CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "philpapers.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '8e714eec591c463d',cH: 'MKMr0aePQEBTV106z8FzoHDOeOV5W_dLxKGZY6cjIVk-1732366471-1.2.1.1-tBToJ93oFW49TP7QbzTuMbI5_Vw5.BYZA.Y.VBpWBgz6E2TUTvy6qUyXhCqAdivO',cUPMDTk: "\/?__cf_chl_tk=ik.l.Fd7WhRSwk353MAFHtIj9BxWvz3DyfaPP2QJLiA-1732366471-1.0.1.1-.QhOV7NO7Z3nfv1o9zEf9HQqkErysmII6dic127NrU4",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1732366471',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/?__cf_chl_f_tk=ik.l.Fd7WhRSwk353MAFHtIj9BxWvz3DyfaPP2QJLiA-1732366471-1.0.1.1-.QhOV7NO7Z3nfv1o9zEf9HQqkErysmII6dic127NrU4",md: "RrjsxlIYUmiXXAtjE70.VjjWSKaL_FZCrtT7H9XGjNM-1732366471-1.2.1.1-CiUmRL6g2ZmUZVeYpRmJvkmCnJPVKG5F8QlKsjCsjMDfZrExQxytaviZeq4HamSulozdQMUx4Iv_G1_peIYtLLWnfnsET2UlFJqAOapjyHbOQfIUXy9.ViGYiedfRww4kS8SRrPqNWdsvwSb3U56w0jXAnf5JWdK1Pr6HamkgDph0kVbs5KIIsCpl_JH7E2m1eVCr7tlX_bzD7vedZkuZKWyQJwGq1HgESbZcn1ahcXrgLOTCKHxn8kTMUmoOF3N3HC4Foh2EN1.r59ZJbrolJcbknKJGAJGyYaZnTIiU0HK_h5T_QkJJmQgWztDNyp3WblZeLXnO8YJU_iPQ_dubR5uGPep12rT9f3rH7OGxWCttHjOwFcgo5_ohW8YsKwB2fY3sZCciTO6suqcxhE3yMl5.DNcWYjRNXdolIWhbujRFxkcBa4yY7T5mHgpAVNMP2UlWzFwhqTI55LNyLMHYOqksxcl3D_jCZAix9yZ4jaCpxS1c_5CZ6DGrY9BquKDO0NqjmsLulYVF5Xk2nVgaB_4HORm7zCMTJiE9iKgFtlJ0DzEB3p9p97DnGbp1g8nA8CV8o4OQkxatVjc.lVYmSvPXfaaeIAp2zELsXGzjgzWuavjZJPA1k.IzZddtRiKJVDgKtmAfMpzG3Asr_3MQCRe_qs91iGWRhQshjUr03ZLcrNnHBwkVhMvvRqorxC0qcheLPlH0stFiixgxT_Ln9BcQ3xqQ8VaTeImtrhPDkLJ_gEucgHmIkZwM_kH7TosFu7KLjNeMeINwHBzOX0lzw_vQvHvyomQamYvsJ5k1bIgyll5qCgcVsG2UxVE3zVlm6mgE9kmsyheBtRJAWvtpwyubVEzpjG0wuilzqDSZxYmVPdkit9oI0mUPNsPWBvb6VROmLR3mSip_vsyS1X8zlhC6IW9gdhmNHBUNBhJpq8MUGnS_q0OUF_mksX.izXz2BJtopgFcZDVj7b2NOlkx6CWnvRRcl7hUGeP2GOmZhD3nAaucZBCABJLYy_auPl9zkz4BbCN3ugbwc5UYlszkp40MH_Z6XOgiPMGY.rSG7CsLXKOJeELq5Qz7VZwz.UBPSmeOJezMjg7lC.0EpQvxpDnvzS_klmokVFbkyqeSZZipq1ncwE_aPVjLqIWvmONVFTTUuRp.pj2UCPfB6I1kQa9mKc2eDY_nuR4hLrhp0XiYauAIV3Hn6PjPHPmswoV1nwwjtzBWN9eEG2eoy_eSqjoSBiBqD6JOVTYVjk_agFzk8DMdajxjfp_EPS_nBHQkFTsNQwet3zzuoyj1qWMAV1x5.yojhFSwbDEHjct2JZyeYQwi8AvYt6OobrewYRwGXclb0qO6RKlhfNa98PVlKFfF7lPdVLVxuKzOP.EAl7n8Fra_3UQbmCJNtSPM4XSr3PMwZgzVSndHBUr2Y3NvudL.L.VJJZxVIfS2Cn.m.J6s4krT2h5c8Zn1r9JU37fx_tT7WxQXg.vNOM37k55RVMPySaPXqf0Gr5ylVwFjRU2aDg2D9ELgSMQXlYvuKmMAVdzKMMrVZBXpfSlqHG7XN_7ucfpo4XFHEuJtP9CXBhuhgj17fgTizVdciRMQzOy9_weawJL8p5BbtA35smbu8JtYAeqadgUdxan9i_MBS9IaZWSyn5M4Mb_kOyIIwCAk5FMJw5h3La3DRWk1zeBNVVUfq6SEHutnHgsKOf_patYNG9rBLz.V8mR2itVPfx5Q9IZaabs.0WBerMC19aob794K4jPI7uBAWbe5uNRU5IwhrKYOgx0NdWJpt9_6fcRmLNjaqSOYZTmlQplxv7okMFNWOksmECvOARzGakp6IkN1Z_39jD7dK2hwga1qwhhQ9OXVjBXhBxoP6ZKHeiEHb6fg3pLj0uV4.3zbmW7_BBrdVHBWgYRnNClTfukdU_qnx1OBeKJ0yo7jez48.fSpfnS_oN3.z5Vjurs1HYiMzWgLGcudrbVMdrxJD5bdM..3YTXFbjoGLgvZxxV.qUxvzirMZDy7.P5ROAyIZWKByTS7OiimayfOsSQSWfosKWMgoOMoW8LrWeCsvwIKr926ykiV5mQipte91._v4ujbFxzqI6j3yd2ZVz8zzQNcVr0eetS_4FtZme3A8qL_2oVNPidCUyi.SW0ly9YA2i8tiDfKhSpSgf2w4bIrIJNgHXRkrLckbUXD5Dra.g4szrlRVqaS3Na_ET2iKlMGHGmiqUTBkXt2P2F_0Zj9Ml_S96Sdjth8.blaOBIKbW2rgqsbWXKYRX5R9oHidLdEnlzHDQ1vJc07SuZ_Q1GuYzWpcsn.gVQ88ioblwtvrTazpIzyT9OZYb5HlFd_A40vnda.jrgfsk.1pYCwlVm9GMIZdKw3u4.UCcxZDoL6N1RVCOjylqkhr8UfJtYjs5aACPsmHUwgsVGkAWLhSNFALkhT2ED4l5JDgtLRG6Olvt5AixXrTXLLyxlbBk262n38GqniiQ9QCf.IfyAHMyeF_T7JJtuk0RC5ponqp3WNCPGAtaaIyAc9EXB.E2F5ixDRRL2Uu06zhtlBMxAeGw8sD7aeC3Izh0Q4UfFNRu_KoLi.7_dm6dwbKkQmwye3iVfsSygU137aR8I3Lp8YMO39qoF2x8fqC5Y8MQm1I_4VSInb.JTFVKVmEWLISOk.XOnNTFomLhrexoOeLTwevu5yefEV0IKu2hdGR6f7V2nv4MlE9vxEYFSXVnAWaRQXiYb3pI1RtrMsGe9i7onD_jDoytkcy_0EQaJ8PYouydNKyeRoZsJFA67DdsVD5wqxirAsV9ei3z0KzFhWGCcPYQP1iaUXBvbv.RoCBJ_ukavRZRKRUI4lwixK7IC6L9VE4UWKYZdxHcclWpwiMJKZbnjm.DDVtoH",mdrd: "DurIHLCUKdqUIRRrU50N9hL7_BOgEOzZLYYeb5ai8AE-1732366471-1.2.1.1-Tp_lrXen1SsI2PY_cBmf0NOImN5FYYeDE8mU3ojMx3Zq6sQc.caSdCbK_xXCe8MLtsjc_YvQoOOnSqbijr4.Hh_CiZHlCVL8jDK6xovWXwif5jrkaeksEssCieOlayZekMTKU5zg4LM5DH93U8qi75Mji_tZGIbjs0aVHAZ1gqo85HepadUp678eER1cvqyKDKo2UGQj2.1NKJi9PB19EE7uCJJLdmgWfk0tJSVfvKzHoujSmlYNI3_ildfsu1mXxREN9YWfa6H98jpLPVrPi0ojy5W7pbUav