“I Have Never Visited a Health Center”: Ethiopian Centenarians’ Perceptions of Their Health Conditions

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="https://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <meta content="mdpi" name="sso-service" /> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport" /> <title>&ldquo;I Have Never Visited a Health Center&rdquo;: Ethiopian Centenarians&rsquo; Perceptions of Their Health Conditions</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/font-awesome.min.css?eb190a3a77e5e1ee?1732615622"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery.multiselect.css?f56c135cbf4d1483?1732615622"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/chosen.min.css?d7ca5ca9441ef9e1?1732615622"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/main2.css?69b39374e6b554b7?1732615622"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/mask-icon-128.svg?c1c7eca266cd7013?1732615622" color="#4f5671"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png?1732615622"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png?1732615622"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png?1732615622"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png?1732615622"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png?1732615622"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png?1732615622"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png?1732615622"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732615622"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732615622"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732615622"> <link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <meta name="application-name" content=" "/> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/jal-logo-sq.png?ec34f2d3aceb316b"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/jal-logo-sq.png?ec34f2d3aceb316b"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/jal-logo-sq.png?ec34f2d3aceb316b"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery-ui-1.10.4.custom.min.css?80647d88647bf347?1732615622"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/magnific-popup.min.css?04d343e036f8eecd?1732615622"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/xml2html/article-html.css?230b005b39af4260?1732615622"> <style> h2, #abstract .related_suggestion_title { } .batch_articles a { color: #000; } a, .batch_articles .authors a, a:focus, a:hover, a:active, .batch_articles a:focus, .batch_articles a:hover, li.side-menu-li a { } span.label a { color: #fff; } #main-content a.title-link:hover, #main-content a.title-link:focus, #main-content div.generic-item a.title-link:hover, #main-content div.generic-item a.title-link:focus { } #main-content #middle-column .generic-item.article-item a.title-link:hover, #main-content #middle-column .generic-item.article-item a.title-link:focus { } .art-authors a.toEncode { color: #333; font-weight: 700; } #main-content #middle-column ul li::before { } .accordion-navigation.active a.accordion__title, .accordion-navigation.active a.accordion__title::after { } .accordion-navigation li:hover::before, .accordion-navigation li:hover a, .accordion-navigation li:focus a { } .relative-size-container .relative-size-image .relative-size { } .middle-column__help__fixed a:hover i, } input[type="checkbox"]:checked:after { } input[type="checkbox"]:not(:disabled):hover:before { } #main-content .bolded-text { } #main-content .hypothesis-count-container { } #main-content .hypothesis-count-container:before { } .full-size-menu ul li.menu-item .dropdown-wrapper { } .full-size-menu ul li.menu-item > a.open::after { } #title-story .title-story-orbit .orbit-caption { #background: url('/img/design/000000_background.png') !important; background: url('/img/design/ffffff_background.png') !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51) !important; } #main-content .content__container__orbit { background-color: #000 !important; } #main-content .content__container__journal { color: #fff; } .html-article-menu .row span { } .html-article-menu .row span.active { } .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li.active::before, .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li.active a { color: rgba(19,121,187,0.75) !important; font-weight: 700; } .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li:hover::before , .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li:hover a { color: rgba(19,121,187,0.75) !important; } .side-menu-ul li.active a, .side-menu-ul li.active, .side-menu-ul li.active::before { color: rgba(19,121,187,0.75) !important; } .side-menu-ul li.active a { } .result-selected, .active-result.highlighted, .active-result:hover, .result-selected, .active-result.highlighted, .active-result:focus { } .search-container.search-container__default-scheme { } nav.tab-bar .open-small-search.active:after { } .search-container.search-container__default-scheme .custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link::after { color: #fff; } @media only screen and (max-width: 50em) { #main-content .content__container.journal-info { color: #fff; } #main-content .content__container.journal-info a { color: #fff; } } .button.button--color { } .button.button--color:hover, .button.button--color:focus { } .button.button--color-journal { position: relative; background-color: rgba(19,121,187,0.75); border-color: #fff; color: #fff !important; } .button.button--color-journal:hover::before { content: ''; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; height: 100%; width: 100%; background-color: #ffffff; opacity: 0.2; } .button.button--color-journal:visited, .button.button--color-journal:hover, .button.button--color-journal:focus { background-color: rgba(19,121,187,0.75); border-color: #fff; color: #fff !important; } .button.button--color path { } .button.button--color:hover path { fill: #fff; } #main-content #search-refinements .ui-slider-horizontal .ui-slider-range { } .breadcrumb__element:last-of-type a { } #main-header { } #full-size-menu .top-bar, #full-size-menu li.menu-item span.user-email { } .top-bar-section li:not(.has-form) a:not(.button) { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item .dropdown-wrapper li a:hover { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item a:hover, #full-size-menu li.menu.item a:focus, nav.tab-bar a:hover { } #full-size-menu li.menu.item a:active, #full-size-menu li.menu.item a.active { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item a.open-mega-menu.active, #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu, a.open-mega-menu.active { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu li, #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu a { border-color: #9a9a9a; } div.type-section h2 { font-size: 20px; line-height: 26px; font-weight: 300; } div.type-section h3 { margin-left: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: 300; } .journal-tabs .tab-title.active a { } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/slick.css?f38b2db10e01b157?1732615622"> <meta name="title" content="“I Have Never Visited a Health Center”: Ethiopian Centenarians’ Perceptions of Their Health Conditions"> <meta name="description" content="The global centenarian population is expected to reach 4 million by 2050, yet little is known about the health status of centenarians in Sub-Saharan Africa. A case study examined the health conditions and functionality of nine Ethiopian centenarians. In-depth interviews revealed that all nine were Orthodox Christians and lived with extended family; eight were male. Aside from minor health complaints, centenarians in rural Ethiopia perceived that their sensory/cognitive functionality was normal until their late 90s. Despite a lack of medical care, the centenarians included two survivors, four delayers, and three escapers. Centenarians in rural Ethiopia were embedded in closely knit, religious, multigenerational households and communities and aspired to live resiliently. These findings call for the consideration of the unique health status of centenarians in Global South nations in their own cultural context." > <link rel="image_src" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/jal-logo.png?ec34f2d3aceb316b" > <meta name="dc.title" content="“I Have Never Visited a Health Center”: Ethiopian Centenarians’ Perceptions of Their Health Conditions"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Samson Chane"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Margaret E. Adamek"> <meta name="dc.type" content="Article"> <meta name="dc.source" content="Journal of Ageing and Longevity 2024, Vol. 4, Pages 264-273"> <meta name="dc.date" content="2024-08-06"> <meta name ="dc.identifier" content="10.3390/jal4030019"> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="dc.rights" content="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"> <meta name="dc.format" content="application/pdf" > <meta name="dc.language" content="en" > <meta name="dc.description" content="The global centenarian population is expected to reach 4 million by 2050, yet little is known about the health status of centenarians in Sub-Saharan Africa. A case study examined the health conditions and functionality of nine Ethiopian centenarians. In-depth interviews revealed that all nine were Orthodox Christians and lived with extended family; eight were male. Aside from minor health complaints, centenarians in rural Ethiopia perceived that their sensory/cognitive functionality was normal until their late 90s. Despite a lack of medical care, the centenarians included two survivors, four delayers, and three escapers. Centenarians in rural Ethiopia were embedded in closely knit, religious, multigenerational households and communities and aspired to live resiliently. These findings call for the consideration of the unique health status of centenarians in Global South nations in their own cultural context." > <meta name="dc.subject" content="centenarians" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="Ethiopia" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="health status" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="sensory impairment" > <meta name ="prism.issn" content="2673-9259"> <meta name ="prism.publicationName" content="Journal of Ageing and Longevity"> <meta name ="prism.publicationDate" content="2024-08-06"> <meta name ="prism.volume" content="4"> <meta name ="prism.number" content="3"> <meta name ="prism.section" content="Article" > <meta name ="prism.startingPage" content="264" > <meta name ="prism.endingPage" content="273" > <meta name="citation_issn" content="2673-9259"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Journal of Ageing and Longevity"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="citation_title" content="“I Have Never Visited a Health Center”: Ethiopian Centenarians’ Perceptions of Their Health Conditions"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024/9"> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2024/08/06"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="4"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="3"> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="264"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Chane, Samson"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Adamek, Margaret E."> <meta name ="citation_lastpage" content="273" > <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.3390/jal4030019"> <meta name="citation_id" content="mdpi-jal4030019"> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/4/3/19"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/4/3/19/pdf?version=1723095678"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/pdf" title="PDF Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/4/3/19/pdf?version=1723095678"> <meta name="fulltext_pdf" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/4/3/19/pdf?version=1723095678"> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/4/3/19/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="HTML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/4/3/19/htm"> <meta name="fulltext_html" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/4/3/19/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml" title="XML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/4/3/19/xml"> <meta name="fulltext_xml" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/4/3/19/xml"> <meta name="citation_xml_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/4/3/19/xml"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@MDPIOpenAccess" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/jal-logo-social.png?ec34f2d3aceb316b" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="131189377574"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="MDPI"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/4/3/19" /> <meta property="og:title" content="“I Have Never Visited a Health Center”: Ethiopian Centenarians’ Perceptions of Their Health Conditions" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The global centenarian population is expected to reach 4 million by 2050, yet little is known about the health status of centenarians in Sub-Saharan Africa. A case study examined the health conditions and functionality of nine Ethiopian centenarians. In-depth interviews revealed that all nine were Orthodox Christians and lived with extended family; eight were male. Aside from minor health complaints, centenarians in rural Ethiopia perceived that their sensory/cognitive functionality was normal until their late 90s. Despite a lack of medical care, the centenarians included two survivors, four delayers, and three escapers. Centenarians in rural Ethiopia were embedded in closely knit, religious, multigenerational households and communities and aspired to live resiliently. These findings call for the consideration of the unique health status of centenarians in Global South nations in their own cultural context." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/jal-logo-social.png?ec34f2d3aceb316b" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Publishing - Latest articles" href="https://www.mdpi.com/rss"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="PxTlsg7z2S00aHroktQd57fxygEjMiNHydKn3txhvwY"> <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="mcoq8dtq6sb2hf7z29j8w515jjoof7" /> <script id="Cookiebot" data-cfasync="false" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="51491ddd-fe7a-4425-ab39-69c78c55829f" type="text/javascript" async></script>  <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WPK7SW5'); </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> _linkedin_partner_id = "2846186"; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids = window._linkedin_data_partner_ids || []; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids.push(_linkedin_partner_id); </script><script type="text/javascript"> (function(){var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; var b = document.createElement("script"); b.type = "text/javascript";b.async = true; b.src = "https://snap.licdn.com/li.lms-analytics/insight.min.js"; s.parentNode.insertBefore(b, s);})(); </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics" data-cfasync="false" src="//script.crazyegg.com/pages/scripts/0116/4951.js" async="async" ></script> </head> <body> <div class="direction direction_right" id="small_right" style="border-right-width: 0px; padding:0;"> <i class="fa fa-caret-right fa-2x"></i> </div> <div class="big_direction direction_right" id="big_right" style="border-right-width: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: right;"> Next Article in Journal<br> <div><a href="/2673-9259/4/3/20">Feasibility and Usability of an Occupation-Based Immersive Virtual Reality Protocol for Older Adults</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="direction" id="small_left" style="border-left-width: 0px"> <i class="fa fa-caret-left fa-2x"></i> </div> <div class="big_direction" id="big_left" style="border-left-width: 0px;"> <div> Previous Article in Journal<br> <div><a href="/2673-9259/4/3/18">Analysis of the Relationships between Quality of Life, Resilience, and Life Satisfaction Variables in Retired Individuals</a></div> </div> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div id="menuModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-menu" aria-hidden="true" data-reveal role="dialog"> <div class="menu-container"> <div class="UI_NavMenu"> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Journals</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="/about/journals">Active Journals</a> <a href="/about/journalfinder">Find a Journal</a> <a href="/about/journals/proposal">Journal Proposal</a> <a href="/about/proceedings">Proceedings Series</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="/topics"> <h2>Topics</h2> </a> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Information</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width: 200px; float: left;"> <a href="/authors">For Authors</a> <a href="/reviewers">For Reviewers</a> <a href="/editors">For Editors</a> <a href="/librarians">For Librarians</a> <a href="/publishing_services">For Publishers</a> <a href="/societies">For Societies</a> <a href="/conference_organizers">For Conference Organizers</a> </div> <div style="width: 100%; max-width: 250px; float: left;"> <a href="/openaccess">Open Access Policy</a> <a href="/ioap">Institutional Open Access Program</a> <a href="/special_issues_guidelines">Special Issues Guidelines</a> <a href="/editorial_process">Editorial Process</a> <a href="/ethics">Research and Publication Ethics</a> <a href="/apc">Article Processing Charges</a> <a href="/awards">Awards</a> <a href="/testimonials">Testimonials</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="/authors/english"> <h2>Editing Services</h2> </a> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Initiatives</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Sciforum</a> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">MDPI Books</a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Preprints.org</a> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Scilit</a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">SciProfiles</a> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Encyclopedia</a> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">JAMS</a> <a href="/about/proceedings">Proceedings Series</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>About</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="/about">Overview</a> <a href="/about/contact">Contact</a> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Careers</a> <a href="/about/announcements">News</a> <a href="/about/press">Press</a> <a href="http://blog.mdpi.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Blog</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="menu-container__buttons"> <a class="button UA_SignInUpButton" href="/user/login">Sign In / Sign Up</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="captchaModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-label="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"></div> <div id="actionDisabledModal" class="reveal-modal" data-reveal aria-labelledby="actionDisableModalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog" style="width: 300px;"> <h2 id="actionDisableModalTitle">Notice</h2> <form action="/email/captcha" method="post" id="emailCaptchaForm"> <div class="row"> <div id="js-action-disabled-modal-text" class="small-12 columns"> </div> <div id="js-action-disabled-modal-submit" class="small-12 columns" style="margin-top: 10px; display: none;"> You can make submissions to other journals <a href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload">here</a>. </div> </div> </form> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="rssNotificationModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="rssNotificationModalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 id="rssNotificationModalTitle">Notice</h2> <p> You are accessing a machine-readable page. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. </p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color js-rss-notification-confirm">Continue</a> <a class="button button--grey" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal').find('.close-reveal-modal').click(); return false;">Cancel</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-openaccess" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess">https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess</a>. </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-feature" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications. </p> <p> Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive positive feedback from the reviewers. </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-choice" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal. <div style="margin-top: -10px;"> <div id="drop-article-label-choice-journal-link" style="display: none; margin-top: -10px; padding-top: 10px;"> </div> </div> </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-resubmission" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Original Submission Date Received: <span id="drop-article-label-resubmission-date"></span>. </p> </div> <div id="container"> <noscript> <div id="no-javascript"> You seem to have javascript disabled. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. </div> </noscript> <div class="fixed"> <nav class="tab-bar show-for-medium-down"> <div class="row full-width collapse"> <div class="medium-3 small-4 columns"> <a href="/"> <img class="full-size-menu__mdpi-logo" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1732615622" style="width: 64px;" title="MDPI Open Access Journals"> </a> </div> <div class="medium-3 small-4 columns right-aligned"> <div class="show-for-medium-down"> <a href="#" style="display: none;"> <i class="material-icons" onclick="$('#menuModal').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">clear</i> </a> <a class="js-toggle-desktop-layout-link" title="Toggle desktop layout" style="display: none;" href="/toggle_desktop_layout_cookie"> <i class="material-icons">zoom_out_map</i> </a> <a href="#" class="js-open-small-search open-small-search"> <i class="material-icons show-for-small only">search</i> </a> <a title="MDPI main page" class="js-open-menu" data-reveal-id="menuModal" href="#"> <i class="material-icons">menu</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <section class="main-section"> <header> <div class="full-size-menu show-for-large-up"> <div class="row full-width"> <div class="large-1 columns"> <a href="/"> <img class="full-size-menu__mdpi-logo" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1732615622" title="MDPI Open Access Journals"> </a> </div> <div class="large-8 columns text-right UI_NavMenu"> <ul> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/journals" data-dropdown="journals-dropdown" aria-controls="journals-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">Journals</a> <ul id="journals-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/about/journals"> Active Journals </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/journalfinder"> Find a Journal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/journals/proposal"> Journal Proposal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/topics">Topics</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/authors" data-dropdown="information-dropdown" aria-controls="information-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover:true; hover_timeout:200">Information</a> <ul id="information-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-5 columns right-border"> <ul> <li> <a href="/authors">For Authors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/reviewers">For Reviewers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editors">For Editors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/librarians">For Librarians</a> </li> <li> <a href="/publishing_services">For Publishers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/societies">For Societies</a> </li> <li> <a href="/conference_organizers">For Conference Organizers</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="small-7 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/openaccess">Open Access Policy</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ioap">Institutional Open Access Program</a> </li> <li> <a href="/special_issues_guidelines">Special Issues Guidelines</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editorial_process">Editorial Process</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ethics">Research and Publication Ethics</a> </li> <li> <a href="/apc">Article Processing Charges</a> </li> <li> <a href="/awards">Awards</a> </li> <li> <a href="/testimonials">Testimonials</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/authors/english">Editing Services</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/initiatives" data-dropdown="initiatives-dropdown" aria-controls="initiatives-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">Initiatives</a> <ul id="initiatives-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Sciforum </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> MDPI Books </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Preprints.org </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Scilit </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> SciProfiles </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Encyclopedia </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> JAMS </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about" data-dropdown="about-dropdown" aria-controls="about-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">About</a> <ul id="about-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/about"> Overview </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/contact"> Contact </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Careers </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/announcements"> News </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/press"> Press </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://blog.mdpi.