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Rosny—although it is possible that Rosny aîné was the principal contributor. It describes the fight that threatens humanity, in the beginning of its history, against a new form of intelligent non-organic life, the Xipéhuz, some sort of sentient crystals.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a> have been addressed frequently in <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror fiction</a>. Occurrences in the genres include: </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_astronauts_in_popular_culture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J.-H._Rosny_a%C3%AEn%C3%A9" title="J.-H. Rosny aîné">J.-H. Rosny aîné</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Xipehuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Xipehuz">Les Xipehuz</a> [The Shapes]</i> from 1887 features geometric aliens encountered by primitive humans living a thousand years before <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylonian</a> times.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_T._Jane" title="Fred T. Jane">Fred T. Jane</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/To_Venus_in_Five_Seconds" title="To Venus in Five Seconds">To Venus in Five Seconds</a></i> (1897).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_P._Serviss" title="Garrett P. Serviss">Garrett P. Serviss</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Edison%27s_Conquest_of_Mars" title="Edison's Conquest of Mars">Edison's Conquest of Mars</a></i>, published in 1898, is perhaps the first story to feature ancient astronauts who have a major influence on early human civilizations, predating Fort's book by over 20 years. In it, the narrator learns that the <a href="/wiki/Martian_(War_of_the_Worlds)" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian (War of the Worlds)">Martians</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds" title="The War of the Worlds">The War of the Worlds</a></i> visited Earth around 7500 BC, enslaving the inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a> and bringing them to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> to make monuments of their conquest, including the <a href="/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex" title="Giza pyramid complex">Giza pyramid complex</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sphinx_of_Giza" title="Great Sphinx of Giza">Great Sphinx</a> (which is actually the face of the leader of the Martian expedition). Afterwards, a plague caused them to leave, with the Martians taking a number of their human slaves to <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> to serve them there, until an expedition led by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> freed their descendants in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Jack_London" title="Jack London">Jack London</a>'s short story "<a href="/wiki/The_Red_One" title="The Red One">The Red One</a>" (1916), a giant sphere of extraterrestrial origin is worshiped as a god by pacific islanders.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">H. P. Lovecraft</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Call_of_Cthulhu" title="The Call of Cthulhu">The Call of Cthulhu</a>" (1926) and <i><a href="/wiki/At_the_Mountains_of_Madness" title="At the Mountains of Madness">At the Mountains of Madness</a></i> (1931) are some of the many works of the cosmic horror author that deal with ancient aliens.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Howard" title="Robert E. Howard">Robert E. Howard</a>'s short story "<a href="/wiki/The_Tower_of_the_Elephant" title="The Tower of the Elephant">The Tower of the Elephant</a>" (1933).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Weinbaum" title="Stanley G. Weinbaum">Stanley G. Weinbaum</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Dreams" title="Valley of Dreams">Valley of Dreams</a>" (1934) has an expedition to Mars discover that its bird-like natives, who refer to themselves as <a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a>, visited Egypt approximately 15,000 BCE and were the inspiration for the Egyptian god of the same name, as well as the start of Egyptian writing.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eando_Binder" title="Eando Binder">Eando Binder</a>'s short fiction series <i>Via</i> (1937–1942), published later as <i><a href="/wiki/Puzzle_of_the_Space_Pyramids" title="Puzzle of the Space Pyramids">Puzzle of the Space Pyramids</a></i> (1971).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Edgard Armond's <i>Os Exilados de Capela</i> (1949), a <a href="/wiki/Spiritist" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritist">spiritist</a> book about beings coming from the <a href="/wiki/Capella" title="Capella">Capella</a> star to arrive on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a>, both the gods and <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>, the first man from the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis</a> would have origins in Capella.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a> has written several stories utilizing the theme, most famously in his 1953 short story "<a href="/wiki/Encounter_in_the_Dawn" title="Encounter in the Dawn">Encounter in the Dawn</a>", which became the basis for the first section of <i><a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(novel)" title="2001: A Space Odyssey (novel)">2001: A Space Odyssey</a></i> in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his novel <i><a href="/wiki/Rendezvous_with_Rama" title="Rendezvous with Rama">Rendezvous with Rama</a></i>, a religion called the "Fifth Church of Christ, Cosmonaut" is mentioned, whose central tenet is that <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> was an alien visitor.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_Tucker_(writer)" title="Wilson Tucker (writer)">Wilson Tucker</a>'s <i>The Time Masters</i> (1953) has a private detective who turns out to be Gilgamesh, who was a survivor of a starship crash thousands of years ago.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut" title="Kurt Vonnegut">Kurt Vonnegut</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sirens_of_Titan" title="The Sirens of Titan">The Sirens of Titan</a></i> (1959) depicts the whole of human development and civilization to be a medium used by aliens for relaying messages to an alien space-explorer stranded on one of <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>'s moons.</li> <li>The March 1961 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Analog_Science_Fiction_and_Science_Fact" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog Science Fiction and Science Fact">Analog Science Fiction and Science Fact</a></i> contains a piece by Arthur W. Orton entitled <i>The Four-Faced Visitors of Ezekiel</i>. Although described in the magazine's Table of Contents as a <a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">short story</a>, it actually takes the form of a pseudo-factual essay presenting a verse-by-verse analysis of Ezekiel's vision and interpreting this in terms of an encounter with ancient astronauts.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this respect the essay mirrors J. F. Blumrich's book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spaceships_of_Ezekiel" title="The Spaceships of Ezekiel">The Spaceships of Ezekiel</a></i> (1974), despite predating it by more than a decade.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Rasch" title="Carlos Rasch">Carlos Rasch</a>'s novel The blue planet (Der blaue planet, 1963) is dedicated to the topic of ancient astronauts. It tells the story of a group of alien explorers (Heloids) which spaceship must make a stopover in the middle of its voyage, and this way they land on the Earth circa 3,000 BC, in ancient Mesopotamia. Real places like Baalbek, Uruk and Dead sea take place in the story. The aliens must deal with such topics like slavery or whether they can intervene in the local population development.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Krupkat" title="Günther Krupkat">Günther Krupkat</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Als_die_G%C3%B6tter_starben" title="Als die Götter starben">When the Gods Died</a></i> (Als die Götter starben, 1963) is a literary work, combining the two topics of <a href="/wiki/Xenoarchaeology" title="Xenoarchaeology">xenoarchaeology</a> and ancient astronauts. It tells the story of a future utopia society which finds different archaeologic traces of ancient aliens throughout the solar system, including accounts, saying the story of ancient aliens from the planet <i>Meju</i>, visiting Earth during ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. The novel is one of the best socialist sci-fi novels of the former <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Larry_Niven" title="Larry Niven">Larry Niven</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Known_Space" title="Known Space">Known Space</a></i> (1964–present), humanity is descended from aliens called the <a href="/wiki/Pak_Protector" title="Pak Protector">Pak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Forerunners_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forerunners-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Pohl" title="Frederik Pohl">Frederik Pohl</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Heechee_Saga" title="Heechee Saga">Heechee Saga</a> (1972–2004), the Heechee are described as an ancient alien race that visited our solar system thousands of years ago. They left behind a variety of futuristic technology, which creates many interesting opportunities for Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Forerunners_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forerunners-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazantsev" title="Alexander Kazantsev">Alexander Kazantsev</a>'s novel "The destruction of Faena" (1974), <a href="/wiki/Phaeton_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Phaeton (hypothetical planet)">Phaeton</a> is destroyed in a war between two aboriginal empires but survivors bring civilization to Earth.