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Glassmaking in the new nation — three major centers — nineteenth century. 1. South Jersey — Waldglas, artistic ware. 2. Pittsburgh, PA — Frontier glassmakers\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT34","snippet_text":"... ( \u003cb\u003eannealing\u003c/b\u003e ) . At 1013 dPa s , 15 minutes are sufficient to accomplish this . At 1014.5 dPa s , the elimination of stress can take many hours . Stresses in the glass may be located and measured by the optical birefringence they cause\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT68","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eannealing\u003c/b\u003e process . The glowing ribbon of glass is conveyed over rollers into a tunnel - like \u003cb\u003eannealing\u003c/b\u003e furnace or lehr ( Fig . 4.1 ) . Fig. 4.1 Machine casting of flat glass. Inside, the cast."},{"page_id":"PT69","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eannealing\u003c/b\u003e tunnel, the temperature decreases slowly in an exactly calculated manner, so that no internal stresses can build up in the glass. At the cold end, the finished product, just lukewarm, is ready for use. It is cut to finished\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT74","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eannealing\u003c/b\u003e shaft. When it emerges from the shaft, it is cool, \u003cb\u003eannealed\u003c/b\u003e and ready to be cut (Fig. 4.4). The slower the drawing speed, the thicker the glass. Up to seven debiteuses with \u003cb\u003eannealing\u003c/b\u003e shafts can be operated in one Fourcault\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT75","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eannealing\u003c/b\u003e lehr . The drawing speed is twice that of the Fourcault process . Libbey - Owens machines have two work channels from which glass flows in a continuous band , as in the Fourcault process ( Fig . 4.5 ) . The Pittsburgh process\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT76","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eannealing\u003c/b\u003e shaft about 12 meters long, the finished product is cut (Fig. 4.6). The advantages of the Pittsburgh process lie in its production speed, the ability to change glass thickness quickly, and the good glass quality. C Application\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT79","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eannealing\u003c/b\u003e lehr . The glass floats like an endless ribbon on the tin . At the entrance where the glass first makes contact with the tin surface , the temperature of the liquid metal is about 1000 ° C . At the exit , it is about 600 ° C\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT173","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eannealing\u003c/b\u003e temperature and the softening point of soft glasses and most borosilicate glasses . For this application bulbs must be made of glasses with transformation temperatures above 700 ° C . The glasses used are alkaline earth\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT194","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eannealing\u003c/b\u003e is extremely important for optical glasses. In many cases fine corrections to the refractive index can be made during the \u003cb\u003eannealing\u003c/b\u003e process. As in pot melting, glass from a tank melt can also be used to produce blocks which\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT217","snippet_text":"... can be between 50 % and 90 % , depending on the desired properties . MELTING TEMP . ° C 1600 SHAPING CRYSTALLIZATION 1200 NUCLEATION \u003cb\u003eANNEALING\u003c/b\u003e 800- TKD 400 TIME- TEMPERATURE TKE CRYSTALLINE GROWTH NUCLEATION Fig . 6.41 Nucleation and."}],"search_query_escaped":"annealing"},{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>