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href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ko.wikipedia.org&uselang=ko" class=""><span>기부</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%EB%A7%8C%EB%93%A4%EA%B8%B0&returnto=%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" title="계정을 만들고 로그인하는 것이 좋습니다. 하지만 필수는 아닙니다" class=""><span>계정 만들기</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EC%9D%B8&returnto=%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" title="위키백과에 로그인하면 여러가지 편리한 기능을 사용할 수 있습니다. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>로그인</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="더 많은 옵션" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="개인 도구" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">개인 도구</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="사용자 메뉴" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ko.wikipedia.org&uselang=ko"><span>기부</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%EB%A7%8C%EB%93%A4%EA%B8%B0&returnto=%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" title="계정을 만들고 로그인하는 것이 좋습니다. 하지만 필수는 아닙니다"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>계정 만들기</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EC%9D%B8&returnto=%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" title="위키백과에 로그인하면 여러가지 편리한 기능을 사용할 수 있습니다. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>로그인</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 로그아웃한 편집자를 위한 문서 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90:%EC%86%8C%EA%B0%9C" aria-label="편집에 관해 더 알아보기"><span>더 알아보기</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%AC" title="이 IP 주소의 편집 목록 [y]" accesskey="y"><span>기여</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%EC%9E%90%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0" title="현재 사용하는 IP 주소에 대한 토론 문서 [n]" accesskey="n"><span>토론</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="사이트"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="목차" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">목차</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">사이드바로 이동</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">숨기기</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">처음 위치</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-정의" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#정의"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>정의</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-정의-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>정의 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-정의-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-일반적_정의" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#일반적_정의"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>일반적 정의</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-일반적_정의-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-국제도량형사무국" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#국제도량형사무국"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>국제도량형사무국</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-국제도량형사무국-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-원자와_분자" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#원자와_분자"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>원자와 분자</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-원자와_분자-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-입자" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#입자"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>입자</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-입자-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-물질의_분류" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#물질의_분류"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>물질의 분류</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-물질의_분류-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>물질의 분류 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-물질의_분류-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-고체" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#고체"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>고체</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-고체-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-액체" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#액체"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>액체</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-액체-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-기체" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#기체"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>기체</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-기체-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-보스-아인슈타인_응축" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#보스-아인슈타인_응축"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>보스-아인슈타인 응축</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-보스-아인슈타인_응축-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-페르미온_응축" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#페르미온_응축"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>페르미온 응축</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-페르미온_응축-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-중성자별의_핵" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#중성자별의_핵"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>중성자별의 핵</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-중성자별의_핵-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-쿼크-글루온_플라스마" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#쿼크-글루온_플라스마"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>쿼크-글루온 플라스마</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-쿼크-글루온_플라스마-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-기본입자의_구조" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#기본입자의_구조"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>기본입자의 구조</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-기본입자의_구조-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>기본입자의 구조 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-기본입자의_구조-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-쿼크" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#쿼크"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>쿼크</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-쿼크-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-바리온" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#바리온"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>바리온</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-바리온-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-축퇴물질" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#축퇴물질"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>축퇴물질</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-축퇴물질-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-이상한_물질" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#이상한_물질"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>이상한 물질</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-이상한_물질-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-렙톤" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#렙톤"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>렙톤</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-렙톤-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-반물질" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#반물질"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>반물질</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-반물질-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-기타" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#기타"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>기타</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-기타-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-같이_보기" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#같이_보기"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>같이 보기</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-같이_보기-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-각주" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#각주"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>각주</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-각주-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-외부_링크" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#외부_링크"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>외부 링크</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-외부_링크-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="목차" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="목차 토글" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">목차 토글</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">물질</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="다른 언어로 문서를 방문합니다. 139개 언어로 읽을 수 있습니다" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-139" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">139개 언어</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materie" title="Materie – 아프리칸스어" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Materie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="아프리칸스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%81%E1%88%B5_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%8D" title="ቁስ አካል – 암하라어" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቁስ አካል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="암하라어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="पदार्थ – 앙가어" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पदार्थ" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="앙가어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="مادة – 아랍어" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مادة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="아랍어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="مادة – 모로코 아랍어" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="مادة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="모로코 아랍어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia" title="Materia – 아스투리아어" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Materia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="아스투리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiya_(fizika)" title="Materiya (fizika) – 아제르바이잔어" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Materiya (fizika)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="아제르바이잔어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_(%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9)" title="ماده (فیزیک) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماده (فیزیک)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materya" title="Materya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Materya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_(%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Матэрыя (фізіка) – 벨라루스어" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Матэрыя (фізіка)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="벨라루스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Материя (физика) – 불가리아어" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Материя (физика)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="불가리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="पदार्थ – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पदार्थ" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%BC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="ဒြပ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဒြပ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5" title="পদার্থ – 벵골어" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পদার্থ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="벵골어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="དངོས་པོ། – 티베트어" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དངོས་པོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="티베트어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materija" title="Materija – 보스니아어" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Materija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="보스니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A8ria" title="Matèria – 카탈로니아어" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Matèria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="카탈로니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%ACk-c%C3%A9k" title="Ŭk-cék – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ŭk-cék" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butang" title="Butang – 세부아노어" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Butang" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="세부아노어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A2%E1%8F%B3%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%8A" title="ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ – 체로키어" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="체로키어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AF%DB%95" title="ماددە – 소라니 쿠르드어" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماددە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="소라니 쿠르드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmota" title="Hmota – 체코어" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hmota" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="체코어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%C4%83%D0%BC%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Йăмлăх (физика) – 추바시어" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Йăмлăх (физика)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="추바시어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mater" title="Mater – 웨일스어" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mater" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="웨일스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stof_(fysik)" title="Stof (fysik) – 덴마크어" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stof (fysik)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="덴마크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materie_(Physik)" title="Materie (Physik) – 독일어" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Materie (Physik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="독일어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8E%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Ύλη – 그리스어" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ύλη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="그리스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter" title="Matter – 영어" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Matter" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="영어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materio" title="Materio – 에스페란토어" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Materio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="에스페란토어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia" title="Materia – 스페인어" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Materia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="스페인어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aine_(f%C3%BC%C3%BCsika)" title="Aine (füüsika) – 에스토니아어" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aine (füüsika)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="에스토니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia" title="Materia – 바스크어" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Materia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="바스크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia" title="Materia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Materia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_(%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9)" title="ماده (فیزیک) – 페르시아어" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماده (فیزیک)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="페르시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aine" title="Aine – 핀란드어" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aine" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="핀란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mateeri%C3%A4" title="Mateeriä – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Mateeriä" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mati%C3%A8re" title="Matière – 프랑스어" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Matière" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="프랑스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matearje" title="Matearje – 서부 프리지아어" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Matearje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="서부 프리지아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damhna" title="Damhna – 아일랜드어" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Damhna" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="아일랜드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maty%C3%A8r" title="Matyèr – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Matyèr" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia" title="Materia – 갈리시아어" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Materia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="갈리시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mba%27e" title="Mba'e – 과라니어" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mba'e" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="과라니어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vu%CC%8Dt-ch%E1%B9%B3t" title="Vu̍t-chṳt – 하카어" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Vu̍t-chṳt" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="하카어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8" title="חומר – 히브리어" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חומר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="히브리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="पदार्थ – 힌디어" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पदार्थ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="힌디어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materija" title="Materija – 크로아티아어" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Materija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="크로아티아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyag_(fizika)" title="Anyag (fizika) – 헝가리어" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Anyag (fizika)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="헝가리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1_(%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1)" title="Մատերիա (ֆիզիկա) – 아르메니아어" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մատերիա (ֆիզիկա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="아르메니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia" title="Materia – 인터링구아" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Materia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="인터링구아" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materi" title="Materi – 인도네시아어" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Materi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="인도네시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materio" title="Materio – 이도어" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Materio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="이도어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia_(fisica)" title="Materia (fisica) – 이탈리아어" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Materia (fisica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="이탈리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="物質 – 일본어" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="物質" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="일본어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata" title="Mata – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Mata" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/marji" title="marji – 로반어" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="marji" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="로반어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A8ri" title="Matèri – 자바어" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Matèri" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="자바어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მატერია – 조지아어" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მატერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="조지아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanga" title="Tanga – 커바일어" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tanga" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="커바일어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Зат – 카자흐어" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Зат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="카자흐어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BB" title="រូបធាតុ – 크메르어" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រូបធាតុ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="크메르어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ದ್ರವ್ಯ – 칸나다어" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದ್ರವ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="칸나다어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8E%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="پَدارتھ – 카슈미르어" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="پَدارتھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="카슈미르어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made_(k%C3%AEmya)" title="Made (kîmya) – 쿠르드어" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Made (kîmya)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="쿠르드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Материя (физика) – 키르기스어" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Материя (физика)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="키르기스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia_(physica)" title="Materia (physica) – 라틴어" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Materia (physica)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="라틴어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabuzimbe" title="Nabuzimbe – 간다어" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Nabuzimbe" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="간다어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mateia" title="Mateia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Mateia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materija_(fizika)" title="Materija (fizika) – 리투아니아어" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Materija (fizika)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="리투아니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C4%93rija" title="Matērija – 라트비아어" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Matērija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="라트비아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materi" title="Materi – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Materi" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaka" title="Zaka – 말라가시어" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Zaka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="말라가시어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materi" title="Materi – 미낭카바우어" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Materi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="미낭카바우어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Материја – 마케도니아어" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Материја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="마케도니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ദ്രവ്യം – 말라얄람어" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദ്രവ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="말라얄람어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Бодис – 몽골어" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бодис" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="몽골어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="पदार्थ – 마라티어" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पदार्थ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="마라티어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jirim" title="Jirim – 말레이어" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jirim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="말레이어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A9ria" title="Matéria – 미란데어" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Matéria" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="미란데어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%BC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="ဒြပ် – 버마어" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒြပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="버마어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Аваулемкс – 엘즈야어" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Аваулемкс" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="엘즈야어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materie" title="Materie – 저지 독일어" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Materie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="저지 독일어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="पदार्थ – 네팔어" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पदार्थ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="네팔어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="पदार्थ – 네와르어" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पदार्थ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="네와르어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materie" title="Materie – 네덜란드어" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Materie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="네덜란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materie" title="Materie – 노르웨이어(니노르스크)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Materie" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="노르웨이어(니노르스크)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materie" title="Materie – 노르웨이어(보크말)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Materie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="노르웨이어(보크말)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materie" title="Materie – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Materie" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A8ria" title="Matèria – 오크어" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Matèria" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="오크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watana" title="Watana – 오로모어" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Watana" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="오로모어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A5" title="ପଦାର୍ଥ – 오리야어" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପଦାର୍ଥ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="오리야어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A5" title="ਪਦਾਰਥ – 펀잡어" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਦਾਰਥ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="펀잡어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia" title="Materia – 파피아먼토어" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Materia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="파피아먼토어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substancja_(fizyka)" title="Substancja (fizyka) – 폴란드어" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Substancja (fizyka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="폴란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%81" title="مادہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مادہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87" title="ماده – 파슈토어" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ماده" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="파슈토어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A9ria" title="Matéria – 포르투갈어" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Matéria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="포르투갈어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imayay" title="Imayay – 케추아어" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Imayay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="케추아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materie" title="Materie – 루마니아어" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Materie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="루마니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Вещество – 러시아어" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вещество" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="러시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D)" title="द्रव्यम् (भौतविज्ञानम्) – 산스크리트어" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="द्रव्यम् (भौतविज्ञानम्)" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="산스크리트어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Материя – 야쿠트어" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Материя" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="야쿠트어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiter" title="Maiter – 스코틀랜드어" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Maiter" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="스코틀랜드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88" title="مادو – 신디어" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مادو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="신디어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materija" title="Materija – 세르비아-크로아티아어" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Materija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="세르비아-크로아티아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE%E0%B6%BA" title="පදාර්ථය – 싱할라어" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පදාර්ථය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="싱할라어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter" title="Matter – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Matter" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmota_(fyzika)" title="Hmota (fyzika) – 슬로바키아어" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hmota (fyzika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="슬로바키아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%AA%DB%92_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D9%82%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="میٹر تے ایندیاں قسماں – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="میٹر تے ایندیاں قسماں" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snov" title="Snov – 슬로베니아어" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Snov" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="슬로베니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhakatwa" title="Mhakatwa – 쇼나어" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mhakatwa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="쇼나어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maatar" title="Maatar – 소말리아어" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Maatar" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="소말리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ABnda" title="Lënda – 알바니아어" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lënda" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="알바니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Материја – 세르비아어" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Материја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="세르비아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A9ri" title="Matéri – 순다어" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Matéri" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="순다어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia" title="Materia – 스웨덴어" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Materia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="스웨덴어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maada" title="Maada – 스와힐리어" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Maada" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="스와힐리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="பருப்பொருள் – 타밀어" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பருப்பொருள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="타밀어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="పదార్థము – 텔루구어" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పదార్థము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="텔루구어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Модда (физика) – 타지크어" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Модда (физика)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="타지크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="สสาร – 태국어" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สสาร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="태국어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materya" title="Materya – 타갈로그어" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Materya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="타갈로그어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madde" title="Madde – 터키어" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Madde" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="터키어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiaka-Swilo" title="Xiaka-Swilo – 총가어" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Xiaka-Swilo" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="총가어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Матерія (фізика) – 우크라이나어" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Матерія (фізика)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="우크라이나어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%81" title="مادہ – 우르두어" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مادہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="우르두어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiya" title="Materiya – 우즈베크어" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Materiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="우즈베크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia" title="Materia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Materia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADt_ch%E1%BA%A5t" title="Vật chất – 베트남어" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vật chất" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="베트남어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materie" title="Materie – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Materie" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materya" title="Materya – 와라이어" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Materya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="와라이어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne-ne" title="Ne-ne – 월로프어" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Ne-ne" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="월로프어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="物質 – 우어" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="物質" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="우어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C" title="מאטריאל – 이디시어" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאטריאל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="이디시어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88l%C3%B2" title="Èlò – 요루바어" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èlò" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="요루바어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="物质 – 중국어" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="物质" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="중국어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="物質 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="物質" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%CC%8Dt-chit" title="Bu̍t-chit – 민난어" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bu̍t-chit" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="민난어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="物質 – 광둥어" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="物質" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="광둥어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTho" title="UTho – 줄루어" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UTho" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="줄루어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35758#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="언어 간 링크 편집" class="wbc-editpage">링크 편집</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="이름공간"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">보이기</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">사이드바로 이동</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">숨기기</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ko" dir="ltr"><p><span class="nowrap"></span> </p> <div class="dablink hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EB%8F%99%EC%9D%8C%EC%9D%B4%EC%9D%98%EC%96%B4_%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C" title="위키백과:동음이의어 문서"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Disambig_grey.svg/23px-Disambig_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Disambig_grey.svg/35px-Disambig_grey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Disambig_grey.svg/46px-Disambig_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> 이 문서는 현대 과학에서의 물질에 관한 것입니다. 다른 뜻에 대해서는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88_(%EB%8F%99%EC%9D%8C%EC%9D%B4%EC%9D%98)" class="mw-disambig" title="물질 (동음이의)">물질 (동음이의)</a> 문서를 참고하십시오.</div> <p><b>물질</b>(物質)의 고전적 정의는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EC%B2%B4" title="물체">물체</a>를 이루는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%A4%EC%B2%B4" title="실체">존재</a>이다.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 이에 따라 물질은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%88%EB%9F%89" title="질량">질량</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%80%ED%94%BC" title="부피">부피</a>를 갖는 존재로 정의되기도 한다.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 그러나, <a href="/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%9E%90%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="양자역학">양자역학</a>의 도입으로 물질에 대한 이러한 개념은 수정되어야 했다. 양자역학의 발견결과는 "질량을 갖는다"거나 "공간을 차지한다"는 것이 물질을 정의하는 명료한 개념이 될 수 없다는 것을 보여주었다. 양자역학을 연구하는 물리학자들은 질량과 부피가 물질 고유의 속성이 아니라 "기본 단위"의 상호 작용에 의해 변화되는 것이라는 점을 발견하였다.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 이를 물질의 상관 이론이라 한다.