</li> <li>An obscure novel by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="André Norton">André Norton</a> called <i>Merlin's Mirror</i> (1975) portrays the wizard <a href="/wiki/Merlin" title="Merlin">Merlin</a> as a servant of benevolent "Sky People" who seek to elevate humanity and thwart the "Dark Ones" who wish to keep humanity ignorant. <a href="/wiki/Nimue" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimue">Nimue</a> is described as a servant of the Dark Ones, sent to prevent Merlin from giving humanity a leader (Arthur) who would bring it to the heights of knowledge. The Sky People are once implied to have assumed the guises of already-worshipped gods, such as <a href="/wiki/Cernunnos" title="Cernunnos">Cernunnos</a>, in order to communicate with humans, and sometimes are identified as divine by the human characters. Stonehenge is said to be their creation, and Merlin's reconstruction of it a means of establishing a "beacon" whereby the Sky People would find their way to Earth, avoiding their own extinction and humanity's limitation.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Walter_Ernsting" title="Walter Ernsting">Walter Ernsting</a>'s <i>The Day the Gods Died</i> (1976), an extraterrestrial civilization is said to have built the ruins of ancient <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Hogan_(writer)" title="James P. Hogan (writer)">James P. Hogan</a> wrote of an alien race which inhabited a destroyed fifth planet between Mars and Jupiter and are discovered in the hulk of an abandoned spacecraft on Ganymede in his five-volume <a href="/wiki/Giants_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Giants series">Giants series</a> (1977–2005).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Arango" title="Ángel Arango">Ángel Arango</a>'s short story Un inesperado visitante (An unexpected visitor, 1979) portrays Jesus and the new testament events from the perspective of an alien.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Adams" title="Douglas Adams">Douglas Adams</a> used a satirical version of the theory in his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy" title="The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy">Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</a></i> series (1979–1992).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Lessing" title="Doris Lessing">Doris Lessing</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Canopus_in_Argos" title="Canopus in Argos">Canopus in Argos</a></i> series (1979–1983) describes the Earth from the view of two alien civilizations, responsible for bringing life to the planet.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/David_Brin" title="David Brin">David Brin</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Uplift_Universe" title="Uplift Universe">Uplift Universe</a></i> series (1980-...), all known species were brought to sapience through the direct intervention of a known galactic "patron", except for the fabled first sentient species, the Progenitors, and humanity. While most humans take pride at achieving space travel without a patron, some humans (called Danikenites, after Erich von Däniken) and most Galactics believe otherwise.<sup id="cite_ref-Forerunners_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forerunners-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick" title="Philip K. Dick">Philip K. Dick</a> explores this theory in his <i><a href="/wiki/VALIS_trilogy" class="mw-redirect" title="VALIS trilogy">VALIS trilogy</a></i> (1981), wherein race of ancient astronauts is thought to have placed an information-streaming satellite in orbit around Earth.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/David_Weber" title="David Weber">David Weber</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mutineers%27_Moon" title="Mutineers' Moon">Mutineers' Moon</a></i> (1991), the Moon is a giant spaceship, which arrived 50,000 years ago.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/John_Barnes_(author)" title="John Barnes (author)">John Barnes</a>' novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Encounter_With_Tiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Encounter With Tiber">Encounter With Tiber</a></i> (1996), deals with the discovery of ancient alien encounters on Earth and Mars, with humanity utilizing recovered alien technology to advance the space program.</li> <li>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Outlanders_(book_series)" title="Outlanders (book series)">Outlanders</a></i> novel series (1997-...) by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Ellis_(American_author)" title="Mark Ellis (American author)">Mark Ellis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anunnaki" title="Anunnaki">Anunnaki</a> are revealed to have been the culprits behind a devastating nuclear war as well as the Root Race of the so-called Gray aliens.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wisniewski" title="David Wisniewski">David Wisniewski</a>'s book <i>The Secret Knowledge of Grown-Ups</i> (1998) mentions in passing a hangar wherein employees of the United States Government "stack all the banged-up flying saucers", implying that the existence of such is well-known, but that the Government attempts to conceal it.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart" title="Jon Stewart">Jon Stewart</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Naked_Pictures_of_Famous_People" title="Naked Pictures of Famous People">Naked Pictures of Famous People</a></i> (1998), the section "The Recipe" claims to be a translation of an ancient <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> text from 2000 BC depicting a celebrity awards ceremony. In the context of the book, Erich Von Daniken brought it to the world's attention in his book <i>Weird, Huh?</i> wondering if ancient alien visitors had brought knowledge of celebrity awards shows to the Aztecs.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/William_H._Keith_Jr." title="William H. Keith Jr.">William H. Keith Jr.</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Trilogy" title="Heritage Trilogy">Heritage Trilogy</a></i> (1998–2000), a war between the United States and a United Europe (and later between the United States and China) has its roots in the discovery that ancient astronauts visited Earth on several occasions. Ancient technology found on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a> change the balance of power on Earth.</li> <li>A series of short novels known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Outernet_(novel_series)" title="Outernet (novel series)">Outernet</a></i> series (2002-...) has, as one of its premises, the idea that Stonehenge was originally built as a means of communication with extraterrestrials.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._M._Stirling" title="S. M. Stirling">S. M. Stirling</a>'s novels <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sky_People" title="The Sky People">The Sky People</a></i> (2006) and <i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Courts_of_the_Crimson_Kings" title="In the Courts of the Crimson Kings">In the Courts of the Crimson Kings</a></i> (2008) state that an ancient race of aliens populated Earth, Mars, and Venus with human and animal life. Additionally, the ancient astronaut theme is played in reverse, with the technologically advanced humans from Earth being seen as advanced gods by the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>-level alien natives of Venus and Mars.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comics">Comics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_astronauts_in_popular_culture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Comics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Uncle Scrooge</i> #34 (1961) features a <a href="/wiki/Carl_Barks" title="Carl Barks">Carl Barks</a> story "Mythtic Mystery" where <a href="/wiki/Scrooge_McDuck" title="Scrooge McDuck">Scrooge McDuck</a>'s family discover a small planetoid hovering in Earth's lower atmosphere, inhabited by beings who were the basis for the Roman and Norse gods.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Mandarin%27s_rings" title="Mandarin's rings">Mandarin's rings</a>, a set of fictional weapons appearing in the Marvel Comics, were created by alien race known as <a href="/wiki/Makluans" class="mw-redirect" title="Makluans">Makluans</a>. They were introduced in Tales of Suspense #50 ( February 1964), where the supervillain Mandarin found them, hidden inside of a wreckage spaceship.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Kree_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kree (Marvel Cinematic Universe)">Kree</a> alien species visited Earth in ancient times and conducted experiments on several humans, granting them superhuman abilities and turning them into <a href="/wiki/Inhumans" title="Inhumans">Inhumans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marvel_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marvel-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tintin" title="The Adventures of Tintin">The Adventures of Tintin</a></i> comic <i><a href="/wiki/Flight_714_to_Sydney" title="Flight 714 to Sydney">Flight 714 to Sydney</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Herg%C3%A9" title="Hergé">Hergé</a> (1968) features a temple built to honor ancient astronauts and a scientist who acts as Earth's ambassador to them.