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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Eligibility for treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eligibility_for_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Funding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Staffing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Staffing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Staffing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Staffing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Funding_and_costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding_and_costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Funding and costs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding_and_costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employment_and_waiting_lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment_and_waiting_lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Employment and waiting lists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employment_and_waiting_lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mental_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mental_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Mental health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mental_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inclusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inclusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Inclusion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inclusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Performance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Performance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Performance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_perception_of_the_NHS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_perception_of_the_NHS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Public perception of the NHS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_perception_of_the_NHS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_combating_coronavirus_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_combating_coronavirus_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Role in combating coronavirus pandemic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_combating_coronavirus_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hospital_beds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hospital_beds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Hospital beds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hospital_beds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Care_mistakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Care_mistakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Care mistakes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Care_mistakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NHS_music_releases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NHS_music_releases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>NHS music releases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NHS_music_releases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">National Health Service</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="هيئة الخدمات الصحية الوطنية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيئة الخدمات الصحية الوطنية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Национална здравна служба – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Национална здравна служба" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servei_Nacional_de_Salut_(Regne_Unit)" title="Servei Nacional de Salut (Regne Unit) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Servei Nacional de Salut (Regne Unit)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="National Health Service" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwasanaeth_Iechyd_Gwladol" title="Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="National Health Service" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riiklik_tervishoiuteenistus" title="Riiklik tervishoiuteenistus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Riiklik tervishoiuteenistus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%A3%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%A5%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_(%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF)" title="Εθνικό Σύστημα Υγείας (Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εθνικό Σύστημα Υγείας (Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servicio_Nacional_de_Salud_(Reino_Unido)" title="Servicio Nacional de Salud (Reino Unido) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Servicio Nacional de Salud (Reino Unido)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacia_Prisana_Servo_de_Britio" title="Nacia Prisana Servo de Britio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nacia Prisana Servo de Britio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="National Health Service" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C" title="سرویس سلامت ملی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرویس سلامت ملی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="National Health Service" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSeirbh%C3%ADs_N%C3%A1isi%C3%BAnta_Sl%C3%A1inte" title="An tSeirbhís Náisiúnta Sláinte – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSeirbhís Náisiúnta Sláinte" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EB%AF%BC_%EB%B3%B4%EA%B1%B4_%EC%84%9C%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%A4" title="국민 보건 서비스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국민 보건 서비스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="राष्ट्रीय स्वास्थ सेवा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राष्ट्रीय स्वास्थ सेवा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawatan_Kesehatan_Nasional" title="Jawatan Kesehatan Nasional – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jawatan Kesehatan Nasional" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="National Health Service" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99" title="שירות הבריאות הלאומי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שירות הבריאות הלאומי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="خدمة الصحه الوطنيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="خدمة الصحه الوطنيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkhidmatan_Kesihatan_Kebangsaan" title="Perkhidmatan Kesihatan Kebangsaan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perkhidmatan Kesihatan Kebangsaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="National Health Service" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%9D%E5%81%A5%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%93%E3%82%B9" title="国民保健サービス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国民保健サービス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="National Health Service" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="National Health Service" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="National Health Service" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servi%C3%A7o_Nacional_de_Sa%C3%BAde_(Reino_Unido)" title="Serviço Nacional de Saúde (Reino Unido) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Serviço Nacional de Saúde (Reino Unido)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="National Health Service" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="National Health Service" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Национальная служба здравоохранения Великобритании – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Национальная служба здравоохранения Великобритании" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naitional_Heal_Service" title="Naitional Heal Service – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Naitional Heal