0etNq0Qc1ry8SwhRtZrPYwVdFrxEbDCEAEAkyiSMVt7U.nTfCQZayoIB_G3G4axRbjm_MPIr.0LCDeDSAegbi7yb1SO_7s2FtQ3ozUAFXiyvl7ONEmTFDuIMQJAwcx.8wCVWfL1ntOS4Yvry1eWXylUlN754yZ2TES1JfQs..tceJDtdEHCeznpLkWDrR6hYFegFCyfDggluai6xr9ALCMFMbgrbFxEF8_kG9BEiWrE1WjA.azuvsVlZhjhltqjeA0cLDbJfnw2nBgFy5MsBglPCHzCcGqB5BL_jrcZH8qlkE7fVK9uu16e8azN8dfin4WM1BMEwl8XZ6Se1o3.E.sMeKHJdzKzWjQLbcUyKjxh.K9l008hdz6N2jhlyFhRltQfiirEiJ7OWz1PPJLsdESHSHdtnNfENDKz.5Gvyc6MxqPXE7GYxoA_.CKkim6yDefYMMtH0CtDwDaHd0Hv_hESLKUqoItRW7lpFgZmIvgfzbPLv1KTNDVRb8Ik1EsrcxgLJZVVZfL5nSjwyyL0c8g0lYUT_.baBG5wCLRGwtbXCdBqlxCO9Ok6xJt6do8ol7kWC1rYwycBXwmu26Hcby13sfPUnCnnZ61itDfTVRT_fptysCQxxY0AD4mEEeY.22uhzgSlQWSXBftqQCfBqmc27dbxMVQL2qoIqdWmMyxSWmgdBZQai481.LsaF8Sc63B1fUwW1mFS5D4kJnsmXmBEf.VQ1cjYkWIhbh_O32VndSTh3mlUFze30yc0S5gfO81aDR3ursFw8OWlE6M1Nb27GCbDFTNO5wyL9.g38RI9QzQvYc1dpQVVMy3HqWI4cqd4Bg7tkTK5.KHXdEEIUpV2BlPYK8o19VvPs93LEKIEMqZhpEJEBbl2KCDYcddr7EDmVjsXwnWEKJifh0vPw2vfEDP8WK7zZDw0zO_mEK1Gzd2Q7PuypOrGN_FtzWj5Y.S_OHCep79EleMwZgjDHqZCFWy0lmPFOOYUSs8njQP6I4JLlSt0LRiUMLQt3Z2pvAS_Ob6IQ8hs_6HB1_1QUheXRffA6HmH_Bc_O6c1esUySlMAICnOdmOhppdyvBvHfHqhoqvDgwX8bS1gBC2yGJtRg7A5qDeMvj.XCi8W3MKtrpuDIg8bAc0VBt86UYIzPw_8yyWVpYXize49oVzWcHhXcVRnzGyjyFF4NVI50kFZtHtpQA6gAx7VHoND6B8ea.0iwdDgMXO7I9mba_N23S6a7YmcCjNcgbYK5QRJyXfyYn9_R3myR.dw8hF0DI_uz2dN4ZED.123AchPt2QUk813mID6gEIgAbY9bmPZ2EvzwD8PxzIjBYxY9LAwlQZpU6u3J9JEp0xdoJW27qt2xqdntrP7g8AJoW1dJdKoF1zlvgGOYPk0unYrrULDdZb1o3ZKy7fsC3knZ4bNBOwdp.XGohKO_1HgslnSvKy6CyAAOIlHB_tzR90x12ysdQJQ6qQJA.hZh6muHUHM8zQrWv34eo0YG8D.qXHnYj0KSDjL1gp89aAeI10TmTOV7JYXcs1g9tDWEXk8vIIJlp9n1qXRLijxxnEgdr_ZPrxay6ZPM1awEHzE4fBttA.KVL99ain04qm9TY.Yyil9LtnVGbo3KcAjnsrTJZZgdrzSh0jvQAAQNHpGZ3gfHtdgzfmhO8KC8Xzi0Ug"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=8e714eec591c463d';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/?__cf_chl_rt_tk=ik.l.Fd7WhRSwk353MAFHtIj9BxWvz3DyfaPP2QJLiA-1732366471-1.0.1.1-.QhOV7NO7Z3nfv1o9zEf9HQqkErysmII6dic127NrU4" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>