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Kordofan）进行的狂轰滥炸和炮击已造成大量平民伤亡。政府军还袭击村庄、焚烧和洗劫平民财产、任意拘留、攻击及强奸妇孺。"/> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20130215070100cs_/http://www.hrw.org/modules/search/search.css?Y"/> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20130215070100cs_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css_6c83f747c843d88cab2c29d54662b761_1.css"/>   <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20130215070100js_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js_829136510e6e3e9c403b767b4b75aeae_2.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <meta name="robots" content="noarchive"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Human Rights Watch - News" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130215070100/http://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/rss/news"> </head> <body class="hrw not-front not-logged-in page-node node-type-news one-sidebar sidebar-right i18n-zh-hans node-page sidebar-right"> <div id="header"> <div class="limiter clear-block"> <a 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<div class="content clear-block filter-text"> <div class="widget-links"><ul class="widget-list"><li class="service-links-twitter-widget first"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130215070100/http://twitter.com/share?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fzh-hans%2Fnews%2F2012%2F12%2F11-0&count=horizontal&via=&text=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%EF%BC%9A%E5%B9%B3%E6%B0%91%E6%8F%8F%E8%BF%B0%E9%81%AD%E8%A2%AD%E5%87%BB%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%A4%E4%BA%A1%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5&counturl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fzh-hans%2Fnews%2F2012%2F12%2F11-0" class="twitter-share-button service-links-twitter-widget" title="Tweet This" rel="nofollow"><span style="display:none;">Tweet Widget</span></a></li> <li class="service-links-facebook-like"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130215070100/http://www.facebook.com/plugins/like.php?href=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fzh-hans%2Fnews%2F2012%2F12%2F11-0&layout=button_count&show_faces=false&action=like&colorscheme=light&width=90&height=21&font=&locale=" title="I Like it" 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130215070100/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media/images/photographs/2012_Sudan_bluenileZH_0.jpg" rel="lightbox[field_imagefile][<p>挑水的女童，摄于南苏丹上尼罗州马班（Maban）地区的多洛（Doro）难民营。一些女性难民和人道救援机构指出，在取水或捡拾柴薪途中可能遭遇的暴力和性侵，是女性难民面对的最严重安全威胁之一。根据联合国难民署（UNHCR）统计，在南苏丹上尼罗州四座难民营登记收容的所有青尼罗（Blue Nile）难民中，女童（18岁以下）占了百分之32。</p>]" class="imagefield imagefield-lightbox2 imagefield-lightbox2-scale-300x imagefield-field_imagefile imagecache imagecache-field_imagefile imagecache-scale-300x imagecache-field_imagefile-scale-300x"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20130215070100im_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/imagecache/scale-300x/media/images/photographs/2012_Sudan_bluenileZH_0.jpg"/></a></span> </div> <div class="views-field-field-image-caption-value"> <div class="field-content"><div><a href="/web/20130215070100/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media/images/photographs/2012_Sudan_bluenileZH_0.jpg" rel="lightbox[field_imagefile]" class="image-enlarge">Enlarge</a></div> <p>挑水的女童，摄于南苏丹上尼罗州马班（Maban）地区的多洛（Doro）难民营。