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href="/wiki/Txikipedia:Azala"><span>Txikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Ikusgela" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza/Ikusgela"><span>Ikusgela</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Txokoa" title="Proiektuaren inguruan, zer egin dezakezu, non aurkitu nahi duzuna"><span>Txokoa</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:AzkenAldaketak" title="Wikiko azken aldaketen zerrenda. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Aldaketa berriak</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:Ausazkoa" title="Ausazko orrialde bat kargatu [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Ausazko orria</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" title="Aurkitzeko lekua."><span>Laguntza</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Azala" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Entziklopedia askea" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-eu.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:Bilatu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Bilatu</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" aria-label="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Berezi:Bilatu"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Bilatu</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itxura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itxura</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu" class=""><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Makina" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea." class=""><span>Sortu kontua</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Makina" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Hasi saioa</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Aukera gehiago" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresna pertsonalak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu"><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Makina" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Sortu kontua</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Makina" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Hasi saioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi"><span>gehiago ikasi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Ekarpenak</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Makinen_erabilerak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Makinen_erabilerak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Makinen erabilerak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Makinen_erabilerak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energia_eta_makinak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energia_eta_makinak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Energia eta makinak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energia_eta_makinak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erremintak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erremintak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Erremintak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erremintak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Makina_motak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Makina_motak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Makina motak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Makina_motak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Makina motak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Makina_motak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Makina_sinpleak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Makina_sinpleak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Makina sinpleak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Makina_sinpleak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mekanismoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mekanismoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Mekanismoak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mekanismoak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Mekanismoak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mekanismoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Engranajeak_eta_engranaje-trenak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engranajeak_eta_engranaje-trenak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Engranajeak eta engranaje-trenak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engranajeak_eta_engranaje-trenak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Espeka_eta_jarraitzaileen_mekanismoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Espeka_eta_jarraitzaileen_mekanismoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Espeka eta jarraitzaileen mekanismoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Espeka_eta_jarraitzaileen_mekanismoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konexioak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konexioak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Konexioak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konexioak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mekanismo_planarra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mekanismo_planarra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Mekanismo planarra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mekanismo_planarra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mekanismo_esferikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mekanismo_esferikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Mekanismo esferikoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mekanismo_esferikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mekanismo_espaziala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mekanismo_espaziala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Mekanismo espaziala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mekanismo_espaziala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flexio_mekanismoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flexio_mekanismoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Flexio mekanismoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flexio_mekanismoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kontrolagailuak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kontrolagailuak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Kontrolagailuak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kontrolagailuak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Makina_informatikoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Makina_informatikoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Makina informatikoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Makina_informatikoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Motak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eragina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eragina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Eragina</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Eragina-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Eragina azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Eragina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Industria_Iraultza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industria_Iraultza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Industria Iraultza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industria_Iraultza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mekanizatze_eta_automatizazioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mekanizatze_eta_automatizazioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Mekanizatze eta automatizazioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mekanizatze_eta_automatizazioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Makina_konposatuak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Makina_konposatuak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Makina konposatuak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Makina_konposatuak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Makina</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 142 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-142" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">142 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masjien" title="Masjien – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Masjien" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maschine" title="Maschine – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Maschine" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%88%BD%E1%8A%95" title="ማሽን – amharera" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማሽን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maquina" title="Maquina – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Maquina" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okwukwut_ikwaan%CC%84" title="Okwukwut ikwaan̄ – oboloera" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Okwukwut ikwaan̄" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="oboloera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A9" title="آلة – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maquinaria" title="Maquinaria – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Maquinaria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%9F%C4%B1n" title="Maşın – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maşın" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ماشین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماشین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Машина – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Машина" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maschiin" title="Maschiin – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Maschiin" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makina" title="Makina – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Makina" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Машына – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Машына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Машына – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Машына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin" title="Mesin – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Mesin" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Машина – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Машина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="যন্ত্র – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%95%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="འཕྲུལ་འཁོར། – tibetera" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཕྲུལ་འཁོར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanik" title="Mekanik – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mekanik" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%A1ina" title="Mašina – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mašina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0quina" title="Màquina – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Màquina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Машина – txetxenera" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Машина" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="txetxenera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makina" title="Makina – cebuanoera" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Makina" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%95" title="مەکینە – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەکینە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroj" title="Stroj – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stroj" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9Ca%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мaшина – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мaшина" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peiriant" title="Peiriant – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Peiriant" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskine" title="Maskine – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Maskine" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maschine" title="Maschine – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Maschine" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B7%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE" title="Μηχανή – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μηχανή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine" title="Machine – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Machine" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%9Dino" title="Maŝino – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maŝino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1quina_(tecnolog%C3%ADa)" title="Máquina (tecnología) – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Máquina (tecnología)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masin" title="Masin – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Masin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1quina" title="Máquina – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Máquina" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ماشین – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماشین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kone" title="Kone – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kone" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine" title="Machine – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Machine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskiin" title="Maskiin – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Maskiin" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masine" title="Masine – mendebaldeko frisiera" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Masine" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="mendebaldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meais%C3%ADn" title="Meaisín – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Meaisín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inneal" title="Inneal – Eskoziako gaelikoa" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Inneal" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Eskoziako gaelikoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1quina" title="Máquina – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Máquina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%27ekavo%C3%B1a" title="Ku'ekavoña – guaraniera" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ku'ekavoña" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeshaght" title="Jeshaght – manxera" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Jeshaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מכונה – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מכונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="यंत्र – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यंत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine" title="Machine – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Machine" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strojevi" title="Strojevi – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Strojevi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machin" title="Machin – Haitiko kreolera" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Machin" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitiko kreolera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9p" title="Gép – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gép" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Մեքենա – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեքենա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machina" title="Machina – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Machina" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin" title="Mesin – ibanera" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Mesin" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="ibanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin" title="Mesin – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mesin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makina" title="Makina – ilocanoera" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Makina" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashino" title="Mashino – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mashino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9l" title="Vél – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vél" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macchina" title="Macchina – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Macchina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0" title="機械 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="機械" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin" title="Mesin – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mesin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="მანქანა – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მანქანა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macini" title="Macini – kikuyuera" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Macini" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuyuera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Машина – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Машина" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಯಂತ್ರ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯಂತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EA%B3%84" title="기계 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%90%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%86" title="مِشیٖن – kaxmirera" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مِشیٖن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kaxmirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mak%C3%AEne" title="Makîne – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Makîne" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jynn" title="Jynn – kornubiera" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Jynn" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornubiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Машина – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Машина" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machina" title="Machina – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Machina" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqina" title="Maqina – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Maqina" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas%C3%ADni" title="Masíni – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Masíni" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81" title="ກົນຈັກ – laosera" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ກົນຈັກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanin%C4%97_sistema" title="Mechaninė sistema – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mechaninė sistema" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%A1%C4%ABna" title="Mašīna – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mašīna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masin" title="Masin – minangkabauera" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Masin" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabauera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Машина – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Машина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="യന്ത്രം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യന്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Машин – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Машин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="यंत्र – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="यंत्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin" title="Mesin – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mesin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="စက်ကိရိယာများ – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စက်ကိရိယာများ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Теважа – erziera" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Теважа" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87" title="دسگاه – mazandarandera" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دسگاه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maschien" title="Maschien – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Maschien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2" title="कल – newarera" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कल" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin" title="Mesin – niasera" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Mesin" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="niasera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine" title="Machine – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Machine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskin" title="Maskin – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Maskin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskin" title="Maskin – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Maskin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach%C3%A8ne" title="Machène – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Machène" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maquina" title="Maquina – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Maquina" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maashinii" title="Maashinii – oromoera" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Maashinii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0" title="ଯନ୍ତ୍ର – oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଯନ୍ତ୍ର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8" title="ਮਸ਼ੀਨ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਸ਼ੀਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maszyna" title="Maszyna – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Maszyna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angign" title="Angign – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Angign" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86" title="مشین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مشین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ماشین – paxtunera" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ماشین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxtunera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1quina" title="Máquina – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Máquina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qallwa" title="Qallwa – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qallwa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C8%99in%C4%83" title="Mașină – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mașină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahin%C3%A2" title="Mahinâ – aromaniera" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Mahinâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Машина – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Машина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB)" title="Массыына (тэрил) – sakhera" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Массыына (тэрил)" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0china" title="Màchina – sardiniera" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Màchina" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%A1ina" title="Mašina – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mašina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allal" title="Allal – tachelhita" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Allal" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%82%81%E1%81%A2%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%81%B8%E1%81%A2%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="ႁၢင်ႈၸၢၵ်ႈ – shanera" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ႁၢင်ႈၸၢၵ်ႈ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="shanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine" title="Machine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Machine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroj" title="Stroj – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stroj" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroj" title="Stroj – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stroj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muchina" title="Muchina – shonera" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Muchina" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makiinad" title="Makiinad – somaliera" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Makiinad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makina" title="Makina – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Makina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Машина – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Машина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin" title="Mesin – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mesin" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskin" title="Maskin – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Maskin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashine" title="Mashine – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mashine" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இயந்திரம் – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இயந்திரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="యంత్రం – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="యంత్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Мошин – tajikera" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мошин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3" title="เครื่องจักร – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เครื่องจักร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%9Fyn" title="Maşyn – turkmenera" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Maşyn" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makina" title="Makina – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Makina" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makine" title="Makine – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Makine" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Машина – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Машина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%DB%81" title="آلہ – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آلہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashina" title="Mashina – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mashina" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1y_m%C3%B3c" title="Máy móc – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Máy móc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machene" title="Machene – valoniera" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Machene" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makin%C3%A1" title="Makiná – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Makiná" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuutuloxo" title="Wuutuloxo – wolofera" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Wuutuloxo" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolofera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8" title="机器 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="机器" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="მანქანა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მანქანა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9F" title="מאשין – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאשין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rok" title="Rok – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Rok" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8" title="机器 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="机器" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki-h%C3%A2i" title="Ki-hâi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ki-hâi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0" title="機械 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" 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honetaranzko esteka duten wiki orri guztien zerrenda [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Honanzko esteka duten orriak</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:RecentChangesLinked/Makina" rel="nofollow" title="Orri honetatik esteka duten orrietako azken aldaketak [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Lotutako orrietako aldaketak</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=eu" title="Irudiak edo media fitxategiak igo [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Fitxategia igo</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:OrrialdeBereziak" title="Orri berezi guztien zerrenda [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Orri bereziak</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&oldid=9853257" title="Orriaren bertsio honetaranzko esteka iraunkorra"><span>Lotura iraunkorra</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a 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artikuluen zerrendaren parte da"><img alt="Artikulu hau Wikipedia guztiek izan beharreko artikuluen zerrendaren parte da" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikipedia-1000.png/20px-Wikipedia-1000.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikipedia-1000.png/30px-Wikipedia-1000.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikipedia-1000.png/40px-Wikipedia-1000.png 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia, Entziklopedia askea</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:HwacheonCentreLathe_460x1000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/HwacheonCentreLathe_460x1000.jpg/300px-HwacheonCentreLathe_460x1000.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/HwacheonCentreLathe_460x1000.jpg/450px-HwacheonCentreLathe_460x1000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/HwacheonCentreLathe_460x1000.jpg/600px-HwacheonCentreLathe_460x1000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="1401" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tornu" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Tornu">Tornuak</a> materialei forma emateko erabiltzen diren <b>makinak</b> dira.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Makinak</b> gure edozein jarduera modu errazagoan egiteko erabiltzen ditugun objektuak dira. </p><p>Makinek modu askotan laguntzen digute. Adibidez, guraizeekin papera erraz eta azkar mozten dugu. Telefonoari esker, momentuan komunikatzen gara munduko beste leku batean dagoen norbaitekin. </p><p>Orokorrean, makinei esker, indarra eta denbora aurrezten ditugu. </p><p><b>Makina</b> <a href="/wiki/Lan" class="mw-disambig" title="Lan">lan</a> bat egiteko erabiltzen den osagai edo <a href="/wiki/Tresna" title="Tresna">tresna</a> multzo egituratu bat da, horretarako <a href="/wiki/Energia" title="Energia">energia</a> baliatzen duena. Makina bateko osagaiak mekanikoak, pneumatikoak, hidraulikoak, elektrikoak nahiz elektronikoak izan daitezke. Makinak finkoak (<a href="/wiki/Tornu" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Tornu">tornua</a>, esaterako) zein mugikorrak (<a href="/wiki/Lokomotora" class="mw-redirect" title="Lokomotora">lokomotorra</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Bizikleta" title="Bizikleta">bizikleta</a>, adibidez) izan daitezke. </p><p>Oinarrizko sailkapen baten arabera, makinak bakunak (atal finko batzuei lotutako gorputz trinko bakarrekoak: <a href="/wiki/Palanka" title="Palanka">palanka</a>, tornua, etab.) eta konposatuak (makina bakunez osatuak: transfer makinak, etab.) izan daitezke. </p><p>Makina <a href="/wiki/Tresna" title="Tresna">tresna</a> bat da, eta, ekintza jakin bat egiteko, <a href="/wiki/Energia" title="Energia">energia</a> erabiltzen duen zati bat edo gehiago du. Makinak, normalean, baliabide <a href="/wiki/Mekanika" title="Mekanika">mekanikoz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kimika" title="Kimika">kimikoz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Termika" title="Termika">termikoz</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Elektrizitate" title="Elektrizitate">elektrikoz</a> <a href="/wiki/Lan_(fisika)" title="Lan (fisika)">elikatzen</a> dira, eta, askotan, <a href="/wiki/Motor" title="Motor">motordunak</a> izaten dira. Historikoki, tresna elektriko batek atal mugikorrak ere behar ditu makina gisa sailkatu ahal izateko. Hala ere, <a href="/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika">elektronikaren</a> etorrerak ekarri du tresna elektrikoak garatzea mugimenduan dauden elementutzat jotzen diren atalik izan gabe<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Makina_sinple" title="Makina sinple">Makina sinplea</a> <a href="/wiki/Indar" title="Indar">indar</a> baten norabidea edo <a href="/wiki/Magnitude_fisiko" title="Magnitude fisiko">magnitudea</a> transformatzen duen gailua da, baina badaude makina konplexuago asko ere, adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Ibilgailu" title="Ibilgailu">ibilgailuak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika">sistema elektronikoak</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina_molekular&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makina molekular (sortu gabe)">makina molekularrak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordenagailu" title="Ordenagailu">ordenagailuak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telebista" title="Telebista">telebistak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irrati-hargailu" title="Irrati-hargailu">irrati-ekipoak</a>, eta abar. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologia">Etimologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Etimologia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etimologia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Makina hitza <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latinezko</a> <i>machina</i> hitzetik dator, zeina, halaber, <a href="/wiki/Greziera" title="Greziera">grezieratik</a> datorren: (<a href="/wiki/Doriar" title="Doriar">dorieraz</a> μαχανά <i>makhana</i>, <a href="/wiki/Joniera" title="Joniera">jonieraz</a> μαχανά <i>makmakhana</i> (artefaktua, makina, motorra) eta hura, berriz, μῆχος <i>mekhos</i> (baliabidea, espedientea, erremedioa) hitzetik<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>XVII. mendean, hitzak ekintzaren bat egiteko plana ere adieraz zezakeen, orain trikimailu hitzak adierazten duen esanahia. Terminoaren esanahi modernoa garatu zen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antzerki_isabeldarra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antzerki isabeldarra (sortu gabe)">antzerki isabeldarrean</a> eta setio militarreko makinetan erabiltzen zen tramoia mekanikoaren etapan modu espezializatuan aplikatu ondoren, bai XVI. mendearen amaieran, bai XVII. mendearen hasieran. </p><p><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>k (OED) terminoaren esanahi modernoaren jatorria <i>Technicum lexikotik</i> (John Harris, 1704) abiatzen du, eta definizio hau ematen du: </p> <dl><dd><i>Makina edo motorra mekanikan, gorputz baten mugimendua aldatzeko edo gelditzeko aukera ematen duen guztia da… Oro har, honako hauek hartzen dira makina bakuntzat: <a href="/wiki/Palanka" title="Palanka">palanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurpil" title="Gurpil">gurpila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polea" title="Polea">polea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ziri" title="Ziri">ziria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plano_inklinatu" title="Plano inklinatu">plano inklinatua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torloju" title="Torloju">torlojua</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tornu_(f%C3%ADsika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tornu (físika) (sortu gabe)">tornua</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Engranaje" title="Engranaje">engranajea</a>. Motorrak edo makina konposatuak, berriz, kontaezinak dira…</i></dd></dl> <p>Ingelesezko «engine» hitza (Harrisen garaitik gertuko sinonimotzat erabiltzen dena), azken batean (frantses zaharraren bidez), «ingenium» latinezko hitzetik dator, baita euskarazko «<a href="/wiki/Ingeniari" title="Ingeniari">ingeniari</a>»<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hitza ere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Historia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Domenico-Fetti_Archimedes_1620.