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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regionalmuseum_Fritzlar_004.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Regionalmuseum_Fritzlar_004.JPG/320px-Regionalmuseum_Fritzlar_004.JPG" decoding="async" width="320" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Regionalmuseum_Fritzlar_004.JPG/480px-Regionalmuseum_Fritzlar_004.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Regionalmuseum_Fritzlar_004.JPG/640px-Regionalmuseum_Fritzlar_004.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Shoe-last celts at the <a href="/wiki/Fritzlar" title="Fritzlar">Fritzlar</a> regional museum, <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>shoe-last celt</b> (German: <i>Schuhleistenkeil</i>) is a long thin polished stone tool for felling trees and woodworking, characteristic of the early <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linearbandkeramik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinkelstein_culture" title="Hinkelstein culture">Hinkelstein cultures</a>, also called <a href="/wiki/Danubian_culture" title="Danubian culture">Danubian I</a> in the older literature. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appearance">Appearance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoe-last_celt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tools are square in profile with a rounded top, which is why they are compared with shoe makers' <a href="/wiki/Last" title="Last">lasts</a>. The preferred material is <a href="/wiki/Amphibolite" title="Amphibolite">amphibolite</a>; basalt is also used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typology">Typology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoe-last_celt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Typology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaienhofen_H%C3%B6ri-Museum_-_Pfahlbauten_2_Beil_Gaienhofen-Untergarten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gaienhofen_H%C3%B6ri-Museum_-_Pfahlbauten_2_Beil_Gaienhofen-Untergarten.jpg/220px-Gaienhofen_H%C3%B6ri-Museum_-_Pfahlbauten_2_Beil_Gaienhofen-Untergarten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gaienhofen_H%C3%B6ri-Museum_-_Pfahlbauten_2_Beil_Gaienhofen-Untergarten.jpg/330px-Gaienhofen_H%C3%B6ri-Museum_-_Pfahlbauten_2_Beil_Gaienhofen-Untergarten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gaienhofen_H%C3%B6ri-Museum_-_Pfahlbauten_2_Beil_Gaienhofen-Untergarten.jpg/440px-Gaienhofen_H%C3%B6ri-Museum_-_Pfahlbauten_2_Beil_Gaienhofen-Untergarten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Reconstructed hafted shoe-last stone axe - from a stilt house village at <a href="/wiki/Gaienhofen" title="Gaienhofen">Gaienhofen</a>-Untergarten, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In regards to the typology of neolithic adzes, initially two types were distinguished, </p> <blockquote> <p>When width exceeds thickness they were named <b>flat adzes</b> (<i>Flachhacke</i>), when thickness exceeds width <b>shoe-last adzes</b> (<i>Schuhleistenkeile</i>), or <i>high adzes</i>. Within the latter group a distinction is sometimes made between intermediate <i>Flomborn</i> adzes and the higher <i>Hinkelstein</i> adzes (Buttler 1938; Bakels 1987; Merkel 1999). Later, subdivisions were made on the basis of metric characteristics into two groups (Schietzel 1965), six groups (Modderman 1970, 184) and finally two groups again (Dohrn-Ihmig 1983). All typologies were based on the width-height ratio, while Modderman added the absolute dimension. The wide variation, from small to large and from flat to high adzes, certainly reflects a functional differentiation, but the various types do not appear to be of chronological significance.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoe-last_celt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MUFT_-_Werkzeug_Schuhleistenkeil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/MUFT_-_Werkzeug_Schuhleistenkeil.jpg/220px-MUFT_-_Werkzeug_Schuhleistenkeil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/MUFT_-_Werkzeug_Schuhleistenkeil.jpg/330px-MUFT_-_Werkzeug_Schuhleistenkeil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/MUFT_-_Werkzeug_Schuhleistenkeil.jpg/440px-MUFT_-_Werkzeug_Schuhleistenkeil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3228" data-file-height="2706" /></a><figcaption>Ancient woodworking with shoe-last celts - <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> Prehistory Museum, <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The polished stone axe or adze introduced a new way of life to Central Europe in mid-sixth millennium BC. It was a tool that was necessary for the clearing of the land to create fields and to build houses. These adzes were also used for the manufacture of agricultural tools, and any other wooden objects.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shape and wear show that the celts were used as <a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">adzes</a> to fell trees and to work wood. Some blades have traces of hafting as well. The finds from the <a href="/wiki/Water_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Water well">wells</a> of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCckhoven" class="mw-redirect" title="Kückhoven">Kückhoven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eythra" title="Eythra">Eythra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> demonstrate a high standard of carpentry. Shoe-last celts have also been used as weapons, as attested by smashed skulls from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schletz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schletz (page does not exist)">Schletz</a> (Austria) and <a href="/wiki/Talheim,_Neckar" class="mw-redirect" title="Talheim, Neckar">Talheim, Neckar</a> (Germany). An older theory suggests their use as <a href="/wiki/Hoe_(tool)" title="Hoe (tool)">hoes</a>, but there are no wear traces to support this. </p><p>Towards the end of the Linear Pottery Culture, around 5000 BC, the first perforated tools appear.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoe-last_celt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">Celt (tool)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoe-last_celt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leo Verhart, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/jalc/04/nr01/a01"><i>Contact in stone: adzes, Keile and Spitzhauen in the Lower Rhine Basin.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111184529/http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/jalc/04/nr01/a01">Archived</a> 2013-11-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Neolithic stone tools and the transition from Mesolithic to Neolithic in Belgium and the Netherlands, 5300-4000 cal BC. <b>Journal of Archaeology in the Low Countries</b> 4-1 (October 2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Elburg, W. Hein, A. Probst and P. Walter, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exarc.net/issue-2015-2/ea/field-trials-neolithic-woodworking-relearning-use-early-neolithic-stone-adzes">Field Trials in Neolithic Woodworking – (Re)Learning to Use Early Neolithic Stone Adzes.</a> Experimental Archaeology, Issue 2015/2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Elburg, W. Hein, A. Probst and P. Walter, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exarc.net/issue-2015-2/ea/field-trials-neolithic-woodworking-relearning-use-early-neolithic-stone-adzes">Field Trials in Neolithic Woodworking – (Re)Learning to Use Early Neolithic Stone Adzes.</a> Experimental Archaeology, Issue 2015/2</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shoe-last_celt&oldid=1137597415">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shoe-last_celt&oldid=1137597415</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_artefact_types" title="Category:Archaeological artefact types">Archaeological artefact types</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neolithic_Europe" title="Category:Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden category: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 February 2023, at 14:10<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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