一些女性难民和人道救援机构指出，在取水或捡拾柴薪途中可能遭遇的暴力和性侵，是女性难民面对的最严重安全威胁之一。根据联合国难民署（UNHCR）统计，在南苏丹上尼罗州四座难民营登记收容的所有青尼罗（Blue Nile）难民中，女童（18岁以下）占了百分之32。 </p></div> </div> <div class="views-field-field-copyright-value"> <span class="field-content">© 2012 山默・穆斯卡蒂／人权观察</span> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fieldgroup group-news-additional"> <div class="content"><div class="field field-type-nodereference field-field-related-content"> <div class="field-label">相关资料: </div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> <div class="view view-reference-views-formatter view-id-reference_views_formatter view-display-id-reference_field_1 news-related-materials view-dom-id-2"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="item-list"> <ul> <li class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first"> <div class="views-field-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20130215070100/http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/08/30/sudan-southern-kordofan-civilians-tell-air-strike-horror">Sudan: Southern Kordofan Civilians Tell of Air Strike Horror</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field-created"> <span class="field-content">八月, 2011</span> </div> <div class="views-field-tid"> <span class="field-content">声明</span> </div> </li> <li class="views-row views-row-2 views-row-even"> <div class="views-field-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20130215070100/http://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2012/04/23">苏丹：青尼罗州平民称遭攻击、人权遭侵犯</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field-created"> <span class="field-content">四月, 2012</span> </div> <div class="views-field-tid"> <span class="field-content">声明</span> </div> </li> <li class="views-row views-row-3 views-row-odd views-row-last"> <div class="views-field-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20130215070100/http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/05/04/sudan-crisis-conditions-southern-kordofan">Sudan: Crisis Conditions in Southern Kordofan</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field-created"> <span class="field-content">五月, 2012</span> </div> <div class="views-field-tid"> <span class="field-content">声明</span> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fieldgroup group-assets"> <div class="content"><div class="field field-type-nodereference field-field-related-features"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> <div class="view view-nodereference-related-features view-id-nodereference_related_features view-display-id-default view-dom-id-3"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="item-list"> <ul> <li class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="views-field-field-imagefile-fid"> <span class="field-content"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20130215070100im_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/imagecache/crop-300x200/media/images/photographs/2011_SK_Kaarsten_thumb.jpg" class="imagecache