<sup id="cite_ref-Marvel_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marvel-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel</a> comic series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Eternals" class="mw-redirect" title="The Eternals">The Eternals</a></i> deals with advanced aliens (the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_(comics)" title="Celestial (comics)">Celestials</a>) who had experimented on early hominids, creating two sister races, the Eternals and the <a href="/wiki/Deviant_(comics)" title="Deviant (comics)">Deviants</a>, who resembled "gods" and "demons" respectively. It is also noted that their advanced test eventually lead to the X-gene in mutants.<sup id="cite_ref-Marvel_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marvel-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Thorgal" title="Thorgal">Thorgal</a> series by <a href="/wiki/Grzegorz_Rosi%C5%84ski" title="Grzegorz Rosiński">Grzegorz Rosiński</a> and <a href="/wiki/Van_Hamme" title="Van Hamme">Van Hamme</a> (29 albums) where the main protagonist Thorgal Aegirsson is in fact the son of ancient astronauts.</li> <li>A Japanese/American comic book series, <i>Jason and the Argobots</i>, portrayed the Egyptian Gods as extraterrestrials who became "teachers" to the people of ancient Egypt and who return to protect the Earth from a war between alien races.</li> <li>The plot of the <i><a href="/wiki/Karmatr%C3%B3n_y_los_Transformables" class="mw-redirect" title="Karmatrón y los Transformables">Karmatrón y los Transformables</a></i> sci-fi and fantasy comic series by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Loyo" title="Oscar González Loyo">Oscar González Loyo</a> relies heavily on the ancient astronaut theory.</li> <li>The Marvel Comics <a href="/wiki/Asgardians_(Marvel_Comics)" title="Asgardians (Marvel Comics)">Asgardians</a> are depicted as aliens in the comic series <a href="/wiki/Earth_X" title="Earth X">Earth X</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Television">Television</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_astronauts_in_popular_culture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Kneale" title="Nigel Kneale">Nigel Kneale</a>'s miniseries <i><a href="/wiki/Quatermass_and_the_Pit" title="Quatermass and the Pit">Quatermass and the Pit</a></i> (1958–1959) and the <a href="/wiki/Quatermass_and_the_Pit_(film)" title="Quatermass and the Pit (film)">1967 film adaptation</a> used a version of the idea.</li> <li>Prehistoric comedy <i><a href="/wiki/The_Flintstones" title="The Flintstones">The Flintstones</a></i> (1960–1966) featured a recurring character called <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Gazoo" title="The Great Gazoo">The Great Gazoo</a>, a Martian that interacts with the protagonists.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i> franchise has dozens of examples of extraterrestrials visiting Earth in past centuries, many having an influence on pre-modern humans. These are just a few prime examples: <ul><li>The 1967 <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series" title="Star Trek: The Original Series">Star Trek: The Original Series</a></i> episode "<a href="/wiki/Who_Mourns_for_Adonais%3F" title="Who Mourns for Adonais?">Who Mourns for Adonais?</a>" uses the idea that the <a href="/wiki/Greek_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek gods">Greek gods</a> were extraterrestrials, although the Sun god <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> is the only mythological character to actually appear. In the same series, "<a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_Stepchildren" title="Plato's Stepchildren">Plato's Stepchildren</a>" features powerful aliens who allude to having lived on Earth and met ancient Greek people, but do not identify as gods or any specific characters from mythology.</li> <li>The 1993 <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation" title="Star Trek: The Next Generation">Star Trek: The Next Generation</a></i> episode "<a href="/wiki/The_Chase_(Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation)" title="The Chase (Star Trek: The Next Generation)">The Chase</a>" reveals that the predominance of humanoid species in known space of modern times is the result of a progenitor humanoid species "seeding" various planets with their DNA in order to influence the development of sentient life into forms similar to themselves.</li> <li>In the 1995 <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Voyager" title="Star Trek: Voyager">Star Trek: Voyager</a></i> episode "<a href="/wiki/Tattoo_(Star_Trek:_Voyager)" title="Tattoo (Star Trek: Voyager)">Tattoo</a>", it is revealed that the human character <a href="/wiki/Chakotay" title="Chakotay">Chakotay</a> is descended from the Rubber Tree People, a group of Native Americans who were visited by the Sky Spirits 45,000 years ago. The Sky Spirits, who are actually advanced, space-faring aliens, granted these primitive humans a genetic alteration which influenced their development.</li> <li>By contrast, in several other Trek projects, for example the Next Generation episode "<a href="/wiki/Who_Watches_the_Watchers" title="Who Watches the Watchers">Who Watches the Watchers</a>", humans come to be regarded as gods by lesser advanced aliens. The <a href="/wiki/United_Federation_of_Planets" title="United Federation of Planets">United Federation of Planets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Starfleet" title="Starfleet">Starfleet</a> have a <a href="/wiki/Prime_Directive" title="Prime Directive">Prime Directive</a> of non interference to discourage this, but it happens often because of carelessness or malicious disobedience.</li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a></i> serial <i><a href="/wiki/Pyramids_of_Mars" title="Pyramids of Mars">Pyramids of Mars</a></i> (1975) featured a conflict on Earth between aliens of a race named the Osirans forming the basis of Egyptian mythology, and a number of other <i>Doctor Who</i> serials have used similar ideas.</li> <li>In the television series <i><a href="/wiki/Space:_1999" title="Space: 1999">Space: 1999</a></i> (1975–1977), many alien species have controlled or visited Earth in the past, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>-speaking Arkadians from "<a href="/wiki/The_Testament_of_Arkadia" title="The Testament of Arkadia">The Testament of Arkadia</a>", that escaped from their planet and populated Earth, evolving into humans; the Tritonian space probes from "<a href="/wiki/Ring_Around_the_Moon_(Space:_1999)" title="Ring Around the Moon (Space: 1999)">Ring Around the Moon</a>" (isn't clear if there are Tritonians on their probes or if the probes are speaking intelligent beings), known during <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient history</a> by the inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt" title="History of ancient Egypt">Ancient Kingdom of Egypt</a>.</li> <li>The original <i><a href="/wiki/Battlestar_Galactica_(1978_TV_series)" title="Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)">Battlestar Galactica</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Battlestar_Galactica_(2004_TV_series)" title="Battlestar Galactica (2004 TV series)">2003 remake</a> depicts humans as having originated on the planet Kobol and later settled thirteen colony planets, <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> being the last and most distant. The plots of both concern a group of humans attempting to find Earth. The original 1978 series is more closely linked to the ancient astronaut theory, using modernized versions of ancient Greek, Egyptian, and Middle Ages costumes, as well as mixing ancient myths and religious materials into the storylines. In contrast, SyFy's 2003 remake deals little with ancient myths and legends and depicts an American-like culture, and in a twist, it is revealed that the "human" and Cylon protagonists are in fact the ancient astronauts themselves.</li> <li>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Dwarf" title="Red Dwarf">Red Dwarf</a></i> episode "<a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_God_(Red_Dwarf)" title="Waiting for God (Red Dwarf)">Waiting for God</a>" (1988), <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Rimmer" title="Arnold Rimmer">Rimmer</a> states his belief in aliens having visited Earth in ancient times, asking <a href="/wiki/Dave_Lister" title="Dave Lister">Lister</a> how else the pyramids could have been built. Lister replies, "They had massive whips, Rimmer. Massive, massive whips."</li> <li>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Babylon_5" title="Babylon 5">Babylon 5</a></i> (1993–1998) universe, many of the First Ones, and in particular the <a href="/wiki/Vorlons" class="mw-redirect" title="Vorlons">Vorlons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shadows_(Babylon_5)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadows (Babylon 5)">Shadows</a>, visited Earth (and the homeworlds of other races) at various times in history.</li> <li>The television series <i><a href="/wiki/The_X-Files" title="The X-Files">The X-Files</a></i> (1993–2002, 2016–2018) has borrowed the theory.</li> <li>In the television series <i><a href="/wiki/Earth:_Final_Conflict" title="Earth: Final Conflict">Earth: Final Conflict</a></i> (1997–2002), the Atavus species traveled to Earth in the distant past and ruled over it, using <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthal</a> men as slaves and a food source. The Atavus were present in Ancient Egypt as well. The Taelons (the series' main aliens) also visited Earth many times before initiating first contact in the mid-21st century.</li> <li>In the television series <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Island_One" title="Space Island One">Space Island One</a></i> (1998), the crew of the Unity encounter a Babylonian space probe, the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Babel" title="Tower of Babel">Tower of Babel</a> having been a rocket rather than a literal tower to reach the heavens.