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>물질에 대한 개념은 기본 단위와 이것의 상호 작용을 발견하면서 재정의되어 왔다. 18세기 초 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%9E%91_%EB%89%B4%ED%84%B4" title="아이작 뉴턴">아이작 뉴턴</a>은 물질을 "내부가 채워져 있고, 질량을 가지며, 단단하고, 관통할 수 없으며, 운동하는 입자"로서 "더 이상 나뉠 수 없을 정도로 단단한 것"이라 보았다. 뉴턴은 질량, 부피와 같이 수학적으로 서술할 수 있는 것들을 물질의 일차적 특성으로 보았고 색, 맛과 같은 것들은 부차적 성질로 규정하였다.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 19세기에 들어 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EA%B8%B0%EC%9C%A8%ED%91%9C" title="주기율표">주기율표</a>와 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90%EB%A1%A0" title="원자론">원자론</a>이 발전하면서 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90" title="원자">원자</a>가 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EC%9E%90" title="분자">분자</a>와 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%A9%EB%AC%BC" title="화합물">화합물</a>을 이루는 기본 입자로 여겨지게 되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>19세기 말 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80%ED%94%84_%EC%A1%B4_%ED%86%B0%EC%8A%A8" title="조지프 존 톰슨">조지프 존 톰슨</a>이 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90" title="전자">전자</a>를 발견하였고, 20세기 초에는 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B0%80%EC%9D%B4%EA%B1%B0-%EB%A7%88%EC%A6%88%EB%93%A0_%EC%8B%A4%ED%97%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="가이거-마즈든 실험 (없는 문서)">가이거-마즈든 실험</a>을 통해 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90%ED%95%B5" title="원자핵">원자핵</a>이 발견되었다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%85%EC%9E%90%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="입자물리학">입자물리학</a>이 성립되자 원자는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90" title="전자">전자</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%90" title="중성자">중성자</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%90" title="양성자">양성자</a>로 구성되어 이들의 상호 작용에 의해 형성되었다는 것이 밝혀졌다. 오늘날에는 양성자와 중성자 역시 최소 단위의 입자가 아니며 이들은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%BF%BC%ED%81%AC" title="쿼크">쿼크</a>로 나뉠 수 있다는 사실이 알려져있다. 현대 물리학은 쿼크와 렙톤이 물질을 이루는 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EB%B3%B8%EC%9E%85%EC%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="기본입자">기본입자</a>라고 파악하고 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>쿼크와 렙톤은 네 종류의 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EB%B3%B8_%EC%83%81%ED%98%B8%EC%9E%91%EC%9A%A9" title="기본 상호작용">기본 상호작용</a>, 즉 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EB%A0%A5" title="중력">중력</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0%EB%A0%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="전자기력">전자기력</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%BD%ED%95%9C_%EC%83%81%ED%98%B8%EC%9E%91%EC%9A%A9" title="약한 상호작용">약한 상호작용</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%95%ED%95%9C_%EC%83%81%ED%98%B8%EC%9E%91%EC%9A%A9" title="강한 상호작용">강한 상호작용</a>에 의한 상호 작용으로 중성자, 양성자, 전자와 같은 여러 가지 입자들을 이룬다. 입자물리학의 <a href="/wiki/%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%AA%A8%ED%98%95" title="표준 모형">표준 모형</a>은 현재 모든 물리학 현상을 설명하는 가장 강력한 이론이다. 그러나, 지난 10년간의 노력에도 불구하고 중력은 양자 수준에서 설명되지 못하고 있다. 중력은 여전히 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%84%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="고전물리학">고전물리학</a>의 범주에서만 설명 가능하다.(<a href="/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%9E%90_%EC%A4%91%EB%A0%A5" title="양자 중력">양자 중력</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EB%A0%A5" title="중력">중력</a>을 참고할 것)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 쿼크와 렙톤 간의 상호작용은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EC%9E%90" title="광자">광자</a>와 같은 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%9E%98_%EC%A0%84%EB%8B%AC_%EC%9E%85%EC%9E%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="힘 전달 입자 (없는 문서)">힘 전달 입자</a>의 교환으로 이루어진다.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 힘 전달 입자는 쿼크와 렙톤의 상호작용에는 관여하나 스스로 물질을 구성하지는 않는다. 또한 힘 전달 입자는 질량과 에너지 중 한 가지만 전달할 수 있다. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EC%9E%90" title="광자">광자</a>는 전자기에너지만을 전달하며(<a href="/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%9E%91%ED%81%AC_%EC%83%81%EC%88%98" title="플랑크 상수">플랑크 상수</a>), <a href="/wiki/W%EC%99%80_Z%EB%B3%B4%EC%86%90" title="W와 Z보손">W 보손</a>은 약한 상호작용 에너지인 질량만을 전달한다. 한편, 광자와 w 보손 모두 물질을 구성하지는 않지만,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 원자나 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90_%EC%9E%85%EC%9E%90" title="아원자 입자">아원자 입자</a>의 전체 질량에는 포함된다.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88%EC%9D%98_%EC%83%81%ED%83%9C" title="물질의 상태">물질의 상태</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(또는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81_(%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC)" class="mw-redirect" title="상 (물리)">상</a>)에는 일반적으로 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%B2%B4" title="고체">고체</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%A1%EC%B2%B4" title="액체">액체</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%B2%B4" title="기체">기체</a>가 있다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="이론물리학">이론물리학</a>에서는 , <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EB%AF%B8%EC%98%A8_%EC%9D%91%EC%B6%95" title="페르미온 응축">페르미온 응축</a>과 같은 이론적 상을 다루기도 한다. 기본입자의 측면에서 보면 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%BF%BC%ED%81%AC-%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%98%A8_%ED%94%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4%EB%A7%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="쿼크-글루온 플라스마 (없는 문서)">쿼크-글루온 플라스마</a>와 같은 것 역시 물질의 상 가운데 하나로서 다루어질 수 있다. <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88%ED%8C%8C" title="물질파">물질파</a>라고 한다.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EB%A1%A0" title="우주론">우주론</a>에서는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%94%ED%9D%91_%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" class="mw-redirect" title="암흑 물질">암흑 물질</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%94%ED%9D%91_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="암흑 에너지">암흑 에너지</a>를 다루기도 한다. 이들은 기존 물리학에서 다루는 물질과는 조금 다른 개념으로 시각적으로 관찰할 수 없는 질량과 에너지를 갖는 존재를 다루기 위한 개념이다.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="정의"><span id=".EC.A0.95.EC.9D.98"></span>정의</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&section=1" title="부분 편집: 정의"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="일반적_정의"><span id=".EC.9D.BC.EB.B0.98.EC.A0.81_.EC.A0.95.EC.9D.98"></span>일반적 정의</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&section=2" title="부분 편집: 일반적 정의"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>물질에 대한 일반적인 정의는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%88%EB%9F%89" title="질량">질량</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%80%ED%94%BC" title="부피">부피</a>를 갖는 존재이다. 이러한 정의를 따르면 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EB%8F%99%EC%B0%A8" title="자동차">자동차</a> 등도 무게가 있으며 공간을 차지하므로 하나의 물질로 간주할 수 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>사람들은 아주 오래전부터 물질을 관찰하여 왔으나 물질이 왜 공간을 차지하는지에 대한 이론은 최근에야 정립되었다. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9A%B8%EB%A6%AC_%EB%B0%B0%ED%83%80_%EC%9B%90%EB%A6%AC" title="파울리 배타 원리">파울리 배타 원리</a>에 의하면 같은 양자 상태에 두 개의 동일한 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EB%AF%B8%EC%98%A8" title="페르미온">페르미온</a>이 존재할 수 없다. 이에 따라 물질은 중첩되지 않는다.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 파울리 배타 원리를 극명하게 보여주는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%9C%EC%B2%B4" title="천체">천체</a>로는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%B1%EC%83%89%EC%99%9C%EC%84%B1" title="백색왜성">백색왜성</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%90%EB%B3%84" title="중성자별">중성자별</a> 등이 있다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="국제도량형사무국"><span id=".EA.B5.AD.EC.A0.9C.EB.8F.84.EB.9F.89.ED.98.95.EC.82.AC.EB.AC.B4.EA.B5.AD"></span>국제도량형사무국</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&section=3" title="부분 편집: 국제도량형사무국"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C%EB%8F%84%EB%9F%89%ED%98%95%EC%B4%9D%ED%9A%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="국제도량형총회">국제도량형총회</a>의 산하기관인 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C%EB%8F%84%EB%9F%89%ED%98%95%EC%82%AC%EB%AC%B4%EA%B5%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="국제도량형사무국 (없는 문서)">국제도량형사무국</a>은 물질에 대해 "존재의 총합"이란 용어로서 정의하고 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="color:#90B5F0; width: 20px; vertical-align: top; font-size:40px;font-family:Georgia;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;">“ </td> <td style="padding:10px; vertical-align: top;">"존재의 총합"은 특정 표집이 그와 동일한 모든 표집에 대하여 수량적 비례 관계에 있는 요소들로 이루어져 있는 경우로 정의한다. 존재의 총합의 단위는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AA%B0_(%EB%8B%A8%EC%9C%84)" title="몰 (단위)">몰</a>이라하고 mol로 표기한다. <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" title="탄소">탄소</a> 12의 원자가 1 몰 있을 때의 질량을 0.012 <a href="/wiki/%ED%82%AC%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%A8" title="킬로그램">kg</a>, 즉 12 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%A8" title="그램">g</a>이라 한다. <ul><li>1. 탄소 12의 원자가 1 몰 있을 때의 원자 수량에 해당하는 수량과 같은 수량을 갖는 존재의 총합을 1 mol이라 한다.</li> <li>2. 몰로 표기될 수 있는 존재는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90" title="원자">원자</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EC%9E%90" title="분자">분자</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A8" title="이온">이온</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90" title="전자">전자</a>, 또는 기타 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%85%EC%9E%90" title="입자">입자</a>이며 열거한 입자들이 결합되어 있는 경우를 포함한다.</li></ul> </td> <td style="color:#A0B7F2; width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; font-size:40px;font-family:Georgia;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;">” </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="원자와_분자"><span id=".EC.9B.90.EC.9E.90.EC.99.80_.EB.B6.84.EC.9E.90"></span>원자와 분자</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&section=4" title="부분 편집: 원자와 분자"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="물리학">물리학</a>이나 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99" title="화학">화학</a>에서는 물질을 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90" title="원자">원자</a>나 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EC%9E%90" title="분자">분자</a>의 집합체로서 정의한다. 이 정의는 국제도량사무국의 정의에 일부 부합하는 것이긴 하나 몰 단위가 고려되지 않는 다는 점에서 다르다. <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>와 같은 물질은 원자와 분자로 결합되어 있다. 그러나 DNA를 다룰 때에는 몰 단위로서 파악하는 것은 의미가 없다. DNA를 통해 세대에서 세대로 유전되는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%A0%84%ED%98%95%EC%A7%88" class="mw-redirect" title="유전형질">형질</a> 등을 연구할 때 중요시 되는 것은 DNA의 염기서열과 같은 것이다. 또한 원자와 분자의 결합으로 물질을 설명하는 것에는 분명한 한계가 있다. 즉, 원자보다 작은 입자인 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90" title="전자">전자</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%90" title="양성자">양성자</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%90" title="중성자">중성자</a> 등과 이를 이루는 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EB%B3%B8%EC%9E%85%EC%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="기본입자">기본입자</a> 등을 다루는 경우와 <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4%EB%A7%88" title="플라스마">플라스마</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%ED%95%B4%EC%A7%88" title="전해질">전해질</a>과 같은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A8" title="이온">이온</a> 물질에 대해서는 별도의 정의가 필요하다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="입자"><span id=".EC.9E.85.EC.9E.90"></span>입자</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&section=5" title="부분 편집: 입자"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg/250px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg/375px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg/500px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="1330" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%AA%A8%ED%98%95" title="표준 모형">표준 모형</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EB%B3%B8%EC%9E%85%EC%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="기본입자">기본입자</a><br /> 보라색-쿼크, 녹색-경입자, 적색-보손</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%90" title="양성자">양성자</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%90" title="중성자">중성자</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90" title="전자">전자</a>가 원자를 이루는 물질이라 정의할 수 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 그러나 이러한 입자들 역시 가장 작은 물질의 기본 단위는 아니다. 이들은 다시 <a href="/wiki/%EC%BF%BC%ED%81%AC" title="쿼크">쿼크</a>와 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EC%9E%85%EC%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="경입자">경입자</a>과 같은 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EB%AF%B8%EC%98%A8" title="페르미온">페르미온</a>으로 분해될 수 있다. <a href="/wiki/%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%AA%A8%ED%98%95" title="표준 모형">표준 모형</a>에서는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EB%AF%B8%EC%98%A8" title="페르미온">페르미온</a>을 물질의 최소 단위로서 정의한다. 