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Domenico-Fetti_Archimedes_1620.jpg/150px-Domenico-Fetti_Archimedes_1620.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Domenico-Fetti_Archimedes_1620.jpg/225px-Domenico-Fetti_Archimedes_1620.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Domenico-Fetti_Archimedes_1620.jpg/300px-Domenico-Fetti_Archimedes_1620.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1364" data-file-height="1818" /></a><figcaption><i>Arkimedes pentsakor</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Beharbada, gizakiak bere indarra aprobetxatzeko diseinatutako gailu baten lehen adibidea <a href="/wiki/Aizkora" title="Aizkora">aizkora</a> da, <a href="/wiki/Ziri" title="Ziri">ziri</a> bat egiteko <a href="/wiki/Suharri" title="Suharri">suharrizko</a> piezak ezpalduz egina. Ziria makina sinple bat da, erremintaren desplazamendu axialetik abiatuta zeharkako banantze-indarra lortzeko aukera ematen duena. </p><p>Makina sinple baten ideia <a href="/wiki/Arkimedes" title="Arkimedes">Arkimedes</a> <a href="/wiki/Ingeniari" title="Ingeniari">ingeniari</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Matematikari" title="Matematikari">matematikari</a> <a href="/wiki/Greziar" title="Greziar">greziarrarekin</a> sortu zen <a href="/wiki/K._a._III._mendearen_taula" class="mw-redirect" title="K. a. III. mendearen taula">K.a. III. mendean</a>, makina sinpleak aztertu zituenean: <a href="/wiki/Palanka" title="Palanka">palanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polea" title="Polea">polea</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Torloju" title="Torloju">torlojua</a>. Palankaren abantaila mekanikoaren hastapena aurkitu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Geroagoko, filosofo greziarrek bost makina sinple klasikoak definitu zituzten (<a href="/wiki/Plano_inklinatu" title="Plano inklinatu">plano inklinatua</a> izan ezik), eta haien abantaila mekanikoa, gutxi gorabehera, kalkulatzeko gai izan ziren<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Heron_Alexandriakoa" title="Heron Alexandriakoa">Heron Alexandriakoak</a> bere <i>Mechanica</i> liburuan, bost mekanismo aipatzen ditu, zeinak mugimenduan dagoen karga bat ezar dezaketen: palanka, txigrea, polea, <a href="/wiki/Ziri" title="Ziri">ziria</a> eta torlojua. Haien fabrikazioa eta erabilerak deskribatzen ditu<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hala ere, greziarren ulermena <a href="/wiki/Estatika" title="Estatika">estatikara</a> mugatzen zen (indarren oreka), eta ez zuen <a href="/wiki/Dinamika" title="Dinamika">dinamika</a> (indarraren eta distantziaren arteko oreka) edo <a href="/wiki/Lan_(fisika)" title="Lan (fisika)">lan</a> kontzeptua kontuan hartu. </p><p>Beste lau makina sinpleak <a href="/wiki/Ekialde_Hurbileko_historia" title="Ekialde Hurbileko historia">antzinako Ekialde Hurbilean</a> asmatu zituzten<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Gurpil" title="Gurpil">Gurpila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tornu_(fisika)" title="Tornu (fisika)">gurpil eta ardatz</a> mekanismoarekin batera, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> (egungo <a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a>) asmatu zen K.a. 5. milurtekoan<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Palanka-mekanismoa duela 5.000 urte inguru agertu zen lehen aldiz, <a href="/wiki/Ekialde_Hurbila" title="Ekialde Hurbila">Ekialde Hurbilean</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Balantza sinple batean eta objektu handiak mugitzeko erabiltzen zen <a href="/wiki/Antzinako_Egipto" title="Antzinako Egipto">Antzinako Egiptoko</a> teknologian<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Palanka ura altxatzeko gailuan (zikoina) ere erabili zen, K.a. 3.000. urte inguruan<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, Mesopotamian agertu zen lehen <a href="/wiki/Garabi" title="Garabi">garabi-makina</a> eta, gero, antzinako <a href="/wiki/Egiptoar_arkitektura" title="Egiptoar arkitektura">egiptoar teknologian</a>, K.a. 2000<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. urte inguruan. <a href="/wiki/Polea" title="Polea">Poleen</a> lehen aztarnak Mesopotamian aurkitu ziren, K.a. 2. milurtekoaren hasieran<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta <a href="/wiki/Antzinako_Egipto" title="Antzinako Egipto">antzinako Egipton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egiptoko_XII._dinastia" title="Egiptoko XII. dinastia">Egiptoko XII. dinastian</a>. (K.a. 1991-1802)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Potentzia-torlojuaren azkoina izan zen asmatutako azken makina bakuna<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, lehen aldiz Mesopotamian agertu baitzen K.a. <a href="/wiki/Neo-asiriar_inperioa" title="Neo-asiriar inperioa">neoasiriar</a> aldian (911-609)<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Egiptoko_piramideak" title="Egiptoko piramideak">Egiptoko piramideak</a> sortzeko sei makina sinpleetatik hiru erabiliz eraiki ziren: <a href="/wiki/Plano_inklinatu" title="Plano inklinatu">plano inklinatua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ziri" title="Ziri">ziria</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Palanka" title="Palanka">palanka</a>, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Gizako_piramide_handia" title="Gizako piramide handia">Gizako piramide handia</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pizkundea" title="Pizkundea">Pizkunde</a> garaian, potentzia mekanikoen dinamika (makina sinpleei hala deitzen baitzitzaien) egin zezaketen lan erabilgarriaren ikuspegitik aztertzen hasi ziren, eta horrek, azkenean, <a href="/wiki/Lan_(fisika)" title="Lan (fisika)">lan</a> mekanikoaren kontzeptu berrira eraman zuen. 1586an, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Stevin" title="Simon Stevin">Simon Stevin</a> <a href="/wiki/Ingeniari" title="Ingeniari">ingeniari</a> <a href="/wiki/Flandriar" title="Flandriar">flandiarrak</a> <a href="/wiki/Plano_inklinatu" title="Plano inklinatu">plano inklinatuaren</a> abantaila mekanikoa ondorioztatu zuen, eta beste <a href="/wiki/Makina_sinple" title="Makina sinple">makina sinpleekin</a> sartu zen. Makina sinpleen teoria dinamiko osoa <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> <a href="/wiki/Zientzialari" title="Zientzialari">zientzialari</a> <a href="/wiki/Italiar" title="Italiar">italiarrak</a> landu zuen 1600. urtean, <i>Le Meccaniche</i>n (Mekanikari buruz)<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lehena izan zen ulertzen makina sinpleek ez dutela energiarik sortzen, transformatu baino ez dutela egiten<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vincik</a> (1452-1519) aurkitu zituen makinetako irristatze-marruskaduraren arau klasikoak, baina argitaragabe geratu ziren bere koadernoetan. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillaume_Amontonsons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guillaume Amontonsons (sortu gabe)">Guillaume Amontonsons-ek</a> (1699) berraurkitu zituen, eta, ondoren, <a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Charles-Augustin de Coulomb-ek</a> (1785) garatu zituen<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Makinen_erabilerak">Makinen erabilerak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Makinen erabilerak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Makinen erabilerak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Indarra egitea</b>: Lehenengo makinak indar handiagoa egiteko edo indarra hobeto egiteko erabili ziren. Adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Mailu" title="Mailu">mailua</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Zulagailu" title="Zulagailu">zulagailua</a>.</li> <li><b>Garraiatzea</b>: Makinekin, pertsonak nahiz salgaiak garraiatzen dira. Adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Bizikleta" title="Bizikleta">bizikleta</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Kamioi" title="Kamioi">kamioia</a>.</li> <li><b>Berotzea eta hoztea</b>: Makina horiei esker, gure etxeak erosoagoak dira. Adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Hozkailu" title="Hozkailu">hozkailua</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Sukalde_bitrozeramiko" title="Sukalde bitrozeramiko">sukaldea</a>.</li> <li><b>Komunikatzea</b>: <a href="/wiki/Telefono" title="Telefono">Telefonoek</a>, finkoek zein <a href="/wiki/Telefono_mugikor" title="Telefono mugikor">mugikorrek</a>, erabat aldatu dute gure bizimodua.</li> <li><b>Informazioa erabiltzea</b>: Batez ere <a href="/wiki/Ordenagailu" title="Ordenagailu">ordenagailuek</a> egiten dute, baina baita <a href="/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera">kamerek</a> eta beste makina batzuek ere.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energia_eta_makinak">Energia eta makinak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Energia eta makinak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Energia eta makinak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Makina guztiek energia erabiltzen dute; zenbait iturritatik lortutako energia izaten da. </p><p>Makina batzuek <a href="/wiki/Energia_potentzial" title="Energia potentzial">pertsonek eragindako energiari</a> esker funtzionatzen dute; esaterako, <a href="/wiki/Bihurkin" title="Bihurkin">bihurkinek</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Orgatila" class="mw-redirect" title="Orgatila">orgatilek</a>. </p><p>Beste batzuek, berriz, beste energia-iturri batzuekin funtzionatzen dute. Erabilienak <a href="/wiki/Energia_elektriko" title="Energia elektriko">energia elektrikoa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Erregai" title="Erregai">erregaien</a> energia dira. Beste iturri batzuk ere erabiltzen dira, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Energia_hidrauliko" title="Energia hidrauliko">urarena</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Energia_eoliko" title="Energia eoliko">haizearena</a> —adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Errota" title="Errota">errotetan</a>—. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erremintak">Erremintak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erremintak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Erremintak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Erreminta deritzegu lanbide batean lanerako erabiltzen diren makinei. Oso sinpleak izan daitezke, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Guraize" title="Guraize">guraizeak</a>, edota oso konplexuak, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Ordenagailu" title="Ordenagailu">ordenagailuak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Hondeamakina" title="Hondeamakina">Hondeamakinak</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Makina_motak">Makina motak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Makina motak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Makina motak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Makina_sinpleak">Makina sinpleak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Makina sinpleak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Makina sinpleak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Table_of_Mechanicks,_Cyclopaedia,_Volume_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Table_of_Mechanicks%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_2.png/250px-Table_of_Mechanicks%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_2.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="387" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Table_of_Mechanicks%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_2.png/375px-Table_of_Mechanicks%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Table_of_Mechanicks%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_2.png/500px-Table_of_Mechanicks%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_2.png 2x" data-file-width="1695" data-file-height="2621" /></a><figcaption>Mekanismo bakunen taula, 1728ko <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chambers%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chambers' Cyclopædia (sortu gabe)">Chambers' Cyclopædia</a></i>tik hartuta.