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJON-DT" title="CJON-DT">NTV</a>, a television station in <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a>, regularly shows programming centering around Captain Atlantis, an ancient astronaut espousing <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> philosophy, and his protégé, the human <a href="/wiki/Captain_Canada_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain Canada (comics)">Captain Canada</a>. Captain Atlantis is said to be part of a godlike race of ancient aliens from the far edges of the universe who settled in the city of <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a> (which in the context of the story was located on the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Banks_of_Newfoundland" title="Grand Banks of Newfoundland">Grand Banks of Newfoundland</a>); the rest of his race deliberately hid themselves and Atlantis from mankind to prevent humanity from using it for evil. By adopting New Age philosophies, Captain Atlantis claims humans can gain supernatural powers and eventually use them to achieve world peace. Captain Atlantis and Captain Canada stories are also featured in comic strip form in the <i><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Herald" title="Newfoundland Herald">Newfoundland Herald</a></i>.</li></ul> <p><b>Anime and Manga</b> </p> <ul><li>The Japanese anime television series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Super_Dimension_Fortress_Macross" class="mw-redirect" title="The Super Dimension Fortress Macross">The Super Dimension Fortress Macross</a></i> (1982) featured an ancient, long extinct and very advanced humanoid alien civilization called <a href="/wiki/Protoculture_(Macross)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protoculture (Macross)">The Protoculture</a>, who dominated the Milky Way Galaxy by founding a Stellar Republic and who also created the human race on Earth.</li> <li>One of the <i><a href="/wiki/Spriggan_(manga)" title="Spriggan (manga)">Spriggan</a></i> chapters depicts <a href="/wiki/Tezcatlipoca" title="Tezcatlipoca">Tezcatlipoca</a> as an ancient astronaut during a mission in Mexico.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshiki_Takaya" title="Yoshiki Takaya">Yoshiki Takaya</a>'s manga series <i><a href="/wiki/Bio_Booster_Armor_Guyver" title="Bio Booster Armor Guyver">Bio Booster Armor Guyver</a></i>, later adapted several times into animated form and twice into a pair of americanized films, featured the idea that all life on earth was created by an organization of various alien beings as biological weapons intended for use in interstellar war, which were later abandoned for reasons unknown, and thus were never taken into space. According to the series, human beings are actually a 'first stage' organism that can be further mutated into monstrous creatures called <i>Zoanoids</i>, which supposedly account for many modern-day <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myths</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">vampires</a> and werewolves. The comic features an alien armor supposedly used by the aliens themselves which remains on Earth and is possessed by a high-school student. One of the principal characters, the most highly advanced living weapon, fears the aliens' return and plans to take mankind into space to find a means to confront the aliens on their own terms.</li> <li>Lilith and Adam in the manga/anime series <i><a href="/wiki/Neon_Genesis_Evangelion_(franchise)" title="Neon Genesis Evangelion (franchise)">Neon Genesis Evangelion</a></i> were two extraterrestrial beings that landed on Earth and gave birth to humanity.</li></ul> <p><b>Western Animation</b> </p> <ul><li>In the animated series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Flintstones" title="The Flintstones">The Flintstones</a></i> (1960–1966), leading character Fred is sometimes accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Gazoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazoo">Gazoo</a>, a little green "space man" who exhibits many amazing powers.</li> <li>The French animated series <i>Il était une fois... l'Espace</i> (1982) (English: <i><a href="/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time..._Space" title="Once Upon a Time... Space">Once Upon a Time... Space</a></i>) featured far-future humans taking on the role of superior aliens to an inca-like culture. The spaceships of the human civilization also used decorative iconography derived from the <a href="/wiki/Nazca_lines" title="Nazca lines">Nazca lines</a> as a wink to the theory – the ship of the main characters using a hummingbird design.</li> <li>A 1984 episode of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Scooby-Doo_Mysteries" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Scooby-Doo Mysteries">The New Scooby-Doo Mysteries</a></i> is titled "Ghosts of the Ancient Astronauts," and revolves around alien artifacts discovered at an ancient South American temple.</li> <li>The animated series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Transformers_(TV_series)" title="The Transformers (TV series)">The Transformers</a></i> (1984–1987) depicts the Autobots and Decepticons as ancient astronauts crash-landing on Earth four million years ago. The Maximals and Predacons from the sequel series <i><a href="/wiki/Beast_Wars:_Transformers" title="Beast Wars: Transformers">Beast Wars</a></i> (1996–1999) take this theme one step further by time traveling to prehistoric Earth from the future (their present). They discover that another alien species called the Vok had already visited Earth, using it as an experiment which the Beast Wars had contaminated. Further examples are found in the <a href="/wiki/Transformers_(film_series)" title="Transformers (film series)">movie adaptations</a> of this series.</li> <li>The episode "Sentinel" from the animated series <i><a href="/wiki/Gargoyles_(TV_series)" title="Gargoyles (TV series)">Gargoyles</a></i> (1994–1997) involves an ancient alien living in a hidden spaceship under <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>. In the episode it is concluded that this alien came to Earth long ago and inspired <a href="/wiki/Moai" title="Moai">Moai</a> statues which Easter Island is famous for.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_and_Bob" class="mw-redirect" title="Prometheus and Bob">Prometheus and Bob</a></i> (1996–2000) is a recurring segment about an alien visiting Earth 900,000 years ago, assigned with a mission to educate a caveman called "Bob", and recording his failed attempts with a remote-controlled camera.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Godzilla:_The_Series" title="Godzilla: The Series">Godzilla: The Series</a></i> (1998–2000) featured grotesque ancient astronauts who had come to Earth during the late <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> period or early <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> period and remained on Earth, under the ocean, ever since.</li> <li>In the animated series <i><a href="/wiki/Dilbert_(TV_series)" title="Dilbert (TV series)">Dilbert</a></i> (1999–2000), Dilbert and Dogbert visit a museum with an exhibit supporting the theory of aliens assisting the Egyptians in the construction of the Pyramid. When Dilbert asks what happened to the aliens after the pyramids were constructed, they move to the next exhibit, which depicts the Egyptians feasting on the aliens.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Futurama" title="Futurama">Futurama</a></i> episode "<a href="/wiki/A_Pharaoh_to_Remember" title="A Pharaoh to Remember">A Pharaoh to Remember</a>" (2002) features an alien culture that claims to have been taught space travel, <a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">mummification</a> (for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Abbott_and_Costello_Meet_the_Mummy" title="Abbott and Costello Meet the Mummy">scaring Abbott and Costello</a>), and pyramid building <i>by</i> the ancient Egyptians (instead of this happening the other way around).</li> <li>In an episode of <i><a href="/wiki/Martin_Mystery" title="Martin Mystery">Martin Mystery</a></i> (2003–2006), Martin, his stepsister, and his father are all captured by a Synth, a creature synthesized with human and alien genes (which was giving birth at the time). After looking at the cave paintings in the Synth's cave which seem to depict a UFO dropping off a strange creature on earth, Martin states it was abandoned by its "creators" some thousand years ago. It lived in secrecy until loggers got to its forest. In another episode of <i>Martin Mystery</i>, Martin, Java and Diana are sent to investigate paranormal activity at a summer camp. It was discovered that the culprit was Sauros, a reptilian god that demanded the life force of young people every thousand years. It was then discovered that Sauros was not a god but an extraterrestrial that had a thousand-year life cycle.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film">Film</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_astronauts_in_popular_culture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ancient_astronauts_in_popular_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Ancient astronauts in popular culture">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>The idea of paleocontact appears in numerous <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> stories and films, most notably in the first act of the movie <i><a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="2001: A Space Odyssey (film)">2001: A Space Odyssey</a></i> (1968).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the film <i><a href="/wiki/Horror_Express" title="Horror Express">Horror Express</a></i> (1972), an extraterrestrial is found frozen for millions of years.</li> <li>In the film <i><a href="/wiki/God_Told_Me_To" title="God Told Me To">God Told Me To</a></i> (1976), a character cites Jesus and Moses as alien visitors.