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Blog </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="large-3 columns text-right full-size-menu__buttons"> <div> <a class="button button--default-inversed UA_SignInUpButton" href="/user/login">Sign In / Sign Up</a> <a class="button button--default js-journal-active-only-link js-journal-active-only-submit-link UC_NavSubmitButton" href=" https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?journal=jal " data-disabledmessage="new submissions are not possible.">Submit</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-divider"> </div> <div class="search-container hide-for-small-down row search-container__homepage-scheme"> <form id="basic_search" style="background-color: inherit !important;" class="large-12 medium-12 columns " action="/search" method="get"> <div class="row search-container__main-elements"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-12 columns text-right1 small-only-text-left"> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> </div> <span class="search-container__title">Search<span class="hide-for-medium"> for Articles</span><span class="hide-for-small">:</span></span> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Title / Keyword</div> </div> <input type="text" placeholder="Title / Keyword" id="q" tabindex="1" name="q" value="" /> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Author / Affiliation / Email</div> </div> <input type="text" id="authors" placeholder="Author / Affiliation / Email" tabindex="2" name="authors" value="" /> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Journal</div> </div> <select id="journal" tabindex="3" name="journal" class="chosen-select"> <option value="">All Journals</option> <option value="acoustics" > Acoustics </option> <option value="amh" > Acta Microbiologica Hellenica (AMH) </option> <option value="actuators" > Actuators </option> <option value="admsci" > Administrative Sciences </option> <option value="adolescents" > Adolescents </option> <option value="arm" > Advances in Respiratory Medicine (ARM) </option> <option value="aerobiology" > Aerobiology </option> <option value="aerospace" > Aerospace </option> <option value="agriculture" > Agriculture </option> <option value="agriengineering" > AgriEngineering </option> <option value="agrochemicals" > Agrochemicals </option> <option value="agronomy" > Agronomy </option> <option value="ai" > AI </option> <option value="air" > Air </option> <option value="algorithms" > Algorithms </option> <option value="allergies" > Allergies </option> <option value="alloys" > Alloys </option> <option value="analytica" > Analytica </option> <option value="analytics" > Analytics </option> <option value="anatomia" > Anatomia </option> <option value="anesthres" > Anesthesia Research </option> <option value="animals" > Animals </option> <option value="antibiotics" > Antibiotics </option> <option value="antibodies" > Antibodies </option> <option value="antioxidants" > Antioxidants </option> <option value="applbiosci" > Applied Biosciences </option> <option value="applmech" > Applied Mechanics </option> <option value="applmicrobiol" > Applied Microbiology </option> <option value="applnano" > Applied Nano </option> <option value="applsci" > Applied Sciences </option> <option value="asi" > Applied System Innovation (ASI) </option> <option value="appliedchem" > AppliedChem </option> <option value="appliedmath" > AppliedMath </option> <option value="aquacj" > Aquaculture Journal </option> <option value="architecture" > Architecture </option> <option value="arthropoda" > Arthropoda </option> <option value="arts" > Arts </option> <option value="astronomy" > Astronomy </option> <option value="atmosphere" > Atmosphere </option> <option value="atoms" > Atoms </option> <option value="audiolres" > Audiology Research </option> <option value="automation" > Automation </option> <option value="axioms" > Axioms </option> <option value="bacteria" > Bacteria </option> <option value="batteries" > Batteries </option> <option value="behavsci" > Behavioral Sciences </option> <option value="beverages" > Beverages </option> <option value="BDCC" > Big Data and Cognitive Computing (BDCC) </option> <option value="biochem" > BioChem </option> <option value="bioengineering" > Bioengineering </option> <option value="biologics" > Biologics </option> <option value="biology" > Biology </option> <option value="blsf" > Biology and Life Sciences Forum </option> <option value="biomass" > Biomass </option> <option value="biomechanics" > Biomechanics </option> <option value="biomed" > BioMed </option> <option value="biomedicines" > Biomedicines </option> <option value="biomedinformatics" > BioMedInformatics </option> <option value="biomimetics" > Biomimetics </option> <option value="biomolecules" > Biomolecules </option> <option value="biophysica" > Biophysica </option> <option value="biosensors" > Biosensors </option> <option value="biotech" > BioTech </option> <option value="birds" > Birds </option> <option value="blockchains" > Blockchains </option> <option value="brainsci" > Brain Sciences </option> <option value="buildings" > Buildings </option> <option value="businesses" > Businesses </option> <option value="carbon" > C </option> <option value="cancers" > Cancers </option> <option value="cardiogenetics" > Cardiogenetics </option> <option value="catalysts" > Catalysts </option> <option value="cells" > Cells </option> <option value="ceramics" > Ceramics </option> <option value="challenges" > Challenges </option> <option value="ChemEngineering" > ChemEngineering </option> <option value="chemistry" > Chemistry </option> <option value="chemproc" > Chemistry Proceedings </option> <option value="chemosensors" > Chemosensors </option> <option value="children" > Children </option> <option value="chips" > Chips </option> <option value="civileng" > CivilEng </option> <option value="cleantechnol" > Clean Technologies (Clean Technol.) </option> <option value="climate" > Climate </option> <option value="ctn" > Clinical and Translational Neuroscience (CTN) </option> <option value="clinbioenerg" > Clinical Bioenergetics </option> <option value="clinpract" > Clinics and Practice </option> <option value="clockssleep" > Clocks & Sleep </option> <option value="coasts" > Coasts </option> <option value="coatings" > Coatings </option> <option value="colloids" > Colloids and Interfaces </option> <option value="colorants" > Colorants </option> <option value="commodities" > Commodities </option> <option value="complications" > Complications </option> <option value="compounds" > Compounds </option> <option value="computation" > Computation </option> <option value="csmf" > Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum </option> <option value="computers" > Computers </option> <option value="condensedmatter" > Condensed Matter </option> <option value="conservation" > Conservation </option> <option value="constrmater" > Construction Materials </option> <option value="cmd" > Corrosion and Materials Degradation (CMD) </option> <option value="cosmetics" > Cosmetics </option> <option value="covid" > COVID </option> <option value="crops" > Crops </option> <option value="cryo" > Cryo </option> <option value="cryptography" > Cryptography </option> <option value="crystals" > Crystals </option> <option value="cimb" > Current Issues in Molecular Biology (CIMB) </option> <option value="curroncol" > Current Oncology </option> <option value="dairy" > Dairy </option> <option value="data" > Data </option> <option value="dentistry" > Dentistry Journal </option> <option value="dermato" > Dermato </option> <option value="dermatopathology" > Dermatopathology </option> <option value="designs" > Designs </option> <option value="diabetology" > Diabetology </option> <option value="diagnostics" > Diagnostics </option> <option value="dietetics" > Dietetics </option> <option value="digital" > Digital </option> <option value="disabilities" > Disabilities </option> <option value="diseases" > Diseases </option> <option value="diversity" > Diversity </option> <option value="dna" > DNA </option> <option value="drones" > Drones </option> <option value="ddc" > Drugs and Drug Candidates (DDC) </option> <option value="dynamics" > Dynamics </option> <option value="earth" > Earth </option> <option value="ecologies" > Ecologies </option> <option value="econometrics" > Econometrics </option> <option value="economies" > Economies </option> <option value="education" > Education Sciences </option> <option value="electricity" > Electricity </option> <option value="electrochem" > Electrochem </option> <option value="electronicmat" > Electronic Materials </option> <option value="electronics" > Electronics </option> <option value="ecm" > Emergency Care and Medicine </option> <option value="encyclopedia" > Encyclopedia </option> <option value="endocrines" > Endocrines </option> <option value="energies" > Energies </option> <option value="esa" > Energy Storage and Applications (ESA) </option> <option value="eng" > Eng </option> <option value="engproc" > Engineering Proceedings </option> <option value="entropy" > Entropy </option> <option value="environsciproc" > Environmental Sciences Proceedings </option> <option value="environments" > Environments </option> <option value="epidemiologia" > Epidemiologia </option> <option value="epigenomes" > Epigenomes </option> <option value="ebj" > European Burn Journal (EBJ) </option> <option value="ejihpe" > European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education (EJIHPE) </option> <option value="fermentation" > Fermentation </option> <option value="fibers" > Fibers </option> <option value="fintech" > FinTech </option> <option value="fire" > Fire </option> <option value="fishes" > Fishes </option> <option value="fluids" > Fluids </option> <option value="foods" > Foods </option> <option value="forecasting" > Forecasting </option> <option value="forensicsci" > Forensic Sciences </option> <option value="forests" > Forests </option> <option value="fossstud" > Fossil Studies </option> <option value="foundations" > Foundations </option> <option value="fractalfract" > Fractal and Fractional (Fractal Fract) </option> <option value="fuels" > Fuels </option> <option value="future" > Future </option> <option value="futureinternet" > Future Internet </option> <option value="futurepharmacol" > Future Pharmacology </option> <option value="futuretransp" > Future Transportation </option> <option value="galaxies" > Galaxies </option> <option value="games" > Games </option> <option value="gases" > Gases </option> <option value="gastroent" > Gastroenterology Insights </option> <option value="gastrointestdisord" > Gastrointestinal Disorders </option> <option value="gastronomy" > Gastronomy </option> <option value="gels" > Gels </option> <option value="genealogy" > Genealogy </option> <option value="genes" > Genes </option> <option value="geographies" > Geographies </option> <option value="geohazards" > GeoHazards </option> <option value="geomatics" > Geomatics </option> <option value="geometry" > Geometry </option> <option value="geosciences" > Geosciences </option> <option value="geotechnics" > Geotechnics </option> <option value="geriatrics" > Geriatrics </option> <option value="glacies" > Glacies </option> <option value="gucdd" > Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD) </option> <option value="grasses" > Grasses </option> <option value="hardware" > Hardware </option> <option value="healthcare" > Healthcare </option> <option value="hearts" > Hearts </option> <option value="hemato" > Hemato </option> <option value="hematolrep" > Hematology Reports </option> <option value="heritage" > Heritage </option> <option value="histories" > Histories </option> <option value="horticulturae" > Horticulturae </option> <option value="hospitals" > Hospitals </option> <option value="humanities" > Humanities </option> <option value="humans" > Humans </option> <option value="hydrobiology" > Hydrobiology </option> <option value="hydrogen" > Hydrogen </option> <option value="hydrology" > Hydrology </option> <option value="hygiene" > Hygiene </option> <option value="immuno" > Immuno </option> <option value="idr" > Infectious Disease Reports </option> <option value="informatics" > Informatics </option> <option value="information" > Information </option> <option value="infrastructures" > Infrastructures </option> <option value="inorganics" > Inorganics </option> <option value="insects" > Insects </option> <option value="instruments" > Instruments </option> <option value="iic" > Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction </option> <option value="ijerph" > International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) </option> <option value="ijfs" > International Journal of Financial Studies (IJFS) </option> <option value="ijms" > International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS) </option> <option value="IJNS" > International Journal of Neonatal Screening (IJNS) </option> <option value="ijpb" > International Journal of Plant Biology (IJPB) </option> <option value="ijt" > International Journal of Topology </option> <option value="ijtm" > International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM) </option> <option value="ijtpp" > International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP) </option> <option value="ime" > International Medical Education (IME) </option> <option value="inventions" > Inventions </option> <option value="IoT" > IoT </option> <option value="ijgi" > ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI) </option> <option value="J" > J </option> <option value="jal" selected='selected'> Journal of Ageing and Longevity (JAL) </option> <option value="jcdd" > Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD) </option> <option value="jcto" > Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology (JCTO) </option> <option value="jcm" > Journal of Clinical Medicine (JCM) </option> <option value="jcs" > Journal of Composites Science (J. Compos. Sci.) </option> <option value="jcp" > Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy (JCP) </option> <option value="jdad" > Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease (JDAD) </option> <option value="jdb" > Journal of Developmental Biology (JDB) </option> <option value="jeta" > Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA) </option> <option value="jfb" > Journal of Functional Biomaterials (JFB) </option> <option value="jfmk" > Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK) </option> <option value="jof" > Journal of Fungi (JoF) </option> <option value="jimaging" > Journal of Imaging (J. Imaging) </option> <option value="jintelligence" > Journal of Intelligence (J. Intell.) </option> <option value="jlpea" > Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA) </option> <option value="jmmp" > Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP) </option> <option value="jmse" > Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE) </option> <option value="jmahp" > Journal of Market Access & Health Policy (JMAHP) </option> <option value="jmp" > Journal of Molecular Pathology (JMP) </option> <option value="jnt" > Journal of Nanotheranostics (JNT) </option> <option value="jne" > Journal of Nuclear Engineering (JNE) </option> <option value="ohbm" > Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM) </option> <option value="jop" > Journal of Parks </option> <option value="jpm" > Journal of Personalized Medicine (JPM) </option> <option value="jpbi" > Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI) </option> <option value="jor" > Journal of Respiration (JoR) </option> <option value="jrfm" > Journal of Risk and Financial Management (JRFM) </option> <option value="jsan" > Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (JSAN) </option> <option value="joma" > Journal of the Oman Medical Association (JOMA) </option> <option value="jtaer" > Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) </option> <option value="jvd" > Journal of Vascular Diseases (JVD) </option> <option value="jox" > Journal of Xenobiotics (JoX) </option> <option value="jzbg" > Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens (JZBG) </option> <option value="journalmedia" > Journalism and Media </option> <option value="kidneydial" > Kidney and Dialysis </option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases" > Kinases and Phosphatases </option> <option value="knowledge" > Knowledge </option> <option value="labmed" > LabMed </option> <option value="laboratories" > Laboratories </option> <option value="land" > Land </option> <option value="languages" > Languages </option> <option value="laws" > Laws </option> <option value="life" > Life </option> <option value="limnolrev" > Limnological Review </option> <option value="lipidology" > Lipidology </option> <option value="liquids" > Liquids </option> <option value="literature" > Literature </option> <option value="livers" > Livers </option> <option value="logics" > Logics </option> <option value="logistics" > Logistics </option> <option value="lubricants" > Lubricants </option> <option value="lymphatics" > Lymphatics </option> <option value="make" > Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction (MAKE) </option> <option value="machines" > Machines </option> <option value="macromol" > Macromol </option> <option value="magnetism" > Magnetism </option> <option value="magnetochemistry" > Magnetochemistry </option> <option value="marinedrugs" > Marine Drugs </option> <option value="materials" > Materials </option> <option value="materproc" > Materials Proceedings </option> <option value="mca" > Mathematical and Computational Applications (MCA) </option> <option value="mathematics" > Mathematics </option> <option value="medsci" > Medical Sciences </option> <option value="msf" > Medical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="medicina" > Medicina </option> <option value="medicines" > Medicines </option> <option value="membranes" > Membranes </option> <option value="merits" > Merits </option> <option value="metabolites" > Metabolites </option> <option value="metals" > Metals </option> <option value="meteorology" > Meteorology </option> <option value="methane" > Methane </option> <option value="mps" > Methods and Protocols (MPs) </option> <option value="metrics" > Metrics </option> <option value="metrology" > Metrology </option> <option value="micro" > Micro </option> <option value="microbiolres" > Microbiology Research </option> <option value="micromachines" > Micromachines </option> <option value="microorganisms" > Microorganisms </option> <option value="microplastics" > Microplastics </option> <option value="minerals" > Minerals </option> <option value="mining" > Mining </option> <option value="modelling" > Modelling </option> <option value="mmphys" > Modern Mathematical Physics </option> <option value="molbank" > Molbank </option> <option value="molecules" > Molecules </option> <option value="mti" > Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (MTI) </option> <option value="muscles" > Muscles </option> <option value="nanoenergyadv" > Nanoenergy Advances </option> <option value="nanomanufacturing" > Nanomanufacturing </option> <option value="nanomaterials" > Nanomaterials </option> <option value="ndt" > NDT </option> <option value="network" > Network </option> <option value="neuroglia" > Neuroglia </option> <option value="neurolint" > Neurology International </option> <option value="neurosci" > NeuroSci </option> <option value="nitrogen" > Nitrogen </option> <option value="ncrna" > Non-Coding RNA (ncRNA) </option> <option value="nursrep" > Nursing Reports </option> <option value="nutraceuticals" > Nutraceuticals </option> <option value="nutrients" > Nutrients </option> <option value="obesities" > Obesities </option> <option value="oceans" > Oceans </option> <option value="onco" > Onco </option> <option value="optics" > Optics </option> <option value="oral" > Oral </option> <option value="organics" > Organics </option> <option value="organoids" > Organoids </option> <option value="osteology" > Osteology </option> <option value="oxygen" > Oxygen </option> <option value="parasitologia" > Parasitologia </option> <option value="particles" > Particles </option> <option value="pathogens" > Pathogens </option> <option value="pathophysiology" > Pathophysiology </option> <option value="pediatrrep" > Pediatric Reports </option> <option value="pets" > Pets </option> <option value="pharmaceuticals" > Pharmaceuticals </option> <option value="pharmaceutics" > Pharmaceutics </option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology" > Pharmacoepidemiology </option> <option value="pharmacy" > Pharmacy </option> <option value="philosophies" > Philosophies </option> <option value="photochem" > Photochem </option> <option value="photonics" > Photonics </option> <option value="phycology" > Phycology </option> <option value="physchem" > Physchem </option> <option value="psf" > Physical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="physics" > Physics </option> <option value="physiologia" > Physiologia </option> <option value="plants" > Plants </option> <option value="plasma" > Plasma </option> <option value="platforms" > Platforms </option> <option value="pollutants" > Pollutants </option> <option value="polymers" > Polymers </option> <option value="polysaccharides" > Polysaccharides </option> <option value="populations" > Populations </option> <option value="poultry" > Poultry </option> <option value="powders" > Powders </option> <option value="proceedings" > Proceedings </option> <option value="processes" > Processes </option> <option value="prosthesis" > Prosthesis </option> <option value="proteomes" > Proteomes </option> <option value="psychiatryint" > Psychiatry International </option> <option value="psychoactives" > Psychoactives </option> <option value="psycholint" > Psychology International </option> <option value="publications" > Publications </option> <option value="qubs" > Quantum Beam Science (QuBS) </option> <option value="quantumrep" > Quantum Reports </option> <option value="quaternary" > Quaternary </option> <option value="radiation" > Radiation </option> <option value="reactions" > Reactions </option> <option value="realestate" > Real Estate </option> <option value="receptors" > Receptors </option> <option value="recycling" > Recycling </option> <option value="rsee" > Regional Science and Environmental Economics (RSEE) </option> <option value="religions" > Religions </option> <option value="remotesensing" > Remote Sensing </option> <option value="reports" > Reports </option> <option value="reprodmed" > Reproductive Medicine (Reprod. Med.) </option> <option value="resources" > Resources </option> <option value="rheumato" > Rheumato </option> <option value="risks" > Risks </option> <option value="robotics" > Robotics </option> <option value="ruminants" > Ruminants </option> <option value="safety" > Safety </option> <option value="sci" > Sci </option> <option value="scipharm" > Scientia Pharmaceutica (Sci. Pharm.) </option> <option value="sclerosis" > Sclerosis </option> <option value="seeds" > Seeds </option> <option value="sensors" > Sensors </option> <option value="separations" > Separations </option> <option value="sexes" > Sexes </option> <option value="signals" > Signals </option> <option value="sinusitis" > Sinusitis </option> <option value="smartcities" > Smart Cities </option> <option value="socsci" > Social Sciences </option> <option value="siuj" > Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal (SIUJ) </option> <option value="societies" > Societies </option> <option value="software" > Software </option> <option value="soilsystems" > Soil Systems </option> <option value="solar" > Solar </option> <option value="solids" > Solids </option> <option value="spectroscj" > Spectroscopy Journal </option> <option value="sports" > Sports </option> <option value="standards" > Standards </option> <option value="stats" > Stats </option> <option value="stresses" > Stresses </option> <option value="surfaces" > Surfaces </option> <option value="surgeries" > Surgeries </option> <option value="std" > Surgical Techniques Development </option> <option value="sustainability" > Sustainability </option> <option value="suschem" > Sustainable Chemistry </option> <option value="symmetry" > Symmetry </option> <option value="synbio" > SynBio </option> <option value="systems" > Systems </option> <option value="targets" > Targets </option> <option value="taxonomy" > Taxonomy </option> <option value="technologies" > Technologies </option> <option value="telecom" > Telecom </option> <option value="textiles" > Textiles </option> <option value="thalassrep" > Thalassemia Reports </option> <option value="therapeutics" > Therapeutics </option> <option value="thermo" > Thermo </option> <option value="timespace" > Time and Space </option> <option value="tomography" > Tomography </option> <option value="tourismhosp" > Tourism and Hospitality </option> <option value="toxics" > Toxics </option> <option value="toxins" > Toxins </option> <option value="transplantology" > Transplantology </option> <option value="traumacare" > Trauma Care </option> <option value="higheredu" > Trends in Higher Education </option> <option value="tropicalmed" > Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed) </option> <option value="universe" > Universe </option> <option value="urbansci" > Urban Science </option> <option value="uro" > Uro </option> <option value="vaccines" > Vaccines </option> <option value="vehicles" > Vehicles </option> <option value="venereology" > Venereology </option> <option value="vetsci" > Veterinary Sciences </option> <option value="vibration" > Vibration </option> <option value="virtualworlds" > Virtual Worlds </option> <option value="viruses" > Viruses </option> <option value="vision" > Vision </option> <option value="waste" > Waste </option> <option value="water" > Water </option> <option value="wild" > Wild </option> <option value="wind" > Wind </option> <option value="women" > Women </option> <option value="world" > World </option> <option value="wevj" > World Electric Vehicle Journal (WEVJ) </option> <option value="youth" > Youth </option> <option value="zoonoticdis" > Zoonotic Diseases </option> </select> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Article Type</div> </div> <select id="article_type" tabindex="4" name="article_type" class="chosen-select"> <option value="">All Article Types</option> <option value="research-article">Article</option> <option value="review-article">Review</option> <option value="rapid-communication">Communication</option> <option value="editorial">Editorial</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="book-review">Book Review</option> <option value="brief-communication">Brief Communication</option> <option value="brief-report">Brief Report</option> <option value="case-report">Case Report</option> <option value="clinicopathological-challenge">Clinicopathological Challenge</option> <option value="article-commentary">Comment</option> <option value="commentary">Commentary</option> <option value="concept-paper">Concept Paper</option> <option value="conference-report">Conference Report</option> <option value="correction">Correction</option> <option value="creative">Creative</option> <option value="data-descriptor">Data Descriptor</option> <option value="discussion">Discussion</option> <option value="Entry">Entry</option> <option value="essay">Essay</option> <option value="expression-of-concern">Expression of Concern</option> <option value="extended-abstract">Extended Abstract</option> <option value="field-guide">Field Guide</option> <option value="guidelines">Guidelines</option> <option value="hypothesis">Hypothesis</option> <option value="interesting-image">Interesting Images</option> <option value="letter">Letter</option> <option value="books-received">New Book Received</option> <option value="obituary">Obituary</option> <option value="opinion">Opinion</option> <option value="perspective">Perspective</option> <option value="proceedings">Proceeding Paper</option> <option value="project-report">Project Report</option> <option value="protocol">Protocol</option> <option value="registered-report">Registered Report</option> <option value="reply">Reply</option> <option value="retraction">Retraction</option> <option value="note">Short Note</option> <option value="study-protocol">Study Protocol</option> <option value="systematic_review">Systematic Review</option> <option value="technical-note">Technical Note</option> <option value="tutorial">Tutorial</option> <option value="viewpoint">Viewpoint</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns small-push-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-collapsed-button-container"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <input type="submit" id="search" value="Search" class="button button--dark button--full-width searchButton1 US_SearchButton" tabindex="12"> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns large-text-left small-only-text-center small-pull-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-collapsed-link-container"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <a class="main-search-clear search-container__link" href="#" onclick="openAdvanced(''); return false;">Advanced<span class="show-for-small-only"> Search</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search-container__advanced" style="margin-top: 0; padding-top: 0px; background-color: inherit; color: inherit;"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 columns show-for-medium-up"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Section</div> </div> <select id="section" tabindex="5" name="section" class="chosen-select"> <option value=""></option> </select> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Special Issue</div> </div> <select id="special_issue" tabindex="6" name="special_issue" class="chosen-select"> <option value=""></option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Volume</div> <input type="text" id="volume" tabindex="7" name="volume" placeholder="..." value="4" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Issue</div> <input type="text" id="issue" tabindex="8" name="issue" placeholder="..." value="3" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Number</div> <input type="text" id="number" tabindex="9" name="number" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Page</div> <input type="text" id="page" tabindex="10" name="page" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 columns small-push-6 medium-reset order large-reset-order medium-reset-order js-search-expanded-button-container"></div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 columns large-text-left small-only-text-center small-pull-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-expanded-link-container"></div> </div> </div> </form> <form id="advanced-search" class="large-12 medium-12 columns"> <div class="search-container__advanced"> <div id="advanced-search-template" class="row advanced-search-row"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-12 columns show-for-medium-up"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-3 columns connector-div"> <div class="search-input-label"><span class="show-for-medium-up">Logical Operator</span><span class="show-for-small">Operator</span></div> <select class="connector"> <option value="and">AND</option> <option value="or">OR</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-3 medium-3 small-6 columns search-text-div"> <div class="search-input-label">Search Text</div> <input type="text" class="search-text" placeholder="Search text"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 large-offset-0 medium-offset-0 small-offset-3 columns search-field-div"> <div class="search-input-label">Search Type</div> <select class="search-field"> <option value="all">All fields</option> <option value="title">Title</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="keywords">Keywords</option> <option value="authors">Authors</option> <option value="affiliations">Affiliations</option> <option value="doi">Doi</option> <option value="full_text">Full Text</option> <option value="references">References</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-3 columns"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <div class="search-action-div"> <div class="search-plus"> <i class="material-icons">add_circle_outline</i> </div> </div> <div class="search-action-div"> <div class="search-minus"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </div> </div> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 large-offset-0 medium-offset-0 small-offset-3 end columns"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <input class="advanced-search-button button button--dark search-submit" type="submit" value="Search"> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns show-for-medium-up"></div> </div> </div> </form> </div> <div class="header-divider"> </div> <div class="breadcrumb row full-row"> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/about/journals">Journals</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/journal/jal">JAL</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/2673-9259/4">Volume 4</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/2673-9259/4/3">Issue 3</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="#">10.3390/jal4030019</a> </div> </div> </header> <div id="main-content" class=""> <div class="row full-width row-fixed-left-column"> <div id="left-column" class="content__column large-3 medium-3 small-12 columns"> <div class="content__container"> <a href="/journal/jal"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/jal-logo.png?ec34f2d3aceb316b" alt="jal-logo" title="Journal of Ageing and Longevity" style="max-height: 60px; margin: 0 0 0 0;"> </a> <div class="generic-item no-border"> <a class="button button--color button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link js-journal-active-only-submit-link UC_ArticleSubmitButton" href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?form%5Bjournal_id%5D%3D488" data-disabledmessage="creating new submissions is not possible."