imagecache-crop-300x200 imagecache-default imagecache-crop-300x200_default"/></span> </div> <div class="views-field-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130215070100/http://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/features/south-kordofan">南科尔多凡洲的平民遭轰炸袭击</a> </span> </div> <div class="views-field-field-collection-type-value"> <span class="field-content"><div class="tic-node-type-icon tic-node-type-icon-photo"></div></span> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fieldgroup group-pullquote"> <div class="content"><div class="field field-type-text field-field-news-pullquote"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> 苏丹的无差别轰炸下喪命致残的男女老少正是那些惊魂未定、忍饥挨饿的平民百姓。国际社会应停止沉默并要求立即停止暴行。 </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-type-text field-field-news-pullquote-author"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> 人权观察非洲部主任，丹尼尔·伯克勒（Daniel Bekele） </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="node-body"><p>(内罗毕，2012年12月12日）人权观察今天发布的一份报告中称，自冲突爆发一年多来，苏丹政府在青尼罗州（Blue Nile）和南科多凡州（Southern Kordofan）进行的狂轰滥炸和炮击已造成大量平民伤亡。政府军还袭击村庄、焚烧和洗劫平民财产、任意拘留、攻击及强奸妇孺。</p> <p>这份38页的报告题为《战火摧残》（<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130215070100/http://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/12/11/under-siege">Under Siege</a>），取材自五次对两州境内难以进入的叛军地区和<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130215070100/hhttp://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/africa/south-sudan">南苏丹</a>的难民营的调查。它纪录了自2011年6月<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130215070100/http://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/africa/sudan">苏丹</a>政府和叛军——苏丹人民解放军北方局（Sudan People’s Liberation Army-North ，SPLA-N） ——因州选举争议而爆发冲突以来，政府对平民的无差别轰炸及其他袭击。报告还描述了苏丹拒绝人道援助进入叛军地区的后果。在两州境内，有数十万人流离失所且严重缺乏生活必需品，同时有超过20万人逃往南苏丹和埃塞俄比亚的难民营。</p> <p>“苏丹的无差别轰炸下喪命致残的男女老少正是那些惊魂未定、忍饥挨饿的平民百姓。”人权观察非洲部主任丹尼尔·伯克勒（<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130215070100/http://www.hrw.org/bios/daniel-bekele">Daniel Bekele</a>）说，“国际社会应停止沉默并要求立即停止暴行。”</p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130215070100/http://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/topic/united-nations">联合国</a>、非盟、阿盟、欧盟及其成员国，及其他重要国家如<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130215070100/http://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/united-states">美国</a>、<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130215070100/http://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/asia/china">中国</a>、<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130215070100/http://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/africa/south-africa">南非</a>和<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130215070100/http://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/middle-eastn-africa/qatar">卡塔尔</a>应对苏丹施加强大压力，立刻停止无差别轰炸和开放人道主义援助。大家应该要求联合国秘书长潘基文建立调查委员会，以调查自冲突爆发以来政府和叛军侵犯人权的行为。研究员也收到了关于叛军侵犯人权的报告，指叛军对政府控制的城镇进行无差别炮击; 但研究员无法进入政府控制区核实这些报告。</p> <p>人权观察称，那些犯下严重罪行者应被追究责任并受到制裁，如资产冻结和禁止旅行。在苏丹，对大规模犯罪的追究尤其紧迫。苏丹总统奥马尔·巴希尔（Omar al-Bashir），南科多凡州州长艾哈迈德·哈隆恩（Ahmed Haroun）及国防部长阿布杜拉希姆·穆罕默德·侯赛因（Abdulraheem Mohammed Hussein）均因达尔富尔暴行被国际刑事法庭通缉。