</li> <li>While not specifically using <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> as an example, the fictional <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i> universe has many references to aliens giving primitive races technology, or humans de-advancing into a more <a href="/wiki/Urgesellschaft" title="Urgesellschaft">primitive society</a> as time passes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">Monty Python</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Brian" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Brian">Life of Brian</a></i> (1979) includes a chase sequence where Brian briefly escapes from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> legionaries by accidentally falling into an alien spaceship.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Alien_(franchise)" title="Alien (franchise)">Alien</a></i> (1979-...) franchise features some examples. The <a href="/wiki/Predator_(alien)" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator (alien)">Predator</a> race from the movie <i><a href="/wiki/Alien_vs._Predator_(film)" title="Alien vs. Predator (film)">Alien vs. Predator</a></i> (2004) is described in the film as having traveled to Earth at a prehistoric time and having a human culture serve them as Gods. The film <i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(2012_film)" title="Prometheus (2012 film)">Prometheus</a></i> (2012) is themed around a group of scientists who set out to discover the origins of human life, which was seeded on Earth and influenced by an ancient race of aliens.</li> <li>The film <i><a href="/wiki/Hangar_18_(film)" title="Hangar 18 (film)">Hangar 18</a></i> (1980) involves a UFO whose symbols are found to match those used in ancient cultures.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Thing_(1982_film)" title="The Thing (1982 film)">The Thing</a></i> (1982), an alien spacecraft crashes in Antarctica in 100,000 BCE. A character later mentions <i><a href="/wiki/Chariots_of_the_Gods%3F" title="Chariots of the Gods?">Chariots of the Gods?</a></i> and the belief that the <a href="/wiki/Incan" class="mw-redirect" title="Incan">Incan</a> civilization was developed by aliens.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Killer_Klowns_from_Outer_Space" title="Killer Klowns from Outer Space">Killer Klowns from Outer Space</a></i> (1988) a character speculates that the titular monsters may have been ancient astronauts that came to Earth centuries earlier and inspired mankind to create the <a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">clown</a> figure.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Moontrap" title="Moontrap">Moontrap</a></i> (1989), the protagonists find a prehistoric base on the Moon, built by a human-looking species 14,000 years before.</li> <li>The movie <i><a href="/wiki/Stargate_(film)" title="Stargate (film)">Stargate</a></i> (1994) featured Ra, a member of the alien species <a href="/wiki/Goa%27uld" class="mw-redirect" title="Goa'uld">Goa'uld</a> that came to Earth around 8000 BC, who enslaved the ancient Egyptians, adopting their culture and religion and posing as their God, before eventually transporting thousands of them through the Stargate to offworld mining colonies. Spin-off television series <i><a href="/wiki/Stargate_SG-1" title="Stargate SG-1">Stargate SG-1</a></i> (1997–2007), <i><a href="/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis" title="Stargate Atlantis">Stargate Atlantis</a></i> (2004–2009), and <i><a href="/wiki/Stargate_Universe" title="Stargate Universe">Stargate Universe</a></i> (2009–2011) featured aliens called <a href="/wiki/Ancient_(Stargate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient (Stargate)">the Ancients</a> (alternatively <a href="/wiki/Alterans" class="mw-redirect" title="Alterans">Alterans</a>, Lanteans, or Anquietas) who are found to have traveled to Earth millions of years ago to start and influence human evolution. Also featured are the sinister <a href="/wiki/Goa%27uld" class="mw-redirect" title="Goa'uld">Goa'uld</a>, who pose as gods to enslave the humans, as well as the benevolent Asgard, who pose as gods to protect various groups of less advanced humans throughout the galaxy. The <i>Stargate: Ultimate Edition: Director's Cut</i> DVD includes a featurette interview with <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_D%C3%A4niken" title="Erich von Däniken">Erich von Däniken</a> entitled <i>Is there a Stargate?</i> (2003).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fifth_Element" title="The Fifth Element">The Fifth Element</a></i> (1997) features an ancient Egyptian temple containing a weapon that a group of aliens called the Mondoshawans come to take and safeguard in 1914 at the beginning of the film. The weapon is meant to defend Earth from a giant spherical evil entity that arrives from space every five thousand years.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mission_to_Mars" title="Mission to Mars">Mission to Mars</a></i> (2000) is another movie with an "alien seeding" theme.</li> <li>The animated film <i><a href="/wiki/Ice_Age_(2002_film)" title="Ice Age (2002 film)">Ice Age</a></i> (2002) briefly shows an alien spacecraft trapped in ice during the <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice age</a>. In <i><a href="/wiki/Ice_Age:_Collision_Course" title="Ice Age: Collision Course">Ice Age: Collision Course</a></i> (2016), the fifth film of the series, Scrat accidentally activates a spacecraft similar to the one from the first film and Buck discovers a building built by an advanced civilization that observed Sid in <i><a href="/wiki/Ice_Age:_Dawn_of_the_Dinosaurs" title="Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs">Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs</a></i> (2009) and know <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysics</a>.</li> <li>The film <i><a href="/wiki/Outlander_(film)" title="Outlander (film)">Outlander</a></i> (2008) is based on an advanced man from space crashing on Earth in the year 709 AD, during the Viking era, and remaining with the Vikings as their king.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Kingdom_of_the_Crystal_Skull" title="Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull">Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull</a></i> (2008) links (albeit by coincidence) the existence of <a href="/wiki/Crystal_skull" title="Crystal skull">crystal skulls</a> to beings that were perceived as gods by the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya civilization</a>, though these visitors were from another dimension rather than outer space.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe" title="Marvel Cinematic Universe">Marvel Cinematic Universe</a> (MCU) features numerous depictions of ancient astronauts, which have appeared before in the source material. (See <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Comics">Comics</a> section above)</li> <li>The American independent film <i>A Genesis Found</i> (2009) features characters who use the theory to explain an anomalous skeleton discovered at the <a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville Archaeological Site</a> in central <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>.</li> <li>The film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fourth_Kind" title="The Fourth Kind">The Fourth Kind</a></i> (2009) mentions the idea that aliens contacted the ancient <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerians</a> and apparently features aliens speaking the <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian language</a>.</li> <li>The film <i><a href="/wiki/Beyond_the_Sky_(film)" title="Beyond the Sky (film)">Beyond the Sky</a></i> (2018) features an ancient astronaut.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/65_(film)" title="65 (film)">65 (film)</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Documentaries">Documentaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_astronauts_in_popular_culture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Documentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chariots_of_the_Gods_(film)" title="Chariots of the Gods (film)">Chariots of the Gods</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i>In Search of Ancient Astronauts</i> (1973)</li> <li><i>In Search of Ancient Mysteries</i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Outer_Space_Connection" title="The Outer Space Connection">The Outer Space Connection</a></i> (1975)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_astronauts_in_popular_culture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lynsey_De_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynsey De Paul">Lynsey De Paul</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Surprise_(Lynsey_de_Paul_album)" title="Surprise (Lynsey de Paul album)">Just Visiting</a></i> speculates that spacemen visited prehistoric man and gave continued guidance in mankind's development, and that we might find ourselves in the same position some day.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_de_Burgh" title="Chris de Burgh">Chris de Burgh</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Spaceman_Came_Travelling" title="A Spaceman Came Travelling">A Spaceman Came Travelling</a></i> deals with the concept of an ancient astronaut, in this case pertaining to the Christ story.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Zappa" title="Frank Zappa">Frank Zappa</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Inca_Roads" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca Roads">Inca Roads</a>" (from the album <i><a href="/wiki/One_Size_Fits_All_(Frank_Zappa_album)" title="One Size Fits All (Frank Zappa album)">One Size Fits All</a></i>) deals with Ancient Astronaut Theory. The primary lyric is "Did a vehicle come from somewhere out there just to land in the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>? Was it round, and did it have a motor, or was it something different? Did a vehicle fly along the mountain and find a place to park itself, or did someone build a place to leave a space for such a thing to land?"