한편, 또다른 기본입자인 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%86%90" title="보손">보손</a>은 물질을 이루지 않으며 에너지만을 전달한다.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>입자에 의한 물질의 정의에 따르면 원자는 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EC%9E%85%EC%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="경입자">경입자</a>의 일종인 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90" title="전자">전자</a>와 <a href="/wiki/%EC%BF%BC%ED%81%AC" title="쿼크">쿼크</a>에 의해 이루어진 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="바리온">바리온</a>인 <a href="/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%90" title="양성자">양성자</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%90" title="중성자">중성자</a>로 이루어진다. 이렇게 이루어진 원자는 다시 분자를 구성한다. 이러한 의미에서 원자와 분자를 물질의 기본단위로 정의할 수 있다. 이러한 정의는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A8" title="이온">이온</a>과 같이 원자가 아닌 상태의 물질에서도 적용될 수 있다. </p><p>한편, 원자가 분해될 수 있다는 사실을 발견한 이래 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%85%EC%9E%90%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="입자물리학">입자물리학</a>은 더 작은 기본입자를 찾기 위한 실험을 계속해왔다.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 가장 처음 발견된 것은 두 종류의 쿼크(<a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84_%EC%BF%BC%ED%81%AC" title="위 쿼크">위</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%9E%98_%EC%BF%BC%ED%81%AC" title="아래 쿼크">아래</a>)와 두 종류의 경입자(<a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90" title="전자">전자</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90_%EC%A4%91%EC%84%B1%EB%AF%B8%EC%9E%90" title="전자 중성미자">전자 중성미자</a>)로 이를 1세대 입자라 한다. 이후 2세대 입자인 2종류의 쿼크(<a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%B5%EC%8B%9C_%EC%BF%BC%ED%81%AC" title="맵시 쿼크">맵시 쿼크</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EB%AC%98_%EC%BF%BC%ED%81%AC" title="기묘 쿼크">기묘 쿼크</a>)와 2종류의 경입자(<a href="/wiki/%EB%AE%A4%EC%98%A8" title="뮤온">뮤온</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%AE%A4%EC%98%A8_%EC%A4%91%EC%84%B1%EB%AF%B8%EC%9E%90" title="뮤온 중성미자">뮤온 중성미자</a>), 3 세대 입자인 <a href="/wiki/%EA%BC%AD%EB%8C%80%EA%B8%B0_%EC%BF%BC%ED%81%AC" title="꼭대기 쿼크">꼭대기 쿼크</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%8B%A5_%EC%BF%BC%ED%81%AC" title="바닥 쿼크">바닥 쿼크</a>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%80%EC%9A%B0" class="mw-disambig" title="타우">타우</a>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%80%EC%9A%B0_%EC%A4%91%EC%84%B1%EB%AF%B8%EC%9E%90" title="타우 중성미자">타우 중성미자</a>가 발견되었다. 여기서 세대는 발견 시기가 비슷한 입자들을 편의에 따라 묶은 것이다.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="물질의_분류"><span id=".EB.AC.BC.EC.A7.88.EC.9D.98_.EB.B6.84.EB.A5.98"></span>물질의 분류</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&section=6" title="부분 편집: 물질의 분류"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r34311305">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81_(%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88)" class="mw-redirect" title="상 (물질)">상 (물질)</a> 및 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88%EC%9D%98_%EC%83%81%ED%83%9C" title="물질의 상태">물질의 상태</a> 문서를 참고하십시오.</div> <p>물질은 환경에 따라 여러 가지 <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81_(%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88)" class="mw-redirect" title="상 (물질)">상</a>을 갖는다.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 물질의 상은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A8%EB%8F%84" title="온도">온도</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%95%EB%A0%A5" title="압력">압력</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%80%ED%94%BC" title="부피">부피</a>에 따라 변화한다.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 물질의 상이 변화하면 이와 관련된 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%80%EB%8F%84" title="밀도">밀도</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%97%B4%EC%9A%A9%EB%9F%89" title="비열용량">비열용량</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%B4%EC%A0%88%EB%A5%A0" title="굴절률">굴절률</a>과 같은 물리 화학적 특성역시 변화한다. 물질의 상으로는 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%B2%B4" title="고체">고체</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%A1%EC%B2%B4" title="액체">액체</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%B2%B4" title="기체">기체</a>가 널리 알려져 있다. 이 외에도 <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4%EB%A7%88" title="플라스마">플라스마</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EC%9C%A0%EC%B2%B4" title="초유체">초유체</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EA%B3%A0%EC%B2%B4" title="초고체">초고체</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%8A%A4-%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8_%EC%9D%91%EC%B6%95" title="보스-아인슈타인 응축">보스-아인슈타인 응축</a>과 같은 상이 있다. 이러한 물질의 상은 특성에 따라 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%B2%B4" title="유체">유체</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0" title="자기">자성체</a>등으로 분류할 수도 있다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%A1%EC%B2%B4" title="액체">액체</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%B2%B4" title="기체">기체</a>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4%EB%A7%88" title="플라스마">플라스마</a>와 같이 흐르는 성질을 갖는 물질의 상을 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%B2%B4" title="유체">유체</a>라 하며 <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81%EC%9E%90%EC%84%B1" title="상자성">상자성</a>이나 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%95%EC%9E%90%EC%84%B1" title="강자성">강자성</a>을 보이는 상을 자성체라 한다. 플라스마는 유체의 특성과 상자성의 특성을 모두 갖고 있다. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="열역학">열역학</a>에서는 물질의 상을 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88%EC%9D%98_%EC%83%81%ED%83%9C" title="물질의 상태">물질의 상태</a>로 파악한다. 예를 들어 서로 다른 두 종류의 물질이 온도와 압력의 변화로 고체가 되었을 경우 이 두 물질이 받는 온도와 압력이 모두 다르더라도 둘 다 고체라 할 수 있다. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Phase_diagram_for_pure_substance.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Phase_diagram_for_pure_substance.JPG/250px-Phase_diagram_for_pure_substance.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Phase_diagram_for_pure_substance.JPG/375px-Phase_diagram_for_pure_substance.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Phase_diagram_for_pure_substance.JPG/500px-Phase_diagram_for_pure_substance.JPG 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption><b>물질의 상평형</b><br />가로축-온도 / 세로축-압력<br />solid:고체<br />Liquid:액체<br />Gas:기체<br />triple point:삼중점<br />Critical point:임계점<br />대부분의 물질은 저온 고압일 때 고체가 되며 고유의 삼중점을 갖는다. 임계점 이상의 영역에서 물질은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EC%9C%A0%EC%B2%B4" title="초유체">초유체</a>가 된다.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="고체"><span id=".EA.B3.A0.EC.B2.B4"></span>고체</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&section=7" title="부분 편집: 고체"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311305"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> 이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%B2%B4" title="고체">고체</a>입니다.</div> <p>고체는 일정한 모양을 가지고 있어 힘이나 압력의 변화에도 모양이나 부피가 변하지 않고 자체 구조를 유지하는 물질 상태이다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%94%EC%84%9D" title="암석">암석</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%88%EC%86%8D" title="금속">금속</a>과 같이 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%95%EB%8F%84_(%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC)" class="mw-redirect" title="강도 (물리)">강도</a>가 강한 물질부터 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A2%85%EC%9D%B4" title="종이">종이</a>와 같이 유연한 것, <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%A6%AC" title="유리">유리</a>와 같이 결정이 없는 것 등 여러 종류가 있다. 대표적으로 <a href="/wiki/%EC%96%BC%EC%9D%8C" title="얼음">얼음</a>을 들 수 있다. 고체는 분자 사이의 간격이 매우 조밀하고 아주 규칙적으로 배열되어 있어 일정한 모양과 부피가 있다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="액체"><span id=".EC.95.A1.EC.B2.B4"></span>액체</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&section=8" title="부분 편집: 액체"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311305"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> 이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%A1%EC%B2%B4" title="액체">액체</a>입니다.</div> <p>액체는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%90%EC%84%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="점성">점성</a>을 갖는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%B2%B4" title="유체">유체</a>이다. 일정한 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%80%ED%94%BC" title="부피">부피</a>를 갖고 있으나 형태를 유지하지는 못한다. 대표적으로 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC" title="물">물</a>이 있다. 액체는 고체보다 분자 사이의 간격이 넓고 고체에 비해 분자가 자유롭게 운동하기 때문에 담는 곳에 따른 모양이 다르다(하지만 부피는 일정하다). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="기체"><span id=".EA.B8.B0.EC.B2.B4"></span>기체</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&section=9" title="부분 편집: 기체"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311305"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> 이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%B2%B4" title="기체">기체</a>입니다.</div> <p>일정한 응집력이 없는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%B2%B4" title="유체">유체</a>이다. 응집력이 없기 때문에 모양과 부피가 일정하지 않다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%A6%9D%EA%B8%B0" title="수증기">수증기</a>가 대표적이다. 기체의 분자 사이의 간격은 매우 넓고 불규칙하여 일정한 모양과 부피가 없다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="보스-아인슈타인_응축"><span id=".EB.B3.B4.EC.8A.A4-.EC.95.84.EC.9D.B8.EC.8A.88.ED.83.80.EC.9D.B8_.EC.9D.91.EC.B6.95"></span>보스-아인슈타인 응축</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&section=10" title="부분 편집: 보스-아인슈타인 응축"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311305"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> 이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%8A%A4-%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8_%EC%9D%91%EC%B6%95" title="보스-아인슈타인 응축">보스-아인슈타인 응축</a>입니다.</div> <p>보스-아인슈타인 응축은 보즈가 이론적 토대를 마련하고 아인슈타인이 이를 보완하여 예견한 물질의 상이다. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%86%90" title="보손">보손</a> 입자들이 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%88%EB%8C%80_%EC%98%81%EB%8F%84" title="절대 영도">절대 영도</a>에 근접할 때 응축하여 나타난다. 실험실에서의 증명은 1995년 6월 5일 항공물리 공동연구소(JILA)에서 코넬, 와이먼과 동료 연구자들에 의해 이루어졌다. 그들은 2000개 정도의 루비듐87 원자가 포함된 기체를 레이저 냉각(1997년 노벨 물리학상을 받은 기술)과 자기 증발 냉각 기술을 이용해 170nK까지 냉각시켜 보스-아인슈타인 응축의 관찰에 성공하였다.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 이로부터 넉달 후 MIT의 볼프강 케테를레가 독립적으로 진행한 연구에서 나트륨23 원자를 냉각시켜 성공하였다. 케텔레의 연구는 100배 더 많은 원자를 이용하여 두 개의 다른 응축 사이에 양자 간섭이 일어나는 것을 관찰하는 등 중요한 성과를 얻었다. 코넬, 와이먼, 케테를레는 이 성과로 <a href="/wiki/2001%EB%85%84" title="2001년">2001년</a> <a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8_%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99%EC%83%81" title="노벨 물리학상">노벨 물리학상</a>을 수상하였다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="페르미온_응축"><span id=".ED.8E.98.EB.A5.B4.EB.AF.B8.EC.98.A8_.EC.9D.91.EC.B6.95"></span>페르미온 응축</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&section=11" title="부분 편집: 페르미온 응축"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311305"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> 이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EB%AF%B8%EC%98%A8_%EC%9D%91%EC%B6%95" title="페르미온 응축">페르미온 응축</a>입니다.</div> <p>페르미온 응축은 여러 면에서 보스-아인슈타인 응축과 비슷한 물질의 상이다. 그러나, 보스-아인슈타인 응축의 대상인 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%86%90" title="보손">보손</a> 대신 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EB%AF%B8%EC%98%A8" title="페르미온">페르미온</a>이 극 저온에 이르렀을 때 나타나는 현상이다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EC%A0%84%EB%8F%84" class="mw-redirect" title="초전도">초전도</a>와 관련한 전자의 상태를 예측하면서 페르미온 응축이 예견되었으며, 2003년 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%8D%B0%EB%B3%B4%EB%9D%BC_S_%EC%A7%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="데보라 S 진 (없는 문서)">데보라 S 진</a>이 실험실에서 만들어내었다.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 이 실험에서 페르미온 응축을 만들기 위해 도달한 온도는 50-350 nK이다.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="중성자별의_핵"><span id=".EC.A4.91.EC.84.B1.EC.9E.90.EB.B3.84.EC.9D.98_.ED.95.B5"></span>중성자별의 핵</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&section=12" title="부분 편집: 중성자별의 핵"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Neutron_star_cross-section.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Neutron_star_cross-section.JPG/250px-Neutron_star_cross-section.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Neutron_star_cross-section.JPG/375px-Neutron_star_cross-section.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Neutron_star_cross-section.JPG/500px-Neutron_star_cross-section.