国际刑事法庭检察官将在12月13日向联合国安理会报告该法庭对达尔富尔问题的调查进展。 </p> <p><iframe allowfullscreen="1" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20130215070100if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/nHRdURcLqPg?autohide=1;wmode=transparent&" width="638"></iframe></p> <p><strong>无差别轰炸及袭击</strong></p> <p>2012年10月一次对青尼罗州的调查任务中，人权观察发现了冲突爆发以来发生的无差别轰炸和炮击的证据。举例来说，在2011年下半年，一枚炸弹的碎片击中了一位17岁少女。她在母亲塔哈妮·努琳（Tahani Nurin）眼前当场死亡。</p> <p>8月份一次发生在科尔穆克（Kormuk）西边的瓦德伽村（Wadega village）附近的炮击中，一位农民在耕地时目击他的邻居艾哈迈德被炮弹击中：“炮弹打來把他炸得支离破碎, 根本难以辨认出他。一开始打炮我们就都逃走了，回来的时候只见他已经是支离破碎了。”</p> <p>10月底访问南科多凡州时，人权观察的研究员发现了无差别轰炸的证据。10月2日对海班（Heiban）市场的轰炸造成一位平民死亡，另有六人受伤; 其中呼瓦达·哈桑（Huwaida Hassan）是七个孩子的母亲，在她走去市场的时候腹部中弹。另一个例子是，9月中旬一次对卡杜格里（Kadugli）的轰炸, 炮弹击中了法蒂拉·提阿·科非（Fadila Tia Kofi）的农场。七十多岁的法蒂拉左脚被炸掉了一部分。这次袭击使她今后无法再行走。“我真的不知道为什么会被轰炸，”她说，“我是在田里干活的人。现在我只能爬着走了。”</p> <p>无差别轰炸违反了战争法的基本原则。交战双方在任何时候都应该区分作战人员和平民，并只攻击作战人员和军事设施。苏丹使用的炸弹没有导航。他们经常在安东诺夫运输机或高空喷气机上投弹，投弹者不可能区分被炸的是士兵还是平民。在青尼罗州，人权观察发现了使用桶爆弹的证据。这是一种残酷的土制炸弹，内有钉子和其他尖利的金属片，能在爆炸时向四面八方飞射造成致命的冲击。</p> <p>人权观察还发现，在两州境内，政府的地面部队和民兵曾袭击村庄，且对平民和军人不加区分。一位25岁的妇女和她的婆婆此前居住在青尼罗州哥巴尼特（Gebanit）附近的村庄。她说她们曾目击人民防卫部队（Popular Defense Forces）——一支政府民兵——进行的多次袭击。在六月份，民兵曾袭击正在田里劳作的村民，这两位妇女看到他们绑架了三个人，其中有两名女性。</p> <p>人道主义法律禁止攻击平民及其财产。苏丹政府军和叛军均有义务采取有效措施保护平民。他们应在有可能伤及平民时提前通知他们离开作战区域。军人也不应在平民地区驻扎或作战。</p> <p>在政府控制的城镇，被认为和苏丹人民解放军北方局有联系的人均有被捕的风险。该组织在2011年9月战斗蔓延至青尼罗州后被正式查禁。在南科多凡、青尼罗和苏丹其他地区，有数十位被怀疑是其成员的人遭到逮捕。人权观察称，苏丹应立即公布这些人的名字。当局应立即释放遭非法逮捕者，并确保那些被合法逮捕的人免受虐待和酷刑并享有完全的正当程序权利。</p> <p><strong>正在深化的人道主义危机</strong></p> <p>人权观察的研究员访问了两州境内的叛军控制区。他们发现逃离家园的平民社群正躲藏在灌木丛、高山、洞穴和其他地方。人权观察的研究员遇到的每个人都面对存粮日益減少的问题。他们几乎没法得到干净的水，也缺乏基本的医疗和药品。</p> <p>苏丹限制进出叛军地区，并持续阻止独立人道救援组织提供食品和服务。叛军控制区遭到了有效的封锁。这种政策导致平民无法获得药品和补给，也不能接触到医生和教师。研究员找到的诊所和医院均已关闭或被遗弃，其中一些被炸毁。</p> <p>苏丹的轰炸和对食品援助的阻挠导致两州的20万居民逃往南苏丹和埃塞俄比亚境内的难民营。然而，难民营地处战火纷飞的苏丹边境附近，且附近驻有各派军队，其安全受到持续威胁。难民营内的妇女和少女还谈到了有持续的性暴力威胁。</p> <p>八月份，经过数月的谈判后，苏丹同意执行经联合国、非盟和阿盟协商产生的“三方提案”。这三个组织均将派出观察员。提案还确立了向叛军地区居民提供援助的程序。然而，在商定时间内，苏丹并未着手评估对人道援助的需求。现在，苏丹更声称协议已经期满。</p> <p>“在冲突中任意阻止平民获得食物和人道援助是一项残忍的策略。它违反了国际人道主义法律，”伯克勒说，“那些阻止人们获得食品、药品和其他援助的人应被追究责任，包括来自国际社会的制裁。”</p> <p><strong>背景阅读</strong></p> <p>青尼罗州和南科多凡州位于南北苏丹边境北侧，其居民在苏丹的连年内战中主要支持南方的苏丹人民解放军。苏丹和苏丹人民解放军的冲突于2011年6月在南科多凡州爆发，9月蔓延至青尼罗州。冲突爆发前，苏丹执政的全国大会党（National Congress Party）与苏丹人民解放军就2005年签署的《全面和平协议》（Comprehensive Peace Agreement）中规定的安全措施产生的争端持续升温。该协定结束了长达22年的内战。</p><p> </p><p>苏丹人民解放军的北方组织通常被称为北方局。该组织主张，根据和平协定，各方在群众协商结束后应有六个月的时间撤军，而协商开始前冲突便已爆发。根据和平协议，作为苏丹领土，青尼罗州和南科多凡州应通过群众协商决定其政治架构。</p> <span style="display: none"> </span> </div><div class="translation-links"><div class="label">Also available in:</div> <ul class="translation-list"><li class="node_translation_ar first"><a href="/web/20130215070100/http://www.hrw.org/ar/news/2012/12/11-0" title="السودان - المدنيون يصفون عواقب الهجمات " class="translation-link">العربية</a></li> <li class="node_translation_en"><a href="/web/20130215070100/http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/12/11/sudan-civilians-describe-toll-attacks" title="Sudan: Civilians Describe Toll of Attacks" class="translation-link">English</a></li> <li class="node_translation_fr"><a 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