> Submit to this Journal </a> <a class="button button--color button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link UC_ArticleReviewButton" href="https://susy.mdpi.com/volunteer/journals/review" data-disabledmessage="volunteering as journal reviewer is not possible."> Review for this Journal </a> <a class="button button--color-inversed button--color-journal button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link UC_ArticleEditIssueButton" href="/journalproposal/sendproposalspecialissue/jal" data-path="/2673-9259/4/3/19" data-disabledmessage="proposing new special issue is not possible."> Propose a Special Issue </a> </div> <div class="generic-item link-article-menu show-for-small"> <a href="#" class="link-article-menu show-for-small"> <span class="closed">►</span> <span class="open" style="display: none;">▼</span> Article Menu </a> </div> <div class="hide-small-down-initially UI_ArticleMenu"> <div class="generic-item"> <h2>Article Menu</h2> </div> <ul class="accordion accordion__menu" data-accordion data-options="multi_expand:true;toggleable: true"> <li class="accordion-direct-link"> <a href="/2673-9259/4/3/19/scifeed_display" data-reveal-id="scifeed-modal" data-reveal-ajax="true">Subscribe SciFeed</a> </li> <li class="accordion-direct-link js-article-similarity-container" style="display: none"> <a href="#" class="js-similarity-related-articles">Recommended Articles</a> </li> <li class="accordion-direct-link"> <a href="/article/1451002/author-biographies" data-reveal-id="author-biographies-modal" data-reveal-ajax="true">Author Biographies</a> </li> <li class="accordion-navigation"> <a href="#related" class="accordion__title">Related Info Link</a> <div id="related" class="content UI_ArticleMenu_RelatedLinks"> <ul> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%E2%80%9CI%20Have%20Never%20Visited%20a%20Health%20Center%E2%80%9D%3A%20Ethiopian%20Centenarians%E2%80%99%20Perceptions%20of%20Their%20Health%20Conditions" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Google Scholar</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="accordion-navigation"> <a href="#authors" class="accordion__title">More by Authors Links</a> <div id="authors" class="content UI_ArticleMenu_AuthorsLinks"> <ul class="side-menu-ul"> <li> <a class="expand" onclick='$(this).closest("li").next("div").toggle(); return false;'>on DOAJ</a> </li> <div id="AuthorDOAJExpand" style="display:none;"> <ul class="submenu"> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Samson%20Chane%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Chane, S.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Margaret%20E.%20Adamek%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Adamek, M. E.</a> <li> </li> </ul> </div> <li> <a class="expand" onclick='$(this).closest("li").next("div").toggle(); return false;'>on Google Scholar</a> </li> <div id="AuthorGoogleExpand" style="display:none;"> <ul class="submenu"> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Samson%20Chane" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Chane, S.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Margaret%20E.%20Adamek" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Adamek, M. E.</a> <li> </li> </ul> </div> <li> <a class="expand" onclick='$(this).closest("li").next("div").toggle(); return false;'>on PubMed</a> </li> <div id="AuthorPubMedExpand" style="display:none;"> <ul class="submenu"> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Samson%20Chane" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Chane, S.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Margaret%20E.%20Adamek" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Adamek, M. E.</a> <li> </li> </ul> </div> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <span style="display:none" id="scifeed_hidden_flag"></span> <span style="display:none" id="scifeed_subscribe_url">/ajax/scifeed/subscribe</span> </div> </div> <div class="content__container responsive-moving-container large medium active hidden" data-id="article-counters"> <div id="counts-wrapper" class="row generic-item no-border" data-equalizer> <div id="js-counts-wrapper__views" class="small-12 hide columns count-div-container"> <a href="#metrics" > <div class="count-div" data-equalizer-watch> <span class="name">Article Views</span> <span class="count view-number"></span> </div> </a> </div> <div id="js-counts-wrapper__citations" class="small-12 columns hide count-div-container"> <a href="#metrics" > <div class="count-div" data-equalizer-watch> <span class="name">Citations</span> <span class="count citations-number Var_ArticleMaxCitations">-</span> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container"> <div class="hide-small-down-initially"> <ul class="accordion accordion__menu" data-accordion data-options="multi_expand:true;toggleable: true"> <li class="accordion-navigation"> <a href="#table_of_contents" class="accordion__title">Table of Contents</a> <div id="table_of_contents" class="content active"> <div class="menu-caption" id="html-quick-links-title"></div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div id="pbgrd-sky"></div> <script src="https://cdn.pbgrd.com/core-mdpi.js"></script> <style>.content__container { min-width: 300px; }</style>  </div> <div id="middle-column" class="content__column large-9 medium-9 small-12 columns end middle-bordered"> <div class="middle-column__help"> <div class="middle-column__help__fixed show-for-medium-up"> <span id="js-altmetrics-donut" href="#" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="display: none;"> <span data-badge-type='donut' class='altmetric-embed' data-doi='10.3390/jal4030019'></span> <span>Altmetric</span> </span> <a href="#" class="UA_ShareButton" data-reveal-id="main-share-modal" title="Share"> <i class="material-icons">share</i> <span>Share</span> </a> <a href="#" data-reveal-id="main-help-modal" title="Help"> <i class="material-icons">announcement</i> <span>Help</span> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" data-reveal-id="cite-modal" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/4/3/19/cite" > <i class="material-icons">format_quote</i> <span>Cite</span> </a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com/discussion-groups/public/10.3390/jal4030019?utm_source=mpdi.com&utm_medium=publication&utm_campaign=discuss_in_sciprofiles" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" title="Discuss in Sciprofiles"> <i class="material-icons">question_answer</i> <span>Discuss in SciProfiles</span> </a> <a href="#" class="" data-hypothesis-trigger-endorses-tab title="Endorse"> <i data-hypothesis-endorse-trigger class="material-icons" >thumb_up</i> <div data-hypothesis-endorsement-count data-hypothesis-trigger-endorses-tab class="hypothesis-count-container"> ... </div> <span>Endorse</span> </a> <a href="#" data-hypothesis-trigger class="js-hypothesis-open UI_ArticleAnnotationsButton" title="Comment"> <i class="material-icons">textsms</i> <div data-hypothesis-annotation-count class="hypothesis-count-container"> ... </div> <span>Comment</span> </a> </div> <div id="main-help-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Need Help?</h2> </div> <div class="small-6 columns"> <h3>Support</h3> <p> Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/about/contactform" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Get Support </a> </div> <div class="small-6 columns"> <h3>Feedback</h3> <p> Please let us know what you think of our products and services. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/feedback/send" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Give Feedback </a> </div> <div class="small-6 columns end"> <h3>Information</h3> <p> Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/authors" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Get Information </a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> <div class="middle-column__main "> <div class="page-highlight"> <style type="text/css"> img.review-status { width: 30px; } </style> <div id="jmolModal" class="reveal-modal" data-reveal aria-labelledby="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <h2>JSmol Viewer</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns text-center"> <iframe style="width: 520px; height: 520px;" frameborder="0" id="jsmol-content"></iframe> <div class="content"></div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle" id="abstract" class="abstract_div"> <div class="js-check-update-container"></div> <div class="html-content__container content__container content__container__combined-for-large__first" style="overflow: auto; position: inherit;"> <div class='html-profile-nav'> <div class='top-bar'> <div class='nav-sidebar-btn show-for-large-up' data-status='opened' > <i class='material-icons'>first_page</i> </div> <a id="js-button-download" class="button button--color-inversed" style="display: none;" href="/2673-9259/4/3/19/pdf?version=1723095678" data-name="“I Have Never Visited a Health Center”: Ethiopian Centenarians’ Perceptions of Their Health Conditions" data-journal="jal"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> Download PDF </a> <div class='nav-btn'> <i class='material-icons'>settings</i> </div> <a href="/2673-9259/4/3/19/reprints" id="js-button-reprints" class="button button--color-inversed"> Order Article Reprints </a> </div> <div class='html-article-menu'> <div class='html-first-step row'> <div class='html-font-family large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns'> Font Type: </div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option"><i style='font-family:Arial, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;' data-fontfamily='Arial, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif'>Arial</i></span> <span class="html-article-menu-option"><i style='font-family:Georgia1, Georgia, serif;' data-fontfamily='Georgia1, Georgia, serif'>Georgia</i></span> <span class="html-article-menu-option"><i style='font-family:Verdana, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;' data-fontfamily='Verdana, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif' >Verdana</i></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class='html-font-resize large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns'>Font Size:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option a1" data-percent="100">Aa</span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a2" data-percent="120">Aa</span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a3" data-percent="160">Aa</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='row'> <div class='html-line-space large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns' >Line Spacing:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option a1" data-line-height="1.5em"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a2" data-line-height="1.8em"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a3" data-line-height="2.1em"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class='html-column-width large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns' >Column Width:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option a1" data-column-width="20%"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a2" data-column-width="10%"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a3" data-column-width="0%"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-bg large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns'>Background:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <div class="html-article-menu-option html-nav-bg html-nav-bright" data-bg="bright"> <i class="fa fa-file-text"></i> </div> <div class="html-article-menu-option html-nav-bg html-nav-dark" data-bg="dark"> <i class="fa fa-file-text-o"></i> </div> <div class="html-article-menu-option html-nav-bg html-nav-creme" data-bg="creme"> <i class="fa fa-file-text"></i> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <article ><div class='html-article-content'> <span itemprop="publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"></span><span itemprop="url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/4/3/19"></span> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <h1 class="title hypothesis_container" itemprop="name"> “I Have Never Visited a Health Center”: Ethiopian Centenarians’ Perceptions of Their Health Conditions </h1> <div class="art-authors hypothesis_container"> by <span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop12993900' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Samson Chane</div><div id="profile-card-drop12993900" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Samson Chane</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/3758570?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Samson%20Chane" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Samson%20Chane&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Samson%20Chane" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="12993900" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#18377b767c357b7f713774377d7579717435686a776c7d7b6c7177763b2828287a2e2b282a287c282e2928282a287d2928287b287c2a2b282c287d282a2879287e2c7c2828287b287d"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop12993901' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Margaret E. Adamek</div><div id="profile-card-drop12993901" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Margaret E. Adamek</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/3607768?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Margaret%20E.%20Adamek" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Margaret%20E.%20Adamek&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Margaret%20E.%20Adamek" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div><div class="profile-card__biography"><div class="js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-open"> Dr. Margaret E. Adamek received a BS in Social Work from the University of Dayton in 1982, a MSW in [...] </div><div class="js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-closed" style="display: none;"> Dr. Margaret E. Adamek received a BS in Social Work from the University of Dayton in 1982, a MSW in Gerontology from Washington University in 1983, and a PhD in Gerontology from Case Western Reserve University in 1989. She is the Director of the PhD Program at the Indiana University School of Social Work and Editor of the first open-access online social work journal, Advances in Social Work. She was a Fulbright Scholar in Ethiopia (2012-2013) and serves as a Visiting Professor at Addis Ababa University and the University of Gondar in Ethiopia. She is a founding board member of the Indiana Chapter of the Fulbright Association. Her research topics mainly include Global aging, aging in sub-Saharan Africa and Teaching scholarly writing. </div><div><a href="#" class='js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-open'>Read more</a><a href="#" class='js-profile-card__biography-item js-default-closed' style="display: none;">Read less</a></div></div></div><sup> 2,*</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="12993901" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#8ba4e8e5efa6e8ece2a4e7a4eee6eae2e7a6fbf9e4ffeee8ffe2e4e5a8bbbbbbe8bdefbbb2bbe8bbbbbbb3bbbdb9efbbbfbab3bfb8bbb3bbb2bab3"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a></span> </div> <div class="nrm"></div> <span style="display:block; height:6px;"></span> <div></div> <div style="margin: 5px 0 15px 0;" class="hypothesis_container"> <div class="art-affiliations"> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>1</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Department of Social Work, Faculty of Social Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar P.O. Box 79, Ethiopia</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>2</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">School of Social Work, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46260, USA</div> </div> <div class="affiliation"> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>*</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bib-identity" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <em>J. Ageing Longev.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(3), 264-273; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jal4030019">https://doi.org/10.3390/jal4030019</a> </div> <div class="pubhistory" style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 10px;"> <span style="display: inline-block">Submission received: 1 June 2024</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Revised: 30 July 2024</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Accepted: 2 August 2024</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Published: 6 August 2024</span> </div> <div class="highlight-box1"> <div class="download"> <a class="button button--color-inversed button--drop-down" data-dropdown="drop-download-1451002" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1451002" aria-expanded="false"> Download <i class="material-icons">keyboard_arrow_down</i> </a> <div id="drop-download-1451002" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--button" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <a class="UD_ArticlePDF" href="/2673-9259/4/3/19/pdf?version=1723095678" data-name="“I Have Never Visited a Health Center”: Ethiopian Centenarians’ Perceptions of Their Health Conditions" data-journal="jal">Download PDF</a> <br/> <a id="js-pdf-with-cover-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/2673-9259/4/3/19/pdf-with-cover" class="accessCaptcha">Download PDF with Cover</a> <br/> <a id="js-xml-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/2673-9259/4/3/19/xml" class="accessCaptcha">Download XML</a> <br/> <a href="/2673-9259/4/3/19/epub" id="epub_link">Download Epub</a> <br/> </div> <a class="button button--color-inversed" href="/2673-9259/4/3/19/review_report">Review Reports</a> <a class="button button--color-inversed" href="/2673-9259/4/3/19/notes">Versions Notes</a> </div> </div> <div class="responsive-moving-container small hidden" data-id="article-counters" style="margin-top: 15px;"></div> <div class="html-dynamic"> <section> <div class="art-abstract art-abstract-new in-tab hypothesis_container"> <p> <div><section class="html-abstract" id="html-abstract"> <h2 id="html-abstract-title">Abstract</h2><b>:</b> <div class="html-p">The global centenarian population is expected to reach 4 million by 2050, yet little is known about the health status of centenarians in Sub-Saharan Africa. A case study examined the health conditions and functionality of nine Ethiopian centenarians. In-depth interviews revealed that all nine were Orthodox Christians and lived with extended family; eight were male. Aside from minor health complaints, centenarians in rural Ethiopia perceived that their sensory/cognitive functionality was normal until their late 90s. Despite a lack of medical care, the centenarians included two survivors, four delayers, and three escapers. Centenarians in rural Ethiopia were embedded in closely knit, religious, multigenerational households and communities and aspired to live resiliently. These findings call for the consideration of the unique health status of centenarians in Global South nations in their own cultural context.</div> </section> <div id="html-keywords"> <div class="html-gwd-group"><div id="html-keywords-title">Keywords: </div><a href="/search?q=centenarians">centenarians</a>; <a href="/search?q=Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>; <a href="/search?q=health+status">health status</a>; <a href="/search?q=sensory+impairment">sensory impairment</a></div> <div> </div> </div> </div> </p> </div> </section> </div> <div class="hypothesis_container"> <ul class="menu html-nav" data-prev-node="#html-quick-links-title"> </ul> <div class="html-body"> <section id='sec1-jal-04-00019' type='intro'><h2 data-nested='1'> 1. Introduction</h2><div class='html-p'>Various studies indicate a growing number of centenarians, particularly in developed countries [<a href="#B1-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">1</a>,<a href="#B2-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">2</a>,<a href="#B3-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">3</a>,<a href="#B4-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">4</a>]. The size of the global centenarian population reached 180,000 in 2000 [<a href="#B5-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">5</a>], 300,000 in 2010 [<a href="#B6-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">6</a>], and 316,000 in 2017 [<a href="#B7-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">7</a>]. By 2050 the number of centenarians is estimated to reach up to 4 million [<a href="#B8-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">8</a>,<a href="#B9-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">9</a>,<a href="#B10-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">10</a>]. China is expected to have the highest number of centenarians followed by Japan, the U.S., Italy, and India [<a href="#B7-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">7</a>]. Globally, the centenarian population will grow at a rapid rate and is projected to reach 25 million by 2100 [<a href="#B11-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">11</a>,<a href="#B12-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">12</a>]. In the developing world, including Africa, there is a scarcity of information about older adults in general and centenarians in particular [<a href="#B5-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">5</a>,<a href="#B13-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">13</a>,<a href="#B14-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">14</a>,<a href="#B15-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">15</a>]. In Ethiopia, the Central Statistical Agency [<a href="#B16-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">16</a>] estimated that 5 to 6 million people are age 60 or older, or about 5% of the population. This number is expected to reach 11.5 million by 2050. However, there is no documentation about Ethiopian centenarians in any government reports [<a href="#B15-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">15</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Old age involves physical, mental, and behavioral changes that have implications for older adults’ health, daily activities, and cognitive status. With the advance of old age, the rate of morbidity increases [<a href="#B17-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">17</a>,<a href="#B18-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">18</a>] and the level of physical functioning declines [<a href="#B19-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">19</a>,<a href="#B20-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">20</a>,<a href="#B21-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">21</a>]. Understanding the health status of centenarians from various cultures, including the factors contributing to their longevity, may inform interventions that may enhance the healthy lifespan of the growing number of older adults.</div><div class='html-p'>In the Global North, several studies have examined the health conditions, including sensory and cognitive functioning, of centenarians [<a href="#B4-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">4</a>,<a href="#B22-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">22</a>,<a href="#B23-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">23</a>,<a href="#B24-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">24</a>,<a href="#B25-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">25</a>]. Australian centenarians identified ocular disease (70%), arthritis (58%), and hypertension (40%) as common health problems [<a href="#B25-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">25</a>]. Research findings from two studies in Portugal found that among 127 centenarians, 46.5% rated their health status as good, very good, or excellent [<a href="#B19-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">19</a>,<a href="#B26-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">26</a>]. Physical frailty and depression were found to be age-associated health conditions among Portuguese centenarians [<a href="#B26-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">26</a>]. The prevalence rate of hypertension among Finnish centenarians reached 19%, whereas in Hong Kong 65% of centenarians had hypertension [<a href="#B27-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">27</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Centenarian studies in the U.S. and Canada [<a href="#B28-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">28</a>], Greece [<a href="#B29-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">29</a>], and Australia [<a href="#B18-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">18</a>] indicate prevalence rates of survivors (centenarians who experienced illness before old age); delayers (did not experience illness until their 80 s and 90 s); and escapers (did not experience illness before age 100). Interestingly, nearly one-third of male centenarians (32%) in the New England sample were escapers compared to only 15% of female centenarians (28). </div><div class='html-p'>Older people are susceptible to sensory impairment and deterioration of cognitive functioning [<a href="#B30-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">30</a>,<a href="#B31-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">31</a>,<a href="#B32-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">32</a>,<a href="#B33-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">33</a>]. In France, 57.2% (n = 165) of centenarians had hearing defects [<a href="#B34-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">34</a>]. Among Costa Rican centenarians (N = 43), three-quarters (76.7% n = 33) had hearing problems at different levels of severity and 44.2% (n = 19) had visual limitations [<a href="#B35-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">35</a>]. According to the Italian Multicentric Study on Centenarians [<a href="#B36-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">36</a>], among 126 centenarians, half had a diminished sense of taste. </div><div class='html-p'>Centenarians are exceptional people who survive illness and various physical and mental challenges. While not focused on centenarians per se, Aladejare’s [<a href="#B37-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">37</a>] analysis of macroeconomic indicators in West African nations determined that longevity was lower in nations with higher rates of external debt. Perls [<a href="#B38-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">38</a>] advocates for centenarian studies that examine the experiences of older adults of different races and ethnicities as well as those living under varying socioeconomic conditions. In the absence of adequate information about African centenarians, this study aimed to shed light on the health conditions, including sensory and cognitive functionality, of centenarians in Ethiopia. Thus, this study explored the health conditions of centenarians in Ethiopia across their life span based on their own perceptions.</div></section><section id='sec2-jal-04-00019' type='methods'><h2 data-nested='1'> 2. Methods</h2><div class='html-p'>A qualitative case study design was used to explore the health conditions, including sensory and cognitive function, of centenarians. A case study design was a good fit for the purpose of investigating and understanding the health status of Ethiopian centenarians with consideration of their unique context [<a href="#B39-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">39</a>,<a href="#B40-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">40</a>,<a href="#B41-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">41</a>]. The findings may serve as a source of information to researchers interested in the health status of centenarians in a Global South nation. Accounts of centenarians’ health problems and sensory and cognitive impairment can inform stakeholders to take measures to improve the lives of the growing number of the oldest-old, including centenarians.