<sup id="cite_ref-Mechanicks_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mechanicks-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Makina sinpleek makina konplexuagoak ulertzeko </i>hiztegia<i> eskaintzen dute.</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Makina sinpleak pieza batez edo gutxi batzuez osatuta daude. Makina horiek pertsonen energiari esker funtzionatzen dute, eta egiten dugun indarra aldatzen dute, gure lana errazteko. Makina sinple ohikoenak <a href="/wiki/Polea" title="Polea">polea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plano_inklinatu" title="Plano inklinatu">plano inklinatua</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Palanka" title="Palanka">palanka</a> dira. </p><p>Makina bat elementu mugikor sinpletan deskonposa daitekeelako ideiak bultzatuta, <a href="/wiki/Arkimedes" title="Arkimedes">Arkimedesek</a> <a href="/wiki/Palanka" title="Palanka">palanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polea" title="Polea">polea</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Torloju" title="Torloju">torlojua</a> makina sinple gisa definitu zituen. Pizkundearen garaian, zerrenda hori handitu egin zen, <a href="/wiki/Tornu_(fisika)" title="Tornu (fisika)">gurpila eta ardatza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ziri" title="Ziri">ziria</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Plano_inklinatu" title="Plano inklinatu">plano inklinatua</a> barne hartzeraino. Makinak karakterizatzeko ikuspegi modernoa, hala, mugimendua ahalbidetzen duten osagaietan oinarritzen da, <a href="/wiki/Pare_zinematiko" title="Pare zinematiko">artikulazioetan</a>, alegia. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Ziri" title="Ziri">Ziria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aizkora" title="Aizkora">aizkora</a>)</b>: Beharbada, potentzia kudeatzeko diseinatutako gailu baten lehen adibidea da aizkora, <a href="/wiki/Aurpegibiko" title="Aurpegibiko">aurpegibiko</a> ere deitua. Aizkora egiteko, harria —normalean, <a href="/wiki/Suharri" title="Suharri">suharria</a>— <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ezpal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ezpal (sortu gabe)">ezpaltzen</a> da, bi aurpegiko sorbatz edo ziri bat egiteko. Ziria makina sinple bat da, <a href="/wiki/Tresna" title="Tresna">tresnaren</a> albo-indarra eta mugimendua piezaren zeharkako zatiketaren indar eta mugimendu bihurtzen dituena. Potentzia erabilgarria tresna erabiltzen duen pertsonaren esfortzuak mugatzen du, baina, potentzia indarraren eta mugimenduaren emaitza denez, ziriak indarra anplifikatzen du, mugimendua murriztuz. Anplifikazio edo abantaila mekaniko hori sarrerako abiaduraren eta irteerakoaren arteko erlazioa da. Ziriaren kasuan, 1/tanα da, non α puntaren angelua den. Ziriaren aurpegiak lerro zuzen gisa modelatzen dira juntura irristakor edo <a href="/wiki/Prisma_(geometria)" title="Prisma (geometria)">prismatikoa</a> osatzeko. </p><p><b>Palanka</b>: Palanka potentzia kudeatzeko beste gailu garrantzitsu eta sinplea bat da. Berme-puntu batean pibotatzen duen gorputz bat da. Pibotetik urrun dagoen puntu baten abiadura pibotetik hurbil dagoen puntu batena baino handiagoa denez, pibotetik urrun aplikatutako indarrak pibotetik hurbil anplifikatzen dira hari lotutako abiadura-murrizketaren ondorioz. Baldin eta <i>a</i> bada pibotetik sarrera-indarra aplikatzen den punturainoko distantzia eta <i>b</i> irteera-indarra aplikatzen den punturainoko distantzia, orduan <i>a/b</i> da palankaren abantaila mekanikoa. Palanka baten euste-puntua artikulatutako edo iraulitako artikulazio gisa modelatzen da. </p><p><b>Gurpila</b>: Gurpila makina primitibo garrantzitsua da, <a href="/wiki/Gurdi" title="Gurdi">gurdia</a> bezala. Gurpil batek palankaren legea erabiltzen du karga bati tira egitean <a href="/wiki/Marruskadura-indar" title="Marruskadura-indar">marruskadura</a> gainditzeko behar den indarra murrizteko. Hori ikusteko, kontuan izan lurrean dagoen karga batetik tira egitean lotutako marruskadura eta gurpil baten ardatzean kargari eusten dion kojinete sinple batena gutxi gorabehera bera dela. Hala ere, gurpilak palanka bat osatzen du, trakzio-indarra handiagotzen duena kojinetearen marruskadura-erresistentzia gaindi dezan. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Kinematics_of_Machinery_-_Figure_21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ilustración de un acoplamiento de cuatro barras de Kinematics of Machinery, 1876" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kinematics_of_Machinery_-_Figure_21.jpg/200px-Kinematics_of_Machinery_-_Figure_21.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kinematics_of_Machinery_-_Figure_21.jpg/300px-Kinematics_of_Machinery_-_Figure_21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kinematics_of_Machinery_-_Figure_21.jpg/400px-Kinematics_of_Machinery_-_Figure_21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1768" data-file-height="2128" /></a><figcaption>Lau barrako akoplamendu baten irudia, <i>The Kinematics of Machinery</i>, 1876</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Reuleaux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Reuleaux (sortu gabe)">Franz Reuleauxek</a> egin zuen <a href="/wiki/Makina_sinple" title="Makina sinple">makina sinpleen</a> sailkapena, makina berriak diseinatzeko estrategia bat izan zedin<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Oinarrizko 800 makina baino gehiago bildu, eta aztertu zituen. Ikusi zuen makina klasiko sinpleak bildu daitezkeela gontz baten inguruan biratzen den gorputz batez osatutakoak (<a href="/wiki/Palanka" title="Palanka">palanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polea" title="Polea">polea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tornu_(fisika)" title="Tornu (fisika)">gurpila eta ardatza</a>) gainazal lau baten gainean irristatzen den blokearekin (<a href="/wiki/Plano_inklinatu" title="Plano inklinatu">plano inklinatua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ziri" title="Ziri">ziria</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Torloju" title="Torloju">torlojua</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Makina sinpleak kate zinematikoaren edo akoplamendu mekanikoaren oinarrizko adibideak dira, eta lurrun-makinatik roboten manipulatzaileetara doazen sistema mekanikoak modelatzeko erabiltzen dira. Palanka baten bermapuntua osatzen duten eta gurpila, ardatza eta poleak biratzea ahalbidetzen duten kojineteak artikulazio artikulatua izeneko <a href="/wiki/Pare_zinematiko" title="Pare zinematiko">pare zinematiko</a> baten adibideak dira. Era berean, plano inklinatu baten gainazal laua eta ezpala artikulazio irristakorra izeneko pare zinematikoaren adibide dira. Torlojua artikulazio helikoidal izeneko berezko pare zinematiko gisa identifikatu ohi da. </p><p>Errealizazio horrek erakusten du artikulazioak direla, edo mugimendua ematen dioten konexioak, makina baten elementu nagusiak. Lau artikulazio-mota abiapuntu hartuta: artikulazio birakaria, artikulazio irristakorra, espeka-artikulazioa eta engranaje-artikulazioa eta horiekin erlazionatutako loturak, hala nola kableak eta uhalak, makina bat uler daiteke artikulazio horiek konektatzen dituzten pieza solidoen multzo gisa, <a href="/wiki/Mekanismo" title="Mekanismo">mekanismo</a> deritzona<sup id="cite_ref-:4_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mekanismoak">Mekanismoak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Mekanismoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Mekanismoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sistema mekaniko baten <a href="/wiki/Mekanismo" title="Mekanismo">mekanismoa</a> makinaren elementu izeneko osagaiez osatuta dago. Elementu horiek sistema egituratzen dute, eta haren mugimendua kontrolatzen dute. </p><p>Egitura-osagaiak, oro har, hauek dira: <a href="/wiki/Txasis" title="Txasis">txasisaren atalak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kojinete" title="Kojinete">kojineteak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ildaska" title="Ildaska">ildaskak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malguki" title="Malguki">malgukiak</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juntura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juntura (sortu gabe)">junturak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itxitura_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Itxitura (argipena)">itxiturak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Estalki_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Estalki (argipena)">estalkiak</a>. Estalkien formak, ehundurak eta gainazalaren koloreak (<a href="/wiki/Industria-diseinu" title="Industria-diseinu">diseinua</a>) bitarteko bat ematen dute sistema mekanikoaren eta erabiltzaileen arteko elkarrekintzarako. </p><p>Mugimendua kontrolatzen duten multzoei ere mekanismo esaten zaie<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Mekanismoak, oro har, <a href="/wiki/Engranaje" title="Engranaje">engranaje</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Engranaje_tren" title="Engranaje tren">engranaje-tren</a> gisa sailkatzen dira, abiadura handitu edo murrizteko. Horien artean daude: <a href="/wiki/Transmisio-uhal" title="Transmisio-uhal">uhal bidezko transmisioa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Transmisio-kate" title="Transmisio-kate">kate bidezko transmisioa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Espeka" title="Espeka">espekak</a> eta horien segimendu- eta lotura-mekanismoak, baina badira, halaber, beste mekanismo berezi batzuk, hala nola euste-loturak, <a href="/wiki/Maltako_gurutzea_(mekanismoa)" title="Maltako gurutzea (mekanismoa)">urratsez urratseko mekanismoak</a>, ihesak eta marruskadura-gailuak, esaterako, <a href="/wiki/Balazta" title="Balazta">balaztak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Lozagia" title="Lozagia">enbrageak</a>. </p><p>Mekanismo baten askatasun-graduen kopurua, edo haren mugikortasuna, kate-mailen eta artikulazioen kopuruaren eta mekanismo hori eraikitzeko erabilitako artikulazio-moten araberakoa da. Mekanismo baten mugikortasun orokorra da katebegien murrizketarik gabeko askatasunaren eta artikulazioek ezarritako murrizketen arteko aldea. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chebychev-Gr%C3%BCbler-Kutzbachen_irizpidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chebychev-Grübler-Kutzbachen irizpidea (sortu gabe)">Chebychev-Grübler-Kutzbachen irizpidearen</a> bidez deskribatzen da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engranajeak_eta_engranaje-trenak">Engranajeak eta engranaje-trenak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Engranajeak eta engranaje-trenak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Engranajeak eta engranaje-trenak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:NAMA_Machine_d%27Anticyth%C3%A8re_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/NAMA_Machine_d%27Anticyth%C3%A8re_1.jpg/250px-NAMA_Machine_d%27Anticyth%C3%A8re_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/NAMA_Machine_d%27Anticyth%C3%A8re_1.jpg/375px-NAMA_Machine_d%27Anticyth%C3%A8re_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/NAMA_Machine_d%27Anticyth%C3%A8re_1.jpg/500px-NAMA_Machine_d%27Anticyth%C3%A8re_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1036" data-file-height="924" /></a><figcaption>El <a href="/wiki/Antiziterako_mekanismoa" title="Antiziterako mekanismoa">Antiziterako mekanismoa</a> (zati nagusia)</figcaption></figure> <p>Gurpil horzdunen arteko errotazioaren transmisioa <a href="/wiki/Greziako_historia" title="Greziako historia">Greziako</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiziterako_mekanismoa" title="Antiziterako mekanismoa">Antiziterako mekanismotik</a> eta Txinako puntako gurditik dator. <a href="/wiki/Georgius_Agricola" title="Georgius Agricola">Georgius Agricola</a> <a href="/wiki/Zientzialari" title="Zientzialari">zientzialari</a> <a href="/wiki/Pizkundea" title="Pizkundea">errenazentistaren</a> ilustrazioek hortz zilindrikoak dituzten <a href="/wiki/Engranaje_tren" title="Engranaje tren">engranaje-trenak</a> erakusten dituzte. Hortz inbolutiboaren inplementazioak engranaje-diseinu estandar bat ekarri zuen, abiadura konstanteko erlazio bat ematen duena. <a href="/wiki/Engranaje" title="Engranaje">Engranajeen</a> eta engranaje-trenen ezaugarri garrantzitsu batzuk hauek dira: </p> <ul><li>Engranaje akoplatuen igarotze-zirkuluen erlazioak engranaje-multzoaren abiadura-erlazioa eta abantaila mekanikoa definitzen ditu.