Service" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="National Health Service" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalna_zdravstvena_slu%C5%BEba" title="Nacionalna zdravstvena služba – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Nacionalna zdravstvena služba" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="National Health Service" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="National Health Service" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="บริการสุขภาพแห่งชาติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บริการสุขภาพแห่งชาติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulusal_Sa%C4%9Fl%C4%B1k_Servisi_(Birle%C5%9Fik_Krall%C4%B1k)" title="Ulusal Sağlık Servisi (Birleşik Krallık) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ulusal Sağlık Servisi (Birleşik Krallık)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Publicly-funded healthcare systems in the United Kingdom</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"NHS" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/NHS_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="NHS (disambiguation)">NHS (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the individual national healthcare services, see <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service_(England)" title="National Health Service (England)">National Health Service (England)</a>, <a href="/wiki/NHS_Scotland" title="NHS Scotland">NHS Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/NHS_Wales" title="NHS Wales">NHS Wales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Health_and_Social_Care_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Health and Social Care (Northern Ireland)">Health and Social Care (Northern Ireland)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Logos of the National Health Service</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Health_Service_(England)_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Logo of the NHS used in England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/National_Health_Service_%28England%29_logo.svg/200px-National_Health_Service_%28England%29_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/National_Health_Service_%28England%29_logo.svg/300px-National_Health_Service_%28England%29_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/National_Health_Service_%28England%29_logo.svg/400px-National_Health_Service_%28England%29_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Logo of <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service_(England)" title="National Health Service (England)">NHS</a> in England<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Health_and_Social_Care_(Northern_Ireland)_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Logo of the health service in Northern Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/58/Health_and_Social_Care_%28Northern_Ireland%29_logo.svg/200px-Health_and_Social_Care_%28Northern_Ireland%29_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/58/Health_and_Social_Care_%28Northern_Ireland%29_logo.svg/300px-Health_and_Social_Care_%28Northern_Ireland%29_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/58/Health_and_Social_Care_%28Northern_Ireland%29_logo.svg/400px-Health_and_Social_Care_%28Northern_Ireland%29_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Logo of <a href="/wiki/Health_and_Social_Care_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Health and Social Care (Northern Ireland)">HSC</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NHS_Scotland_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Logo of the NHS in Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0e/NHS_Scotland_logo.svg/200px-NHS_Scotland_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0e/NHS_Scotland_logo.svg/300px-NHS_Scotland_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0e/NHS_Scotland_logo.svg/400px-NHS_Scotland_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="165" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Logo of <a href="/wiki/NHS_Scotland" title="NHS Scotland">NHS Scotland</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NHS_Wales_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Logo of the NHS in Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e9/NHS_Wales_logo.svg/200px-NHS_Wales_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e9/NHS_Wales_logo.svg/300px-NHS_Wales_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e9/NHS_Wales_logo.svg/400px-NHS_Wales_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="238" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Logo of <a href="/wiki/NHS_Wales" title="NHS Wales">NHS Wales</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <b>National Health Service</b> (<b>NHS</b>) is the umbrella term for the <a href="/wiki/Publicly_funded_health_care" title="Publicly funded health care">publicly funded healthcare systems</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, comprising the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service_(England)" title="National Health Service (England)">NHS</a> in England, <a href="/wiki/NHS_Scotland" title="NHS Scotland">NHS Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/NHS_Wales" title="NHS Wales">NHS Wales</a>. <a href="/wiki/Health_and_Social_Care_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Health and Social Care (Northern Ireland)">Health and Social Care</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> was created separately and is often locally referred to as "the NHS".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original three systems were established in 1948 (NHS <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>/GIG <a href="/wiki/Cymru" title="Cymru">Cymru</a> was founded in 1969) as part of major social reforms following the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. The founding principles were that services should be comprehensive, universal and free at the point of delivery.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each service provides a comprehensive range of <a href="/wiki/Health_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Health services">health services</a>, provided without charge for residents of the United Kingdom apart from dental treatment and optical care.<sup id="cite_ref-entitle_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entitle-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, NHS patients have to pay <a href="/wiki/Prescription_charges" title="Prescription charges">prescription charges</a>; some, such as those aged over 60, or those on certain state benefits, are exempt.<sup id="cite_ref-exemptper_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exemptper-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taken together, the four services in 2015–16 employed around 1.6 million people with a combined budget of £136.7 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, the total health sector workforce across the United Kingdom was 1,499,368 making it the seventh largest employer and second largest non-military public organisation in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When purchasing consumables such as medications, the four healthcare services have significant market power that influences the global price, typically keeping prices lower.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small number of products are procured jointly through contracts shared between services.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several other countries directly rely on Britain's assessments for their own decisions on state-financed drug reimbursements.