</div><div class='html-p'>Nine centenarians were selected through snowball sampling from six <span class='html-italic'>woredas</span> (local administrative units) found in Bahir Dar City Administration (n = 3), Awi Zone (n = 5), and Debre Markos City Administration (n = 1) in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. Scarcity of financial resources limited efforts to search for and include more centenarians in the study. Experts working in the Office of Women, Children and Social Affairs, family members, centenarians themselves, and neighbors assisted the first author in identifying study participants.</div><div class='html-p'>In the process of recruitment, the first author verified the ages of centenarians, considered their physical strength, memory, and willingness to participate in in-depth interviews and share their perceptions of their physical condition and sensory and cognitive functioning. Data were collected by the first author between December 2015 and January 2019 in the centenarians’ homes. Interviews lasted an average of 142 min and were conducted in Amharic. The researcher listened to the voice-recorded interview sessions multiple times during the transcription and translation process followed by cleaning the data and coding. The narrative data were analyzed using descriptive content analysis.</div><div class='html-p'>Ethical standards were followed throughout the research process. A letter of permission to conduct the study was secured from the Department of Social Work in the Faculty of Social Sciences at Bahir Dar University. Centenarians and their family members were informed about the study objective and procedures. Centenarians gave informed consent orally to be interviewed. Study respondents were treated in a respectful manner from the initial recruiting contact through to data collection. Pseudonyms were used to protect the confidentiality of study respondents.</div></section><section id='sec3-jal-04-00019' type='results'><h2 data-nested='1'> 3. Results</h2><section id='sec3dot1-jal-04-00019' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.1. Description of Respondents</h4><div class='html-p'>The mean age of the nine centenarians (eight men, one woman) was 102 years and 3 months. There was an eight-year difference between the youngest and oldest centenarian (see <a href="#jal-04-00019-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>). Dawit, Akalu, Tamirat, Mersha, and Demeke lived in rural villages in the community, and the other four respondents lived in small rural towns. The nine centenarians had a total of 67 children, 37 of whom were still living at the time of data collection. Bitew, Solomon, and Nebyou lived with their wives, and the rest lived with their children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren. All respondents were Orthodox Christians; five were monks (Dawit, Akalu, Tamirat, Mersha, and Demeke) and one was a nun (Lakech). Akalu, Lakech, Bitew, and Zelalem were non-literate.</div><div class='html-p'>Mersha, Solomon, and Demeke attended church education and could read and write. Dawit completed eighth grade and earned a certificate for completing a 3-year teachers’ training program. Nebyou dropped out of grade nine. Farming was a lifelong occupation for Akalu, Tamirat, Mersha, and Lakech. The remaining centenarians were engaged in non-farm activities, sometimes combining two or three types of occupations. Dawit (108) served as a schoolteacher for many years and then became a farmer and a priest in a rural parish. Bitew (103) was a shoemaker and business owner; Demeke (100) worked as a “bounty hunter” and ended up as a retired farmer. Solomon (100) was an administrator and secretary of senior officials until his retirement. Nebyou (100) spent half of his life as a mechanic. The main sources of income for centenarians were derived from children’s support, rent from small plots of farmland, rental houses, and pension.</div><section id='PerceivedHealthProblems' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> Perceived Health Problems</h4><div class='html-p'>Centenarians mentioned 14 health conditions that they had experienced based on their self-perceptions and partly considering medical reports. The health conditions they noted included difficulty walking, tiredness, joint tightness, back pain, hypertension, anorexia/loss of appetite, diabetes, dysarthria/speech disorder, dental problems, insomnia/sleeplessness, severe headache, constipation, anxiety, and urinary incontinence. The number of health problems that each respondent noted varied from none to eight. Tamirat (102) struggled with seven health issues, Lakech (103) noted six, and Mersha (101) mentioned five. Akalu (104), Dawit (108), and Solomon noted three or four health issues. Three respondents (Bitew—103, Demeke—100, Nebyou—100) perceived that they were free from any health problems. Four centenarians mentioned difficulty walking as their health concern. Tiredness, joint tightness, back pain, and hypertension were noted by only three respondents. Anorexia was mentioned as a health problem by two respondents. Sleeplessness, severe headache, constipation, and anxiety were each noted by one respondent.</div><div class='html-p'>Two centenarians (Tamirat, Mersha) attributed their difficulty walking with old age and illness, one (Akalu) to wounds from the battlefield in his twenties during the Italo-Ethiopian war of 1936–1941, and one (Lakech) to falling. The severity and duration of difficulty walking varied. Akalu lived with difficulty walking for the last 80 years and shared: “As I got older and thinner, I felt pain on my hip and left leg and became lame as a result of the wound I received in 1936 fighting against the Italians”. Tamirat, Mersha, and Lakech experienced difficulty walking for the last three to ten years. Lakech and Tamirat needed the support of other persons to move inside the house. Lakech shared, “I fell in front of the main gate of the house in 2016 and suffered an injury on my left leg and hip fracture. I could not walk a short distance even to the toilet without the support of my daughter and grandchildren”. Tamirat was bedridden for the last three years. In order to receive morning sunlight near his home, he is carried by his children (age 70 and older) and grandchildren. Assisted by family members, Mersha could walk in his compound covering an area of not more than a 60 to 70 m radius where his children, grandchildren, in-laws, and close and distant relatives and neighbors reside. Kebede and Nebyou had difficulty walking and their movements were restricted in the homestead. Dawit, Bishaw, and Solomon are able to walk far independently in the neighborhoods, to the church, and to the marketplace.</div><div class='html-p'>Lakech, Tamirat, and Mersha reported tiredness. Different from other respondents, these three centenarians had a poorer health profile and problems with the functionality of their sensory organs. Collectively, these three mentioned ten illnesses, each experiencing five to seven. They noted deterioration of their physical strength that resulted in tiredness. Mersha attributed his tiredness to his restricted mobility as a result of blindness. Akalu experienced joint tightness/pain since his twenties, while Lakech, Tamirat, and Mersha did not experience joint pain until their late nineties. Centenarians noted injury from bullets (Akalu), falling (Lakech), and experiencing multiple diseases (Tamirat and Mersha) as causes of joint pain. They felt joint pain in their hips, knees, and legs that hindered walking and sitting. Akalu, Lakech, and Tamirat experienced back pain that created discomfort with movement and sleeping and barred them from conducting previous activities. Surprisingly, Dawit, 108, noted that he was free from back pain: “I can walk upright, bend down to pick materials from the ground, and tie shoelaces easily”.</div><div class='html-p'>Dawit, Lakech, and Solomon were hypertensive and took physician-prescribed medication. Dawit (age 108) survived a stroke in 2015 that exposed him to minor dysarthria/speech disorder. Solomon and Lakech were not taking medicine regularly, contributing to a decline in their health. Lakech and Tamirat reported anorexia or loss of appetite. They associated their loss of appetite with sickness, loss of taste and smell, and restriction from dietary salt intake due to hypertension and diabetes. Lakech and Tamirat changed their dietary habits, excluding some foods from their meals. Lakech skipped meals, sometimes eating only once a day. For Lakech and Tamirat, the loss of appetite contributed to low food intake, weight loss, and reduced physical strength and functional capacity. Tamirat and Solomon suffered from diabetes. Since age 98, Solomon took medication daily as prescribed by a physician. Later on, he became fed up with taking medication and declined to adhere to the advice of the physician, including abstaining from alcohol and eating the raw meat that he really enjoyed eating.</div><div class='html-p'>Dawit and Tamirat developed minor dysarthria, a type of speech disorder characterized by cessation and slurring of words. Dawit shared, “I had dysarthria after experiencing a stroke in 2015 at the age of 107”. Tamirat was not clear how he became a victim of dysarthria. The problem occurred suddenly when he woke up the morning after a stroke. Akalu and Solomon lost part of their molars and premolars in their late 90s because of tooth decay. They faced difficulty with chewing and took a longer time to finish their meals. The loss of teeth restricted them from eating roasted barley, beans, and corn. Solomon substituted some of the missing teeth with gold crowns. The loss of teeth slightly changed the facial appearance of Akalu and Solomon. On the contrary, six centenarians (Dawit, Lakech, Bitew, Tamirat, Alamirew, and Nebyou) had strong and intact teeth. They had no problem with chewing cereals, meat, vegetables, and fruits.</div><div class='html-p'>Akalu experienced insomnia or sleeping difficulty after the age of 100. Bitew stated, “I didn’t have enough sleep. I went to the bedroom early and slept for a short time and woke up soon. Then, I thought why and how I lost my property till the dawn”. Akalu had a similar sleeping disorder. Bitew and Mersha experienced recurring and painful headaches that lasted 3 to 5 h about twice a week. Mersha worried about his future life and developed anxiety. Besides difficulty walking, tiredness, dysarthria, joint tightness, back pain, diabetes, and anorexia, Tamirat had challenges with urinary incontinence.</div></section></section><section id='sec3dot2-jal-04-00019' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.2. Decline of Sensory Functioning</h4><div class='html-p'>Old age is characterized by a decline in sensory functioning. Six study participants mentioned functional problems related to hearing (n = 4), sight (n = 3), taste (n = 2), and smell (n = 1). Lakech, Tamirat, and Solomon experienced mild hearing loss. They had difficulties hearing low-pitch sounds from a short distance unless a person sat closely and spoke loudly. During the interview sessions they asked the first author to repeat what he said multiple times. Nebyou (100) faced a severe loss of hearing and used hearing aids for the past six years: “I had hearing problem with my ear. I could hear assisted by hearing aids that my daughter sent me from abroad”. Due to his hearing restrictions, he sometimes misunderstands messages.</div><div class='html-p'>Three respondents had sight limitations. Akalu and Lakech were diagnosed with conjunctivitis at the ages of 101 and 98, respectively, and had a partial recovery after receiving medical treatment. Mersha (101) remembered the decline of his sight at age 90 or 91. He became completely blind at age 98. Losing his wife and his sight in the same year was an unbearable time for Mersha. He relied heavily on the assistance of his children, grandchildren, and in-laws to use the traditional toilet room and to go to neighbors’ houses for a coffee ceremony and social occasions.</div><div class='html-p'>After the age of 100, Lakech and Tamirat faced the problem of ageusia, a loss of their sense of taste. They consumed food and drinks without experiencing any flavor. Lakech developed anosmia (loss of sense of smell) at the age of 101. She was the only respondent who reported a decline in the sense of smell. She could not perceive the odors of foods, drinks, or materials. Lakech and Tamirat found foods and drinks tasteless. Lakech explained how the decline in her sense of smell and taste affected the quality of her life: “I had to eat and drink to live without getting the real flavors of foods and drinks”.</div><div class='html-p'>Interestingly, while impairment of sensory organs affected the respondents’ capacity to perceive what they see, hear, smell, and taste to varying degrees, three centenarians—Dawit (108), Bitew (103) and Demeke (100)—reported no sensory functioning problems.</div></section><section id='sec3dot3-jal-04-00019' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.3. Decline of Cognitive Functionality</h4><div class='html-p'>Five centenarians (Akalu, Lakech, Tamirat, Mersha, and Nebyou) identified cognitive problems including forgetfulness (n = 2), problems with decision-making (n = 3), difficulty with concentration (n = 2), and decline of reasoning (n = 2). Lakech and Tamirat became forgetful after the age of 100. They forgot where they put items, and sometimes the names of their grandchildren, or exchanged their names and repeated some points. They needed reminders to refresh their memory and to further explain certain ideas. Lakech and Tamirat had concentration difficulty and a decline of reasoning. They had a short span of concentration (about 30 to 40 min) on the issue under discussion.</div><div class='html-p'>During the interview session, they had to take a short break of 15 to 20 min to refresh their attention. Lakech and Tamirat shared what they knew and could remember but acknowledged a decline of logical reasoning, analyzing, and synthesizing ideas. Lakech, Tamirat, and Mersha had limited cognitive capacity to analyze and interpret information, to conduct a cost and benefit analysis, and to deal with complicated ideas to make decisions. Family members respected the autonomy and dignity of Lakech, Tamirat, and Mersha and discussed matters with them in making decisions that affected them.</div></section><section id='sec3dot4-jal-04-00019' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.4. Health-Seeking Behavior</h4><div class='html-p'>Though the interview questions did not focus on health-seeking behaviors, some study participants shared their efforts to relieve their health issues. Participants primarily used home remedies to treat their ailments. Most could not access or afford health care services. Medical self-neglect was observed with one respondent who experienced six different health problems. He was not interested in consulting physicians which emanated from his pessimistic belief about the impossibility of recovering from illness at “the climax of human age”. Other respondents had similar tendencies and rarely used health services.</div><div class='html-p'>Instead, respondents relied on family supports to compensate for their physical or cognitive limitations. Those who experienced joint pain made home treatments, soaked their joints in warm water, and applied bandages to get relief. Centenarians who had lost some or all of their teeth preferred foods that could be chewed easily. Akalu, 104, reflected, “I quit eating roasted cereals after the removal of my teeth. My teeth are not strong. I eat boiled beans and corn”. Demeke, a standout among his peers, exclaimed, “I lived a healthy life throughout my life. I have never visited a health center or hospital to get medical treatment in my life. Thanks to God I am healthy!”</div></section></section><section id='sec4-jal-04-00019' type='discussion'><h2 data-nested='1'> 4. Discussion</h2><div class='html-p'>Centenarians in Ethiopia reported experiencing health problems including a decline of sensory and cognitive functionality that affected their quality of life and daily activities and compromised their autonomy and privacy. However, some centenarians aged with proper sensory and cognitive functioning and enjoyed successful aging. Labelling all centenarians as bed-ridden, frail, senile, and fatigued is erroneous. In spite of physical and health problems, centenarians in this study had no feelings of death anxiety. They thanked God for allowing them to live a long life.</div><div class='html-p'>Findings revealed 14 age-related health conditions experienced by centenarians, including difficulty walking, tiredness, joint tightness, back pain, hypertension, anorexia/loss of appetite, diabetes, dysarthria/speech disorder, dental problem, insomnia/sleeplessness, severe headache, constipation, anxiety, and urinary incontinence. Variations are visible in the rate of morbidity prevailing among this group of centenarians. One respondent had eight health conditions, another had six, and four respondents had three to five health conditions. When we traced the past health history of these six centenarians, two persons experienced illness prior to old age and so are considered survivors. Four did not develop health limitations until their late eighties and nineties and so are delayers. Three centenarians reported that they never experienced illness before the age of 100 and hence are categorized under the escapers morbidity profile. One centenarian who had never been to the doctor in his life (Demeke) identified himself as an escaper.</div><div class='html-p'>The findings corroborate the presence of survivors, delayers, and escapers among the Ethiopian centenarians in this study, which is similar to research findings from the U.S., Canada, Greece, Australia, and Hong Kong. A study of 424 centenarians in the U.S. and Canada found that 38% (n= 162) were survivors (experienced illness before old age), 43% (n = 182) were delayers (did not experience illness until their 80s and 90s), and 19% (n = 80) were escapers (did not experience illness before age 100) [<a href="#B28-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">28</a>]. Out of 47 Greek centenarians, 15% (n = 7) were escapers [<a href="#B29-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">29</a>]. A study of 188 centenarians in Australia similarly ranked the survivors (46%, n= 86), delayers (34%, n = 64), and escapers (19%, n = 36) [<a href="#B18-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">18</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Prior studies used different research methods to investigate the health profiles of centenarians and identified several diseases not mentioned by the Ethiopian centenarians such as heart disease, non-skin cancer, skin cancer, osteoporosis, thyroid condition, Parkinson’s disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, depression, and fecal incontinence. Chronic diseases like hypertension frequently appeared among centenarians [<a href="#B23-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">23</a>,<a href="#B31-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">31</a>] outside of the African continent. Martin and colleagues [<a href="#B27-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">27</a>] indicated disparities in the prevalence rate of diseases among centenarians in different countries. Further study is needed to explain the variations in health conditions of centenarians in different areas of the globe.</div><div class='html-p'>The Ethiopian centenarians in this study perceived illness as a personal construction attributable to old age and living conditions. For them, illness in late life is inevitable, and they worried more about experiencing suffering from illnesses rather than death anxiety. Though centenarians had health and functional limitations, they had a limited understanding of the scientific explanations and symptoms of disease processes. Centenarians who perceived themselves as healthy may have hidden diseases that could be detected through medical diagnosis that may change their health profiles which, in turn, may have implications for their morbidity profiles.</div><div class='html-p'>Going for medical checkups before illness and post-diagnosis at medical follow-ups is not a common practice among centenarians in Ethiopia. Most of the respondents visited physicians only when they felt sick to the extent of not eating and becoming bedridden for days. Regular medical follow-up and implementing health professionals’ medical advice may improve centenarians’ health conditions; however, many of them were not doing so. Geographic distance and financial constraints were barriers to centenarians acquiring medical treatment at public clinics and hospitals. Rural centenarians and family members with pressing economic problems could not afford transport, medical, and auxiliary costs associated with travelling a long distance to seek medical care. In the Ethiopian context, there are few, if any, physicians with geriatric expertise [<a href="#B15-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">15</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Centenarians had defects of sensory organs (sight, hearing, smelling, and taste) with various levels of severity in their late nineties and beginning of centennial age. These sensory functionality problems tended to occur gradually. Respondents had no in-depth understanding about conditions contributing to health problems and sensory and cognitive limitations. Centenarians attributed their health conditions in general terms to old age. Impairment of sensory organs is not unique to Ethiopian centenarians; rather, it is a prevalent problem across the globe [<a href="#B32-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">32</a>,<a href="#B33-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">33</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Empirical evidence confirmed that in some cases, sensory and cognitive limitations and health problems may influence each other. Centenarians who have had strokes and fractures may experience a decline in cognitive and physical functioning [<a href="#B42-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">42</a>]. Likewise, visual and hearing impairment affect cognitive functioning [<a href="#B43-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">43</a>]. Visual impairment may engender depression among centenarians [<a href="#B44-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">44</a>]. Kuo and colleagues [<a href="#B45-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">45</a>] demonstrated the impact of hypertension on logical reasoning. Visual and hearing impairment increased the risk of falls and hip fractures, mortality, decreased cognitive power, and decreased social interaction [<a href="#B46-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">46</a>]. Problems with one sensory organ such as vision, hearing, taste, smell, or touch may affect proper functioning of another sense organ [<a href="#B30-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">30</a>,<a href="#B47-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">47</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Healthy ageing and longevity are influenced by diverse factors, namely, genetic and environmental factors, social and economic support, personality of individuals, cognition level, psychological well-being, and life satisfaction [<a href="#B48-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">48</a>]. Therefore, future research on Ethiopian centenarians may focus on how these variables and other macro-, meso-, and micro-level factors impact the lives of escapers/thrivers, delayers and survivors.</div></section><section id='sec5-jal-04-00019' type=''><h2 data-nested='1'> 5. Limitations</h2><div class='html-p'>The study results should be viewed considering the practical limitations of data collection. First, the study had a small number of participants from one rural region of Ethiopia with only one female centenarian. Thus, the findings may not represent the experiences of female centenarians or those from urban areas. Second, the process of age validation in rural Ethiopia is very approximate, especially for centenarians. While none of the nine participants ever had a birth certificate, three reported the exact date, month, and year of their births. As is the customary approach, the other six centenarians noted historical events as a reference point to specify their birth year. Third, self-report of health conditions may be inaccurate. However, in this study centenarians were accompanied by family members/carers in almost all cases, most often their adult child. The carers validated the centenarians’ responses and were able to report any missed diagnoses or inaccuracies. Studies have also shown that self-recall of diagnoses of major chronic conditions may be accurate and the accuracy is not significantly affected by the education, sex, or race of participants [<a href="#B7-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">7</a>,<a href="#B21-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">21</a>].</div></section><section id='sec6-jal-04-00019' type=''><h2 data-nested='1'> 6. Implications</h2><div class='html-p'>Generating crystallized knowledge on the health conditions and sensory and cognitive functionality of Ethiopian centenarians necessitates conducting large-scale multi-disciplinary research including mental health, neurology, internal medicine, gerontology, geriatric medicine, and gerontological and health social work. Integrating respondents’ self-perceptions with medical reports based on standardized measures and applying different research approaches and models is needed. Medical diagnosis may indicate new results that are not perceived by the centenarians themselves. Just as McCormack [<a href="#B49-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">49</a>] recommended “a more expansive and multidisciplinary study of centenarians” (p. 179) in Australia, we likewise call for gerontological scholars to actively engage in research to build a foundation of knowledge on centenarians in Sub-Saharan Africa. Considering that national economic policies can contribute to poverty and subsequently diminish longevity [<a href="#B37-jal-04-00019" class="html-bibr">37</a>], we call for Sub-Saharan nations to step up and provide social protection in the form of basic income support to their aging citizens.</div><div class='html-p'>The health statuses of the Ethiopia centenarians in this study signify that as people get older, they are likely to experience age-related health problems. Ethiopia’s older population is growing. Thus, Ethiopia is expected to prepare for population aging by enhancing its capacity to accommodate the basic needs of older adults, including adopting evidence-based affirmative measures to provide better access and utilization of health services for older adults. Nationwide studies on the socioeconomic and health conditions as well as the sensory and cognitive functionality of different categories of older adults (young old, middle old, oldest-old, centenarians, and supercentenarians) are needed to extend the findings of the present study.</div></section><section id='sec7-jal-04-00019' type='conclusions'><h2 data-nested='1'> 7. Conclusions</h2><div class='html-p'>Overall, the relative health of this group of Ethiopian centenarians is remarkable considering the minimal health care they received throughout late life and the lack of geriatric professionals in Ethiopia. Despite their longevity, poverty, and minimal health care, what stands out about this hearty group of older adults is the lack of chronic disease. Instead of labeling the disease-free respondents as “escapers”, a more fitting label would be “thrivers”. Their lives illustrate the possibility of a healthy old age beyond a century within a context of organic foods, regular exercise (e.g., walking, hauling wood for fuel, farming), and strong family support. Future research could help to illuminate the facets of the lives of Global South centenarians that, while seemingly primitive by Western standards, are the very things that keep them healthy well into late life.</div></section><section id='sec8-jal-04-00019' type=''><h2 data-nested='1'> 8. Epilogue</h2><div class='html-p'>The first author has confirmed that seven centenarians have passed away from 2019 to 2023. No follow-up information is available about Bitew and Nebyou. </div></section> </div> <div class="html-back"> <section class='html-notes'><h2 >Author Contributions</h2><div class='html-p'>Conceptualization, S.C.; methodology, S.C.; validation, S.C. and M.E.A.; formal analysis, S.C.; investigation, S.C.; resources, S.C.; data curation, S.C.; writing—original draft preparation, S.C.; writing—review and editing, M.E.A.; supervision, S.C. and M.E.A. project administration, S.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. </div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2>Funding</h2><div class='html-p'>This research received no external funding.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Institutional Review Board Statement</h2><div class='html-p'>The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The Department of Social Work in the Faculty of Social Sciences at Bahir Dar University in Bahir Dar University gave consent for the study (2016). The study followed the National Research Ethics Review Guidelines (2014).</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Informed Consent Statement</h2><div class='html-p'>Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Data Availability Statement</h2><div class='html-p'>Raw narrative data available upon request.