</li> <li>Several songs by <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Rap" class="mw-redirect" title="Rap">rap</a> group <a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Children_of_Babylon" title="The Lost Children of Babylon">The Lost Children of Babylon</a> deal with ancient astronaut theory, explicitly stating that "<a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> was really an ancient astronaut". The debut album, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Psycho-Social,_Chemical,_Biological_%26_Electro-Magnetic_Manipulation_of_Human_Consciousness" title="The Psycho-Social, Chemical, Biological & Electro-Magnetic Manipulation of Human Consciousness">The Psycho-Social, Chemical, Biological & Electro-Magnetic Manipulation of Human Consciousness</a></i> by the hip hop group <a href="/wiki/Jedi_Mind_Tricks" title="Jedi Mind Tricks">Jedi Mind Tricks</a>, features the Lost Children of Babylon and also promotes ancient astronaut theories.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">post-rock</a> musical group <a href="/wiki/God_Is_an_Astronaut" title="God Is an Astronaut">God Is an Astronaut</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> have a name exploiting the theory.</li> <li>Most of the <a href="/wiki/Ayreon" title="Ayreon">Ayreon</a> albums are about ancient astronauts, that go by the name Forever, who traveled from the <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_Galaxy" title="Andromeda Galaxy">Andromeda Galaxy</a> to earth long ago and influenced the development of science and technology.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Video_games">Video games</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_astronauts_in_popular_culture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Video games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The game <i><a href="/wiki/Spore_(2008_video_game)" title="Spore (2008 video game)">Spore</a></i> has many elements of ancient astronauts, even giving player the ability to manipulate other less developed species as a space travelling species.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_VII" title="Final Fantasy VII">Final Fantasy VII</a></i> features an ancient astronaut, <a href="/wiki/Characters_of_the_Final_Fantasy_VII_series#Jenova" title="Characters of the Final Fantasy VII series">Jenova</a>, as the main antagonist who gives rise to <a href="/wiki/Sephiroth_(Final_Fantasy)" title="Sephiroth (Final Fantasy)">Sephiroth</a> and SOLDIER.</li> <li>The American computer game <i>SPY Fox: Some Assembly Required</i> playfully showed a <a href="/wiki/Flying_saucer" title="Flying saucer">flying saucer</a> buried beneath the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_fair" title="World's fair">world's fair</a>.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Halo_(franchise)" title="Halo (franchise)"><i>Halo</i> series</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> ancient humanity was a spacefaring society technologically superior to modern humanity, with many worlds colonized and contact established with several alien species. After losing a large-scale war with slightly more technologically advanced, but more wide spread species, the Forerunners, humanity was stripped of their technologies and quarantined to Earth, their home planet. For millennia, the Forerunners exercised influence over humanity's behavior, evolution, and even memories. When an invasive parasitic species threatened all sentient life, the Forerunners eventually decided that their only option was to sterilize the galaxy. Though they established automated preservation and "reseeding" technologies in order to reestablish humans and many other species across the galaxy after the sterilization, the Forerunners sacrificed themselves in order to see the plan through. Later, some of the alien species discovered remnants of Forerunner technology. While they derived many technological innovations from the artifacts, they also misinterpreted much of what they found and worshipped the extinct Forerunners as gods. Eventually regaining spacefaring technology, humans studied the Forerunner artifacts with a more scientific approach. Both the alien species and humanity were surprised to discover that the Forerunners granted humanity alone stewardship over the technology they had been left behind. The reasons for this were only made clear in the most recent novels and <i><a href="/wiki/Halo_4" title="Halo 4">Halo 4</a></i>. The Forerunners themselves were created by aliens far more ancient, of which the Forerunners had only a mythological understanding of.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Void" title="Dark Void">Dark Void</a></i> features a race of humanoid shape-shifters called Watchers, who ruled over ancient humans as gods, bringing technology and civilization to Earth. Their human subjects rebelled, and exiled them to the titular Dark Void, an alternate dimension that exists between Earth and the original Watcher homeworld.</li> <li>In the game <i><a href="/wiki/Mass_Effect_(video_game)" title="Mass Effect (video game)">Mass Effect</a></i> humanity discovers a cache of alien technology buried on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, built by an alien species known as the Protheans. The Protheans had apparently maintained a vast interstellar empire encompassing the entirety of the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>; the empire collapsed suddenly and mysteriously 50,000 years ago, leaving almost no traces of its existence. It is revealed later in the game that the Protheans, along with numerous interstellar civilizations before them, had been systematically exterminated by a race of artificially intelligent machines called Reapers.</li> <li>The arcade shoot-em-up <i><a href="/wiki/Xevious" title="Xevious">Xevious</a></i> (from <a href="/wiki/Namco" title="Namco">Namco</a> 1983, designed by <a href="/wiki/Masanobu_End%C5%8D" title="Masanobu Endō">Masanobu Endō</a>) were also deeply inspired on ancient astronaut theories.</li> <li>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed" title="Assassin's Creed">Assassin's Creed</a></i> franchise, it is gradually revealed that <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humanity</a> was originally created as a slave race by the then-ruling people tentatively known as the "First Civilization" thousands of years prior to the games' settings. Humanity eventually revolted against their "gods" and full-scale war erupted. This race, as well as humans, were nearly wiped out by a <a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">solar flare</a>, forcing the two to compromise a truce to ensure the survival of both. The First Civilization have since, as a distinct species, become extinct, though hybrid bloodlines of the two species still exist; their presence in history has been erased, leaving behind only remnants of their technology (known as "Pieces of Eden"), which became powerful weapons and religious artifacts (the reason behind the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Templars</a>' and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Assassins</a>' ongoing war). However, the First Civilization did not originate from outer space, having resided on the Earth and evolved over time. In later games, the true name of the race that the First Civilization belongs to is revealed to be "Isu", and several Isu are shown to still be alive in modern times, either in digital form (such as <a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a>), or by <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnating</a> themselves as humans (as is the case with <a href="/wiki/Aita" title="Aita">Aita</a>, who, at various points in history, has been reincarnated as <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Molay" title="Jacques de Molay">Jacques de Molay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Bartholomew Roberts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Thomas_Germain" title="François-Thomas Germain">François-Thomas Germain</a>, among others). These humans are known as "Sages", and possess a higher concentration of Isu DNA than other hybrids, as well as memories of their past lives, which often come in the form of visions or the Isu directly speaking to them in their minds.</li> <li>The Cuotl in <i><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Nations:_Rise_of_Legends" title="Rise of Nations: Rise of Legends">Rise of Nations: Rise of Legends</a></i> is a nation of Mesoamerica-inspired tribes subjugated by four extraterrestrial beings who install themselves as deities.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catherine_(video_game)#Catherine:_Full_Body" title="Catherine (video game)">Catherine</a></i>: in the Rin ending of the game, it is revealed that Rin is an ET from a different planet.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_astronauts_in_popular_culture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGeppert2012" class="citation book cs1">Geppert, Alexander C. T. (2012). <i>Imagining outer space : European astroculture in the twentieth century</i>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 67–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230231726" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230231726"><bdi>978-0230231726</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagining+outer+space+%3A+European+astroculture+in+the+twentieth+century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=67-69&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0230231726&rft.aulast=Geppert&rft.aufirst=Alexander+C.