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Health_Service&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_National_Health_Service" title="History of the National Health Service">History of the National Health Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_National_Health_Service_(England)" title="History of the National Health Service (England)">History of the National Health Service (England)</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_NHS_Scotland" title="History of NHS Scotland">History of NHS Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_NHS_Wales" title="History of NHS Wales">History of NHS Wales</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BevanMP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BevanMP.jpg/200px-BevanMP.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BevanMP.jpg/300px-BevanMP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BevanMP.jpg/400px-BevanMP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Aneurin Bevan</a>, the founder of the NHS<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas-Symonds_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-Symonds-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Calls for a "unified medical service" can be dated back to the <a href="/wiki/Minority_report_(Poor_Law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority report (Poor Law)">Minority Report</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Poor_Laws_and_Relief_of_Distress_1905%E2%80%9309" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and Relief of Distress 1905–09">Royal Commission on the Poor Law</a> in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Somerville_Hastings" title="Somerville Hastings">Somerville Hastings</a>, President of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Medical_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Medical Association">Socialist Medical Association</a>, successfully proposed a resolution at the 1934 <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_Conference" title="Labour Party Conference">Labour Party Conference</a> that the party should be committed to the establishment of a State Health Service.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the 1942 <a href="/wiki/Beveridge_Report" title="Beveridge Report">Beveridge Report</a>'s recommendation to create "comprehensive health and rehabilitation services for prevention and cure of disease", cross-party consensus emerged on introducing a National Health Service of some description.<sup id="cite_ref-Beveridge_Report_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beveridge_Report-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservative MP and Health Minister, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Willink" title="Henry Willink">Henry Willink</a> later advanced this notion of a National Health Service in 1944 with his consultative White Paper "A National Health Service" which was circulated in full and short versions to colleagues, as well as in newsreel.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> won the <a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">1945 election</a> he appointed <a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Aneurin Bevan</a> as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Health_and_Social_Care" title="Secretary of State for Health and Social Care">Health Minister</a>. Bevan then embarked upon what the official historian of the NHS, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Webster_(historian_of_medicine)" title="Charles Webster (historian of medicine)">Charles Webster</a>, called an "audacious campaign" to take charge of the form the NHS finally took.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bevan's National Health Service was proposed in Westminster legislation for <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service_Act_1946" title="National Health Service Act 1946">England and Wales</a> from 1946 and <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service_(Scotland)_Act_1947" title="National Health Service (Scotland) Act 1947">Scotland</a> from 1947, and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland Parliament">Northern Ireland Parliament</a>'s Public Health Services Act 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/NHS_Wales" title="NHS Wales">NHS Wales</a> was split from <a href="/wiki/NHS_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="NHS (England)">NHS (England)</a> in 1969 when control was passed to the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Wales" title="Secretary of State for Wales">Secretary of State for Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one history of the NHS, "In some respects the war had made things easier. In anticipation of massive air raid casualties, the Emergency Medical Service had brought the country's municipal and voluntary hospitals into one umbrella organisation, showing that a national hospital service was possible."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Webster wrote in 2002 that "the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> achieved in months what had defeated politicians and planners for at least two decades."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The NHS was born out of the ideal that healthcare should be available to all, regardless of wealth. Although being freely accessible regardless of wealth maintained <a href="/wiki/Henry_Willink" title="Henry Willink">Henry Willink</a>'s principle of free healthcare for all, Conservative MPs were in favour of maintaining local administration of the NHS through existing arrangements with local authorities fearing that an NHS which owned hospitals on a national scale would lose the personal relationship between doctor and patient.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conservative MPs voted in favour of their amendment to Bevan's Bill to maintain local control and ownership of hospitals and against Bevan's plan for national ownership of all hospitals. The Labour government defeated Conservative amendments and went ahead with the NHS as it remains today; a single large national organisation (with devolved equivalents) which forced the transfer of ownership of hospitals from local authorities and charities to the new NHS. Bevan's principle of ownership with no private sector involvement has since been diluted, with later Labour governments implementing large scale financing arrangements with private builders in <a href="/wiki/Private_finance_initiative" title="Private finance initiative">private finance initiatives</a> and joint ventures.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At its launch by Bevan on 5 July 1948 it had at its heart three core principles: That it meet the needs of everyone, that it be free at the point of delivery, and that it be based on clinical need, not ability to pay.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three years after the founding of the NHS, Bevan resigned from the <a href="/wiki/Attlee_ministry" title="Attlee ministry">Labour government</a> in opposition to the introduction of charges for the provision of dentures, dentists,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Glasses" title="Glasses">glasses</a>; resigning in support was fellow minister and future <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Third_Churchill_ministry" title="Third Churchill ministry">Conservative government</a> introduced prescription fees. However, Wilson's government abolished them in 1965; they were later re-introduced but with exemptions for those on low income.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These charges were the first of many controversies over changes to the NHS throughout its history.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From its earliest days, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_National_Health_Service#Cultural_History_of_the_NHS" title="History of the National Health Service">cultural history of the NHS</a> has shown its place in British society reflected and debated in film, TV, cartoons and literature. The NHS had a prominent slot during the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony#Second_to_the_right,_and_straight_on_till_morning_(21:35–21:47)" title="2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony">2012 London Summer Olympics opening ceremony</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Danny_Boyle" title="Danny Boyle">Danny Boyle</a>, being described as "the institution which more than any other unites our nation".