</div></section><section id='html-ack' class='html-ack'><h2 >Acknowledgments</h2><div class='html-p'>The authors are grateful to all of the study participants and to Bahir Dar University.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Conflicts of Interest</h2><div class='html-p'>The authors declare no conflicts of interest.</div></section><section id='html-references_list'><h2>References</h2><ol class='html-xx'><li id='B1-jal-04-00019' class='html-x' data-content='1.'>Cho, J.; Martin, P.; Poon, L.W. The older they are, the less successful they become? Findings from the Georgia Centenarian Study. <span class='html-italic'>J. Aging Res.</span> <b>2012</b>, <span class='html-italic'>2012</span>, 695854. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+older+they+are,+the+less+successful+they+become?+Findings+from+the+Georgia+Centenarian+Study&author=Cho,+J.&author=Martin,+P.&author=Poon,+L.W.&publication_year=2012&journal=J.+Aging+Res.&volume=2012&pages=695854&doi=10.1155/2012/695854" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/695854" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B2-jal-04-00019' class='html-x' data-content='2.'>Engberg, H.; Christensen, K.; Andersen-Ranberg, K.; Jeune, B. Cohort changes in cognitive function among Danish centenarians: A comparative study of 2 birth cohorts born in 1895 and 1905. <span class='html-italic'>Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord.</span> <b>2008</b>, <span class='html-italic'>26</span>, 153–160. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cohort+changes+in+cognitive+function+among+Danish+centenarians:+A+comparative+study+of+2+birth+cohorts+born+in+1895+and+1905&author=Engberg,+H.&author=Christensen,+K.&author=Andersen-Ranberg,+K.&author=Jeune,+B.&publication_year=2008&journal=Dement.+Geriatr.+Cogn.+Disord.&volume=26&pages=153%E2%80%93160&doi=10.1159/000149819" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1159/000149819" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B3-jal-04-00019' class='html-x' data-content='3.'>Soriano, J.B.; Poulain, M.; Grinberg, D.; Balcells, S.; Busquets, X.; Romaguera, D.; Alonso-Fernandez, A.; Busquets, X.; Balcells, S.; Gingberg, D.; et al. Description of extreme longevity in the Balearic Islands: Exploring a potential Blue Zone in Menorca, Spain. <span class='html-italic'>Geriatr. Gerontol. Int.</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>14</span>, 620–627. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Description+of+extreme+longevity+in+the+Balearic+Islands:+Exploring+a+potential+Blue+Zone+in+Menorca,+Spain&author=Soriano,+J.B.&author=Poulain,+M.&author=Grinberg,+D.&author=Balcells,+S.&author=Busquets,+X.&author=Romaguera,+D.&author=Alonso-Fernandez,+A.&author=Busquets,+X.&author=Balcells,+S.&author=Gingberg,+D.&publication_year=2014&journal=Geriatr.+Gerontol.+Int.&volume=14&pages=620%E2%80%93627&doi=10.1111/ggi.12148" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.12148" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B4-jal-04-00019' class='html-x' data-content='4.'>Stathakos, D.; Pratsinis, H.; Zachos, I.; Vlahaki, I.; Gianakopoulou, A.; Zianni, D.; Kletsas, D. Greek centenarians: Assessment of functional health status and life-style characteristics. <span class='html-italic'>Exp. Gerontol.</span> <b>2005</b>, <span class='html-italic'>40</span>, 512–518. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Greek+centenarians:+Assessment+of+functional+health+status+and+life-style+characteristics&author=Stathakos,+D.&author=Pratsinis,+H.&author=Zachos,+I.&author=Vlahaki,+I.&author=Gianakopoulou,+A.&author=Zianni,+D.&author=Kletsas,+D.&publication_year=2005&journal=Exp.+Gerontol.&volume=40&pages=512%E2%80%93518&doi=10.1016/j.exger.2005.03.008" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2005.03.008" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B5-jal-04-00019' class='html-x' data-content='5.'>Giraldo, G. Counting to 100: A first look at Cuba’s National Centenarian Study. <span class='html-italic'>MEDICC Rev.</span> <b>2009</b>, <span class='html-italic'>11</span>, 1–19. Available online: <a href="https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/medicreview/mrw-2009/mrw094e.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/medicreview/mrw-2009/mrw094e.pdf</a> (accessed on 30 July 2024).</li><li id='B6-jal-04-00019' class='html-x' data-content='6.'>Serra, V.; Watson, J.; Sinclair, D.; Kneale, D. <span class='html-italic'>Living Beyond 100: A Report on Centenarians</span>; International Longevity Centre: London, UK, 2011. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Living+Beyond+100:+A+Report+on+Centenarians&author=Serra,+V.&author=Watson,+J.&author=Sinclair,+D.&author=Kneale,+D.&publication_year=2011" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B7-jal-04-00019' class='html-x' data-content='7.'>Green, C.M. Longevity Blue Zone Centenarians: An expository paper. <span class='html-italic'>Inq. J.</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>13</span>. Available online: <a href="http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=1899" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=1899</a> (accessed on 30 July 2024).</li><li id='B8-jal-04-00019' class='html-x' data-content='8.'>Freeman, S.; Garcia, J.; Marston, H.R. Centenarian self-perceptions of factors responsible for attainment of extended health and longevity. <span class='html-italic'>Educ. Gerontol.</span> <b>2013</b>, <span class='html-italic'>39</span>, 717–728. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Centenarian+self-perceptions+of+factors+responsible+for+attainment+of+extended+health+and+longevity&author=Freeman,+S.&author=Garcia,+J.&author=Marston,+H.R.&publication_year=2013&journal=Educ.+Gerontol.&volume=39&pages=717%E2%80%93728&doi=10.1080/03601277.2012.750981" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2012.750981" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B9-jal-04-00019' class='html-x' data-content='9.'>Sadana, R.; Foebel, A.D.; Williams, A.N.; Beard, J.R. Population aging, longevity, and the diverse contexts of the oldest old. <span class='html-italic'>Public Policy Aging Rep.</span> <b>2013</b>, <span class='html-italic'>23</span>, 18–25. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Population+aging,+longevity,+and+the+diverse+contexts+of+the+oldest+old&author=Sadana,+R.&author=Foebel,+A.D.&author=Williams,+A.N.&author=Beard,+J.R.&publication_year=2013&journal=Public+Policy+Aging+Rep.&volume=23&pages=18%E2%80%9325&doi=10.1093/ppar/23.2.18" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ppar/23.2.18" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B10-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='10.'>United Nations. <span class='html-italic'>Population Ageing and Development 2009</span>; Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations: New York, NY, USA, 2009. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Population+Ageing+and+Development+2009&author=United+Nations&publication_year=2009" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B11-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='11.'>Robine, J.M.; Cubaynes, S. Worldwide demography of centenarians. <span class='html-italic'>Mech. Ageing Dev.</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>165</span> <span class='html-italic'>Pt B</span>, 59–67. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Worldwide+demography+of+centenarians&author=Robine,+J.M.&author=Cubaynes,+S.&publication_year=2017&journal=Mech.+Ageing+Dev.&volume=165&issue=Pt+B&pages=59%E2%80%9367&doi=10.1016/j.mad.2017.03.004" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mad.2017.03.004" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B12-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='12.'>Tanprasertsuk, J.; Johnson, E.J.; Johnson, M.A.; Poon, L.W.; Nelson, P.T.; Davey, A.; Martin, P.; Barbey, A.K.; Barger, K.; Wang, X.-D.; et al. Clinico-neuropathological findings in the oldest old from the Georgia centenarian study. <span class='html-italic'>J. Alzheimer’s Dis.</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>70</span>, 35–49. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Clinico-neuropathological+findings+in+the+oldest+old+from+the+Georgia+centenarian+study&author=Tanprasertsuk,+J.&author=Johnson,+E.J.&author=Johnson,+M.A.&author=Poon,+L.W.&author=Nelson,+P.T.&author=Davey,+A.&author=Martin,+P.&author=Barbey,+A.K.&author=Barger,+K.&author=Wang,+X.-D.&publication_year=2019&journal=J.+Alzheimer%E2%80%99s+Dis.&volume=70&pages=35%E2%80%9349&doi=10.3233/JAD-181110" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-181110" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B13-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='13.'>Aboderin, I. Understanding and Responding to Ageing, Health, Poverty and Social Change in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Strategic Framework and Plan for Research. In Proceedings of the Outcomes of the Oxford Conference on Research on Ageing, Health and Poverty in Africa: Forging Directions for the Future, Oxford, UK, 11–13 April 2005. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Understanding+and+Responding+to+Ageing,+Health,+Poverty+and+Social+Change+in+Sub-Saharan+Africa:+A+Strategic+Framework+and+Plan+for+Research&conference=Proceedings+of+the+Outcomes+of+the+Oxford+Conference+on+Research+on+Ageing,+Health+and+Poverty+in+Africa:+Forging+Directions+for+the+Future&author=Aboderin,+I.&publication_year=2005" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B14-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='14.'>Ferreira, M.; Kowal, P. Minimum Data Set on Ageing and Older Persons in Sub-Saharan Africa: Process and outcome. <span class='html-italic'>Afr. Popul. Stud.</span> <b>2013</b>, <span class='html-italic'>21</span>, 19–36. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Minimum+Data+Set+on+Ageing+and+Older+Persons+in+Sub-Saharan+Africa:+Process+and+outcome&author=Ferreira,+M.&author=Kowal,+P.&publication_year=2013&journal=Afr.+Popul.+Stud.&volume=21&pages=19%E2%80%9336&doi=10.11564/21-1-348" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.11564/21-1-348" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B15-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='15.'>Chane, S.; Adamek, M. Profiles of Ethiopian centenarians: A qualitative inquiry. <span class='html-italic'>Anthropol. Aging</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>42</span>, 126–136. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Profiles+of+Ethiopian+centenarians:+A+qualitative+inquiry&author=Chane,+S.&author=Adamek,+M.&publication_year=2021&journal=Anthropol.+Aging&volume=42&pages=126%E2%80%93136&doi=10.5195/aa.2021.336" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.5195/aa.2021.336" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B16-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='16.'>Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA). <span class='html-italic'>The 2007 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia-Statistical Report</span>; Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2007. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+2007+Population+and+Housing+Census+of+Ethiopia-Statistical+Report&author=Central+Statistical+Agency+of+Ethiopia+(CSA)&publication_year=2007" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B17-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='17.'>Jopp, D.S.; Boerner, K.; Cimarolli, V.; Hicks, S.; Mirpuri, S.; Paggi, M.; Cavanagh, A.; Kennedy, E. Challenges experienced at age 100: Findings from the Fordham Centenarian Study. <span class='html-italic'>J. Aging Soc. Policy</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>28</span>, 187–207. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Challenges+experienced+at+age+100:+Findings+from+the+Fordham+Centenarian+Study&author=Jopp,+D.S.&author=Boerner,+K.&author=Cimarolli,+V.&author=Hicks,+S.&author=Mirpuri,+S.&author=Paggi,+M.&author=Cavanagh,+A.&author=Kennedy,+E.&publication_year=2016&journal=J.+Aging+Soc.+Policy&volume=28&pages=187%E2%80%93207&doi=10.1080/08959420.2016.1163652" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2016.1163652" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B18-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='18.'>Richmond, R.L.; Law, J.; Kay-Lambkin, F. Morbidity profiles and lifetime health of Australian centenarians. <span class='html-italic'>Aust. J. Ageing</span> <b>2012</b>, <span class='html-italic'>31</span>, 227–232. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Morbidity+profiles+and+lifetime+health+of+Australian+centenarians&author=Richmond,+R.L.&author=Law,+J.&author=Kay-Lambkin,+F.&publication_year=2012&journal=Aust.+J.+Ageing&volume=31&pages=227%E2%80%93232&doi=10.1111/j.1741-6612.2011.00570.x&pmid=23252980" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6612.2011.00570.x" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23252980" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B19-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='19.'>Araújo, L.; Teixeira, L.; Ribeiro, O.; Paúl, C. Objective vs. subjective health in very advanced ages: Looking for discordance in centenarians. <span class='html-italic'>Front. Med.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>5</span>, 1–7. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Objective+vs.+subjective+health+in+very+advanced+ages:+Looking+for+discordance+in+centenarians&author=Ara%C3%BAjo,+L.&author=Teixeira,+L.&author=Ribeiro,+O.&author=Pa%C3%BAl,+C.&publication_year=2018&journal=Front.+Med.&volume=5&pages=1%E2%80%937&doi=10.3389/fmed.2018.00189" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2018.00189" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B20-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='20.'>Haslam, A.; Hausman, D.B.; Davey, A.; Cress, E.M.; Johnson, M.A.; Poon, L.W. Associations between anemia and physical function in Georgia centenarians. <span class='html-italic'>J. Am. Geriatr. Soc.</span> <b>2012</b>, <span class='html-italic'>60</span>, 2362–2363. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Associations+between+anemia+and+physical+function+in+Georgia+centenarians&author=Haslam,+A.&author=Hausman,+D.B.&author=Davey,+A.&author=Cress,+E.M.&author=Johnson,+M.A.&author=Poon,+L.W.&publication_year=2012&journal=J.+Am.+Geriatr.+Soc.&volume=60&pages=2362%E2%80%932363&doi=10.1111/jgs.12009" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12009" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B21-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='21.'>Sebastião, E. Perceived poor health is positively associated with physical limitations and chronic diseases in Brazilian nonagenarians and centenarians. <span class='html-italic'>Geriatr. Gerontol. Int.</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>16</span>, 1196–1203. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Perceived+poor+health+is+positively+associated+with+physical+limitations+and+chronic+diseases+in+Brazilian+nonagenarians+and+centenarians&author=Sebasti%C3%A3o,+E.&publication_year=2015&journal=Geriatr.+Gerontol.+Int.&volume=16&pages=1196%E2%80%931203&doi=10.1111/ggi.12614" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.12614" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B22-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='22.'>Selim, A.J.; Fincke, G.; Berlowitz, D.R.; Miller, D.R.; Qian, S.X.; Lee, A.; Cong, Z.; Rogers, W.; Selim, B.J.; Ren, X.S.; et al. Comprehensive health status assessment of centenarians: Results from the 1999 Large Health Survey of Veteran Enrollees. <span class='html-italic'>J. Gerontol. Med. Sci.</span> <b>2005</b>, <span class='html-italic'>60A</span>, 515–519. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Comprehensive+health+status+assessment+of+centenarians:+Results+from+the+1999+Large+Health+Survey+of+Veteran+Enrollees&author=Selim,+A.J.&author=Fincke,+G.&author=Berlowitz,+D.R.&author=Miller,+D.R.&author=Qian,+S.X.&author=Lee,+A.&author=Cong,+Z.&author=Rogers,+W.&author=Selim,+B.J.&author=Ren,+X.S.&publication_year=2005&journal=J.+Gerontol.+Med.+Sci.&volume=60A&pages=515%E2%80%93519&doi=10.1093/gerona/60.4.515&pmid=15933394" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/60.4.515" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15933394" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B23-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='23.'>Takayama, M.; Hirose, N.; Arai, Y.; Gondo, Y.; Shimizu, K.; Ebihara, Y.; Yamamura, K.; Nakazawa, S.; Inagaki, H.; Masui, Y.; et al. Morbidity of Tokyo-area centenarians and its relationship to functional status. <span class='html-italic'>J. Gerontol. Med. Sci.</span> <b>2007</b>, <span class='html-italic'>62A</span>, 774–782. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Morbidity+of+Tokyo-area+centenarians+and+its+relationship+to+functional+status&author=Takayama,+M.&author=Hirose,+N.&author=Arai,+Y.&author=Gondo,+Y.&author=Shimizu,+K.&author=Ebihara,+Y.&author=Yamamura,+K.&author=Nakazawa,+S.&author=Inagaki,+H.&author=Masui,+Y.&publication_year=2007&journal=J.+Gerontol.+Med.+Sci.&volume=62A&pages=774%E2%80%93782&doi=10.1093/gerona/62.7.774" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/62.7.774" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B24-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='24.'>Freeman, S.; Kurosawa, H.; Ebihara, S.; Kohzuki, M. Understanding the oldest old in northern Japan: An overview of the functional ability and characteristics of centenarians. <span class='html-italic'>Geriatr. Gerontol. Int.</span> <b>2010</b>, <span class='html-italic'>10</span>, 78–84. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Understanding+the+oldest+old+in+northern+Japan:+An+overview+of+the+functional+ability+and+characteristics+of+centenarians&author=Freeman,+S.&author=Kurosawa,+H.&author=Ebihara,+S.&author=Kohzuki,+M.&publication_year=2010&journal=Geriatr.+Gerontol.+Int.&volume=10&pages=78%E2%80%9384&doi=10.1111/j.1447-0594.2009.00550.x" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0594.2009.00550.x" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B25-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='25.'>Richmond, R.L.; Law, J.; Kay-Lambkin, F. Physical, mental, and cognitive function in a convenience sample of centenarians in Australia. <span class='html-italic'>Am. Geriatr. Soc.</span> <b>2011</b>, <span class='html-italic'>59</span>, 1080–1086. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Physical,+mental,+and+cognitive+function+in+a+convenience+sample+of+centenarians+in+Australia&author=Richmond,+R.L.&author=Law,+J.&author=Kay-Lambkin,+F.&publication_year=2011&journal=Am.+Geriatr.+Soc.&volume=59&pages=1080%E2%80%931086&doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03404.x&pmid=21539526" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03404.x" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21539526" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B26-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='26.'>Martin, P.; Gondo, Y.; Arai, Y.; Ishioka, Y.; Johnson, M.A.; Miller, L.S.; Woodard, J.L.; Poon, L.W.; Hirose, N. Cardiovascular health and cognitive functioning among centenarians: A comparison between the Tokyo and Georgia centenarian studies. <span class='html-italic'>Int. Psychogeriatr.</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>4</span>, 455–465. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cardiovascular+health+and+cognitive+functioning+among+centenarians:+A+comparison+between+the+Tokyo+and+Georgia+centenarian+studies&author=Martin,+P.&author=Gondo,+Y.&author=Arai,+Y.&author=Ishioka,+Y.&author=Johnson,+M.A.&author=Miller,+L.S.&author=Woodard,+J.L.&author=Poon,+L.W.&author=Hirose,+N.&publication_year=2019&journal=Int.+Psychogeriatr.&volume=4&pages=455%E2%80%93465&doi=10.1017/S1041610218001813&pmid=30786950" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610218001813" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30786950" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B27-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='27.'>Riberio, O.; Duarte, N.; Teixeira, L.; Paúl, C. Frailty and depression in centenarians. <span class='html-italic'>Int. Psychogeriatr.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>30</span>, 115–124. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Frailty+and+depression+in+centenarians&author=Riberio,+O.&author=Duarte,+N.&author=Teixeira,+L.&author=Pa%C3%BAl,+C.&publication_year=2018&journal=Int.+Psychogeriatr.&volume=30&pages=115%E2%80%93124&doi=10.1017/S1041610217001910&pmid=28931449" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610217001910" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28931449" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B28-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='28.'>Evert, J.; Lawler, E.; Bogan, H.; Perls, T. Morbidity profiles of centenarians: Survivors, delayers, and escapers. <span class='html-italic'>J. Gerontol.</span> <b>2003</b>, <span class='html-italic'>58</span>, M232–M237. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Morbidity+profiles+of+centenarians:+Survivors,+delayers,+and+escapers&author=Evert,+J.&author=Lawler,+E.&author=Bogan,+H.&author=Perls,+T.&publication_year=2003&journal=J.+Gerontol.&volume=58&pages=M232%E2%80%93M237&doi=10.1093/gerona/58.3.M232&pmid=12634289" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/58.3.M232" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12634289" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B29-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='29.'>Galanakis, M.; Darviri, C.; Pelekasis, P.; Tigani, X. Demographic and anthropometric variables related to longevity: Results from a Greek centenarians’ study. <span class='html-italic'>J. Basic Appl. Sci.</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>11</span>, 381–388. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Demographic+and+anthropometric+variables+related+to+longevity:+Results+from+a+Greek+centenarians%E2%80%99+study&author=Galanakis,+M.&author=Darviri,+C.&author=Pelekasis,+P.&author=Tigani,+X.&publication_year=2015&journal=J.+Basic+Appl.+Sci.&volume=11&pages=381%E2%80%93388&doi=10.6000/1927-5129.2015.11.54" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.6000/1927-5129.2015.11.54" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B30-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='30.'>Duran-Badillo, T.; Salazar-González, B.C.; Cruz-Quevedo, J.E.; Sánchez-Alejo, E.J.; Gutierrez-Sanchez, G.; Hernández-Cortés, P.L. Sensory and cognitive functions, gait ability and functionality of older adults. <span class='html-italic'>Rev. Latino Am. Enfermagem</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>28</span>, e3282. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Sensory+and+cognitive+functions,+gait+ability+and+functionality+of+older+adults&author=Duran-Badillo,+T.&author=Salazar-Gonz%C3%A1lez,+B.C.&author=Cruz-Quevedo,+J.E.&author=S%C3%A1nchez-Alejo,+E.J.&author=Gutierrez-Sanchez,+G.&author=Hern%C3%A1ndez-Cort%C3%A9s,+P.L.&publication_year=2020&journal=Rev.+Latino+Am.+Enfermagem&volume=28&pages=e3282&doi=10.1590/1518-8345.3499.3282&pmid=32491121" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.3499.3282" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32491121" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B31-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='31.'>Kliegel, M.; Moor, C.; Rott, C. Cognitive status and development in the oldest old: A longitudinal analysis from the Heidelberg Centenarian Study. <span class='html-italic'>Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr.</span> <b>2004</b>, <span class='html-italic'>39</span>, 143–156. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cognitive+status+and+development+in+the+oldest+old:+A+longitudinal+analysis+from+the+Heidelberg+Centenarian+Study&author=Kliegel,+M.&author=Moor,+C.&author=Rott,+C.&publication_year=2004&journal=Arch.+Gerontol.+Geriatr.&volume=39&pages=143%E2%80%93156&doi=10.1016/j.archger.2004.02.004&pmid=15249151" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2004.02.004" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15249151" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B32-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='32.'>Jopp, D.S.; Boerner, K.; Rott, C. Health and disease at age 100: Findings from the Second Heidelberg Centenarian Study. <span class='html-italic'>Dtsch. Arztebl. Int.</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>113</span>, 203–210. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Health+and+disease+at+age+100:+Findings+from+the+Second+Heidelberg+Centenarian+Study&author=Jopp,+D.S.&author=Boerner,+K.&author=Rott,+C.&publication_year=2016&journal=Dtsch.+Arztebl.+Int.&volume=113&pages=203%E2%80%93210&doi=10.3238/arztebl.2016.0203" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2016.0203" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B33-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='33.'>Silver, M.H.; Jilinskaia, E.; Perls, T.T. Cognitive functional status of age-confirmed centenarians in a population-based study. <span class='html-italic'>J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci.</span> <b>2001</b>, <span class='html-italic'>56</span>, 134–140. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cognitive+functional+status+of+age-confirmed+centenarians+in+a+population-based+study&author=Silver,+M.H.&author=Jilinskaia,+E.&author=Perls,+T.T.&publication_year=2001&journal=J.+Gerontol.+B+Psychol.+Sci.+Soc.+Sci.&volume=56&pages=134%E2%80%93140&doi=10.1093/geronb/56.3.P134" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/56.3.P134" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B34-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='34.'>Herr, M.; Arvieu, J.J.; Robine, J.M.; Ankri, J. Health, frailty and disability after ninety: Results of an observational study in France: Health after ninety. <span class='html-italic'>Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr.</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>66</span>, 166–175. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Health,+frailty+and+disability+after+ninety:+Results+of+an+observational+study+in+France:+Health+after+ninety&author=Herr,+M.&author=Arvieu,+J.J.&author=Robine,+J.M.&author=Ankri,+J.&publication_year=2016&journal=Arch.+Gerontol.+Geriatr.&volume=66&pages=166%E2%80%93175&doi=10.1016/j.archger.2016.06.002" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2016.06.002" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B35-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='35.'>Madrigal-Leer, F.; Martìnez-Montandòn, A.; Solìs-Umaña, M.; Helo-Guzmàn, F.; Alfaro-Salas, K.; Barrientos-Calvo, I.; Camacho-Mora, Z.; Jimènez-Porras, V.; Estrada-Montero, S.; Morales-Martìnez, F. Clinical, functional, mental and social profile of the Nicoya Peninsula centenarians, Costa Rica, 2017. <span class='html-italic'>Aging Clin. Exp. Res.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>32</span>, 313–321. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Clinical,+functional,+mental+and+social+profile+of+the+Nicoya+Peninsula+centenarians,+Costa+Rica,+2017&author=Madrigal-Leer,+F.&author=Mart%C3%ACnez-Montand%C3%B2n,+A.&author=Sol%C3%ACs-Uma%C3%B1a,+M.&author=Helo-Guzm%C3%A0n,+F.&author=Alfaro-Salas,+K.&author=Barrientos-Calvo,+I.&author=Camacho-Mora,+Z.&author=Jim%C3%A8nez-Porras,+V.&author=Estrada-Montero,+S.&author=Morales-Mart%C3%ACnez,+F.&publication_year=2020&journal=Aging+Clin.+Exp.+Res.&volume=32&pages=313%E2%80%93321&doi=10.1007/s40520-019-01176-9" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-019-01176-9" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B36-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='36.'>Italian Multicentric Study on Centenarians. Assessment of sense of taste in Italian centenarians. <span class='html-italic'>Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr.</span> <b>1998</b>, <span class='html-italic'>26</span>, 177–183. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Assessment+of+sense+of+taste+in+Italian+centenarians&author=Italian+Multicentric+Study+on+Centenarians&publication_year=1998&journal=Arch.+Gerontol.+Geriatr.&volume=26&pages=177%E2%80%93183&doi=10.1016/S0167-4943(97)00041-1" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4943(97)00041-1" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B37-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='37.'>Aladejare, S.A. Does external debt promote human longevity in developing countries? Evidence from West African countries. <span class='html-italic'>Fudan J. Humanit. Soc. Sci.</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>16</span>, 213–237. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Does+external+debt+promote+human+longevity+in+developing+countries?+Evidence+from+West+African+countries&author=Aladejare,+S.A.&publication_year=2023&journal=Fudan+J.+Humanit.+Soc.+Sci.&volume=16&pages=213%E2%80%93237&doi=10.1007/s40647-023-00365-1" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s40647-023-00365-1" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B38-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='38.'>Perls, T. Successful aging and its subtypes in centenarians: The Chinese experience. <span class='html-italic'>J. Am. Geriatr. Soc.</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>71</span>, 1362–1364. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Successful+aging+and+its+subtypes+in+centenarians:+The+Chinese+experience&author=Perls,+T.&publication_year=2023&journal=J.+Am.+Geriatr.+Soc.&volume=71&pages=1362%E2%80%931364&doi=10.1111/jgs.18282" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.18282" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B39-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='39.'>Creswell, J.W. <span class='html-italic'>Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Method Approaches</span>; Sage: Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, 2003. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Research+Design:+Qualitative,+Quantitative,+and+Mixed+Method+Approaches&author=Creswell,+J.W.&publication_year=2003" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B40-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='40.'>Saldana, J. <span class='html-italic'>Fundamentals of Qualitative Research</span>; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2011. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Fundamentals+of+Qualitative+Research&author=Saldana,+J.&publication_year=2011" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B41-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='41.'>Yin, R.K. <span class='html-italic'>Case Study Research: Design and Methods</span>, 3rd ed.; Sage: Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, 2003. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Case+Study+Research:+Design+and+Methods&author=Yin,+R.K.&publication_year=2003" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B42-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='42.'>Dello Buono, M.; Urciuoli, O.; De Leo, D. Quality of life and longevity: A study of centenarians. <span class='html-italic'>Age Ageing</span> <b>1998</b>, <span class='html-italic'>27</span>, 207–216. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Quality+of+life+and+longevity:+A+study+of+centenarians&author=Dello+Buono,+M.&author=Urciuoli,+O.&author=De+Leo,+D.&publication_year=1998&journal=Age+Ageing&volume=27&pages=207%E2%80%93216&doi=10.1093/ageing/27.2.207" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/27.2.207" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B43-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='43.'>Sun, J.; Li, L.; Sun, J. Sensory impairment and all-cause mortality among the elderly adults in China: A population-based cohort study. <span class='html-italic'>Aging</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>12</span>, 24288–24300. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Sensory+impairment+and+all-cause+mortality+among+the+elderly+adults+in+China:+A+population-based+cohort+study&author=Sun,+J.&author=Li,+L.&author=Sun,+J.&publication_year=2020&journal=Aging&volume=12&pages=24288%E2%80%9324300&doi=10.18632/aging.202198" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.202198" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B44-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='44.'>Toyoshima, A.; Martin, P.; Sato, S.; Poon, L.W. The relationship between vision impairment and well-being among centenarians: Findings from the Georgia Centenarian Study. <span class='html-italic'>Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>33</span>, 414–422. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+relationship+between+vision+impairment+and+well-being+among+centenarians:+Findings+from+the+Georgia+Centenarian+Study&author=Toyoshima,+A.&author=Martin,+P.&author=Sato,+S.&author=Poon,+L.W.&publication_year=2018&journal=Int.+J.+Geriatr.+Psychiatry&volume=33&pages=414%E2%80%93422&doi=10.1002/gps.4763" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4763" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B45-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='45.'>Kuo, H.K.; Jones, R.N.; Milberg, W.P.; Tennstedt, S.; Talbot, L.; Morris, J.N.; Lipsitz, L.A. Effect of blood pressure and diabetes mellitus on cognitive and physical functions in older adults: A longitudinal analysis of the advanced cognitive training for independent and vital elderly cohort. <span class='html-italic'>J. Am. Geriatr. Soc.</span> <b>2005</b>, <span class='html-italic'>53</span>, 1154–1161. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Effect+of+blood+pressure+and+diabetes+mellitus+on+cognitive+and+physical+functions+in+older+adults:+A+longitudinal+analysis+of+the+advanced+cognitive+training+for+independent+and+vital+elderly+cohort&author=Kuo,+H.K.&author=Jones,+R.N.&author=Milberg,+W.P.&author=Tennstedt,+S.&author=Talbot,+L.&author=Morris,+J.N.&author=Lipsitz,+L.A.&publication_year=2005&journal=J.+Am.+Geriatr.+Soc.&volume=53&pages=1154%E2%80%931161&doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53368.x" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53368.x" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B46-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='46.'>Cimarolli, V.R.; Jopp, D.S. Sensory impairments and their associations with functional disability in a sample of the oldest-old. <span class='html-italic'>Qual. Life Res.</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>23</span>, 1977–1984. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Sensory+impairments+and+their+associations+with+functional+disability+in+a+sample+of+the+oldest-old&author=Cimarolli,+V.R.&author=Jopp,+D.S.&publication_year=2014&journal=Qual.+Life+Res.&volume=23&pages=1977%E2%80%931984&doi=10.1007/s11136-014-0657-0" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-014-0657-0" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B47-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='47.'>Liu, C.J.; Chang, P.S.; Griffith, C.F.; Hanley, S.I.; Lu, Y. The nexus of sensory loss, cognitive impairment, and functional decline in older adults: A scoping review. <span class='html-italic'>Gerontologist</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>62</span>, 457–467. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+nexus+of+sensory+loss,+cognitive+impairment,+and+functional+decline+in+older+adults:+A+scoping+review&author=Liu,+C.J.&author=Chang,+P.S.&author=Griffith,+C.F.&author=Hanley,+S.I.&author=Lu,+Y.&publication_year=2021&journal=Gerontologist&volume=62&pages=457%E2%80%93467&doi=10.1093/geront/gnab082" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnab082" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B48-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='48.'>Martin, P.; Poon, L.W. Healthy aging among centenarians and near-centenarians: Findings from the Georgia centenarian study. <span class='html-italic'>Maturitas</span> <b>2024</b>, <span class='html-italic'>185</span>, 108001. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Healthy+aging+among+centenarians+and+near-centenarians:+Findings+from+the+Georgia+centenarian+study&author=Martin,+P.&author=Poon,+L.W.&publication_year=2024&journal=Maturitas&volume=185&pages=108001&doi=10.1016/j.maturitas.2024.108001" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2024.108001" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B49-jal-04-00019' class='html-xx' data-content='49.'>McCormack, J. The emergence of centenarians and supercentenarians in Australia. <span class='html-italic'>Geriatr. Gerontol. Int.</span> <b>2005</b>, <span class='html-italic'>4</span>, 178–179. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+emergence+of+centenarians+and+supercentenarians+in+Australia&author=McCormack,+J.&publication_year=2005&journal=Geriatr.+Gerontol.+Int.&volume=4&pages=178%E2%80%93179&doi=10.1111/j.1447-0594.2004.00192.x" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0594.2004.00192.x" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li></ol></section><section id='Table' type='display-objects'><div class="html-table-wrap" id="jal-04-00019-t001"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td"> <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/4/3/19/display" href='#table_body_display_jal-04-00019-t001'> <img data-lsrc="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/4/3/19/display" href="#table_body_display_jal-04-00019-t001"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 1.</b> Centenarians’ Perceived Health Problems, Sensory Organ Defects, and Cognitive Functionality. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id="table_body_display_jal-04-00019-t001"> <div class="html-caption"><b>Table 1.</b> Centenarians’ Perceived Health Problems, Sensory Organ Defects, and Cognitive Functionality.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Name of Centenarian<br>(Pseudonym) </th><th rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Sex</th><th rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Year of Birth </th><th rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Age during Interview </th><th colspan='14' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Health Problems</th><th colspan='3' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Problems of Sensory Organs</th><th colspan='10' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Problems Related to<br>Cognitive Functionality</th></tr><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Dfficulty Walking</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Tiredness</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Joint Tightness</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Back Pain </th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Hypertension</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Anorexia /Loss of Appetite</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Diabetes</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Dysarthria/Speech Disorder</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > Dental Problem </th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Insomnia/Sleeplessness</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Severe Headache </th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Constipation </th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Anxiety</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Urinary Incontinence </th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > Hearing Defect</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > Conjunctivitis</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > Blindness </th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Decrease in Taste</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Decrease in Smell</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Forgetfulness</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Decision-Making </th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Concentration Difficulty</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Decline of Reasoning</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Sight Perception</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Hearing Pereception </th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Smell Perception</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Decline of Taste </th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-left:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Dawit</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >M</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1906</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >108</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-left:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Akalu </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >M</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1913</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >104</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-left:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > Lakech </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >F</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1915</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >103</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-left:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > Bitew</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >M</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1916</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >103</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-left:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Tamirat</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >M</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1916</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >102</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-left:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Mersha </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >M</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1917</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >101</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-left:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Solomon </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >M</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1917</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >100</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-left:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Demeke </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >M</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1917</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >100</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-left:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Nebyou</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >M</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1918</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >100</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td></tr><tr ><td colspan='4' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-left:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Total </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin;border-right:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2</td></tr></tbody> </table> <div class='html-table_foot html-p'><div class='html-p' style='text-indent:0em;'><span class='html-fn-content'>Dashes in the table indicate “not applicable” (the study participant did not have that health problem).</span></div><div style='clear:both;'></div></div> </div> </section><section class='html-fn_group'><table><tr id=''><td></td><td><div class='html-p'><b>Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note:</b> The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.</div></td></tr></table></section> <section id="html-copyright"><br>© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a>).</section> </div> </div> <div class="additional-content"> <h2><a name="cite"></a>Share and Cite</h2> <div class="social-media-links" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#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" title="Email"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=%E2%80%9CI+Have+Never+Visited+a+Health+Center%E2%80%9D%3A+Ethiopian+Centenarians%E2%80%99+Perceptions+of+Their+Health+Conditions&hashtags=mdpijal&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2902004&via=JAL_MDPI" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-twitter-x-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href=" http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2902004&title=%E2%80%9CI%20Have%20Never%20Visited%20a%20Health%20Center%E2%80%9D%3A%20Ethiopian%20Centenarians%E2%80%99%20Perceptions%20of%20Their%20Health%20Conditions%26source%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%26summary%3DThe%20global%20centenarian%20population%20is%20expected%20to%20reach%204%20million%20by%202050%2C%20yet%20little%20is%20known%20about%20the%20health%20status%20of%20centenarians%20in%20Sub-Saharan%20Africa.%20A%20case%20study%20examined%20the%20health%20conditions%20and%20functionality%20of%20nine%20Ethiopian%20%5B...%5D" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="LinkedIn" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-linkedin-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.mdpi.com/2902004" title="facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-facebook-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Wechat" data-reveal-id="weixin-share-modal"> <i class="fa fa-weixin-square" style="font-size: 26px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https://www.mdpi.com/2902004" title="Reddit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-reddit-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://www.mdpi.com/2902004" title="Mendeley" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-mendeley-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> </div> <div class="in-tab" style="padding-top: 0px!important; margin-top: 15px;"> <div><b>MDPI and ACS Style</b></div> <p> Chane, S.; Adamek, M.E. “I Have Never Visited a Health Center”: Ethiopian Centenarians’ Perceptions of Their Health Conditions. <em>J. Ageing Longev.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>, 264-273. https://doi.org/10.3390/jal4030019 </p> <div style="display: block"> <b>AMA Style</b><br> <p> Chane S, Adamek ME. “I Have Never Visited a Health Center”: Ethiopian Centenarians’ Perceptions of Their Health Conditions. <em>Journal of Ageing and Longevity</em>. 2024; 4(3):264-273. https://doi.org/10.3390/jal4030019 </p> <b>Chicago/Turabian Style</b><br> <p> Chane, Samson, and Margaret E. Adamek. 2024. "“I Have Never Visited a Health Center”: Ethiopian Centenarians’ Perceptions of Their Health Conditions" <em>Journal of Ageing and Longevity</em> 4, no. 3: 264-273. https://doi.org/10.3390/jal4030019 </p> <b>APA Style</b><br> <p> Chane, S., & Adamek, M. E. (2024). “I Have Never Visited a Health Center”: Ethiopian Centenarians’ Perceptions of Their Health Conditions. <em>Journal of Ageing and Longevity</em>, <em>4</em>(3), 264-273. https://doi.org/10.3390/jal4030019 </p> </div> </div> <h2><a name="metrics"></a>Article Metrics</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div id="loaded_cite_count" style="display:none">No</div> <div id="framed_div_cited_count" class="in-tab" style="display: none; overflow: auto;"></div> <div id="loaded" style="display:none">No</div> <div id="framed_div" class="in-tab" style="display: none; margin-top: 10px;"></div> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div id="article_stats_div" style="display: none; margin-bottom: 1em;"> <h3>Article Access Statistics</h3> <div id="article_stats_swf" ></div> <div class="info-box"> Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div></div> <div class="webpymol-controls webpymol-controls-template" style="margin-top: 10px; display: none;"> <a class="bzoom">Zoom</a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="borient"> Orient </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="blines"> As Lines </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bsticks"> As Sticks </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bcartoon"> As Cartoon </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bsurface"> As Surface </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bprevscene">Previous Scene</a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bnextscene">Next Scene</a> </div> <div id="scifeed-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="recommended-articles-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="author-biographies-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="cite-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Cite</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns">  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-bibtex" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="1451002"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="bibtex"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form>  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-endnote" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="1451002"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="endnote_no_abstract"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form>  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-ris" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="1451002"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="ris"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form> <div> Export citation file: <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-bibtex'].submit()">BibTeX</a> | <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-endnote'].submit()">EndNote</a> | <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-ris'].submit()">RIS</a> </div> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="in-tab"> <div><b>MDPI and ACS Style</b></div> <p> Chane, S.; Adamek, M.E. “I Have Never Visited a Health Center”: Ethiopian Centenarians’ Perceptions of Their Health Conditions. <em>J. Ageing Longev.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>, 264-273. https://doi.org/10.3390/jal4030019 </p> <div style="display: block"> <b>AMA Style</b><br> <p> Chane S, Adamek ME. “I Have Never Visited a Health Center”: Ethiopian Centenarians’ Perceptions of Their Health Conditions. <em>Journal of Ageing and Longevity</em>. 2024; 4(3):264-273. https://doi.org/10.3390/jal4030019 </p> <b>Chicago/Turabian Style</b><br> <p> Chane, Samson, and Margaret E. Adamek. 2024. "“I Have Never Visited a Health Center”: Ethiopian Centenarians’ Perceptions of Their Health Conditions" <em>Journal of Ageing and Longevity</em> 4, no. 3: 264-273. https://doi.org/10.3390/jal4030019 </p> <b>APA Style</b><br> <p> Chane, S., & Adamek, M. E. (2024). “I Have Never Visited a Health Center”: Ethiopian Centenarians’ Perceptions of Their Health Conditions. <em>Journal of Ageing and Longevity</em>, <em>4</em>(3), 264-273. https://doi.org/10.3390/jal4030019 </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div id="footer"> <div class="journal-info"> <span> <em><a class="Var_JournalInfo" href="/journal/jal">J. Ageing Longev.</a></em>, EISSN 2673-9259, Published by MDPI </span> <div class="large-right"> <span> <a href="/rss/journal/jal" class="rss-link">RSS</a> </span> <span> <a href="/journal/jal/toc-alert">Content Alert</a> </span> </div> </div> <div class="row full-width footer-links" data-equalizer="footer" data-equalizer-mq="small"> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns" data-equalizer-watch="footer"> <h3> Further Information </h3> <a href="/apc"> Article Processing Charges </a> <a href="/about/payment"> Pay an Invoice </a> <a href="/openaccess"> Open Access Policy </a> <a href="/about/contact"> Contact MDPI </a> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Jobs at MDPI </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns" data-equalizer-watch="footer"> <h3> Guidelines </h3> <a href="/authors"> For Authors </a> <a href="/reviewers"> For Reviewers </a> <a href="/editors"> For Editors </a> <a href="/librarians"> For Librarians </a> <a href="/publishing_services"> For Publishers </a> <a href="/societies"> For Societies </a> <a href="/conference_organizers"> For Conference Organizers </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns"> <h3> MDPI Initiatives </h3> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Sciforum </a> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> MDPI Books </a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Preprints.org </a> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Scilit </a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com?utm_source=mpdi.com&utm_medium=bottom_menu&utm_campaign=initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> SciProfiles </a> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Encyclopedia </a> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> JAMS </a> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 right-border-large-without columns UA_FooterFollowMDPI"> <h3> Follow MDPI </h3> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/mdpi" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> LinkedIn </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/MDPIOpenAccessPublishing" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Facebook </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/MDPIOpenAccess" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Twitter </a> </div> <div id="footer-subscribe" class="large-4 large-pull-8 medium-12 small-12 left-border-large columns"> <div class="footer-subscribe__container"> <img class="show-for-large-up" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-white-small.png?71d18e5f805839ab?1732615622" alt="MDPI" title="MDPI Open Access Journals" style="height: 50px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <form id="newsletter" method="POST" action="/subscribe"> <p> Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals </p> <select multiple id="newsletter-journal" class="foundation-select" name="journals[]"> <option value="acoustics">Acoustics</option> <option value="amh">Acta Microbiologica Hellenica</option> <option value="actuators">Actuators</option> <option value="admsci">Administrative Sciences</option> <option value="adolescents">Adolescents</option> <option value="arm">Advances in Respiratory Medicine</option> <option value="aerobiology">Aerobiology</option> <option value="aerospace">Aerospace</option> <option value="agriculture">Agriculture</option> <option value="agriengineering">AgriEngineering</option> <option value="agrochemicals">Agrochemicals</option> <option value="agronomy">Agronomy</option> <option value="ai">AI</option> <option value="air">Air</option> <option value="algorithms">Algorithms</option> <option value="allergies">Allergies</option> <option value="alloys">Alloys</option> <option value="analytica">Analytica</option> <option value="analytics">Analytics</option> <option value="anatomia">Anatomia</option> <option value="anesthres">Anesthesia Research</option> <option value="animals">Animals</option> <option value="antibiotics">Antibiotics</option> <option value="antibodies">Antibodies</option> <option value="antioxidants">Antioxidants</option> <option value="applbiosci">Applied Biosciences</option> <option value="applmech">Applied Mechanics</option> <option value="applmicrobiol">Applied Microbiology</option> <option value="applnano">Applied Nano</option> <option value="applsci">Applied Sciences</option> <option value="asi">Applied System Innovation</option> <option value="appliedchem">AppliedChem</option> <option value="appliedmath">AppliedMath</option> <option value="aquacj">Aquaculture Journal</option> <option value="architecture">Architecture</option> <option value="arthropoda">Arthropoda</option> <option value="arts">Arts</option> <option value="astronomy">Astronomy</option> <option value="atmosphere">Atmosphere</option> <option value="atoms">Atoms</option> <option value="audiolres">Audiology Research</option> <option value="automation">Automation</option> <option value="axioms">Axioms</option> <option value="bacteria">Bacteria</option> <option value="batteries">Batteries</option> <option value="behavsci">Behavioral Sciences</option> <option value="beverages">Beverages</option> <option value="BDCC">Big Data and Cognitive Computing</option> <option value="biochem">BioChem</option> <option value="bioengineering">Bioengineering</option> <option value="biologics">Biologics</option> <option value="biology">Biology</option> <option value="blsf">Biology and Life Sciences Forum</option> <option value="biomass">Biomass</option> <option value="biomechanics">Biomechanics</option> <option value="biomed">BioMed</option> <option value="biomedicines">Biomedicines</option> <option value="biomedinformatics">BioMedInformatics</option> <option value="biomimetics">Biomimetics</option> <option value="biomolecules">Biomolecules</option> <option value="biophysica">Biophysica</option> <option value="biosensors">Biosensors</option> <option value="biotech">BioTech</option> <option value="birds">Birds</option> <option value="blockchains">Blockchains</option> <option value="brainsci">Brain Sciences</option> <option value="buildings">Buildings</option> <option value="businesses">Businesses</option> <option value="carbon">C</option> <option value="cancers">Cancers</option> <option value="cardiogenetics">Cardiogenetics</option> <option value="catalysts">Catalysts</option> <option value="cells">Cells</option> <option value="ceramics">Ceramics</option> <option value="challenges">Challenges</option> <option value="ChemEngineering">ChemEngineering</option> <option value="chemistry">Chemistry</option> <option value="chemproc">Chemistry Proceedings</option> <option value="chemosensors">Chemosensors</option> <option value="children">Children</option> <option value="chips">Chips</option> <option value="civileng">CivilEng</option> <option value="cleantechnol">Clean Technologies</option> <option value="climate">Climate</option> <option value="ctn">Clinical and Translational Neuroscience</option> <option value="clinbioenerg">Clinical Bioenergetics</option> <option value="clinpract">Clinics and Practice</option> <option value="clockssleep">Clocks & Sleep</option> <option value="coasts">Coasts</option> <option value="coatings">Coatings</option> <option value="colloids">Colloids and Interfaces</option> <option value="colorants">Colorants</option> <option value="commodities">Commodities</option> <option value="complications">Complications</option> <option value="compounds">Compounds</option> <option value="computation">Computation</option> <option value="csmf">Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum</option> <option