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts+in+popular+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobson2022" class="citation book cs1">Dobson, Eleanor (2022). <i>Victorian Alchemy: science, magic and ancient Egypt</i>. [S.l.]: UCL PRESS. pp. 94–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781787358492" title="Special:BookSources/9781787358492"><bdi>9781787358492</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victorian+Alchemy%3A+science%2C+magic+and+ancient+Egypt.&rft.place=%5BS.l.%5D&rft.pages=94-98&rft.pub=UCL+PRESS&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781787358492&rft.aulast=Dobson&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts+in+popular+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobson2022" class="citation book cs1">Dobson, Eleanor (2022). <i>Victorian Alchemy: science, magic and ancient Egypt</i>. [S.l.]: UCL PRESS. pp. 90–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781787358492" title="Special:BookSources/9781787358492"><bdi>9781787358492</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victorian+Alchemy%3A+science%2C+magic+and+ancient+Egypt.&rft.place=%5BS.l.%5D&rft.pages=90-93&rft.pub=UCL+PRESS&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781787358492&rft.aulast=Dobson&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts+in+popular+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreland1984" class="citation journal cs1">Moreland, David A. (Fall 1984). "The Quest That Failed: Jack London's Last Tales". <i>Pacific Studies</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Quest+That+Failed%3A+Jack+London%27s+Last+Tales&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=48&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Moreland&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts+in+popular+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColavito2005" class="citation book cs1">Colavito, Jason (2005). <i>The cult of alien gods : H.P. Lovecraft and extraterrestrial pop culture</i>. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781591023524" title="Special:BookSources/9781591023524"><bdi>9781591023524</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cult+of+alien+gods+%3A+H.P.+Lovecraft+and+extraterrestrial+pop+culture&rft.place=Amherst%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781591023524&rft.aulast=Colavito&rft.aufirst=Jason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts+in+popular+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaro2020" class="citation web cs1">Caro, Anthony (14 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comicbookhistorians.com/visualizing-robert-e-howards-the-tower-of-the-elephant-in-conan-the-barbarian-4-by-anthony-caro/">"Visualizing Robert E. Howard's "The Tower of the Elephant"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>comicbookhistorians.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=comicbookhistorians.com&rft.atitle=Visualizing+Robert+E.+Howard%27s+%22The+Tower+of+the+Elephant%22&rft.date=2020-08-14&rft.aulast=Caro&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcomicbookhistorians.com%2Fvisualizing-robert-e-howards-the-tower-of-the-elephant-in-conan-the-barbarian-4-by-anthony-caro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts+in+popular+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestfahl2022" class="citation book cs1">Westfahl, Gary (2022). <i>The stuff of science fiction : hardware, settings, characters</i>. Jefferson, North Carolina. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476686592" title="Special:BookSources/9781476686592"><bdi>9781476686592</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+stuff+of+science+fiction+%3A+hardware%2C+settings%2C+characters&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=55&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781476686592&rft.aulast=Westfahl&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts+in+popular+culture" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamashKatyVan_Broeck2022" class="citation book cs1">Kamash, Zena; Katy, Soar; Van Broeck, Leen, eds. (2022). <i>Comics and archaeology</i>. Cham, Switzerland. pp. 33–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-98918-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-98918-7"><bdi>978-3-030-98918-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comics+and+archaeology&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=33-34&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-3-030-98918-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts+in+popular+culture" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeller2021" class="citation book cs1">Zeller, Benjamin E., ed. (2021). <i>Handbook of UFO religions</i>. Leiden. p. 439. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43553-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43553-7"><bdi>978-90-04-43553-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+UFO+religions&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=439&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-90-04-43553-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts+in+popular+culture" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestfahl2018" class="citation book cs1">Westfahl, Gary (2018). <i>Arthur C. Clarke</i>. University of Illinois Press. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252041938" title="Special:BookSources/9780252041938"><bdi>9780252041938</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arthur+C.+Clarke&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780252041938&rft.aulast=Westfahl&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts+in+popular+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestfahl2018" class="citation book cs1">Westfahl, Gary (2018). <i>Arthur C. Clarke</i>. University of Illinois Press. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252041938" title="Special:BookSources/9780252041938"><bdi>9780252041938</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arthur+C.+Clarke&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780252041938&rft.aulast=Westfahl&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts+in+popular+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay2016" class="citation book cs1">May, Andrew (2016). <i>Pseudoscience and science fiction</i>. Cham: Springer. pp. 134–135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-42604-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-42604-4"><bdi>978-3-319-42604-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pseudoscience+and+science+fiction&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=134-135&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-319-42604-4&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts+in+popular+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeller2021" class="citation book cs1">Zeller, Benjamin E., ed. (2021). <i>Handbook of UFO religions</i>. 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href="#cite_ref-Forerunners_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forerunners_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forerunners_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/forerunners">"SFE: Forerunners"</a>. <i>sf-encyclopedia.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sf-encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=SFE%3A+Forerunners&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsf-encyclopedia.com%2Fentry%2Fforerunners&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts+in+popular+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marvel-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marvel_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marvel_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marvel_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrand2017" class="citation web cs1">Grand, Alex (19 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comicbookhistorians.com/brief-history-of-ancient-aliens-in-pop-culture-comic-books-with-jack-kirby/">"Brief history of Ancient Aliens in Pop Culture"</a>. <i>comicbookhistorians.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=comicbookhistorians.com&rft.atitle=Brief+history+of+Ancient+Aliens+in+Pop+Culture&rft.date=2017-11-19&rft.aulast=Grand&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcomicbookhistorians.com%2Fbrief-history-of-ancient-aliens-in-pop-culture-comic-books-with-jack-kirby%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts+in+popular+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/qvxja7/how-2001-a-space-odyssey-anticipated-the-rise-of-the-ancient-aliens-meme">"How '2001: A Space Odyssey' Anticipated the Rise of the Ancient Aliens Meme"</a>. <i>www.vice.com</i>. 