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1076" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>중성자별의 단면 모형(다른 모형도 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ) 중성자별의 과도한 압력으로 인해 표면에서 10km 아래의 구역에서 초유체 성질을 지닌 액상 중성자가 될 것으로 추정되고 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311305"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%90%EB%B3%84" title="중성자별">중성자별</a> 문서를 참고하십시오.</div> <p><a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%90%EB%B3%84" title="중성자별">중성자별</a>은 자체 밀도로 인해 매우 강한 내부 압력을 갖는다. 이 때문에 중성자별의 핵은 기존의 물질의 상과는 다른 상을 띌 것으로 추정된다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%B0%AC%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%84%B8%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4_%ED%95%9C%EA%B3%84" title="찬드라세카르 한계">찬드라세카르 한계</a>에 근접한 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%B1%EC%83%89%EC%99%9C%EC%84%B1" title="백색왜성">백색왜성</a>은 태양의 약 1.4배에 달하는 질량을 갖는다. 이보다 더 큰 질량을 갖게 되면 백색왜성은 붕괴되어 중성자별이나 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80" title="블랙홀">블랙홀</a>, 또는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%BF%BC%ED%81%AC%EB%B3%84" title="쿼크별">쿼크별</a>이 된다. 이러한 압력을 받으면 붕괴된 입자가 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9A%B8%EB%A6%AC_%EB%B0%B0%ED%83%80_%EC%9B%90%EB%A6%AC" title="파울리 배타 원리">파울리 배타 원리</a>에 의해 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B6%95%ED%87%B4%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" title="축퇴물질">축퇴물질</a>을 형성할 수 있다. 태양의 1.5배에서 3배의 질량을 갖는 중성자별의 경우 <a href="/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%90" title="양성자">양성자</a>와 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90" title="전자">전자</a>가 충돌하여 중성자가 되는 현상이 발생한다. 중성자 역시 페르미온이므로 이러한 축퇴의 결과 역시 파울리 배타 원리가 유지되는데 이러한 상태에 이른 물질의 상을 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A4%91%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%90_%EC%B6%95%ED%87%B4_%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="중성자 축퇴 물질 (없는 문서)">중성자 축퇴 물질</a>이라 한다.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="쿼크-글루온_플라스마"><span id=".EC.BF.BC.ED.81.AC-.EA.B8.80.EB.A3.A8.EC.98.A8_.ED.94.8C.EB.9D.BC.EC.8A.A4.EB.A7.88"></span>쿼크-글루온 플라스마</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&section=13" title="부분 편집: 쿼크-글루온 플라스마"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311305"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> 이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%BF%BC%ED%81%AC-%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%98%A8_%ED%94%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4%EB%A7%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="쿼크-글루온 플라스마 (없는 문서)">쿼크-글루온 플라스마</a>입니다.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311305"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%98%A8" title="글루온">글루온</a> 및 <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%93%9C%EB%A1%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="하드론">하드론</a> 문서를 참고하십시오.</div> <p><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%98%A8" title="글루온">글루온</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%93%9C%EB%A1%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="하드론">하드론</a>이 플라스마 형태로 존재할 수 있다는 이론에 의해 예견된 가상의 물질 상이다. 아직 확인되지는 않았다.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="기본입자의_구조"><span id=".EA.B8.B0.EB.B3.B8.EC.9E.85.EC.9E.90.EC.9D.98_.EA.B5.AC.EC.A1.B0"></span>기본입자의 구조</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&section=14" title="부분 편집: 기본입자의 구조"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%85%EC%9E%90%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="입자물리학">입자물리학</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%AA%A8%ED%98%95" title="표준 모형">표준 모형</a>에서 물질을 이루는 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EB%B3%B8%EC%9E%85%EC%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="기본입자">기본입자</a>는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EB%AF%B8%EC%98%A8" title="페르미온">페르미온</a>이다. 페르미온은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%BF%BC%ED%81%AC" title="쿼크">쿼크</a>와 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A0%99%ED%86%A4" title="렙톤">렙톤</a>으로 구분되며 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EB%AF%B8-%EB%94%94%EB%9E%99_%ED%86%B5%EA%B3%84" title="페르미-디랙 통계">페르미-디랙 통계</a>에 따라 분포한다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="쿼크"><span id=".EC.BF.BC.ED.81.AC"></span>쿼크</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&section=15" title="부분 편집: 쿼크"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311305"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> 이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%BF%BC%ED%81%AC" title="쿼크">쿼크</a>입니다.</div> <p>쿼크는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="바리온">바리온</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EC%A1%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="메존">메존</a>을 이루는 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EB%B3%B8%EC%9E%85%EC%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="기본입자">기본입자</a>이다. 쿼크의 종류와 물리적 특징은 아래의 표와 같다. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>이름(영문)</th> <th>기호</th> <th>전하량</th> <th>질량 (<a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EB%B3%BC%ED%8A%B8" title="전자볼트">MeV</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td>위(Up)</td> <td>u</td> <td>+2/3</td> <td>1.5 - 5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>아래(Down)</td> <td>d</td> <td>-1/3</td> <td>17 - 25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>맵시(Charm)</td> <td>c</td> <td>+2/3</td> <td>1100 - 1400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>기묘(Strange)</td> <td>s</td> <td>-1/3</td> <td>60 - 170 </td></tr> <tr> <td>꼭대기(Top)</td> <td>t</td> <td>+2/3</td> <td>165000 - 180000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>바닥(Bottom)</td> <td>b</td> <td>-1/3</td> <td>4100 - 4400 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="바리온"><span id=".EB.B0.94.EB.A6.AC.EC.98.A8"></span>바리온</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&section=16" title="부분 편집: 바리온"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Proton_quark_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Proton_quark_structure.svg/220px-Proton_quark_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Proton_quark_structure.svg/330px-Proton_quark_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Proton_quark_structure.svg/440px-Proton_quark_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>두개의 업 쿼크와 하나의 다운 쿼크가 양성자를 이루고 있다.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311305"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> 이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="바리온">바리온</a>입니다.</div> <p>바리온은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%95%ED%95%9C_%EC%83%81%ED%98%B8%EC%9E%91%EC%9A%A9" title="강한 상호작용">강한 상호작용</a>을 하는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%90" title="양성자">양성자</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%90" title="중성자">중성자</a>를 통틀어 부르는 이름이다. 세 개의 쿼크로 이루어져 있다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="축퇴물질"><span id=".EC.B6.95.ED.87.B4.EB.AC.BC.EC.A7.88"></span>축퇴물질</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&section=17" title="부분 편집: 축퇴물질"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311305"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> 이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B6%95%ED%87%B4%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" title="축퇴물질">축퇴물질</a>입니다.</div> <p>입자물리학에서는 축퇴물질을 페르미온 기체가 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%88%EB%8C%80_%EC%98%81%EB%8F%84" title="절대 영도">절대 영도</a>에 근접할 때 나타나는 바닥상태로 정의한다.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9A%B8%EB%A6%AC_%EB%B0%B0%ED%83%80_%EC%9B%90%EB%A6%AC" title="파울리 배타 원리">파울리 배타 원리</a>에 의해 페르미온은 같은 양자 상태에서 업 또는 다운 스핀 중 하나만을 취할 수 있다. 이에 따라 절대 영도에서 페르미온은 수용 가능한 모든 상태로 채워진다. 이렇게 페르미온이 보통의 온도에 있을 때 보다 과도하게 쌓이면 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EB%AF%B8_%EC%A4%80%EC%9C%84" title="페르미 준위">페르미 준위</a>는 최대점에 도달하게 되고 일반적인 물질의 상과는 다른 상을 형성하게 된다. 축퇴물질은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%B1%EC%83%89%EC%99%9C%EC%84%B1" title="백색왜성">백색왜성</a>보다 무거운 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%90%EB%B3%84" title="중성자별">중성자별</a> 등에서 존재할 것으로 추정된다.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%EC%B0%AC%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%84%B8%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4_%ED%95%9C%EA%B3%84" title="찬드라세카르 한계">찬드라세카르 한계</a>를 넘어서는 질량을 갖는 별들은 <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%AD%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%98_%EC%A7%84%ED%99%94" class="mw-redirect" title="항성의 진화">항성의 진화</a>과정을 거쳐 이러한 단계에 이르게 된다.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="이상한_물질"><span id=".EC.9D.B4.EC.83.81.ED.95.9C_.EB.AC.BC.EC.A7.88"></span>이상한 물질</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&section=18" title="부분 편집: 이상한 물질"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311305"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> 이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9D%B4%EC%83%81%ED%95%9C_%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="이상한 물질 (없는 문서)">이상한 물질</a>입니다.</div> <p>이상한 물질은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%BF%BC%ED%81%AC" title="쿼크">쿼크 물질</a>의 특이 상태로 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84_%EC%BF%BC%ED%81%AC" title="위 쿼크">위 쿼크</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%9E%98_%EC%BF%BC%ED%81%AC" title="아래 쿼크">아래 쿼크</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EB%AC%98_%EC%BF%BC%ED%81%AC" title="기묘 쿼크">기묘 쿼크</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 가 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%A1%EC%B2%B4" title="액체">액체</a>의 상을 이루고 있는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81_(%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88)" class="mw-redirect" title="상 (물질)">상</a>이다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%90%EB%B3%84" title="중성자별">중성자별</a>의 핵부분과 <a href="/wiki/%EC%BF%BC%ED%81%AC%EB%B3%84" title="쿼크별">쿼크별</a>에 존재할 것으로 추정된다.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="렙톤"><span id=".EB.A0.99.ED.86.A4"></span>렙톤</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&section=19" title="부분 편집: 렙톤"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311305"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> 이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A0%99%ED%86%A4" title="렙톤">렙톤</a>입니다.</div> <p>렙톤은 스핀 1/2인, 페르미온이면서 강한 상호작용의 영향을 받지 않는 입자이다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90" title="전자">전자</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%AE%A4%EC%98%A8" title="뮤온">뮤온</a>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%80%EC%9A%B0%EC%98%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="타우온">타우온</a>과 같은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%84%B1_%EB%AF%B8%EC%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="중성 미자">중성 미자</a>가 렙톤에 해당한다.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 렙톤의 종류와 물리 특성은 아래와 같다. </p> <table class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" align="center"><b>하전 입자 / 반입자</b> </th> <th colspan="4" align="center"><b>중성미자 / 반중성미자</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th>이름 </th> <th>기호 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%ED%95%98" title="전하">전하</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%88%EB%9F%89" title="질량">질량</a> (<a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EB%B3%BC%ED%8A%B8" title="전자볼트">MeV</a>) </th> <th>이름 </th> <th>기호 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%ED%95%98" title="전하">전하</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%88%EB%9F%89" title="질량">질량</a> (<a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EB%B3%BC%ED%8A%B8" title="전자볼트">MeV</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90" title="전자">전자</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90" title="양전자">양전자</a> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e^{-}\,/\,e^{+}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e^{-}\,/\,e^{+}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fb8a692270cd23b78314ab2b9066556b065dab3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.125ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e^{-}\,/\,e^{+}}"></span> </td> <td>−1 / +1 </td> <td>0.511 </td> <td>전자 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%84%B1%EB%AF%B8%EC%9E%90" title="중성미자">중성미자</a> / 전자 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EC%A4%91%EC%84%B1%EB%AF%B8%EC%9E%90" title="반중성미자">반중성미자</a> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu _{e}\,/\,{\overline {\nu }}_{e}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>ν</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu _{e}\,/\,{\overline {\nu }}_{e}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/94ae32637bb8350403ec53b52bc9a2bf81d17645" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.483ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu _{e}\,/\,{\overline {\nu }}_{e}}"></span> </td> <td>0 </td> <td><0.000003 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%EB%AE%A4%EC%98%A8" title="뮤온">뮤온</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EB%AE%A4%EC%98%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="반뮤온">반뮤온</a> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu ^{-}\,/\,\mu ^{+}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu ^{-}\,/\,\mu ^{+}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3ae3e66bc2cfee534c6d825b022fdce10f384d2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.762ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu ^{-}\,/\,\mu ^{+}}"></span> </td> <td>−1 / +1 </td> <td>105.6 </td> <td>뮤온 중성미자 / 뮤온 반중성미자 </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu _{\mu }\,/\,{\overline {\nu }}_{\mu }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>ν</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu _{\mu }\,/\,{\overline {\nu }}_{\mu }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b5c763110c34b4ce78ef903721aaddfb0171a7cf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.933ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu _{\mu }\,/\,{\overline {\nu }}_{\mu }}"></span> </td> <td>0 </td> <td><0.19 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%ED%83%80%EC%9A%B0%EC%98%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="타우온">타우온</a> / <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%98%ED%83%80%EC%9A%B0%EC%98%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="반타우온">반타우온</a> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau ^{-}\,/\,\tau ^{+}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>τ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mi>τ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau ^{-}\,/\,\tau ^{+}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9c4e5d5bdd0ef27caf4295b841f6218a56cd9826" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.474ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau ^{-}\,/\,\tau ^{+}}"></span> </td> <td>−1 / +1 </td> <td>1777 </td> <td>타우온 중성미자 / 타우온 반중성미자 </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu _{\tau }\,/\,{\overline {\nu }}_{\tau }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>τ</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>ν</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>τ</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu _{\tau }\,/\,{\overline {\nu }}_{\tau }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4ac2d6c00341011a6ef593aaabc31f89cd33e754" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.651ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu _{\tau }\,/\,{\overline {\nu }}_{\tau }}"></span> </td> <td>0 </td> <td><18.2 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="반물질"><span id=".EB.B0.98.EB.AC.BC.EC.A7.88"></span>반물질</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&section=20" title="부분 편집: 반물질"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311305"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> 이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" title="반물질">반물질</a>입니다.</div> <table class="infobox" style="width:250px; font-size:80%;"> <tbody><tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99%EC%9D%98_%EB%AF%B8%ED%95%B4%EA%B2%B0_%EB%AC%B8%EC%A0%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="물리학의 미해결 문제">물리학의 미해결 문제</a>:<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B0%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A8_%EB%B6%88%EA%B7%A0%ED%98%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="바리온 불균형 (없는 문서)">바리온 불균형</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Question_mark2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Question_mark2.svg/50px-Question_mark2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Question_mark2.svg/75px-Question_mark2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Question_mark2.svg/100px-Question_mark2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="71" data-file-height="92" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>관측 가능한 우주에서 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" title="반물질">반물질</a>보다 물질이 많은 까닭은 무엇인가? </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>반물질은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EC%9E%85%EC%9E%90" title="반입자">반입자</a>의 개념을 물질로 확대시킨 것이다. 물질이 입자로 이루어져 있듯이 반물질은 반입자로 구성되어 있다. </p><p>보통의 물질을 구성하는 소립자(양성자, 중성자, 전자 등)의 반입자(반양성자, 반중성자, 양전자 등)로 구성되는 물질을 말한다. 입자와 반입자가 만나면 상호작용하여 감마선이나 중성미자로 변하기 때문에 존재를 확인하기 어렵다. 실제로 확인한 반물질은 반중성자, 반양성자, 반중양성자 등이 있다.또한 반물질과 물질이 서로 접촉하면 쌍소멸이 일어나고 막대한 양의 에너지가 발생한다. </p><p>관측 가능한 우주에서 물질이 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" title="반물질">반물질</a>보다 많은 까닭은 아직까지 밝혀지지 않고 있다. 이를 <a href="/wiki/CP_%EC%9C%84%EB%B0%98" title="CP 위반">CP 위반</a>이라 한다. 약한 상호작용에서는 쿼크의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%88%EB%9F%89" title="질량">질량</a> 고유상태와 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%9B%EA%B9%94_(%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="맛깔 (물리학)">맛</a> 고유상태가 일치하지 않는 3개 이상의 쿼크가 있다면 지금까지 관측된 CP 위반을 설명할 수 있다. 이를 예견한 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%B0%94%EC%95%BC%EC%8B%9C_%EB%A7%88%EC%BD%94%ED%86%A0_(%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99%EC%9E%90)" title="고바야시 마코토 (물리학자)">고바야시 마코토</a>와 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%B4%EC%99%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%8B%9C%ED%9E%88%EB%8D%B0" title="마스카와 도시히데">마스카와 도시히데</a>는 2008년 <a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8_%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99%EC%83%81" title="노벨 물리학상">노벨 물리학상</a>을 받게 되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="기타"><span id=".EA.B8.B0.ED.83.80"></span>기타</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&section=21" title="부분 편집: 기타"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>천문학에서 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%94%ED%9D%91_%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" class="mw-redirect" title="암흑 물질">암흑 물질</a>은 빛을 비롯한 전자기 복사가 없어 그 자체로는 관측되지 않는 물질을 말한다. 관측 가능한 우주에서 암흑물질은 전체 질량의 23%를 차지하고 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 암흑 물질을 이루는 물질로는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%A1%EC%8B%9C%EC%98%A8" title="액시온">액시온</a>과 같은 가상의 입자가 제안되고 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="같이_보기"><span id=".EA.B0.99.EC.9D.B4_.EB.B3.B4.EA.B8.B0"></span>같이 보기</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&section=22" title="부분 편집: 같이 보기"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%88%EB%9F%89" title="질량">질량</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="에너지">에너지</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%85%EC%9E%90%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="입자물리학">입자물리학</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="각주"><span id=".EA.B0.81.EC.A3.BC"></span>각주</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&section=23" title="부분 편집: 각주"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r35556958">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Penrose (1991). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=ZU1LL4IbDKcC&pg=PA21">The mass of the classical vacuum</a>". in S. Saunders, H.R. Brown. The Philosophy of Vacuum. Oxford University Press. p. 21. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r38117996">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-19-824449-5" title="특수:책찾기/0-19-824449-5">0-19-824449-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessscience.com/abstract.aspx?id=410600&referURL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.accessscience.com%2fcontent.aspx%3fid%3d410600">Matter (physics)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110617073828/http://www.accessscience.com/abstract.aspx?id=410600&referURL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.accessscience.com%2fcontent.aspx%3fid%3d410600">Archived</a> 2011년 6월 17일 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a>". McGraw-Hill's Access Science: Encyclopedia of Science and Technology Online. Retrieved 2009-05-24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Mongillo (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=j69lwrrQ4nsC&pg=PA30#v=onepage&q=&f=false">Nanotechnology 101</a>. Greenwood Publishing. p. 30. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-313-33880-9" title="특수:책찾기/0-313-33880-9">0-313-33880-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Davies (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=akb2FpZSGnMC&pg=PA1">The New Physics: A Synthesis</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-521-43831-4" title="특수:책찾기/0-521-43831-4">0-521-43831-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">G. 't Hooft (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=e-7eAp-bVbEC&pg=PA6">In search of the ultimate building blocks</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 6. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-521-57883-3" title="특수:책찾기/0-521-57883-3">0-521-57883-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The particulate theory of matter dates back to Leucippus (≈490 BC) and Democritus (≈470-380 BC). See J. Olmsted, G.M. Williams (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=1vnk6J8knKkC&pg=PA40#v=onepage&q=&f=false">Chemistry: The Molecular Science (2nd ed.)</a>. Jones & Bartlett. p. 40. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-8151-8450-6" title="특수:책찾기/0-8151-8450-6">0-8151-8450-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Newton's 31st query, as quoted by D.R. Oldroyd (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=X78OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q=&f=false">The Arch of Knowledge: An Introductory Study of the History of the Philosophy and Methodology of Science</a>. Routledge. p. 83. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-416-01341-4" title="특수:책찾기/0-416-01341-4">0-416-01341-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Wenham (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=9vWrbr42VA0C&pg=PA115">Understanding Primary Science: Ideas, Concepts and Explanations (2nd ed.)</a>. Paul Chapman Educational Publishing. p. 115. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/1-4129-0163-4" title="특수:책찾기/1-4129-0163-4">1-4129-0163-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Povh, K. Rith, C. Scholz, F. Zetsche, M. Lavelle (2004). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=rJe4k8tkq7sC&pg=PA9&dq=povh+%22building+blocks+of+matter%22&lr=&as_brr=0#PPA1,M1">Fundamental constituents of matter</a>". Particles and Nuclei: An Introduction to the Physical Concepts (4th ed.). Springer. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/3-540-20168-8" title="특수:책찾기/3-540-20168-8">3-540-20168-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Allday (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=kgsBbv3-9xwC&pg=PA12#v=onepage&q=&f=false">Quarks, Leptons and the Big Bang</a>. CRC Press. p. 12. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-7503-0806-0" title="특수:책찾기/0-7503-0806-0">0-7503-0806-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">B.A. Schumm (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=htJbAf7xA_oC&pg=PA57">Deep Down Things: The Breathtaking Beauty of Particle Physics</a>. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 57. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-8018-7971-X" title="특수:책찾기/0-8018-7971-X">0-8018-7971-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Jibu, K. Yasue (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=iNUvcniwvg0C&pg=PA62">Quantum Brain Dynamics and Consciousness</a>. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 62. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/1-55619-183-9" title="특수:책찾기/1-55619-183-9">1-55619-183-9</a>. <ul><li>B. Martin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=ws8QZ2M5OR8C&pg=PT143">Nuclear and Particle Physics (2nd ed.)</a>. Wiley. p. 125. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-470-74275-5" title="특수:책찾기/0-470-74275-5">0-470-74275-5</a>.</li> <li>K.W. Plaxco, M. Gross (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=2JuGDL144BEC&pg=PA23">Astrobiology: A Brief Introduction</a>. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 23. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-8018-8367-9" title="특수:책찾기/0-8018-8367-9">0-8018-8367-9</a>.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P.A. Tipler, R.A. Llewellyn (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=tpU18JqcSNkC&pg=PA94">Modern Physics. Macmillan</a>. pp. 89–91, 94–95. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-7167-4345-0" title="특수:책찾기/0-7167-4345-0">0-7167-4345-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Schmüser, H. Spitzer (2002). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=mGj1y1WYflMC&printsec=frontcover#PPA773,M1">Particles</a>". in L. Bergmann et al.. Constituents of Matter: Atoms, Molecules, Nuclei. CRC Press. pp. 773 ff. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-8493-1202-7" title="특수:책찾기/0-8493-1202-7">0-8493-1202-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matter" class="extiw" title="en:State of matter">State of matter</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P.C.W. Davies (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Av08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA116&dq=%22matter+field%22&lr=&as_brr=0">The Forces of Nature</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 116. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-521-22523-X" title="특수:책찾기/0-521-22523-X">0-521-22523-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">a b S. Weinberg (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=2oPZJJerMLsC&pg=PA5&dq=Weinberg+%22matter+field%22&lr=&as_brr=0#PPA5,M1">The Quantum Theory of Fields. Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 2. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-521-55002-5" title="특수:책찾기/0-521-55002-5">0-521-55002-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Masujima (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=OM15pk3ZHf0C&pg=PA103">Path Integral Quantization and Stochastic Quantization</a>. Springer. p. 103. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/3-540-87850-5" title="특수:책찾기/3-540-87850-5">3-540-87850-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Majumdar (2007). Dark matter — possible candidates and direct detection.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S.M. Walker, A. King (2005). [ <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=o7EquxOl4MAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=matter&lr=&as_brr=0#PPA7,M1">http://books.google.com/books?id=o7EquxOl4MAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=matter&lr=&as_brr=0#PPA7,M1</a> What is Matter?]. Lerner Publications. p. 7. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-8225-5131-4" title="특수:책찾기/0-8225-5131-4">0-8225-5131-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J.Kenkel, P.B. Kelter, D.S. Hage (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=ADSjPRl_tgoC&pg=PA1&dq=matter+chemistry+properties&lr=&as_brr=0#PPA2,M1">Chemistry: An Industry-based Introduction with CD-ROM</a>. CRC Press. p. 2. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/1-56670-303-4" title="특수:책찾기/1-56670-303-4">1-56670-303-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">K.A. Peacock (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=ITqnf5jdE5QC&pg=PA47&dq=%22prevents+matter+from+collapsing%22&lr=&as_brr=0">The Quantum Revolution: A Historical Perspective</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 47. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-313-33448-X" title="특수:책찾기/0-313-33448-X">0-313-33448-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M.H. Krieger (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=VduHhkzl-aQC&pg=PA22&dq=%22does+not+collapse+into+itself%22&lr=&as_brr=0#PPA22,M1">Constitutions of Matter: Mathematically Modeling the Most Everyday of Physical Phenomena</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 22. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-226-45305-7" title="특수:책찾기/0-226-45305-7">0-226-45305-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bipm.org/en/si/base_units/mole.html">SI brochure, Section 2.1.1.6 – Mole</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090629022306/http://www.bipm.org/en/si/base_units/mole.html">Archived</a> 2009년 6월 29일 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a>". BIPM. Retrieved 2009-04-30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael De Podesta (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=h8BNvnR050cC&pg=PA8">Understanding the Properties of Matter (2 ed.)</a>. CRC Press. p. 8. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-415-25788-3" title="특수:책찾기/0-415-25788-3">0-415-25788-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Povh, K. Rith, C. Scholz, F. Zetsche, M. Lavelle (2004). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=rJe4k8tkq7sC&pg=PA9&dq=povh+%22building+blocks+of+matter%22&lr=&as_brr=0#PPA2,M1">Part I: Analysis: The building blocks of matter</a>". Particles and Nuclei: An Introduction to the Physical Concepts (4th ed.). Springer. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/3-540-20168-8" title="특수:책찾기/3-540-20168-8">3-540-20168-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Carithers, P. Grannis (1995). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slac.stanford.edu/pubs/beamline/pdf/95iii.pdf">Discovery of the Top Quark</a>". Beam Line (SLAC) 25 (3): 4–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yuval Ne̕eman, Y. Kirsh (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=K4jcfCguj8YC&pg=PA276">The particle hunters (2 ed.)</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 276. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-521-47686-0" title="특수:책찾기/0-521-47686-0">0-521-47686-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kent Wade Staley (2004). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=DLt_fcBYynAC&pg=PA8">Origins of the third generation of matter</a>". The evidence for the top quark. Cambridge University Press. p. 8. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-521-82710-8" title="특수:책찾기/0-521-82710-8">0-521-82710-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P.J. Collings (2002). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=NE1RWiGXtdUC&printsec=frontcover#PPA1,M1">Chapter 1: States of Matter</a>". Liquid Crystals: Nature's Delicate Phase of Matter. Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-691-08672-9" title="특수:책찾기/0-691-08672-9">0-691-08672-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">D.H. Trevena (1975). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=oOkOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=phase+of+matter&lr=&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES#v=onepage&q=phase%20of%20matter&f=false">Chapter 1.2 Changes of phase</a>". The Liquid Phase. Taylor & Francis</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookrags.com/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate">Bose-Einstein Condensation</a>. BookRags. 2008년 1월 26일에 확인.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Markus Greiner; Regal, Cindy A.; Jin, Deborah S. (2003). "A molecular Bose-Einstein condensate emerges from a Fermi sea". arΧiv: cond-mat/0311172v1 [cond-mat.stat-mech].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zwierlein, Martin W.; Schunck; Andre Schirotzek; Wolfgang Ketterle (2006). "Direct Observation of the Superfluid Phase Transition in Ultracold Fermi Gases". arΧiv: cond-mat/0605258v1 [cond-mat.supr-con].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Haensel, A.Y. Potekhin, A.Û. Potehin, D.G. Yakovlev (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=iIrj9nfHnesC&pg=PA52&dq=neutron+star+crystalline+mantle&lr=&as_brr=0#PPA11,M1">Neutron Stars</a>. Springer. p. 11. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-387-33543-9" title="특수:책찾기/0-387-33543-9">0-387-33543-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J.-P. Luminet, A. Bullough, A. King (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=WRexJODPq5AC&pg=PA55&dq=isbn=0521409063&lr=&as_brr=0#PPA111,M1">Black Holes</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 111, Figure 25. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-521-40906-3" title="특수:책찾기/0-521-40906-3">0-521-40906-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">D.R. Danielson (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=zwIN_-rqrL4C&pg=PA453&dq=exclusion+principle+%22neutron+star%22&lr=&as_brr=0#PPA455,M1">The Book of the Cosmos</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36482206">.mw-parser-output .fix{background-color:#fff9f9;color:DarkSlateGray;border:1px solid #ffdcdc}</style><sup class="정리_필요 noprint">[<a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EA%B9%A8%EC%A7%84_%EB%A7%81%ED%81%AC" title="위키백과:깨진 링크">깨진 링크</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://books.google.com/books?id=zwIN_-rqrL4C&pg=PA453&dq=exclusion+principle+%22neutron+star%22&lr=&as_brr=0">과거 내용 찾기</a>)]</sup>. Da Capo Press. p. 455. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-7382-0498-6" title="특수:책찾기/0-7382-0498-6">0-7382-0498-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M.A. Strain (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Ic7YLrm0xvAC&pg=PA50&dq=matter+%22exclusion+principle%22&lr=&as_brr=0">Cosmic Entity</a>. iUniverse (self-published). p. 50. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-595-30125-8" title="특수:책찾기/0-595-30125-8">0-595-30125-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Letessier, Johann Rafelski (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=vSnFPyQaSTsC&printsec=frontcover#PPR11,M1">Hadrons and quark-gluon plasma</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. xi. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-521-38536-9" title="특수:책찾기/0-521-38536-9">0-521-38536-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">H.S. Goldberg, M.D. Scadron (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=NowVde8kzIoC&pg=PA207&dq=matter+%22exclusion+principle%22&lr=&as_brr=0#PPA202,M1">Physics of stellar evolution and cosmology</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 202. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-677-05540-4" title="특수:책찾기/0-677-05540-4">0-677-05540-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">H.S. Goldberg, M.D. Scadron (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=NowVde8kzIoC&pg=PA207&dq=matter+%22exclusion+principle%22&lr=&as_brr=0#PPA233,M1">op. cit.</a>. New York: Gordon and Breach. p. 233. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-677-05540-4" title="특수:책찾기/0-677-05540-4">0-677-05540-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J.-P. Luminet, A. Bullough, A. King (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=WRexJODPq5AC&pg=PA72&dq=matter+%22exclusion+principle%22&lr=&as_brr=0#PPA75,M1">Black Holes</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 75. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-521-40906-3" title="특수:책찾기/0-521-40906-3">0-521-40906-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">strange quark에 대한 역어로 기묘한 쿼크를 채택하고 있는 책: JOHN R.TAYLOR , 강희재 외 역, 현대물리학 (2/E), 교보문고, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/89-7085-543-2" title="특수:책찾기/89-7085-543-2">89-7085-543-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Madsen, "Physics and astrophysics of strange quark matter" arXiv:astro-ph/9809032, Lect. Notes Phys. 516:162-203 (1999)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">JOHN R.TAYLOR , 강희재 외 역, 현대물리학 (2/E), 교보문고, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/89-7085-543-2" title="특수:책찾기/89-7085-543-2">89-7085-543-2</a>, 836쪽</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2008/index.html">2008년 노벨 물리학상 수상자</a>, 2009-10-6 읽어봄</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">K. Pretzl (2004). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=lokz2n-9gX0C&pg=PA289&dq=matter+%22massive+particles%22&lr=&as_brr=0">Dark Matter, Massive Neutrinos and Susy Particles</a>". Structure and Dynamics of Elementary Matter. Walter Greiner. p. 289. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38117996"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/1-4020-2446-0" title="특수:책찾기/1-4020-2446-0">1-4020-2446-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/20919">Axion experiment makes its debut</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100117114609/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/20919#">Archived</a> 2010년 1월 17일 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a>, physicsworld.com, Nov 24, 2004</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="외부_링크"><span id=".EC.99.B8.EB.B6.80_.EB.A7.81.ED.81.AC"></span>외부 링크</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&section=24" title="부분 편집: 외부 링크"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> 위키미디어 공용에 <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Matter?uselang=ko">물질</a></span> 관련 미디어 분류가 있습니다.</li></ul> <div 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