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eligibility_for_treatment">Eligibility for treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Health_Service&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Eligibility for treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_health_surcharge" title="Immigration health surcharge">Immigration health surcharge</a></div> <p>Some health services are free to everyone, including <a href="/wiki/Emergency_department" title="Emergency department">accident and emergency</a> room treatment, registering with a GP and attending GP appointments, treatment for some <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infectious diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_commitment" title="Involuntary commitment">compulsory psychiatric treatment</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning services</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Everyone <a href="/wiki/Ordinarily_resident_status" title="Ordinarily resident status">living in the UK</a> can use the NHS without being asked to pay the full cost of the service, though <a href="/wiki/NHS_dentistry" title="NHS dentistry">NHS dentistry</a> and optometry have standard charges in each of the four national health services in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most patients in England have to pay charges for prescriptions though some patients are exempted.<sup id="cite_ref-exemptper_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exemptper-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People who are not <a href="/wiki/Ordinarily_resident_status" title="Ordinarily resident status">ordinarily resident</a> (including <a href="/wiki/British_citizens" class="mw-redirect" title="British citizens">British citizens</a> who may have paid <a href="/wiki/National_Insurance" title="National Insurance">National Insurance</a> contributions in the past) may have to pay for services, with some exceptions such as <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-entitle_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entitle-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patients who do not qualify for free treatment are asked to pay in advance or to sign a written promise to pay for treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are some other categories of people who are exempt from the residence requirements such as specific government workers, those in the <a href="/wiki/Armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces">armed forces</a> stationed overseas, and those working outside the UK as a <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> for an organisation with its principal place of business in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Citizens of the EU or <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a> (EEA) nations holding a valid <a href="/wiki/European_Health_Insurance_Card" title="European Health Insurance Card">European Health Insurance Card (EHIC)</a> and people from certain other countries with which the UK has reciprocal arrangements concerning health care can get NHS emergency treatment without charge.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People from the EU without an EHIC, Provisional Replacement Certificate (PRC)<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or S1 or S2 visa may have to pay.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People applying for a <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Visa policy of the United Kingdom">visa</a> or immigration application for more than six months have to pay an <a href="/wiki/Immigration_health_surcharge" title="Immigration health surcharge">immigration health surcharge</a> when applying for their visa and can then get treatment on the same basis as a resident. There are some people who do not have to pay, including health and care workers and their dependents, dependents of some members of the armed forces, and victims of <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> or <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, the charges were £776 per year for students, their dependents, those on Youth Mobility Schemes, and those under aged 18, and £1035 for all other applicants who are not covered by exemptions.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funding">Funding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Health_Service&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The NHS is funded by general <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">taxation</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Insurance" title="National Insurance">National Insurance</a> contributions, plus around 1% of funding from patient charges for some services.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022/3, £181.7 billion was spent by the Department of Health and Social Care on services in England. More than 94% of spend was on salaries and medicines.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2024/5, the NHS in Wales budgeted £11.74 billion for health and social care, which was 49% of its budget.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>£19.5 billion was budgeted for health and social care in Scotland for 2024/5.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>£7.3 billion was budgeted for health in Northern Ireland in 2024/5.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Staffing">Staffing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Health_Service&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Staffing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The NHS is the largest employer in Europe, with one in every 25 adults in England working for the NHS.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of February 2023, NHS England employed 1.4 million staff.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nursing staff accounted for the largest cohort at more than 330,000 employees, followed by clinical support staff at 290,000, scientific and technical staff at 163,000 and doctors at 133,000.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Health_Service&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_National_Health_Service" title="History of the National Health Service">History of the National Health Service</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding_and_costs">Funding and costs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Health_Service&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Funding and costs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The funding of the NHS is usually an election issue, and fell under scrutiny during the Covid-19 pandemic. </p><p>In July 2022, <i>The Telegraph</i> reported that think tank <a href="/wiki/Civitas_(think_tank)" title="Civitas (think tank)">Civitas</a> found that health spending was costing about £10,000 per household in the UK. They said that this was the third highest share of GDP of any nation in Europe and claimed that the UK "has one of the most costly health systems – and some of the worst outcomes". The findings were made before the government increased health spending significantly, with a 1.25% increase in <a href="/wiki/National_Insurance" title="National Insurance">National Insurance</a>, in April 2022. Civitas said that "runaway" health spending in the UK had increased by more than any country despite the drop in national income due to the COVID pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Labour Government elected in 2024 stated that their policy was that the "NHS is broken".