value="computers">Computers</option> <option value="condensedmatter">Condensed Matter</option> <option value="conservation">Conservation</option> <option value="constrmater">Construction Materials</option> <option value="cmd">Corrosion and Materials Degradation</option> <option value="cosmetics">Cosmetics</option> <option value="covid">COVID</option> <option value="crops">Crops</option> <option value="cryo">Cryo</option> <option value="cryptography">Cryptography</option> <option value="crystals">Crystals</option> <option value="cimb">Current Issues in Molecular Biology</option> <option value="curroncol">Current Oncology</option> <option value="dairy">Dairy</option> <option value="data">Data</option> <option value="dentistry">Dentistry Journal</option> <option value="dermato">Dermato</option> <option value="dermatopathology">Dermatopathology</option> <option value="designs">Designs</option> <option value="diabetology">Diabetology</option> <option value="diagnostics">Diagnostics</option> <option value="dietetics">Dietetics</option> <option value="digital">Digital</option> <option value="disabilities">Disabilities</option> <option value="diseases">Diseases</option> <option value="diversity">Diversity</option> <option value="dna">DNA</option> <option value="drones">Drones</option> <option value="ddc">Drugs and Drug Candidates</option> <option value="dynamics">Dynamics</option> <option value="earth">Earth</option> <option value="ecologies">Ecologies</option> <option value="econometrics">Econometrics</option> <option value="economies">Economies</option> <option value="education">Education Sciences</option> <option value="electricity">Electricity</option> <option value="electrochem">Electrochem</option> <option value="electronicmat">Electronic Materials</option> <option value="electronics">Electronics</option> <option value="ecm">Emergency Care and Medicine</option> <option value="encyclopedia">Encyclopedia</option> <option value="endocrines">Endocrines</option> <option value="energies">Energies</option> <option value="esa">Energy Storage and Applications</option> <option value="eng">Eng</option> <option value="engproc">Engineering Proceedings</option> <option value="entropy">Entropy</option> <option value="environsciproc">Environmental Sciences Proceedings</option> <option value="environments">Environments</option> <option value="epidemiologia">Epidemiologia</option> <option value="epigenomes">Epigenomes</option> <option value="ebj">European Burn Journal</option> <option value="ejihpe">European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education</option> <option value="fermentation">Fermentation</option> <option value="fibers">Fibers</option> <option value="fintech">FinTech</option> <option value="fire">Fire</option> <option value="fishes">Fishes</option> <option value="fluids">Fluids</option> <option value="foods">Foods</option> <option value="forecasting">Forecasting</option> <option value="forensicsci">Forensic Sciences</option> <option value="forests">Forests</option> <option value="fossstud">Fossil Studies</option> <option value="foundations">Foundations</option> <option value="fractalfract">Fractal and Fractional</option> <option value="fuels">Fuels</option> <option value="future">Future</option> <option value="futureinternet">Future Internet</option> <option value="futurepharmacol">Future Pharmacology</option> <option value="futuretransp">Future Transportation</option> <option value="galaxies">Galaxies</option> <option value="games">Games</option> <option value="gases">Gases</option> <option value="gastroent">Gastroenterology Insights</option> <option value="gastrointestdisord">Gastrointestinal Disorders</option> <option value="gastronomy">Gastronomy</option> <option value="gels">Gels</option> <option value="genealogy">Genealogy</option> <option value="genes">Genes</option> <option value="geographies">Geographies</option> <option value="geohazards">GeoHazards</option> <option value="geomatics">Geomatics</option> <option value="geometry">Geometry</option> <option value="geosciences">Geosciences</option> <option value="geotechnics">Geotechnics</option> <option value="geriatrics">Geriatrics</option> <option value="glacies">Glacies</option> <option value="gucdd">Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease</option> <option value="grasses">Grasses</option> <option value="hardware">Hardware</option> <option value="healthcare">Healthcare</option> <option value="hearts">Hearts</option> <option value="hemato">Hemato</option> <option value="hematolrep">Hematology Reports</option> <option value="heritage">Heritage</option> <option value="histories">Histories</option> <option value="horticulturae">Horticulturae</option> <option value="hospitals">Hospitals</option> <option value="humanities">Humanities</option> <option value="humans">Humans</option> <option value="hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</option> <option value="hydrogen">Hydrogen</option> <option value="hydrology">Hydrology</option> <option value="hygiene">Hygiene</option> <option value="immuno">Immuno</option> <option value="idr">Infectious Disease Reports</option> <option value="informatics">Informatics</option> <option value="information">Information</option> <option value="infrastructures">Infrastructures</option> <option value="inorganics">Inorganics</option> <option value="insects">Insects</option> <option value="instruments">Instruments</option> <option value="iic">Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction</option> <option value="ijerph">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</option> <option value="ijfs">International Journal of Financial Studies</option> <option value="ijms">International Journal of Molecular Sciences</option> <option value="IJNS">International Journal of Neonatal Screening</option> <option value="ijpb">International Journal of Plant Biology</option> <option value="ijt">International Journal of Topology</option> <option value="ijtm">International Journal of Translational Medicine</option> <option value="ijtpp">International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power</option> <option value="ime">International Medical Education</option> <option value="inventions">Inventions</option> <option value="IoT">IoT</option> <option value="ijgi">ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information</option> <option value="J">J</option> <option value="jal">Journal of Ageing and Longevity</option> <option value="jcdd">Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease</option> <option value="jcto">Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology</option> <option value="jcm">Journal of Clinical Medicine</option> <option value="jcs">Journal of Composites Science</option> <option value="jcp">Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy</option> <option value="jdad">Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease</option> <option value="jdb">Journal of Developmental Biology</option> <option value="jeta">Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses</option> <option value="jfb">Journal of Functional Biomaterials</option> <option value="jfmk">Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology</option> <option value="jof">Journal of Fungi</option> <option value="jimaging">Journal of Imaging</option> <option value="jintelligence">Journal of Intelligence</option> <option value="jlpea">Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications</option> <option value="jmmp">Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing</option> <option value="jmse">Journal of Marine Science and Engineering</option> <option value="jmahp">Journal of Market Access & Health Policy</option> <option value="jmp">Journal of Molecular Pathology</option> <option value="jnt">Journal of Nanotheranostics</option> <option value="jne">Journal of Nuclear Engineering</option> <option value="ohbm">Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine</option> <option value="jop">Journal of Parks</option> <option value="jpm">Journal of Personalized Medicine</option> <option value="jpbi">Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry</option> <option value="jor">Journal of Respiration</option> <option value="jrfm">Journal of Risk and Financial Management</option> <option value="jsan">Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks</option> <option value="joma">Journal of the Oman Medical Association</option> <option value="jtaer">Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research</option> <option value="jvd">Journal of Vascular Diseases</option> <option value="jox">Journal of Xenobiotics</option> <option value="jzbg">Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens</option> <option value="journalmedia">Journalism and Media</option> <option value="kidneydial">Kidney and Dialysis</option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases">Kinases and Phosphatases</option> <option value="knowledge">Knowledge</option> <option value="labmed">LabMed</option> <option value="laboratories">Laboratories</option> <option value="land">Land</option> <option value="languages">Languages</option> <option value="laws">Laws</option> <option value="life">Life</option> <option value="limnolrev">Limnological Review</option> <option value="lipidology">Lipidology</option> <option value="liquids">Liquids</option> <option value="literature">Literature</option> <option value="livers">Livers</option> <option value="logics">Logics</option> <option value="logistics">Logistics</option> <option value="lubricants">Lubricants</option> <option value="lymphatics">Lymphatics</option> <option value="make">Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction</option> <option value="machines">Machines</option> <option value="macromol">Macromol</option> <option value="magnetism">Magnetism</option> <option value="magnetochemistry">Magnetochemistry</option> <option value="marinedrugs">Marine Drugs</option> <option value="materials">Materials</option> <option value="materproc">Materials Proceedings</option> <option value="mca">Mathematical and Computational Applications</option> <option value="mathematics">Mathematics</option> <option value="medsci">Medical Sciences</option> <option value="msf">Medical Sciences Forum</option> <option value="medicina">Medicina</option> <option value="medicines">Medicines</option> <option value="membranes">Membranes</option> <option value="merits">Merits</option> <option value="metabolites">Metabolites</option> <option value="metals">Metals</option> <option value="meteorology">Meteorology</option> <option value="methane">Methane</option> <option value="mps">Methods and Protocols</option> <option value="metrics">Metrics</option> <option value="metrology">Metrology</option> <option value="micro">Micro</option> <option value="microbiolres">Microbiology Research</option> <option value="micromachines">Micromachines</option> <option value="microorganisms">Microorganisms</option> <option value="microplastics">Microplastics</option> <option value="minerals">Minerals</option> <option value="mining">Mining</option> <option value="modelling">Modelling</option> <option value="mmphys">Modern Mathematical Physics</option> <option value="molbank">Molbank</option> <option value="molecules">Molecules</option> <option value="mti">Multimodal Technologies and Interaction</option> <option value="muscles">Muscles</option> <option value="nanoenergyadv">Nanoenergy Advances</option> <option value="nanomanufacturing">Nanomanufacturing</option> <option value="nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</option> <option value="ndt">NDT</option> <option value="network">Network</option> <option value="neuroglia">Neuroglia</option> <option value="neurolint">Neurology International</option> <option value="neurosci">NeuroSci</option> <option value="nitrogen">Nitrogen</option> <option value="ncrna">Non-Coding RNA</option> <option value="nursrep">Nursing Reports</option> <option value="nutraceuticals">Nutraceuticals</option> <option value="nutrients">Nutrients</option> <option value="obesities">Obesities</option> <option value="oceans">Oceans</option> <option value="onco">Onco</option> <option value="optics">Optics</option> <option value="oral">Oral</option> <option value="organics">Organics</option> <option value="organoids">Organoids</option> <option value="osteology">Osteology</option> <option value="oxygen">Oxygen</option> <option value="parasitologia">Parasitologia</option> <option value="particles">Particles</option> <option value="pathogens">Pathogens</option> <option value="pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</option> <option value="pediatrrep">Pediatric Reports</option> <option value="pets">Pets</option> <option value="pharmaceuticals">Pharmaceuticals</option> <option value="pharmaceutics">Pharmaceutics</option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology">Pharmacoepidemiology</option> <option value="pharmacy">Pharmacy</option> <option value="philosophies">Philosophies</option> <option value="photochem">Photochem</option> <option value="photonics">Photonics</option> <option value="phycology">Phycology</option> <option value="physchem">Physchem</option> <option value="psf">Physical Sciences Forum</option> <option value="physics">Physics</option> <option value="physiologia">Physiologia</option> <option value="plants">Plants</option> <option value="plasma">Plasma</option> <option value="platforms">Platforms</option> <option value="pollutants">Pollutants</option> <option value="polymers">Polymers</option> <option value="polysaccharides">Polysaccharides</option> <option value="populations">Populations</option> <option value="poultry">Poultry</option> <option value="powders">Powders</option> <option value="proceedings">Proceedings</option> <option value="processes">Processes</option> <option value="prosthesis">Prosthesis</option> <option value="proteomes">Proteomes</option> <option value="psychiatryint">Psychiatry International</option> <option value="psychoactives">Psychoactives</option> <option value="psycholint">Psychology International</option> <option value="publications">Publications</option> <option value="qubs">Quantum Beam Science</option> <option value="quantumrep">Quantum Reports</option> <option value="quaternary">Quaternary</option> <option value="radiation">Radiation</option> <option value="reactions">Reactions</option> <option value="realestate">Real Estate</option> <option value="receptors">Receptors</option> <option value="recycling">Recycling</option> <option value="rsee">Regional Science and Environmental Economics</option> <option value="religions">Religions</option> <option value="remotesensing">Remote Sensing</option> <option value="reports">Reports</option> <option value="reprodmed">Reproductive Medicine</option> <option value="resources">Resources</option> <option value="rheumato">Rheumato</option> <option value="risks">Risks</option> <option value="robotics">Robotics</option> <option value="ruminants">Ruminants</option> <option value="safety">Safety</option> <option value="sci">Sci</option> <option value="scipharm">Scientia Pharmaceutica</option> <option value="sclerosis">Sclerosis</option> <option value="seeds">Seeds</option> <option value="sensors">Sensors</option> <option value="separations">Separations</option> <option value="sexes">Sexes</option> <option value="signals">Signals</option> <option value="sinusitis">Sinusitis</option> <option value="smartcities">Smart Cities</option> <option value="socsci">Social Sciences</option> <option value="siuj">Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal</option> <option value="societies">Societies</option> <option value="software">Software</option> <option value="soilsystems">Soil Systems</option> <option value="solar">Solar</option> <option value="solids">Solids</option> <option value="spectroscj">Spectroscopy Journal</option> <option value="sports">Sports</option> <option value="standards">Standards</option> <option value="stats">Stats</option> <option value="stresses">Stresses</option> <option value="surfaces">Surfaces</option> <option value="surgeries">Surgeries</option> <option value="std">Surgical Techniques Development</option> <option value="sustainability">Sustainability</option> <option value="suschem">Sustainable Chemistry</option> <option value="symmetry">Symmetry</option> <option value="synbio">SynBio</option> <option value="systems">Systems</option> <option value="targets">Targets</option> <option value="taxonomy">Taxonomy</option> <option value="technologies">Technologies</option> <option value="telecom">Telecom</option> <option value="textiles">Textiles</option> <option value="thalassrep">Thalassemia Reports</option> <option value="therapeutics">Therapeutics</option> <option value="thermo">Thermo</option> <option value="timespace">Time and Space</option> <option value="tomography">Tomography</option> <option value="tourismhosp">Tourism and Hospitality</option> <option value="toxics">Toxics</option> <option value="toxins">Toxins</option> <option value="transplantology">Transplantology</option> <option value="traumacare">Trauma Care</option> <option value="higheredu">Trends in Higher Education</option> <option value="tropicalmed">Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease</option> <option value="universe">Universe</option> <option value="urbansci">Urban Science</option> <option value="uro">Uro</option> <option value="vaccines">Vaccines</option> <option value="vehicles">Vehicles</option> <option value="venereology">Venereology</option> <option value="vetsci">Veterinary Sciences</option> <option value="vibration">Vibration</option> <option value="virtualworlds">Virtual Worlds</option> <option value="viruses">Viruses</option> <option value="vision">Vision</option> <option value="waste">Waste</option> <option value="water">Water</option> <option value="wild">Wild</option> <option value="wind">Wind</option> <option value="women">Women</option> <option value="world">World</option> <option value="wevj">World Electric Vehicle Journal</option> <option value="youth">Youth</option> <option value="zoonoticdis">Zoonotic Diseases</option> </select> <input name="email" type="email" placeholder="Enter your email address..." required="required" /> <button class="genericCaptcha button button--dark UA_FooterNewsletterSubscribeButton" type="submit">Subscribe</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer-copyright"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns large-6 medium-6 small-12 text-left"> © 1996-2024 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated </div> <div class="columns large-6 medium-6 small-12 small-text-left medium-text-right large-text-right"> <a data-dropdown="drop-view-disclaimer" aria-controls="drop-view-disclaimer" aria-expanded="false" data-options="align:top; is_hover:true; hover_timeout:2000;"> Disclaimer </a> <div id="drop-view-disclaimer" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide text-left" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. </div> <a href="/about/terms-and-conditions"> Terms and Conditions </a> <a href="/about/privacy"> Privacy Policy </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="cookie-notification" class="js-allow-cookies" style="display: none;"> <div class="columns large-10 medium-10 small-12"> We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience.<br class="show-for-medium-up"/> Read more about our cookies <a href="/about/privacy">here</a>. </div> <div class="columns large-2 medium-2 small-12 small-only-text-left text-right"> <a class="button button--default" href="/accept_cookies">Accept</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main-share-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Share Link</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="social-media-links UA_ShareModalLinks" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#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" title="Email"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=%E2%80%9CI+Have+Never+Visited+a+Health+Center%E2%80%9D%3A+Ethiopian+Centenarians%E2%80%99+Perceptions+of+Their+Health+Conditions&hashtags=mdpijal&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2902004&via=JAL_MDPI" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-twitter-x-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href=" http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2902004&title=%E2%80%9CI%20Have%20Never%20Visited%20a%20Health%20Center%E2%80%9D%3A%20Ethiopian%20Centenarians%E2%80%99%20Perceptions%20of%20Their%20Health%20Conditions%26source%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%26summary%3DThe%20global%20centenarian%20population%20is%20expected%20to%20reach%204%20million%20by%202050%2C%20yet%20little%20is%20known%20about%20the%20health%20status%20of%20centenarians%20in%20Sub-Saharan%20Africa.%20A%20case%20study%20examined%20the%20health%20conditions%20and%20functionality%20of%20nine%20Ethiopian%20%5B...%5D" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="LinkedIn" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-linkedin-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.mdpi.com/2902004" title="facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-facebook-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Wechat" data-reveal-id="weixin-share-modal"> <i class="fa fa-weixin-square" style="font-size: 26px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https://www.mdpi.com/2902004" title="Reddit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-reddit-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://www.mdpi.com/2902004" title="Mendeley" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-mendeley-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.citeulike.org/posturl?url=https://www.mdpi.com/2902004" title="CiteULike" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-citeulike-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> </div> </div> <div class="small-9 columns"> <input id="js-clipboard-text" type="text" readonly value="https://www.mdpi.com/2902004" /> </div> <div class="small-3 columns text-left"> <a class="button button--color js-clipboard-copy" data-clipboard-target="#js-clipboard-text">Copy</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="weixin-share-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="weixin-share-modal-title" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 id="weixin-share-modal-title" style="margin: 0;">Share</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="weixin-qr-code-section"> <?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?> <!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"> <svg width="300" height="300" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <desc>https://www.mdpi.com/2902004</desc> <g id="elements" fill="black" stroke="none"> <rect x="0" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> </g> </svg> </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <a href="#" class="back-to-top"><span class="show-for-medium-up">Back to Top</span><span class="show-for-small">Top</span></a> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/modernizr-2.8.3.min.js?5227e0738f7f421d?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery-1.12.4.min.js?4f252523d4af0b47?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/foundation-5.5.3.min.js?6b2ec41c18b29054?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/foundation-5.5.3.equalizer.min.js?0f6c549b75ec554c?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery.multiselect.js?0edd3998731d1091?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery.cycle2.min.js?63413052928f97ee?1732615622"></script> <script> // old browser fix - this way the console log rows won't throw (silent) errors in browsers not supporting console log if (!window.console) window.console = {}; if (!window.console.log) window.console.log = function () { }; var currentJournalNameSystem = "jal"; $(document).ready(function() { $('select.foundation-select').multiselect({ search: true, minHeight: 130, maxHeight: 130, }); $(document).foundation({ orbit: { timer_speed: 4000, }, reveal: { animation: 'fadeAndPop', animation_speed: 100, } }); $(".chosen-select").each(function(element) { var maxSelected = (undefined !== $(this).data('maxselectedoptions') ? $(this).data('maxselectedoptions') : 100); $(this).on('chosen:ready', function(event, data) { var select = $(data.chosen.form_field); if (select.attr('id') === 'journal-browser-volume') { $(data.chosen.dropdown).addClass('UI_JournalBrowser_Volume_Options'); } if (select.attr('id') === 'journal-browser-issue') { $(data.chosen.dropdown).addClass('UI_JournalBrowser_Issue_Options'); } }).chosen({ display_disabled_options: false, disable_search_threshold: 7, max_selected_options: maxSelected, width: "100%" }); }); $(".toEncode").each(function(e) { var oldHref = $(this).attr("href"); var newHref = oldHref.replace('.botdefense.please.enable.javascript.','@'); $(this).attr("href", newHref); if (!$(this).hasClass("emailCaptcha")) { $(this).html(newHref.replace('mailto:', '')); } $(this).removeClass("visibility-hidden"); }); $(document).on('opened.fndtn.reveal', '[data-reveal]', function() { $(document).foundation('equalizer', 'reflow'); }); // fix the images that have tag height / width defined // otherwise the default foundation styles overwrite the tag definitions $("img").each(function() { if ($(this).attr('width') != undefined || $(this).attr('height') != undefined) { $(this).addClass("img-fixed"); } }); $("#basic_search, #advanced_search").submit(function(e) { var searchArguments = false; $(this).find("input,select").not("#search,.search-button").each(function() { if (undefined === $(this).val() || "" === $(this).val()) { $(this).attr('name', null); } else { $(this).attr('name'); searchArguments = true; } }); if (!searchArguments) { window.location = $(this).attr('action'); return false; } }); $(".hide-show-desktop-option").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var parentDiv = $(this).closest("div"); $.ajax({ url: $(this).attr('href'), success: function(msg) { parentDiv.removeClass().hide(); } }); }); $(".generic-toggleable-header").click(function(e) { $(this).toggleClass("active"); $(this).next(".generic-toggleable-content").toggleClass("active"); }); /* * handle whole row as a link if the row contains only one visible link */ $("table.new tr").hover(function() { if ($(this).find("td:visible a").length == 1) { $(this).addClass("single-link"); } }, function() { $(this).removeClass("single-link"); }); $("table.new:not(.table-of-tables)").on("click", "tr.single-link", function(e) { var target = $(e.target); if (!e.ctrlKey && !target.is("a")) { $(this).find("td:visible a")[0].click(); } }); $(document).on("click", ".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link", function(e) { if ($(this).closest("#basic_search").length > 0) { if ($(".search-container__advanced").first().is(":visible")) { openAdvanced() } } if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { if ($(this).hasClass("active")) { $(this).removeClass("active"); $(this).next(".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content").addClass("show-for-medium-up"); } else { $(this).addClass("active"); $(this).next(".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content").removeClass("show-for-medium-up"); $(document).foundation('orbit', 'reflow'); } } if (undefined !== $(this).data("callback")) { var customCallback = $(this).data("callback"); func = window[customCallback]; func(); } }); $(document).on("click", ".js-open-small-search", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).toggleClass("active").closest(".tab-bar").toggleClass("active"); $(".search-container").toggleClass("hide-for-small-down"); }); $(document).on("click", ".js-open-menu", function(e) { $(".search-container").addClass("hide-for-small-down"); }); $(window).on('resize', function() { recalculate_main_browser_position(); recalculate_responsive_moving_containers(); }); updateSearchLabelVisibilities(); recalculate_main_browser_position(); recalculate_responsive_moving_containers(); if (window.document.documentMode == 11) { $("<link/>", { rel: "stylesheet", type: "text/css", href: "https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons"}).appendTo("head"); } }); function recalculate_main_browser_position() { if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { if ($("#js-main-top-container").parent("#js-large-main-top-container").length > 0) { $("#js-main-top-container").appendTo($("#js-small-main-top-container")); } } else { if ($("#js-main-top-container").parent("#js-small-main-top-container").length > 0) { $("#js-main-top-container").appendTo($("#js-large-main-top-container")); } } } function recalculate_responsive_moving_containers() { $(".responsive-moving-container.large").each(function() { var previousParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.active[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); var movingContent = previousParent.html(); if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.small[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } else if (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only()) { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.medium[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } else { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.large[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } if (previousParent.attr("class") !