</li> <li>Engranaje planetarioen tren batek engranajeen murrizketa handia eskaintzen du pakete trinko batean.</li> <li>Zirkularrak ez diren engranajeetarako hortzak diseina daitezke, eta, hala ere, parea leuntasunez transmititu.</li> <li>Kate eta uhalen abiadura-erlazioak beste transmisio-erlazioen modu berean kalkulatzen dira.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Espeka_eta_jarraitzaileen_mekanismoak">Espeka eta jarraitzaileen mekanismoak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Espeka eta jarraitzaileen mekanismoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Espeka eta jarraitzaileen mekanismoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Espeka eta jarraitzaile mekanismo bat forma bereziko bi katebegiren zuzeneko kontaktuaz osatuta dago. Maila eragileari espeka deritzo (ikus, halaber, espeka-ardatza), eta gainazalak zuzenean ukituz eragiten den kate-mailari, berriz, jarraitzaile. Espeka eta jarraitzailearen ukipen-gainazalen formak mekanismoaren mugimendua zehazten du. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Konexioak">Konexioak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Konexioak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Konexioak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Landing_gear_schematic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Landing_gear_schematic.svg/300px-Landing_gear_schematic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Landing_gear_schematic.svg/450px-Landing_gear_schematic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Landing_gear_schematic.svg/600px-Landing_gear_schematic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Hegazkinaren lurreratzeko trena kokatzen duten eragingailuaren eta lau barrako loturaren eskema.</figcaption></figure> <p>Katebegi mekanikoa juntagaiez lotzen diren katebegi multzoa da. Normalean, katebegiak egitura-elementuak dira eta juntagaiak mugimendua ahalbidetzen dute. Agian adibiderik erabilgarriena lau barrako mekanismo laua da. Hala ere, katebegi berezi gehiago daude: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watten_mekanismoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Watten mekanismoa (sortu gabe)">Watten mekanismoa</a> lau barrako katebegi bat da, gutxi gorabehera lerro zuzena sortzen duena. Ezinbestekoa izan zen bere lurrun-makinaren diseinuaren funtzionamendurako. Akoplamendu hori ibilgailuen suspentsioetan ere agertzen da, gurpilekiko karrozeriaren alboko mugimendua saihesteko.</li> <li>Watten akoplamenduaren arrakastak antzeko akoplamendu zuzenen diseinua ekarri zuen, hala nola <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hoekenen_mekanismoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoekenen mekanismoa (sortu gabe)">Hoekenen akoplamendua</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chebixoven_mekanismoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chebixoven mekanismoa (sortu gabe)">Chebixoven akoplamendua</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peaucellier-Lipkinen_mekanismoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peaucellier-Lipkinen mekanismoa (sortu gabe)">Peaucellier-en estekak</a> lerro zuzeneko irteera sortzen du sarrera birakari batetik abiatuta.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarrusesn_mekanismoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarrusesn mekanismoa (sortu gabe)">Sarrus-en akoplamendua</a> da biratzen den sarrera batetik higidura zuzen-lerroa sortzen duen akoplamendu espaziala. Aukeratu esteka hau <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechanicaldesign101.com/2009/04/27/c-j-sangwins-linkage-movies/">Sarrus linkage-ren</a> animazioa ikusteko</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klannen_mekanismoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klannen mekanismoa (sortu gabe)">Klannen mekanismoa</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theo_Jansen_akoplamendua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theo Jansen akoplamendua (sortu gabe)">Theo Jansen akoplamendua</a> ibiltzeko mugimendu interesgarriak ematen dituzten azken asmakizunak dira. Sei barra eta zortzi barrako loturak dira, hurrenez hurren.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mekanismo_planarra">Mekanismo planarra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Mekanismo planarra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Mekanismo planarra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mekanismo planarra sistema mekaniko bat da, zeinetan mugatuta dagoen sistemako gorputz guztien puntuen bideak lurreko planoarekiko paralelo diren planoetan egon daitezen. Sistemaren gorputzak lotzen dituzten artikulazioen errotazio-ardatzak perpendikularrak dira lurreko plano horrekiko. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mekanismo_esferikoa">Mekanismo esferikoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Mekanismo esferikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Mekanismo esferikoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mekanismo esferikoa sistema mekaniko bat da, zeinetan gorputzak sistemaren puntuen ibilbideak esfera zentrokideetan kokatzen diren moduan mugitzen diren. Sistemaren gorputzak lotzen dituzten artikulazioen biraketa-ardatzak esfera horien erditik pasatzen dira. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mekanismo_espaziala">Mekanismo espaziala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Mekanismo espaziala»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Mekanismo espaziala"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mekanismo espaziala gutxienez gorputz bat mugitzen den sistema mekaniko bat da, bere puntu-ibilbideak kurba espazial orokorrak izan daitezen. Sistemaren gorputzak lotzen dituzten artikulazioen biraketa ardatzek lerroak osatzen dituzte espazioan, zeinak ez diren gurutzatzen eta normal komun desberdinak dituzten. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flexio_mekanismoak">Flexio mekanismoak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Flexio mekanismoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Flexio mekanismoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tolestura-mekanismoa gorputz zurrunez osatuta dago, bat datozen osagaiez lotuta (juntagai tolestu gisa ere ezagutzen direnak) zeina diseinatuta dagoen indar bat aplikatzean geometrikoki ondo definitutako mugimendua sortzeko. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kontrolagailuak">Kontrolagailuak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kontrolagailuak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Kontrolagailuak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kontrolagailuek <a href="/wiki/Sentsore" title="Sentsore">sentsoreak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logika" title="Logika">logika</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Eragingailu" title="Eragingailu">eragingailuak</a> konbinatzen dituzte makina baten osagaien errendimendua mantentzeko. Agian, ezagunena lurrun-makina baten <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erregulatzaile_zentrifugo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erregulatzaile zentrifugo (sortu gabe)">aire-bola erregulatzailea</a> da. Gailu horien adibideak doaz ura hozteko balbula irekitzen duen <a href="/wiki/Termostato" title="Termostato">termostato</a> batetik (tenperatura igotzen denean), abiadura erregulatzaileetaraino (kotxe bateko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abiadura_kontrol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abiadura kontrol (sortu gabe)">abiadura kontrolatzeko</a> sistema). <a href="/wiki/PLC" title="PLC">Kontrolagailu logiko programagarriak</a> (PLC) ordenagailu programagarri batekin ordezkatu zituen <a href="/wiki/Errele" title="Errele">errele</a> eta kontrol-mekanismo espezializatuak. Agindu elektriko bati erantzunez ardatz bat zehazki kokatzen duten <a href="/wiki/Serbomotor" title="Serbomotor">serbomotorrak</a> dira <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">sistema robotikoak</a> posible egiten dituzten eragingailuak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Makina_informatikoak">Makina informatikoak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Makina informatikoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Makina informatikoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Arithmometre,_designed_by_Charles_Xavier_Thomas,_c._1820,_for_the_four_rules_of_arithmetic,_manufactured_1866-1870_AD,_TM10901_-_Tekniska_museet_-_Stockholm,_Sweden_-_DSC01567.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Arithmometre%2C_designed_by_Charles_Xavier_Thomas%2C_c._1820%2C_for_the_four_rules_of_arithmetic%2C_manufactured_1866-1870_AD%2C_TM10901_-_Tekniska_museet_-_Stockholm%2C_Sweden_-_DSC01567.JPG/300px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Arithmometre%2C_designed_by_Charles_Xavier_Thomas%2C_c._1820%2C_for_the_four_rules_of_arithmetic%2C_manufactured_1866-1870_AD%2C_TM10901_-_Tekniska_museet_-_Stockholm%2C_Sweden_-_DSC01567.JPG/450px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Arithmometre%2C_designed_by_Charles_Xavier_Thomas%2C_c._1820%2C_for_the_four_rules_of_arithmetic%2C_manufactured_1866-1870_AD%2C_TM10901_-_Tekniska_museet_-_Stockholm%2C_Sweden_-_DSC01567.JPG/600px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5372" data-file-height="3205" /></a><figcaption>Aritmometroa, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Xavier_Thomas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Xavier Thomas (sortu gabe)">Charles Xavier Thomasek</a> diseinatua, 1820an, aritmetikaren lau arauetarako, 1866 eta 1870 urteen artean fabrikatua. Tekniska museoko erakusketa, <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suedia" title="Suedia">Suedia</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbagek</a> <a href="/wiki/Logaritmo" title="Logaritmo">logaritmoen</a> taulak eta beste funtzio batzuk egiteko makinak diseinatu zituen 1837an. Bere «Difference Engine» <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalkulagailu_mekaniko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalkulagailu mekaniko (sortu gabe)">kalkulagailu mekaniko</a> aurreratutzat har daiteke, eta bere «Analytical Engine» (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalkulagailu_analitiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalkulagailu analitiko (sortu gabe)">kalkulagailu analitikoa</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ordenagailu" title="Ordenagailu">ordenagailu</a> modernoaren aitzindaritzat; nahiz eta diseinu handienetik, bat bera ere ez zen Babbage bizi zelarik osatu. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aritmometro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aritmometro (sortu gabe)">Aritmometroa</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konptometro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konptometro (sortu gabe)">Konptometroa</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordenagailu_mekaniko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ordenagailu mekaniko (sortu gabe)">ordenagailu mekanikoak</a> dira, <a href="/wiki/Ordenagailu" title="Ordenagailu">ordenagailu digital</a> modernoen aitzindariak. Ordenagailu modernoak aztertzeko erabiltzen diren ereduei, «<a href="/wiki/Automata_finitu" title="Automata finitu">State Machine</a>» eta «<a href="/wiki/Turingen_makina" title="Turingen makina">Turing Machine</a>» deritze. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motak">Motak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Motak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Motak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <caption>Makina motak eta osagaien zerrenda </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Sailkapena </th> <th>Makina(k) </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Makina sinpleak </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plano_inklinatu" title="Plano inklinatu">Plano inklinatu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurpil" title="Gurpil">gurpila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardatz_(mekanika)" title="Ardatz (mekanika)">ardatza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palanka" title="Palanka">palanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polea" title="Polea">polea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ziri" title="Ziri">ziria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torloju" title="Torloju">torlojua</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Osagai mekanikoak </td> <td>Ardatza, <a href="/wiki/Errodamendu" title="Errodamendu">errodamenduak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uhal" title="Uhal">uhalak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abatz_(teknologia)" title="Abatz (teknologia)">abatzak</a>, finkagailuak, <a href="/wiki/Engranaje" title="Engranaje">engranajeak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giltza_(lanabesa)" title="Giltza (lanabesa)">giltzak</a>, lotura-kateak, pinoiak eta <a href="/wiki/Koroa-engranaje" title="Koroa-engranaje">koroak</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arrabol-kate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arrabol-kate (sortu gabe)">arrabol-kateak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soka" title="Soka">sokak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zigilu_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Zigilu (argipena)">zigiluak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malguki" title="Malguki">malgukiak</a>, gurpilak.|- </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Erloju" title="Erloju">Erlojuak</a> </td> <td>Erloju atomikoa, erloju mekanikoa, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penduluzko_erlojua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penduluzko erlojua (sortu gabe)">penduluzko erlojua</a>, kuartzozko erlojua. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Konpresore" title="Konpresore">Konpresoreak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Ponpa" title="Ponpa">Ponpak</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arkimedesen_torlojua" title="Arkimedesen torlojua">Arkimedesen torlojua</a>, ponpa zentrifugoa, ahari ponpa, <a href="/wiki/Huts_ponpa" title="Huts ponpa">Huts ponpa</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bero_motor" title="Bero motor">Bero motorrak</a> </td> <td>Kanpo errekuntzako motorrak </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lurrun-makina" title="Lurrun-makina">Lurrun-makina</a>, Stirling motorra. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Barne errekuntzako motorrak </td> <td>Errekuntza motorrak, gas turbinak. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Bero ponpak </td> <td>Xurgapen hozkailua, hozkailu termoelektrikoa, hozte birsortzailea. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Konexioak </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pantografo" title="Pantografo">Pantografoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biela" title="Biela">biela eta biradera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kardan_giltzadura" title="Kardan giltzadura">Kardan giltzadura</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=CV_juntadura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CV juntadura (sortu gabe)">CV juntadura</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peaucellier-Lipkin_mekanismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peaucellier-Lipkin mekanismo (sortu gabe)">Peaucellier-Lipkin mekanismoa</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Turbina" title="Turbina">Turbinak</a> </td> <td>Gas-turbina, <a href="/wiki/Erreakzio-motor" title="Erreakzio-motor">Erreakzio-motorra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lurrun-turbina" title="Lurrun-turbina">lurrun-turbina</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ur-turbina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ur-turbina (sortu gabe)">ur-turbinak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haize-sorgailu" title="Haize-sorgailu">haize-sorgailu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haize_errota" title="Haize errota">haize-errota</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Euskarri-gainazala </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bela" class="mw-disambig" title="Bela">Bela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hegal_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hegal (argipena)">hegala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lema" title="Lema">lema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helize_(mekanika)" title="Helize (mekanika)">helizea</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Gailu elektronikoak </td> <td>Hutseko hodia, <a href="/wiki/Transistore" title="Transistore">transistorea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diodo" title="Diodo">diodoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erresistentzia_(osagaia)" title="Erresistentzia (osagaia)">erresistentzia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kondentsadore_elektriko" title="Kondentsadore elektriko">kondentsadorea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haril" title="Haril">harila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erdieroale" title="Erdieroale">erdieroalea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordenagailu" title="Ordenagailu">ordenagailua</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Serbomekanismoak </td> <td>Eragingailua, serbomekanismoa, urratseko motorra, ordenagailua. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Besteak </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Makina_saltzaile" title="Makina saltzaile">Salmenta-makina</a>, haize-tunela, pisuz sailkatze-makina, errematxatze-makina. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eragina">Eragina</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Eragina»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Eragina"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industria_Iraultza">Industria Iraultza</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Industria Iraultza»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Industria Iraultza"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Industria_Iraultza" title="Industria Iraultza">Industria Iraultza</a> 1750etik 1850era bitarteko aldia da; <a href="/wiki/Nekazaritza" title="Nekazaritza">nekazaritzan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabrikazioa" title="Fabrikazioa">manufakturan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meatzaritza" title="Meatzaritza">meatzaritzan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garraio" title="Garraio">garraioan</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Teknologia" title="Teknologia">teknologian</a> izandako aldaketek eragin handia izan zuten garaiko baldintza sozial, ekonomiko eta kulturaletan. <a href="/wiki/Erresuma_Batua" title="Erresuma Batua">Erresuma Batuan</a> hasi zen, eta, ondoren, <a href="/wiki/Mendebaldeko_Europa" title="Mendebaldeko Europa">Mendebaldeko Europan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ipar_Amerika" title="Ipar Amerika">Ipar Amerikan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japonia" title="Japonia">Japonian</a> eta, azkenean, mundu osoan hedatu zen. </p><p>XVIII. mendearen amaieran hasita, <a href="/wiki/Britainia_Handia" title="Britainia Handia">Britainia Handian</a> trantsizio bat hasi zen animalien indarraren menpeko lan-ekonomiatik makinetan oinarritutako fabrikaziora. Dena <a href="/wiki/Ehungintza" title="Ehungintza">ehungintzaren</a> mekanizatzearekin, <a href="/wiki/Burdingintza" title="Burdingintza">altzairugintzaren</a> garapenarekin eta <a href="/wiki/Koke" title="Koke">ikatz finduaren</a> erabilera areagotzearekin hasi zen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mekanizatze_eta_automatizazioa">Mekanizatze eta automatizazioa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Mekanizatze eta automatizazioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Mekanizatze eta automatizazioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mekanizatze" title="Mekanizatze">Mekanizatzeak</a> dakar giza-eragileei lanaren muskulu-eskakizunei laguntzen dien makineriaz hornitzea, edota muskulu-lana bera ordezkatzea. Arlo batzuetan, mekanizatzeak eskuko erremintak erabiltzea barne hartzen du. Erabilera modernoan (ingeniaritzan edo ekonomian esaterako), mekanizatzeak eskuko erremintak baino makineria konplexuagoa dakar, eta ez luke animalien trakzioa gisako elementu sinpleak barne hartuko. Abiadura-aldaketak lineal, aldakor edo biraketa-aldaketak eragiten dituzten gailuak bitarteko gisa erabiliz, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Engranaje" title="Engranaje">engranajeak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polea" title="Polea">poleak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Uhal" title="Uhal">uhalak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardatz_(mekanika)" title="Ardatz (mekanika)">ardatzak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Espeka" title="Espeka">espekak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Biradera" title="Biradera">biradera</a>, normalean, makinatzat hartzen dira. <a href="/wiki/Elektrizitate" title="Elektrizitate">Elektrifikazioaren</a> ondoren, mekanizatzea motordun makinen aplikazioaren sinonimo bihurtu da<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Involute_wheel.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Involute_wheel.gif/150px-Involute_wheel.gif" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Involute_wheel.gif/225px-Involute_wheel.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Involute_wheel.gif 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption><b>Engranaje inguratzaileak</b></figcaption></figure> <p>Ondasunak eta zerbitzuak ekoizteko, <a href="/wiki/Automatizazio_industrial" title="Automatizazio industrial">automatizazioan</a> datza <a href="/wiki/Kontrol-sistema" title="Kontrol-sistema">kontrol-sistemak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Informazio_teknologia" title="Informazio teknologia">informazio-teknologiak</a> erabiltzea giza-lanaren beharra murrizteko. <a href="/wiki/Industrializazio" title="Industrializazio">Industrializazioaren</a> arloan, automatizazioa <a href="/wiki/Mekanizatze" title="Mekanizatze">mekanizatzetik</a> haragoko urratsa da. Mekanizatzeak, giza-operadoreei laneko muskulu-eskakizunei laguntzeko makineria eskaintzen dien arren, <a href="/wiki/Automatizazio" title="Automatizazio">automatizazioak</a> asko murrizten ditu giza eskakizun sentsorial eta mentalen beharra, eta gero eta garrantzi handiagoa du ekonomia globalean eta eguneroko esperientzian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Makina_konposatuak">Makina konposatuak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Makina konposatuak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Makina konposatuak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Makina konposatuak elementu askoz osatuta daude. Elementu horiei eragile deritze. Adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Bizikleta" title="Bizikleta">bizikleta</a>. </p><p>Makina askotan, badira beste eragile batzuk ere; <a href="/wiki/Motor" title="Motor">motorrak</a>, elektrikoak nahiz erregaiekin funtzionatzen dutenak; eta <a href="/wiki/Engranaje" title="Engranaje">engranajeak</a>, motorrari mugimendua transmititzen dioten gurpil horzdunen multzoak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="boilerplate" style="text-align:left; font-size: 90%"> <ul><li>Artikulu honen edukiaren zati bat <i>Lur hiztegi entziklopediko</i>tik edo <i>Lur entziklopedia tematiko</i>tik txertatu zen 2011/12/27 egunean. Egile-eskubideen jabeak, <a href="/wiki/Eusko_Jaurlaritza" title="Eusko Jaurlaritza">Eusko Jaurlaritzak</a>, hiztegi horiek <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/deed.eu">CC-BY 3.0 lizentziarekin</a> argitaratu ditu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opendata.euskadi.eus/katalogoa/-/lur-entziklopedia-tematikoa/">Open Data Euskadi webgunean</a>.