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They announced an immediate stocktake of current pressures led by Labour peer <a href="/wiki/Ara_Darzi,_Baron_Darzi_of_Denham" title="Ara Darzi, Baron Darzi of Denham">Lord Ara Darzi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was to be followed by development of a new "10 year plan" for the NHS to replace the <a href="/wiki/NHS_Long_Term_Plan" title="NHS Long Term Plan">NHS Long Term Plan</a> published in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The potential rise of the cost of <a href="/wiki/Social_care_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social care in the United Kingdom">social care</a> has been signaled by research. Professor <a href="/wiki/Helen_Stokes-Lampard" title="Helen Stokes-Lampard">Helen Stokes-Lampard</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_GPs" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal College of GPs">Royal College of GPs</a> said: <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> "It's a great testament to medical research, and the NHS, that we are living longer – but we need to ensure that our patients are living longer with a good quality of life. For this to happen we need a properly funded, properly staffed health and social care sector with general practice, hospitals and social care all working together – and all communicating well with each other, in the best interests of delivering safe care to all our patients."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employment_and_waiting_lists">Employment and waiting lists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Health_Service&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Employment and waiting lists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EU_workers_joining_and_leaving_the_NHS,_annual_variation_in_absolute_numbers_(2012-2017).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/EU_workers_joining_and_leaving_the_NHS%2C_annual_variation_in_absolute_numbers_%282012-2017%29.svg/440px-EU_workers_joining_and_leaving_the_NHS%2C_annual_variation_in_absolute_numbers_%282012-2017%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/EU_workers_joining_and_leaving_the_NHS%2C_annual_variation_in_absolute_numbers_%282012-2017%29.svg/660px-EU_workers_joining_and_leaving_the_NHS%2C_annual_variation_in_absolute_numbers_%282012-2017%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/EU_workers_joining_and_leaving_the_NHS%2C_annual_variation_in_absolute_numbers_%282012-2017%29.svg/880px-EU_workers_joining_and_leaving_the_NHS%2C_annual_variation_in_absolute_numbers_%282012-2017%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>EU workers joining and leaving the NHS in England, annual variation in absolute numbers (2012–2017)<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#6f2c91; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Joiner</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a6ce39; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Leaver</div></figcaption></figure> <p>In June 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians" title="Royal College of Physicians">Royal College of Physicians</a> calculated that medical training places need to be increased from 7,500 to 15,000 by 2030 to take account of part-time working among other factors. At that time there were 47,800 consultants working in the UK of which 15,700 were physicians. About 20% of consultants work less than full-time.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 June 2022, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> said that a survey of more than 20,000 frontline staff by the nursing trade union and professional body, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Nursing" title="Royal College of Nursing">Royal College of Nursing</a>, found that only a quarter of shifts had the planned number of registered nurses on duty.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The NHS will potentially have a shortage of <a href="/wiki/General_practitioner" title="General practitioner">general practitioners</a>. From 2015 to 2022, the number of GPs fell by 1,622 and some of those continuing to work have changed to work part-time. <sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, a report revealed that NHS staff had faced over incidents of 20,000 sexual misconduct from patients from 2017 to 2022 across 212 NHS Trusts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In June 2023, the delayed NHS Long Term Workforce Plan was announced, to train doctors and nurses and create new roles within the health service.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Welsh and UK governments announced a partnership on 23 September 2024 to reduce NHS waiting lists in England and Wales during the Labour Party Conference in Liverpool. This collaboration aimed to share best practices and tackle common challenges. Previously, <a href="/wiki/Eluned_Morgan" title="Eluned Morgan">Eluned Morgan</a> rejected a Conservative proposal for treating Welsh patients in England. The Welsh Conservatives welcomed the new partnership as overdue, while <a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a> criticized it as insufficient for addressing deeper issues within the Welsh NHS.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mental_health">Mental health</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Health_Service&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mental health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mental health in the United Kingdom">Mental health in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>One in four patients throughout the UK wait over three months to see an NHS mental health professional, with 6% waiting at least a year.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Audit_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Audit Office (United Kingdom)">National Audit Office</a> found mental health provisions for children and young people will not meet growing demand, despite promises of increased funding. Currently one-quarter of young people needing mental health services can get NHS help.The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Social_Care" title="Department of Health and Social Care">Department of Health and Social Care</a> hopes to raise the ratio to 35%. Efforts to improve mental health provisions could reveal previously unmet demand.<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/NHS_England" title="NHS England">NHS England</a> is expanding mental health services.<sup id="cite_ref-mind.org.uk_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mind.org.uk-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mental health charity, <a href="/wiki/Mind_(charity)" title="Mind (charity)">Mind</a>, said that the £2.3bn a year was important and that the "longer-term strategy was developed in consultation with people with mental health problems to ensure their views are reflected."<sup id="cite_ref-mind.org.uk_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mind.org.uk-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inclusion">Inclusion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Health_Service&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Inclusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2024, some NHS hospitals required <a href="/wiki/Radiographer" title="Radiographer">radiographers</a> to ask all male patients aged 12 to 55 if they were pregnant for inclusivity purposes. This received significant coverage in the media.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance">Performance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Health_Service&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Health_system#Health_systems_performance" title="Health system">Health system § Health systems performance</a></div> <p>Performance of the NHS is generally assessed separately at the level of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Since 2004 the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Fund" title="Commonwealth Fund">Commonwealth Fund</a> has produced surveys, "Mirror, Mirror on the Wall", comparing the performance of health systems in 11 wealthy countries in which the UK generally ranks highly. In the 2021 survey the NHS dropped from first overall to fourth as it had fallen in key areas, including 'access to care and equity.'