== currentParent.attr("class")) { currentParent.html(movingContent); previousParent.html(); currentParent.addClass("active"); previousParent.removeClass("active"); } }); } // cookies allowed is checked from a) local storage and b) from server separately so that the footer bar doesn't // get included in the custom page caches function checkCookiesAllowed() { var cookiesEnabled = localStorage.getItem("mdpi_cookies_enabled"); if (null === cookiesEnabled) { $.ajax({ url: "/ajax_cookie_value/mdpi_cookies_accepted", success: function(data) { if (data.value) { localStorage.setItem("mdpi_cookies_enabled", true); checkDisplaySurvey(); } else { $(".js-allow-cookies").show(); } } }); } else { checkDisplaySurvey(); } } function checkDisplaySurvey() { } window.addEventListener('CookiebotOnAccept', function (e) { var CookieDate = new Date; if (Cookiebot.consent.preferences) { CookieDate.setFullYear(CookieDate.getFullYear() + 1); document.cookie = "mdpi_layout_type_v2=mobile; path=/; expires=" + CookieDate.toUTCString() + ";"; $(".js-toggle-desktop-layout-link").css("display", "inline-block"); } }, false); window.addEventListener('CookiebotOnDecline', function (e) { if (!Cookiebot.consent.preferences) { $(".js-toggle-desktop-layout-link").hide(); if ("" === "desktop") { window.location = "/toggle_desktop_layout_cookie"; } } }, false); var hash = $(location).attr('hash'); if ("#share" === hash) { if (1 === $("#main-share-modal").length) { $('#main-share-modal').foundation('reveal', 'open'); } } </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/lib.js?f8d3d71b3a772f9d?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/mdpi.js?c267ce58392b15da?1732615622"></script> <script>var banners_url = 'https://serve.mdpi.com';</script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/ifvisible.min.js?c621d19ecb761212?1732615622'></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/affix.js?ac4ea55275297c15?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/clipboard.min.js?3f3688138a1b9fc4?1732615622"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { var helpFunctions = $(".middle-column__help__fixed"); var leftColumnAffix = $(".left-column__fixed"); var middleColumn = $("#middle-column"); var clone = null; helpFunctions.affix({ offset: { top: function() { return middleColumn.offset().top - 8 - (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 30 : 0); }, bottom: function() { return $("#footer").innerHeight() + 74 + (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 0 : 0); } } }); if (leftColumnAffix.length > 0) { clone = leftColumnAffix.clone(); clone.addClass("left-column__fixed__affix"); clone.insertBefore(leftColumnAffix); clone.css('width', leftColumnAffix.outerWidth() + 50); clone.affix({ offset: { top: function() { return leftColumnAffix.offset().top - 30 - (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 50 : 0); }, bottom: function() { return $("#footer").innerHeight() + 92 + (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 0 : 0); } } }); } $(window).on("resize", function() { if (clone !== null) { clone.css('width', leftColumnAffix.outerWidth() + 50); } }); new ClipboardJS('.js-clipboard-copy'); }); </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery-ui-1.13.2.min.js?1e2047978946a1d2?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/slick.min.js?d5a61c749e44e471?1732615622"></script> <script> $(document).ready(function() { $(".link-article-menu").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).find('span').toggle(); $(this).next("div").toggleClass("active"); }); $(".js-similarity-related-articles").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); if ('' !== $('#recommended-articles-modal').attr('data-url')) { $('#recommended-articles-modal').foundation('reveal', 'open', $('#recommended-articles-modal').attr('data-url')); } }); $.ajax({ url: "/article/1451002/similarity-related/show-link", success: function(result) { if (result.show) { $('#recommended-articles-modal').attr('data-url', result.link); $('.js-article-similarity-container').show(); } } }); $(document).on('opened.fndtn.reveal', '[data-reveal]', function() { var modal = $(this); if (modal.attr('id') === "author-biographies-modal") { modal.find('.multiple-items').slick({ slidesToShow: 1, nextArrow: '<a class="slick-next" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_right</i></a>', prevArrow: '<a class="slick-prev" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_left</i></a>', slidesToScroll: 1, draggable: false, }); modal.find('.multiple-items').slick('refresh'); } }); }); </script> <script> $(document).ready(function() { $(document).on('keyup', function (e) { if (e.keyCode == 27) { var hElem = $(this).find(".annotator-adder"); if (hElem.length){ hElem.css({'visibility':'hidden'}); } else { document.querySelector("hypothesis-adder").shadowRoot.querySelector(".annotator-adder").style.visibility = "hidden"; } } }); }); </script> <script> window.hypothesisConfig = function () { return { sidebarAppUrl: 'https://commenting.mdpi.com/app.html', showHighlights: 'whenSidebarOpen' , openSidebar: false , assetRoot: 'https://commentingres.mdpi.com/hypothesis', services: [{ apiUrl: 'https://commenting.mdpi.com/api/', authority: 'mdpi', grantToken: '', doi: '10.3390/jal4030019' }], }; }; </script> <script async id="hypothesis_frame"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> if (-1 !== window.location.href.indexOf("?src=")) { window.history.replaceState({}, '', `${location.pathname}`); } $(document).ready(function() { var scifeedCounter = 0; var search = window.location.search; var mathjaxReady = false; // late image file loading $("img[data-lsrc]").each(function() { $(this).attr("src", $(this).data("lsrc")); }); // late mathjax initialization var head = document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0]; var script = document.createElement("script"); script.type = "text/x-mathjax-config"; script[(window.opera ? "innerHTML" : "text")] = "MathJax.Hub.processSectionDelay = 0;\n" + "MathJax.Hub.Config({\n" + " \"menuSettings\": {\n" + " CHTMLpreview: false\n" + " },\n" + " \"CHTML-preview\":{\n" + " disabled: true\n" + " },\n" + " \"HTML-CSS\": {\n" + " scale: 90,\n" + " availableFonts: [],\n" + " preferredFont: null,\n" + " preferredFonts: null,\n" + " webFont:\"Gyre-Pagella\",\n" + " imageFont:'TeX',\n" + " undefinedFamily:\"'Arial Unicode MS',serif\",\n" + " linebreaks: { automatic: false }\n" + " },\n" + " \"TeX\": {\n" + " extensions: ['noErrors.js'],\n" + " noErrors: {\n" + " inlineDelimiters: [\"\",\"\"],\n" + " multiLine: true,\n" + " style: {\n" + " 'font-size': '90%',\n" + " 'text-align': 'left',\n" + " 'color': 'black',\n" + " 'padding': '1px 3px',\n" + " 'border': '1px solid'\n" + " }\n" + " }\n" + " }\n" + "});\n" + "MathJax.Hub.Register.StartupHook('End', function() {\n" + " refreshMathjaxWidths();\n" + " mathjaxReady = true;\n" + "});\n" + "MathJax.Hub.Startup.signal.Interest(function (message) {\n" + " if (message == 'End') {\n" + " var hypoLink = document.getElementById('hypothesis_frame');\n" + " if (null !== hypoLink) {\n" + " hypoLink.setAttribute('src', 'https://commenting.mdpi.com/embed.js');\n" + " }\n" + " }\n" + "});"; head.appendChild(script); script = document.createElement("script"); script.type = "text/javascript"; script.src = "https://pub.mdpi-res.com/bundles/mathjax/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"; head.appendChild(script); // article version checker if (0 === search.indexOf('?type=check_update&version=')) { $.ajax({ url: "/2673-9259/4/3/19" + "/versioncheck" + search, success: function(result) { $(".js-check-update-container").html(result); } }); } $('#feed_option').click(function() { // tracker if ($('#scifeed_clicked').length<1) { $(this).append('<span style="display:none" id="scifeed_clicked">done</span>'); } $('#feed_data').toggle('slide', { direction: 'up'}, '1000'); // slideToggle(700); OR toggle(700) $("#scifeed_error_msg").html('').hide(); $("#scifeed_notice_msg").html('').hide(); }); $('#feed_option').click(function(event) { setTimeout(function(){ var captchaSection = $("#captchaSection"); captchaSection.removeClass('ui-helper-hidden').find('input').prop('disabled', false); // var img = captchaSection.find('img'); // img.attr('src', img.data('url') + "?" + (new Date()).getTime()); // $(".captcha_reload").trigger("click"); var img = document.getElementById('gregwar_captcha_scifeed'); img.src = '/generate-captcha/gcb_captcha?n=' + (new Date()).getTime(); },800); }); $(document).on('click', '.split_feeds', function() { var name = $( this ).attr('name'); var flag = 1 - ($(this).is(":checked")*1); $('.split_feeds').each(function (index) { if ($( this ).attr('name') !== name) { $(this)[0].checked = flag; } }); }); $(document).on('click', '#scifeed_submit, #scifeed_submit1', function(event) { event.preventDefault(); $(".captcha_reload").trigger("click"); $("#scifeed_error_msg").html(""); $("#scifeed_error_msg").hide(); }); $(document).on('click', '.subscription_toggle', function(event) { if ($(this).val() === 'Create SciFeed' && $('#scifeed_hidden_flag').length>0) { event.preventDefault(); // alert('Here there would be a captcha because user is not logged in'); var captchaSection = $("#captchaSection"); if (captchaSection.hasClass('ui-helper-hidden')) { captchaSection.removeClass('ui-helper-hidden').find('input').prop('disabled', false); var img = captchaSection.find('img'); img.attr('src', img.data('url') + "?" + (new Date()).getTime()); $("#reloadCaptcha").trigger("click"); } } }); $(document).on('click', '.scifeed_msg', function(){ $(this).hide(); }); $(document).on('click', '.article-scilit-search', function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var data = $(".article-scilit-search-data").val(); var dataArray = data.split(';').map(function(keyword) { return "(\"" + keyword.trim() + "\")"; }); var searchQuery = dataArray.join(" OR "); var searchUrl = encodeURI("https://www.scilit.net/articles/search?q="+ searchQuery + "&advanced=1&highlight=1"); var win = window.open(searchUrl, '_blank'); if (win) { win.focus(); } else { window.location(searchUrl); } }); display_stats(); citedCount(); follow_goto(); // Select the node that will be observed for mutations const targetNodes = document.getElementsByClassName('hypothesis-count-container'); // Options for the observer (which mutations to observe) const config = { attributes: false, childList: true, subtree: false }; // Callback function to execute when mutations are observed const callback = function(mutationList, observer) { for(const mutation of mutationList) { if (mutation.type === 'childList') { let node = $(mutation.target); if (parseInt(node.html()) > 0) { node.show(); } } } }; // Create an observer instance linked to the callback function const observer = new MutationObserver(callback); // Start observing the target node for configured mutations for(const targetNode of targetNodes) { observer.observe(targetNode, config); } // Select the node that will be observed for mutations const mathjaxTargetNode = document.getElementById('middle-column'); // Callback function to execute when mutations are observed const mathjaxCallback = function(mutationList, observer) { if (mathjaxReady && typeof(MathJax) !== 'undefined') { refreshMathjaxWidths(); } }; // Create an observer instance linked to the callback function const mathjaxObserver = new ResizeObserver(mathjaxCallback); // Start observing the target node for configured mutations mathjaxObserver.observe(mathjaxTargetNode); }); /* END $(document).ready */ function refreshMathjaxWidths() { let width = ($('.html-body').width()*0.9) + "px"; $('.MathJax_Display').css('max-width', width); $('.MJXc-display').css('max-width', width); } function sendScifeedFrom(form) { if (!$('#scifeed_email').val().trim()) { // empty email alert('Please, provide an email for subscribe to this scifeed'); return false; } else if (!$('#captchaSection').hasClass('ui-helper-hidden') && !$('#captchaSection').find('input').val().trim()) { // empty captcha alert('Please, fill the captcha field.'); return false; } else if( ((($('#scifeed_form').find('input:checkbox:checked').length)-($('#split_feeds:checked').length))<1) || ($('#scifeed_kwd_txt').length < 0 && !$('#scifeed_kwd_txt').val().trim()) || ($('#scifeed_author_txt').length<0 &&!$('#scifeed_author_txt').val().trim()) ) { alert('You did not select anything to subscribe'); return false; } else if(($('#scifeed_form').find('input:checkbox:checked').length)-($('#split_feeds2:checked').length)<1){ alert("You did not select anything to subscribe"); return false; } else { var url = $('#scifeed_subscribe_url').html(); var formData = $(form).serializeArray(); $.post(url, formData).done(function (data) { if (JSON.parse(data)) { $('.scifeed_msg').hide(); var res = JSON.parse(data); var successFeeds = 0; var errorFeeds = 0; if (res) { $('.scifeed_msg').html(''); $.each(res, function (index, val) { if (val) { if (val.error) { errorFeeds++; $("#scifeed_error_msg").append(index+' - '+val.error+'<br>'); } if (val.notice) // for successful feed creation { successFeeds++; // $("#scifeed_notice_msg").append(index+' - '+val.notice+'<br>'); $("#scifeed_notice_msg").append('<li>'+index+'</li>'); } } }); if (successFeeds>0) { text = $('#scifeed_notice_msg').html(); text = 'The following feed'+(successFeeds>1?'s have':' has')+ ' been sucessfully created:<br><ul>'+ text + '</ul>' +($('#scifeed_hidden_flag').length>0 ? 'You are not logged in, so you probably need to validate '+ (successFeeds>1?'them':' it')+'.<br>' :'' ) +'Please check your email'+(successFeeds>1?'s':'')+' for more details.'; //(successFeeds>1?' for each of them':'')+'.<br>'; $("#scifeed_notice_msg").html(text); $("#scifeed_notice_msg").show(); } if (errorFeeds>0) { $("#scifeed_error_msg").show();; } } $("#feed_data").hide(); } }); } } function follow_goto() { var hashStr = location.hash.replace("#",""); if(typeof hashStr !== 'undefined') { if( hashStr == 'supplementary') { document.getElementById('suppl_id').scrollIntoView(); } if( hashStr == 'citedby') { document.getElementById('cited_id').scrollIntoView(); } } } function cited() { $("#framed_div").toggle('fast', function(){ if ($(this).css('display') != 'none') { var loaded = document.getElementById("loaded"); if(loaded.innerHTML == "No") { // Load Xref result var container = document.getElementById("framed_div"); // This replace the content container.innerHTML = "<img src=\"https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/loading_circle.gif?9a82694213036313?1732615622\" height=\"20\" width=\"20\" alt=\"Processing...\" style=\"vertical-align:middle; margin-right:0.6em;\">"; var url = "/citedby/10.3390%252Fjal4030019/488"; $.post(url, function(result) { if (result.success) { container.innerHTML = result.view; } loaded.innerHTML = "Yes"; }); } } return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... }) return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... } function detect_device() { // Added by Bastien (18/08/2014): based on the http://detectmobilebrowsers.com/ detector var check = false; (function(a){if(/(android|bb\d+|meego).+mobile|avantgo|bada\/|blackberry|blazer|compal|elaine|fennec|hiptop|iemobile|ip(hone|od)|iris|kindle|lge |maemo|midp|mmp|mobile.+firefox|netfront|opera m(ob|in)i|palm( os)?|phone|p(ixi|re)\/|plucker|pocket|psp|series(4|6)0|symbian|treo|up\.(browser|link)|vodafone|wap|windows (ce|phone)|xda|xiino/i.test(a)||/1207|6310|6590|3gso|4thp|50[1-6]i|770s|802s|a wa|abac|ac(er|oo|s\-)|ai(ko|rn)|al(av|ca|co)|amoi|an(ex|ny|yw)|aptu|ar(ch|go)|as(te|us)|attw|au(di|\-m|r |s )|avan|be(ck|ll|nq)|bi(lb|rd)|bl(ac|az)|br(e|v)w|bumb|bw\-(n|u)|c55\/|capi|ccwa|cdm\-|cell|chtm|cldc|cmd\-|co(mp|nd)|craw|da(it|ll|ng)|dbte|dc\-s|devi|dica|dmob|do(c|p)o|ds(12|\-d)|el(49|ai)|em(l2|ul)|er(ic|k0)|esl8|ez([4-7]0|os|wa|ze)|fetc|fly(\-|_)|g1 u|g560|gene|gf\-5|g\-mo|go(\.w|od)|gr(ad|un)|haie|hcit|hd\-(m|p|t)|hei\-|hi(pt|ta)|hp( i|ip)|hs\-c|ht(c(\-| |_|a|g|p|s|t)|tp)|hu(aw|tc)|i\-(20|go|ma)|i230|iac( |\-|\/)|ibro|idea|ig01|ikom|im1k|inno|ipaq|iris|ja(t|v)a|jbro|jemu|jigs|kddi|keji|kgt( |\/)|klon|kpt |kwc\-|kyo(c|k)|le(no|xi)|lg( g|\/(k|l|u)|50|54|\-[a-w])|libw|lynx|m1\-w|m3ga|m50\/|ma(te|ui|xo)|mc(01|21|ca)|m\-cr|me(rc|ri)|mi(o8|oa|ts)|mmef|mo(01|02|bi|de|do|t(\-| |o|v)|zz)|mt(50|p1|v )|mwbp|mywa|n10[0-2]|n20[2-3]|n30(0|2)|n50(0|2|5)|n7(0(0|1)|10)|ne((c|m)\-|on|tf|wf|wg|wt)|nok(6|i)|nzph|o2im|op(ti|wv)|oran|owg1|p800|pan(a|d|t)|pdxg|pg(13|\-([1-8]|c))|phil|pire|pl(ay|uc)|pn\-2|po(ck|rt|se)|prox|psio|pt\-g|qa\-a|qc(07|12|21|32|60|\-[2-7]|i\-)|qtek|r380|r600|raks|rim9|ro(ve|zo)|s55\/|sa(ge|ma|mm|ms|ny|va)|sc(01|h\-|oo|p\-)|sdk\/|se(c(\-|0|1)|47|mc|nd|ri)|sgh\-|shar|sie(\-|m)|sk\-0|sl(45|id)|sm(al|ar|b3|it|t5)|so(ft|ny)|sp(01|h\-|v\-|v )|sy(01|mb)|t2(18|50)|t6(00|10|18)|ta(gt|lk)|tcl\-|tdg\-|tel(i|m)|tim\-|t\-mo|to(pl|sh)|ts(70|m\-|m3|m5)|tx\-9|up(\.b|g1|si)|utst|v400|v750|veri|vi(rg|te)|vk(40|5[0-3]|\-v)|vm40|voda|vulc|vx(52|53|60|61|70|80|81|83|85|98)|w3c(\-| )|webc|whit|wi(g |nc|nw)|wmlb|wonu|x700|yas\-|your|zeto|zte\-/i.test(a.substr(0,4)))check = true})(navigator.userAgent||navigator.vendor||window.opera); return check; } function display_stats(){ $("#article_stats_div").toggle(); return false; } /* * Cited By Scopus */ function citedCount(){ $("#framed_div_cited_count").toggle('fast', function(){ if ($(this).css('display') != 'none') { var loaded = document.getElementById("loaded_cite_count"); // to load only once the result! if(loaded.innerHTML == "No") { // Load Xref result var d = document.getElementById("framed_div_cited_count"); // This replace the content d.innerHTML = "<img src=\"https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/loading_circle.gif?9a82694213036313?1732615622\" height=\"20\" width=\"20\" alt=\"Processing...\" style=\"vertical-align:middle; margin-right:0.6em;\">"; $.ajax({ method : "POST", url : "/cite-count/10.3390%252Fjal4030019", success : function(data) { if (data.succ) { d.innerHTML = data.view; loaded.innerHTML = "Yes"; follow_goto(); } } }); } } // end else return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... }) return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... } </script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/third-party/highcharts/highcharts.js?bdd06f45e34c33df?1732615622"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/third-party/highcharts/modules/exporting.js?944dc938d06de3a8?1732615622"></script><script type="text/javascript" defer="defer"> var advancedStatsData; var selectedStatsType = "abstract"; $(function(){ var countWrapper = $('#counts-wrapper'); $('#author_stats_id #type_links a').on('click', function(e) { e.preventDefault(); selectedStatsType = $(this).data('type'); $('#article_advanced_stats').vectorMap('set', 'values', advancedStatsData[selectedStatsType]); $('#advanced_stats_max').html(advancedStatsData[selectedStatsType].max); $('#type_links a').removeClass('active'); $(this).addClass('active'); }); $.get('/2673-9259/4/3/19/stats', function (result) { if (!result.success) { return; } // process article metrics part in left column var viewNumber = countWrapper.find(".view-number"); viewNumber.html(result.metrics.views); viewNumber.parent().toggleClass("count-div--grey", result.metrics.views == 0); var downloadNumber = countWrapper.find(".download-number"); downloadNumber.html(result.metrics.downloads); downloadNumber.parent().toggleClass("count-div--grey", result.metrics.downloads == 0); var citationsNumber = countWrapper.find(".citations-number"); citationsNumber.html(result.metrics.citations); citationsNumber.parent().toggleClass("count-div--grey", result.metrics.citations == 0); if (result.metrics.views > 0 || result.metrics.downloads > 0 || result.metrics.citations > 0) { countWrapper.find("#js-counts-wrapper__views, #js-counts-wrapper__downloads").addClass("visible").show(); if (result.metrics.citations > 0) { countWrapper.find('.citations-number').html(result.metrics.citations).show(); countWrapper.find("#js-counts-wrapper__citations").addClass("visible").show(); } else { countWrapper.find("#js-counts-wrapper__citations").remove(); } $("[data-id='article-counters']").removeClass("hidden"); } if (result.metrics.altmetrics_score > 0) { $("#js-altmetrics-donut").show(); } // process view chart in main column var jsondata = result.chart; var series = new Array(); $.each(jsondata.elements, function(i, element) { var dataValues = new Array(); $.each(element.values, function(i, value) { dataValues.push(new Array(value.tip, value.value)); }); series[i] = {name: element.text, data:dataValues}; }); Highcharts.setOptions({ chart: { style: { fontFamily: 'Arial,sans-serif' } } }); $('#article_stats_swf').highcharts({ chart: { type: 'line', width: $("#tabs").width() //* 0.91 }, credits: { enabled: false }, exporting: { enabled: true }, title: { text: jsondata.title.text, x: -20 //center }, xAxis: { categories: jsondata.x_axis.labels.labels, offset: jsondata.x_axis.offset, labels:{ step: jsondata.x_axis.labels.steps, rotation: 30 } }, yAxis: { max: jsondata.y_axis.max, min: jsondata.y_axis.min, offset: jsondata.y_axis.offset, labels: { steps: jsondata.y_axis.steps }, title: { enabled: false } }, tooltip: { formatter: function (){ return this.key.replace("#val#", this.y); } }, legend: { align: 'top', itemDistance: 50 }, series: series }); }); $('#supplement_link').click(function() { document.getElementById('suppl_id').scrollIntoView(); }); $('#stats_link').click(function() { document.getElementById('stats_id').scrollIntoView(); }); // open mol viewer for molbank special supplementary files $('.showJmol').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var jmolModal = $("#jmolModal"); var url = "/article/1451002/jsmol_viewer/__supplementary_id__"; url = url.replace(/__supplementary_id__/g, $(this).data('index')); $('#jsmol-content').attr('src', url); jmolModal.find(".content").html($(this).data('description')); jmolModal.foundation("reveal", "open"); }); }); !function() { "use strict"; function e(e) { try { if ("undefined" == typeof console) return; "error"in console ? console.error(e) : console.log(e) } catch (e) {} } function t(e) { return d.innerHTML = '<a href="' + e.replace(/"/g, """) + '"></a>', d.childNodes[0].getAttribute("href") || "" } function n(n, c) { var o = ""; var k = parseInt(n.substr(c + 4, 2), 16); for (var i = c; i < n.length; i += 2) { if (i != c + 4) { var s = parseInt(n.substr(i, 2), 16) ^ k; o += String.fromCharCode(s); } } try { o = decodeURIComponent(escape(o)); } catch (error) { console.error(error); } return t(o); } function c(t) { for (var r = t.querySelectorAll("a"), c = 0; c < r.length; c++) try { var o = r[c] , a = o.href.indexOf(l); a > -1 && (o.href = "mailto:" + n(o.href, a + l.length)) } catch (i) { e(i) } } function o(t) { for (var r = t.querySelectorAll(u), c = 0; c < r.length; c++) try { var o = r[c] , a = o.parentNode , i = o.getAttribute(f); if (i) { var l = n(i, 0) , d = document.createTextNode(l); a.replaceChild(d, o) } } catch (h) { e(h) } } function a(t) { for (var r = t.querySelectorAll("template"), n = 0; n < r.length; n++) try { i(r[n].content) } catch (c) { e(c) } } function i(t) { try { c(t), o(t), a(t) } catch (r) { e(r) } } var l = "/cnd-cgi/l/email-protection#" , u = ".__cf_email__" , f = "data-cfemail" , d = document.createElement("div"); i(document), function() { var e = document.currentScript || document.scripts[document.scripts.length - 1]; e.parentNode.removeChild(e) }() }(); </script><script type="text/javascript"> function setCookie(cname, cvalue, ctime) { ctime = (typeof ctime === 'undefined') ? 10*365*24*60*60*1000 : ctime; // default => 10 years var d = new Date(); d.setTime(d.getTime() + ctime); // ==> 1 hour = 60*60*1000 var expires = "expires="+d.toUTCString(); document.cookie = cname + "=" + cvalue + "; " + expires +"; path=/"; } function getCookie(cname) { var name = cname + "="; var ca = document.cookie.split(';'); for(var i=0; i<ca.length; i++) { var c = ca[i]; while (c.charAt(0)==' ') c = c.substring(1); if (c.indexOf(name) == 0) return c.substring(name.length, c.length); } return ""; } </script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://d1bxh8uas1mnw7.cloudfront.net/assets/embed.js"></script><script> $(document).ready(function() { if ($("#js-similarity-related-data").length > 0) { $.ajax({ url: '/article/1451002/similarity-related', success: function(response) { $("#js-similarity-related-data").html(response); $("#js-related-articles-menu").show(); $(document).foundation('tab', 'reflow'); MathJax.Hub.Queue(["Typeset", MathJax.Hub]); } }); } }); </script><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery-ui-1.10.4.custom.min.css?80647d88647bf347?1732615622"><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/magnific-popup.min.css?04d343e036f8eecd?1732615622"><script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/magnific-popup.min.js?2be3d9e7dc569146?1732615622"></script><script> $(function() { $(".js-show-more-academic-editors").on("click", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).hide(); $(".academic-editor-container").removeClass("hidden"); }); }); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/vmap/jqvmap.min.css?126a06688aa11c13?1732615622"> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/vmap/jquery.vmap.min.js?935f68d33bdd88a1?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/vmap/jquery.vmap.world.js?16677403c0e1bef1?1732615622"></script> <script> function updateSlick() { $('.multiple-items').slick('setPosition'); } $(document).ready(function() { $('.multiple-items').slick({ slidesToShow: 1, nextArrow: '<a class="slick-next" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_right</i></a>', prevArrow: '<a class="slick-prev" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_left</i></a>', slidesToScroll: 1, responsive: [ { breakpoint: 1024, settings: { slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1, } }, { breakpoint: 600, settings: { slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1, } }, { breakpoint: 480, settings: { slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1, } } ] }); $('.multiple-items').show(); $(document).on('click', '.reviewReportSelector', function(e) { let path = $(this).attr('data-path'); handleReviews(path, $(this)); }); $(document).on('click', '.viewReviewReports', function(e) { let versionOne = $('#versionTab_1'); if (!versionOne.hasClass('activeTab')) { let path = $(this).attr('data-path'); handleReviews(path, versionOne); } location.href = "#reviewReports"; }); $(document).on('click', '.reviewersResponse, .authorResponse', function(e) { let version = $(this).attr('data-version'); let targetVersion = $('#versionTab_' + version); if (!targetVersion.hasClass('activeTab')) { let path = targetVersion.attr('data-path'); handleReviews(path, targetVersion); } location.href = $(this).attr('data-link'); }); $(document).on('click', '.tab', function (e) { e.preventDefault(); $('.tab').removeClass('activeTab'); $(this).addClass('activeTab') $('.tab').each(function() { $(this).closest('.tab-title').removeClass('active'); }); $(this).closest('.tab-title').addClass('active') }); }); function handleReviews(path, target) { $.ajax({ url: path, context: this, success: function (data) { $('.activeTab').removeClass('activeTab'); target.addClass('activeTab'); $('#reviewSection').html(data.view); }, error: function (xhr, ajaxOptions, thrownError) { console.log(xhr.status); console.log(thrownError); } }); } </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/affix.js?v1?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/storage.js?e9b262d3a3476d25?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/jquery-scrollspy.js?09cbaec0dbb35a67?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/magnific-popup.js?4a09c18460afb26c?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/underscore.js?f893e294cde60c24?1732615622"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $('document').ready(function(){ $("#left-column").addClass("show-for-large-up"); $("#middle-column").removeClass("medium-9").removeClass("left-bordered").addClass("medium-12"); $(window).on('resize scroll', function() { /* if ($('.button--drop-down').isInViewport($(".top-bar").outerHeight())) { */ if ($('.button--drop-down').isInViewport()) { $("#js-button-download").hide(); } else { $("#js-button-download").show(); } }); }); $(document).on('DOMNodeInserted', function(e) { var element = $(e.target); if (element.hasClass('menu') && element.hasClass('html-nav') ) { element.addClass("side-menu-ul"); } }); </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/articles.js?5118449d9ad8913a?1732615622"></script> <script> repositionOpenSideBar = function() { $('#left-column').addClass("show-for-large-up show-for-medium-up").show(); $('#middle-column').removeClass('large-12').removeClass('medium-12'); $('#middle-column').addClass('large-9'); } repositionCloseSideBar = function() { $('#left-column').removeClass("show-for-large-up show-for-medium-up").hide(); $('#middle-column').removeClass('large-9'); $('#middle-column').addClass('large-12').addClass('medium-12'); } </script>   <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="marketing"> !function(e,t,n,s,u,a){e.twq||(s=e.twq=function(){s.exe?s.exe.apply(s,arguments):s.queue.push(arguments); },s.version='1.1',s.queue=[],u=t.createElement(n),u.async=!0,u.src='//static.ads-twitter.com/uwt.js', a=t.getElementsByTagName(n)[0],a.parentNode.insertBefore(u,a))}(window,document,'script'); // Insert Twitter Pixel ID and Standard Event data below twq('init','o2pip'); twq('track','PageView'); </script>  <script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'8e8fcc27af0a9ca5',t:'MTczMjY4NjE3NC4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

&ldquo;I Have Never Visited a Health Center&rdquo;: Ethiopian Centenarians&rsquo; Perceptions of Their Health Conditions

“I Have Never Visited a Health Center”: Ethiopian Centenarians’ Perceptions of Their Health Conditions