</li></ul></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><i>The American Heritage Dictionary</i>, Second College Edition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=mhxanh/">«Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, μηχα^ν-ή»</a> <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-07-15)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=mh=xos">«Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, μῆχος»</a> <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-07-15)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><i>Euskaltzaindiaren hiztegia</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euskaltzaindia.eus/index.php?option=com_hiztegianbilatu&task=bilaketa&Itemid=1693&lang=eu&nondik=0&zenbat=50&entryId=24744&query=ingeniari">Ingeniari</a>, Euskaltzaindia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Ostdiek, Vern; Bord, Donald (2005). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=7kz2pd14hPUC&pg=PA123">Inquiry into Physics</a></i>. Thompson Brooks/Cole. p. 123. <small><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/0-534-49168-5" class="extiw" title="es:Especial:FuentesDeLibros/0-534-49168-5">ISBN 0-534-49168-5</a></small>. Consultado el 22 de mayo de 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFUsher1954-01-01">Usher, Abbott Payson.  (1954-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xuDDqqa8FlwC&pg=PA196&hl=eu"><i>A History of Mechanical Inventions. </i></a> Courier Corporation <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-486-25593-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-486-25593-4">978-0-486-25593-4</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-07-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFChiu2010">Chiu, Y. C..  (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=osNrPO3ivZoC&pg=PA42&dq=%22heron+of+alexandria%22++load+motion&hl=eu"><i>An Introduction to the History of Project Management: From the Earliest Times to A.D. 1900. </i></a> Eburon Uitgeverij B.V. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-90-5972-437-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-90-5972-437-2">978-90-5972-437-2</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-07-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Strizhak, Viktor; Igor Penkov; Toivo Pappel (2004). «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=FqZvlMnjqY0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22archimedean+simple+machine%22&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0">Evolution of design, use, and strength calculations of screw threads and threaded joints</a>». <i>HMM2004 International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms</i>. Kluwer Academic publishers. p. 245. <small><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/1-4020-2203-4" class="extiw" title="es:Especial:FuentesDeLibros/1-4020-2203-4">ISBN 1-4020-2203-4</a></small>. Consultado el 21 de mayo de 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999). <i>Antiguos materiales e industrias mesopotámicas: The Archaeological Evidence</i>. Eisenbrauns. <small><a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9781575060422" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9781575060422</a></small></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">D.T. Potts (2012). <i>A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East</i>. p. 285</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Paipetis, S. A.; Ceccarelli, Marco (2010). <i>El genio de Arquímedes -- 23 siglos de influencia en las matemáticas, la ciencia y la ingeniería: Actas de una conferencia internacional celebrada en Siracusa, Italia, del 8 al 10 de junio de 2010</i>. <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science_%26_Business_Media" class="extiw" title="es:Springer Science & Business Media">Springer Science & Business Media</a>. p. 416. <small><a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9789048190911" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9789048190911</a></small></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Clarke, Somers; Engelbach, Reginald (1990). <i>Construcción y arquitectura del antiguo Egipto</i>. Courier Corporation. pp. 86-90. <small><a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9780486264851" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9780486264851</a></small></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Faiella, Graham (2006). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bGMyBTS0-v0C&pg=PA27">La tecnología de Mesopotamia</a></i>. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 27. <small><a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9781404205604" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9781404205604</a></small></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-14">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999). <i><a href="//archive.org/details/ancientmesopotam00moor" class="extiw" title="iarchive:ancientmesopotam00moor">Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence</a></i>. Eisenbrauns. p. 4. <small><a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9781575060422" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9781575060422</a></small></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Arnold, Dieter (1991). <i>La construcción en Egipto: Pharaonic Stone Masonry</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 71. <small><a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9780195113747" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9780195113747</a></small></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFWoodsWoods2000-01-01">Woods, Michael; Woods, Mary B..  (2000-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E1tzW_aDnxsC&pg=PA58"><i>Ancient Machines: From Wedges to Waterwheels. </i></a> Twenty-First Century Books <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8225-2994-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8225-2994-1">978-0-8225-2994-1</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-07-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFWoodsWoods2000">Woods, Michael; Woods, Mary B. (Mary Boyle).  (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/ancientcommunica00wood"><i>Ancient communication : from grunts to graffiti. </i></a> Minneapolis : Runestone Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8225-2996-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8225-2996-5">978-0-8225-2996-5</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-07-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-18">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Krebs, Robert E. (2004). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=MTXdplfiz-cC&pg=PA163&dq=%22mechanics+Galileo+analyzed%22#v=onepage&q=%22mechanics%20Galileo%20analyzed%22&f=false">Groundbreaking Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Middle Ages</a></i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 163. <small><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/0-313-32433-6" class="extiw" title="es:Especial:FuentesDeLibros/0-313-32433-6">ISBN 0-313-32433-6</a></small>. Consultado el 21 de mayo de 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFCardwell2001">Cardwell, Donald Stephen Lowell.  (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BSfpFLV1nkAC&pg=PA86&dq=%22simple+machine%22+galileo&hl=eu"><i>Wheels, Clocks, and Rockets: A History of Technology. </i></a> W. W. Norton & Company <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-393-32175-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-393-32175-3">978-0-393-32175-3</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-07-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFArmstrong-Hélouvry1991-01-31">Armstrong-Hélouvry, Brian.  (1991-01-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0zk_zI3xACgC&pg=PA10&dq=friction+leonardo+da+vinci+amontons+coulomb&hl=eu"><i>Control of Machines with Friction. </i></a> Springer Science & Business Media <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-7923-9133-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-7923-9133-3">978-0-7923-9133-3</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-07-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mechanicks-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Mechanicks_21-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFChambers1728">Chambers.  (1728). «Table of Mechanicks» <i>Cyclopaedia, A Useful Dictionary of Arts and Sciences</i> (London, England) 2.: 528, 11. irudia.</span>..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518064706/http://kmoddl.library.cornell.edu/facets/moon61899.htm">Moon, F. C., The Reuleaux Collection of Kinematic Mechanisms at Cornell University, 1999</a>». Archivado desde el original el 18 de mayo de 2015. Consultado el 13 de julio de 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Hartenberg, R.S. & J. Denavit (1964) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kmoddl.library.cornell.edu/bib.php?m=23">Síntesis cinemática de enlaces</a> Archivado el 19 de mayo de 2011 en Wayback Machine., Nueva York: McGraw-Hill, enlace en línea de la Universidad de Cornell</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-24">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_24-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_24-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">J. J. Uicker, G. R. Pennock y J. E. Shigley, 2003, <b>Theory of Machines and Mechanisms</b>, Oxford University Press, Nueva York.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Reuleaux, F., 1876 <i><a href="//archive.org/details/kinematicsmachi01reulgoog" class="extiw" title="iarchive:kinematicsmachi01reulgoog">The Kinematics of Machinery</a></i> (hautsitako esteka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130602121819/http://books.google.com/books?id=WUZVAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=kinematics+of+machinery&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qpn4Tse-E9SasgLcsZytDw&ved=0CEQQ6AEwAQ">archivo</a> honetan ikusgai). (trans. and annotated by A. B. W. Kennedy), reprinted by Dover, New York (1963)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Jerome (1934) gives the industry classification of machine tools as being "other than hand power"</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Bibliografia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFObergFranklin_D._JonesHolbrook_L._HortonHenry_H._Ryffel2000">Oberg, Erik; Franklin D. Jones; Holbrook L. Horton; Henry H. Ryffel.  (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/machineryshandbo0000ober_26ed"><i>Machinery's Handbook. </i></a> (26.. argitaraldia) New York: Industrial Press Inc. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8311-2635-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8311-2635-3">978-0-8311-2635-3</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFReuleaux1876">Reuleaux, Franz.  (1876). <i>The Kinematics of Machinery. </i> New York: reprinted by Dover (1963)</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFUickerG._R._PennockJ._E._Shigley2003">Uicker, J. J.; G. R. Pennock; J. E. Shigley.  (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theoryofmachines0000uick"><i>Theory of Machines and Mechanisms. </i></a> New York: Oxford University Press</span>.</li></ul> <ul><li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFObergFranklin_D._JonesHolbrook_L._HortonHenry_H._Ryffel2000">Oberg, Erik; Franklin D. Jones; Holbrook L. Horton; Henry H. Ryffel.  (2000). Christopher J. McCauley ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/machineryshandbo0000ober_26ed"><i>Machinery's Handbook. </i></a> (30.. argitaraldia) New York: Industrial Press Inc. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9780831130992" title="Berezi:BookSources/9780831130992">9780831130992</a>.</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makina&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> 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