<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Euro_Health_Consumer_Index" title="Euro Health Consumer Index">Euro Health Consumer Index</a> attempted to rank the NHS against other European health systems from 2014 to 2018. The right-leaning<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> think tank <a href="/wiki/Civitas_(think_tank)" title="Civitas (think tank)">Civitas</a> produced an International Health Care Outcomes Index in 2022 ranking the performance of the UK health care system against 18 similar, wealthy countries since 2000. It excluded the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic as data stopped in 2019. The UK was near the bottom of most tables except households who faced catastrophic health spending.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A comparative analysis of health care systems in 2010, by <a href="/wiki/The_Commonwealth_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="The Commonwealth Fund">The Commonwealth Fund</a>, a left-leaning US health charity, put the NHS second in a study of seven rich countries.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report put the United Kingdom health systems above those of Germany, Canada and the United States; the NHS was deemed the most efficient among those health systems studied. </p><p>A 2018 study by the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Fund" title="King's Fund">King's Fund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_Foundation" title="Health Foundation">Health Foundation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuffield_Trust" title="Nuffield Trust">Nuffield Trust</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Fiscal_Studies" title="Institute for Fiscal Studies">Institute for Fiscal Studies</a> to mark the NHS 70th anniversary concluded that the main weakness of the NHS was healthcare outcomes. Mortality for cancer, heart attacks and stroke, was higher than average among comparable countries. The NHS was doing well at protecting people from heavy financial costs when ill. Waiting times were about the same, and the management of longterm illness was better than in other comparable countries. Efficiency was good, with low administrative costs and high use of cheaper generic medicines.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty-nine hospital trusts and boards out of 157 had not met any waiting-time target in the year 2017–2018.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Office for National Statistics reported in January 2019 that productivity in the English NHS had been growing at 3%, considerably faster than across the rest of the UK economy.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, <i>The Times</i>, commenting on a study in the <i>British Medical Journal</i>, reported that "Britain spent the least on health, £3,000 per person, compared with an average of £4,400, and had the highest number of deaths that might have been prevented with prompt treatment". The <i>BMJ</i> study compared "the healthcare systems of other developed countries in spending, staff numbers and avoidable deaths".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over 130,000 deaths since 2012 in the UK could have been prevented if progress in public health policy had not stopped due to <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_government_austerity_programme#Effects" title="United Kingdom government austerity programme">austerity</a>, analysis by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Public_Policy_Research" title="Institute for Public Policy Research">Institute for Public Policy Research</a> found. Dean Hochlaf of the IPPR said: "We have seen progress in reducing preventable disease flatline since 2012."".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The key NHS performance indicators (18 weeks (RTT), 4 hours (A&E) and cancer (2 week wait) have not been achieved since February 2016, July 2015 and December 2015 respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A ranking of individual hospitals around the world, published by <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i> in March 2022, no NHS hospital was listed within the top 40. <a href="/wiki/St_Thomas%27_Hospital" title="St Thomas' Hospital">St Thomas' Hospital</a> was ranked at 41, followed by <a href="/wiki/University_College_Hospital" title="University College Hospital">University College Hospital</a> at 54, and <a href="/wiki/Addenbrooke%27s_Hospital" title="Addenbrooke's Hospital">Addenbrooke's Hospital</a> at 79.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overall satisfaction with the NHS in 2021 fell, more sharply in Scotland than in England, 17 points to 36% – the lowest level since 1997 according to the <a href="/wiki/British_Social_Attitudes_Survey" title="British Social Attitudes Survey">British Social Attitudes Survey</a>. Dissatisfaction with hospital and GP waiting times were the biggest cause of the fall.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/NHS_Confederation" title="NHS Confederation">NHS Confederation</a> polled 182 health leaders and 9 in 10 warned that inadequate capital funding harmed their "ability to meet safety requirements for patients" in health settings including hospitals, ambulance, community and mental health services and GP practices.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_perception_of_the_NHS">Public perception of the NHS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Health_Service&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Public perception of the NHS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2016 it was reported that there appeared to be support for higher taxation to pay for extra spending on the NHS as an opinion poll in 2016 showed that 70% of people were willing to pay an extra penny in the pound in income tax if the money were ringfenced and guaranteed for the NHS.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two thirds of respondents to a <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Fund" title="King's Fund">King's Fund</a> poll, reported in September 2017, favoured increased taxation to help finance the NHS.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a> poll reported in May 2018 showed that 74% of the UK public believed there were too few nurses.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The trade union, <a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Union" title="Unite the Union">Unite</a>, said in March 2019 that the NHS had been under pressure as a result of economic austerity.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2018 public survey reported that public satisfaction with the NHS had fallen from 70% in 2010 to 53% in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NHS is consistently ranked as the institution that makes people proudest to be British, beating the royal family, Armed Forces and the BBC.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One 2019 survey ranked nurses and doctors – not necessarily NHS staff – amongst the most trustworthy professions in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2022 a survey by <a href="/wiki/Ipsos" title="Ipsos">Ipsos</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Health_Foundation" title="Health Foundation">Health Foundation</a> found just a third of respondents agreed the NHS gave a good service nationally, and 82% thought the NHS needed more funding. 