title="Greeks in Russia and Ukraine">Greeks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urums" title="Urums">Urums</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Russia" title="Ethnic Chinese in Russia">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemshin_people" title="Hemshin people">Hamshenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_diaspora" title="Hungarian diaspora">Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Russia" title="Indians in Russia">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Russia" title="Japanese people in Russia">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_Russia" title="Kazakhs in Russia">Kazakhs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Kazakhs" title="Astrakhan Kazakhs">Astrakhan Kazakhs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Koreans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Koreans_in_Russia" title="North Koreans in Russia">North Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Koreans" title="Sakhalin Koreans">Sakhalin Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Russia" title="Kurds in Russia">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvians_in_Russia" title="Latvians in Russia">Latvians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latgalians_(modern)" title="Latgalians (modern)">Latgalians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanians_in_Russia" title="Lithuanians in Russia">Lithuanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_diaspora" title="Macedonian diaspora">Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovans_in_Russia" title="Moldovans in Russia">Moldovans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrins" title="Montenegrins">Montenegrins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyuli#Lyuli_in_Russia" title="Lyuli">Mugat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegians" title="Norwegians">Norwegians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kola_Norwegians" title="Kola Norwegians">Kola Norwegians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis" title="Pakistanis">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamiris" title="Pamiris">Pamiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Russia" title="Iranians in Russia">Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Russia" title="Polish minority in Russia">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruska_Roma" title="Ruska Roma">Ruska Roma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Russia" title="Serbs in Russia">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Swedes" title="Ural Swedes">Ural Swedes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Russia" title="Turks in Russia">Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udi_people" title="Udi people">Udis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Russia" title="Ukrainians in Russia">Ukrainians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_Russia" title="Uzbeks in Russia">Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people_in_Russia" title="Vietnamese people in Russia">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism_in_Russia" title="Yazidism in Russia">Yazidis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrecognized peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Russians" title="Afro-Russians">Africans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazians_of_African_descent" title="Abkhazians of African descent">Afro-Abkhazians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_in_Russia" title="Ainu in Russia">Ainus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Tats" title="Armeno-Tats">Armeno-Tats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Jews" title="Astrakhan Jews">Astrakhan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buzava" title="Buzava">Buzava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Greeks" title="Caucasus Greeks">Caucasus Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_of_Crimea" title="Italians of Crimea">Crimean Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Ingrian_Finnish" title="Siberian Ingrian Finnish">Korlaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaratay" title="Qaratay">Qaratay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirenik_Eskimos" title="Sirenik Eskimos">Sireniki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assimilated peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrzhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrzhan">Agrzhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asan_people" title="Asan people">Asans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arin_people" title="Arin people">Arins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chud" title="Chud">Chud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kott_people" title="Kott people">Kotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muromians" class="mw-redirect" title="Muromians">Muroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merya_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Merya people">Merya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshchera_people" title="Meshchera people">Meshchera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpokol_people" title="Pumpokol people">Pumpokols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Bukharans" title="Siberian Bukharans">Siberian Bukharans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Kazakhstan205" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Kazakhstan" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Kazakhstan" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Kazakhstan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Kazakhstan205" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_demography_of_Kazakhstan" title="Ethnic demography of Kazakhstan">Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Majority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chala_Kazakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Chala Kazakh">Chala Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oralman" title="Oralman">Oralman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minorities >1%</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakhstan Germans">Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Kazakhstan" title="Russians in Kazakhstan">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars_of_Kazakhstan" title="Tatars of Kazakhstan">Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Kazakhstan" title="Ukrainians in Kazakhstan">Ukrainians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs_in_Kazakhstan" title="Uyghurs in Kazakhstan">Uyghurs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashgartsy" title="Kashgartsy">Kashgartsy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minorities <1%</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Central_Asia" title="Armenians in Central Asia">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Kazakhstan" title="Azerbaijanis in Kazakhstan">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Kazakhstan" title="Bulgarians in Kazakhstan">Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Kazakhstan" title="Chinese people in Kazakhstan">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_people" title="Dungan people">Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Kazakhstan" title="Greeks in Kazakhstan">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Jews</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Kazakhstan" title="Kurds in Kazakhstan">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madjars" title="Madjars">Madjars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Kazakhstan" title="Poles in Kazakhstan">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanians_in_Kazakhstan" title="Romanians in Kazakhstan">Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kazakhstan" title="Turks in Kazakhstan">Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Central_Asia" title="Demographics of Central Asia">Demographics of Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Demographics of Kazakhstan">Demographics of Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_People_of_Kazakhstan" title="Assembly of People of Kazakhstan">Assembly of People of Kazakhstan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Kyrgyzstan&#124;link=Kyrgyzstan_Demographics_of_Kyrgyzstan344" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Demographics_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Template:Demographics of Kyrgyzstan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Demographics_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Template talk:Demographics of Kyrgyzstan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Demographics_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Demographics of Kyrgyzstan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Kyrgyzstan&#124;link=Kyrgyzstan_Demographics_of_Kyrgyzstan344" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan"><img alt="Kyrgyzstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Demographics of Kyrgyzstan">Demographics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Major groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> (71.0%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Uzbeks in Kyrgyzstan">Uzbeks</a> (14.3%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Russians in Kyrgyzstan">Russians</a> (7.8%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungans" class="mw-redirect" title="Dungans">Dungans</a> (1.1%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Uyghurs in Kyrgyzstan">Uyghurs</a> (0.9%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajiks_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajiks in Kyrgyzstan">Tajiks</a> (0.9%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Turks in Kyrgyzstan">Turks</a> (0.7%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatars in Kyrgyzstan">Tatars</a> (0.6%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakhs in Kyrgyzstan">Kazakhs</a> (0.6%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainians in Kyrgyzstan">Ukrainians</a> (0.4%)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Koreans</a> (0.3%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Azerbaijanis in Kyrgyzstan">Azerbaijanis</a> (0.3%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan_Germans" title="Kyrgyzstan Germans">Germans</a> (0.2%)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Smaller groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Kyrgyzstan">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Chinese people in Kyrgyzstan">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Greeks in Kyrgyzstan">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistanis in Kyrgyzstan">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Poles in Kyrgyzstan">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanians_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Romanians in Kyrgyzstan">Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyuli" title="Lyuli">Lyuli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Islam in Kyrgyzstan">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Christianity in Kyrgyzstan">Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Kyrgyzstan">Roman Catholicism</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Ethnic group statistics according to the 2009 census <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.stat.kg/media/files/9cd9d7ee-78f0-413e-885d-80f914049ebf.pdf">[1]</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Tajikistan71" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Tajikistan" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Tajikistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Tajikistan" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Tajikistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Tajikistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Tajikistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Tajikistan71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Tajikistan" title="List of ethnic groups in Tajikistan">Ethnic groups</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Tajikistan" title="Afghans in Tajikistan">Afghans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Central_Asia" title="Armenians in Central Asia">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badzhui_people" title="Badzhui people">Badzhui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Tajikistan">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakhs in Tajikistan">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Tajikistan" title="Poles in Tajikistan">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyuli" title="Lyuli">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Tajikistan" title="Russians in Tajikistan">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Uzbekistan31" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Uzbekistan" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Uzbekistan"><abbr title="View this 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href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Central_Asia" title="Armenians in Central Asia">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Uzbekistan" title="Azerbaijanis in Uzbekistan">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Uzbekistan" title="Greeks in Uzbekistan">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabs_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabs in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Uzbekistan">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs#Uzbekistan" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Uzbekistan">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Uzbekistan" title="Poles in Uzbekistan">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyuli" title="Lyuli">Romani</a></li> <li><a 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