62% expected care standards to fall during the following 12 months. Sorting out pressure and workload on staff and increasing staff numbers were the chief priorities the poll found. Improving A&E waiting times and routine services were also concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just 10% of UK respondents felt their government had the correct plans for the NHS. The Health Foundation stated in spite of these concerns, the public is committed to the founding principles of the NHS and 90% of respondents believe the NHS should be free, 89% believe NHS should provide a comprehensive service for everyone, and 84% believe the NHS should be funded mainly through taxation.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_combating_coronavirus_pandemic">Role in combating coronavirus pandemic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Health_Service&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Role in combating coronavirus pandemic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_programme_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 vaccination programme in the United Kingdom">COVID-19 vaccination programme in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>In 2020, the NHS issued medical advice in combating COVID-19 and partnered with tech companies to create computer dashboards to help combat the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">nation's coronavirus pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the pandemic, the NHS also established integrated COVID into its 1-1-1 service line as well.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following his discharge from the <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas%27_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Thomas' Hospital">St. Thomas' Hospital</a> in London on 13 April 2020 after being diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>, British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a> described NHS medical care as "astonishing" and said that the "NHS saved my life. No question."<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this time, the NHS underwent major re-organisation to prepare for the COVID-19 pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 5 July 2021, Queen Elizabeth II awarded the NHS the <a href="/wiki/George_Cross" title="George Cross">George Cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The George Cross, the highest award for gallantry available to civilians and is slightly lower in stature to the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a>, is bestowed for acts of the greatest heroism or most conspicuous courage. In a handwritten note the Queen said the award was being made to all NHS staff past and present for their "courage, compassion and dedication" throughout the pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2022, as part of their efforts to tackle mental health challenges made worse by the pandemic, the NHS partnered with Israeli tech company Taliaz, stating that their AI-powered software translates complex genetic, demographic and clinical patient data into timesaving and cost-saving assessment, management and prescribing support tools for healthcare providers.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hospital_beds">Hospital beds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Health_Service&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hospital beds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2015, the UK had 2.6 hospital beds per 1,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2017, the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Fund" title="King's Fund">King's Fund</a> documented the number of NHS hospital beds in England as 142,000, describing this as less than 50% of the number 30 years previously.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, one tenth of the beds in the UK were occupied by a patient who was alcohol-dependent.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Care_mistakes">Care mistakes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Health_Service&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Care mistakes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2024 report by the public research university <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a> said that the NHS spends £14.7bn a year treating patients in England hurt by care mistakes.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="NHS_music_releases">NHS music releases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Health_Service&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: NHS music releases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/National_Health_Service" title="Special:EditPage/National Health Service">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22National+Health+Service%22">"National Health Service"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22National+Health+Service%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22National+Health+Service%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22National+Health+Service%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22National+Health+Service%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22National+Health+Service%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The NHS have released various charity singles including: </p> <ul><li>2015: National Health Singers – "Yours"</li> <li>2015: NHS Choir – "A Bridge Over You"</li> <li>2018: NHS Voices – "<a href="/wiki/With_a_Little_Help_from_My_Friends" title="With a Little Help from My Friends">With a Little Help from My Friends</a>"</li> <li>2018: National Health Singers – "NHS 70: Won't Let Go"</li> <li>2020: NHS and keyworkers – "<a href="/wiki/You%27ll_Never_Walk_Alone" title="You'll Never Walk Alone">You'll Never Walk Alone</a>"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Health_Service&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_National_Health_Service_(England)" title="History of the National Health Service (England)">History of the NHS England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_NHS_Scotland" title="History of NHS Scotland">History of NHS Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_NHS_Wales" title="History of NHS Wales">History of NHS Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Care_Service" title="National Care Service">National Care Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_providers_of_NHS_services" title="Private providers of NHS services">Private providers of NHS services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_health_authority" title="Special health authority">Special health authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_National_Health_Service_(England)" title="Criticism of the National Health Service (England)">Criticism of the National Health Service (England)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_Care" title="Manx Care">Manx Care</a></li></ul> <p><b>General</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in the United Kingdom">Health care in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Health in the United Kingdom">Health in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Health_Service&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sometimes used as a UK-wide logo for unofficial purposes. The three other national health services in the UK outside England have their own logos and names.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Health_Service&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.england.nhs.uk/nhsidentity/identity-guidelines/nhs-logo/">"NHS Identity Guidelines | NHS logo"</a>. <i>www.england.nhs.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.england.nhs.uk&rft.atitle=NHS+Identity+Guidelines+%7C+NHS+logo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.england.nhs.uk%2Fnhsidentity%2Fidentity-guidelines%2Fnhs-logo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Health+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201919/cmselect/cmniaf/300/30004.htm">"Health funding in Northern Ireland – Northern Ireland Affairs Committee – House of Commons"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Health+funding+in+Northern+Ireland+%E2%80%93+Northern+Ireland+Affairs+Committee+%E2%80%93+House+of+Commons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm201919%2Fcmselect%2Fcmniaf%2F300%2F30004.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Health+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoices" class="citation web cs1">Choices, NHS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhs.uk/NHSEngland/thenhs/about/Pages/nhscoreprinciples.aspx">"The principles and values of the NHS in England"</a>. <i>www.nhs.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2024</span>. <q>Radiographers at several NHS hospitals have been instructed to ask all men aged 12 to 55 if they are pregnant before performing X-rays. The controversial policy, aimed at considering non-binary, transgender and intersex patients, has sparked outrage among patients and campaigners alike.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Evening+Standard&rft.atitle=NHS+tells+staff+to+ask+men+if+they%27re+pregnant+during+X-rays&rft.date=2024-08-11&rft.aulast=Quadri&rft.aufirst=Sami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.standard.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fnhs-guidance-men-pregnant-x-rays-b1175868.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Health+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSearles2024" class="citation web cs1">Searles, Michael (11 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/08/10/nhs-staff-asking-men-if-pregnant-before-x-ray-scans/">"NHS staff told to ask men if they are pregnant before X-rays"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813110751/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/08/10/nhs-staff-asking-men-if-pregnant-before-x-ray-scans/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2024</span>. <q>But forms designed to be inclusive have caused confusion and anger among patients and pose a risk to their safety, radiographers told The Telegraph.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=NHS+staff+told+to+ask+men+if+they+are+pregnant+before+X-rays&rft.date=2024-08-11&rft.aulast=Searles&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2024%2F08%2F10%2Fnhs-staff-asking-men-if-pregnant-before-x-ray-scans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Health+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWace2024" class="citation web cs1">Wace, Charlotte (11 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/article/nhs-radiographers-told-check-if-men-are-pregnant-jxxls3gvg">"NHS radiographers told to check if men are pregnant"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> & The Sunday Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240812173437/https://www.thetimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/article/nhs-radiographers-told-check-if-men-are-pregnant-jxxls3gvg">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2024</span>. <q>Radiographers in multiple NHS hospitals have been advised to check if men are pregnant before conducting scans as part of inclusivity guidance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+%26+The+Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=NHS+radiographers+told+to+check+if+men+are+pregnant&rft.date=2024-08-11&rft.aulast=Wace&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.com%2Flife-style%2Fhealth-fitness%2Farticle%2Fnhs-radiographers-told-check-if-men-are-pregnant-jxxls3gvg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Health+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingsley2022" class="citation web cs1">Kingsley, Thomas (29 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/hospital-nhs-men-pregnant-walton-trust-b2046241.html">"Hospital is asking men if they're pregnant before taking scans"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813050728/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/hospital-nhs-men-pregnant-walton-trust-b2046241.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=New+report+reveals+staggering+cost+to+NHS+of+alcohol+abuse&rft.date=2019-07-04&rft.aulast=Boseley&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsociety%2F2019%2Fjul%2F04%2Fstaggering-cost-nhs-alcohol-abuse-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Health+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2024/dec/12/nhs-spends-147bn-a-year-treating-patients-in-england-hurt-by-care-mistakes-says-report">"NHS spends £14.7bn a year treating patients in England hurt by care mistakes, says report"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 12 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=NHS+spends+%C2%A314.7bn+a+year+treating+patients+in+England+hurt+by+care+mistakes%2C+says+report&rft.date=2024-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsociety%2F2024%2Fdec%2F12%2Fnhs-spends-147bn-a-year-treating-patients-in-england-hurt-by-care-mistakes-says-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Health+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Health_Service&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Brady, Robert A. <i>Crisis in Britain. Plans and Achievements of the Labour Government</i> (1950) pp. 352–41 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crisisinbritainp0000brad">excerpt</a></li> <li>Gorsky, Martin. "The British National Health Service 1948–2008: A Review of the Historiography," <i>Social History of Medicine,</i> Dec 2008, Vol. 21 Issue 3, pp. 437–60</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Hacker" title="Jacob Hacker">Hacker, Jacob S</a>. "The Historical Logic of National Health Insurance: Structure and Sequence in the Development of British, Canadian, and U.S. Medical Policy," <i>Studies in American Political Development,</i> April 1998, Vol. 12 Issue 1, pp. 57–130.</li> <li>Hilton, Claire. (26 August 2016). Whistle-blowing in the National Health Service since the 1960s History and Policy. Retrieved 11 May 2017.</li> <li>Loudon, Irvine, <a href="/wiki/John_Horder" title="John Horder">John Horder</a> and Charles Webster. <i>General Practice under the National Health Service 1948–1997</i> (1998) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/3681620/general-practice-under-the-national-health-service">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180623061337/https://www.questia.com/library/3681620/general-practice-under-the-national-health-service">Archived</a> 23 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Rintala, Marvin. <i>Creating the National Health Service: Aneurin Bevan and the Medical Lords</i> (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/108534839/creating-the-national-health-service-aneurin-bevan">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181018043353/https://www.questia.com/library/108534839/creating-the-national-health-service-aneurin-bevan">Archived</a> 18 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Rivett G. C. <i>From Cradle to Grave: The First 50 (65) Years of the NHS</i>. King's Fund, London, 1998 now updated to 2014 and available at www.nhshistory.co.uk</li> <li>Stewart, John. "The Political Economy of the British National Health Service, 1945–1975: Opportunities and Constraints", <i>Medical History</i>, October 2008, Vol. 52, Issue 4, pp. 453–70.</li> <li>Webster, Charles. "Conflict and Consensus: Explaining the British Health Service", <i>Twentieth Century British History</i>, April 1990, Vol. 1 Issue 2, pp. 115–51</li> <li>Webster, Charles. <i>Health Services Since the War. Vol. 1: Problems of Health Care. The National Health Service before 1957</i> (1988) 479pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/1419737/the-national-health-service-a-political-history">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219213930/https://www.questia.com/library/1419737/the-national-health-service-a-political-history">Archived</a> 19 December 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Health_Service&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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