2 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vice.com&rft.atitle=How+%272001%3A+A+Space+Odyssey%27+Anticipated+the+Rise+of+the+Ancient+Aliens+Meme&rft.date=2018-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fqvxja7%2Fhow-2001-a-space-odyssey-anticipated-the-rise-of-the-ancient-aliens-meme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+astronauts+in+popular+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_astronauts_in_popular_culture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.explore-science-fiction-movies.com/ancientastronautswikipedia">Ancient Aliens in Science Fiction Movies - Part One</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.explore-science-fiction-movies.com/ancientalienswikipedia">Ancient Aliens in Science Fiction Movies - Part Two</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Science_fiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Science_fiction" title="Template:Science fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Science_fiction" title="Template talk:Science fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Science_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Science fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Science_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_science_fiction" title="Outline of science fiction">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science-fiction_authors" title="List of science-fiction authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_science_fiction" title="Definitions of science fiction">Definitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_science_fiction" title="Anthropological science fiction">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_romance" title="Scientific romance">Scientific romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_science_fiction" title="Soft science fiction">Soft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Science_Fiction" title="Golden Age of Science Fiction">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction" title="History of science fiction">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_science_fiction" title="Timeline of science fiction">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_sitcoms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of science fiction sitcoms">Sitcoms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_space_(science_fiction)" title="Inner space (science fiction)">Inner space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundane_science_fiction" title="Mundane science fiction">Mundane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare_in_science_fiction" title="Space warfare in science fiction">Space warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sword and planet">Sword and planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science_fiction" title="Social science fiction">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spy-Fi_(subgenre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy-Fi (subgenre)">Spy-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno-thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works" title="List of underwater science fiction works">Underwater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_derivatives" title="Cyberpunk derivatives">Cyberpunk derivatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopunk" title="Biopunk">Biopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieselpunk" title="Dieselpunk">Dieselpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanopunk" title="Nanopunk">Nanopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solarpunk" title="Solarpunk">Solarpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_convention" title="Science fiction convention">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">Fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science-fiction_fanzine" title="Science-fiction fanzine">Fanzines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">ISFDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_libraries_and_museums" title="Science fiction libraries and museums">Libraries and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMP_Museum#Science_Fiction_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="EMP Museum">Science Fiction Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_studies" title="Science fiction studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Women in SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldcon" title="Worldcon">Worldcon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction" title="Australian science fiction">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_science_fiction" title="Bengali science fiction">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_science_fiction" title="Brazilian science fiction">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction" title="Canadian science fiction">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_science_fiction" title="Chilean science fiction">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_science_fiction" title="Chinese science fiction">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_science_fiction" title="Croatian science fiction">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech science fiction and fantasy">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_science_fiction" title="Estonian science fiction">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_science_fiction" title="French science fiction">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_science_fiction" title="Hungarian science fiction">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_science_fiction" title="Norwegian science fiction">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_and_fantasy_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction and fantasy in Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_science_fiction" title="Romanian science fiction">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian science fiction and fantasy">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_science_fiction" title="Serbian science fiction">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_science_fiction" title="Spanish science fiction">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_science_fiction" title="Yugoslav science fiction">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cinematic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne_Awards" title="Jules Verne Awards">Jules Verne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary, art,<br />and audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astounding_Award_for_Best_New_Writer" title="Astounding Award for Best New Writer">Astounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurealis_Award" title="Aurealis Award">Aurealis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSFA_Award" title="BSFA Award">BSFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Campbell_Memorial_Award_for_Best_Science_Fiction_Novel" title="John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel">Campbell Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesley_Awards" title="Chesley Awards">Chesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke_Award" title="Arthur C. Clarke Award">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Crook_Award" title="Compton Crook Award">Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Science_Fiction_Preis" title="Deutscher Science Fiction Preis">Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick_Award" title="Philip K. Dick Award">Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditmar_Award" title="Ditmar Award">Ditmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endeavour_Award" title="Endeavour Award">Endeavor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FantLab%27s_Book_of_the_Year_Award" title="FantLab's Book of the Year Award">FantLab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Award_(China)" title="Galaxy Award (China)">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Gaughan_Award" title="Jack Gaughan Award">Gaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geffen_Award" title="Geffen Award">Geffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Duck_Award" title="Golden Duck Award">Golden Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damon_Knight_Memorial_Grand_Master_Award" title="Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award">Grand Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_prix_de_l%27Imaginaire" title="Grand prix de l'Imaginaire">Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Harland_Prize" title="Paul Harland Prize">Harland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein_Award" title="Robert A. Heinlein Award">Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premio_Ignotus" title="Premio Ignotus">Ignotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitschies" title="Kitschies">Kitschies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lambda_Literary_Awards_winners_and_nominees_for_science_fiction,_fantasy_and_horror" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Lambda Literary Awards winners and nominees for science fiction, fantasy and horror">Lambda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurd_La%C3%9Fwitz_Award" title="Kurd Laßwitz Award">Laßwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Award" title="Nautilus Award">Nautilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nommo_Awards" title="Nommo Awards">Nommo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Norton_Award" title="Andre Norton Award">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsec_Awards" title="Parsec Awards">Parsec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Award" title="Prometheus Award">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhysling_Award" title="Rhysling Award">Rhysling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFERA_Award" title="SFERA Award">SFERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewise_Award_for_Alternate_History" title="Sidewise Award for Alternate History">Sidewise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_E._Smith_Memorial_Award" title="Edward E. Smith Memorial Award">Skylark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sturgeon_Award" title="Theodore Sturgeon Award">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunburst_Award" title="Sunburst Award">Sunburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4htivaeltaja_Award" title="Tähtivaeltaja Award">Tähtivaeltaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBD_Science_Fiction_Story_Award" title="TBD Science Fiction Story Award">TBD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tiptree_Jr._Award" class="mw-redirect" title="James Tiptree Jr. Award">Tiptree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_Apollo_Award" title="Prix Apollo Award">Tour-Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_%26_Fantasy_Translation_Awards" title="Science Fiction & Fantasy Translation Awards">Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urania_Award" title="Urania Award">Urania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Julius_Vogel_Award" title="Sir Julius Vogel Award">Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writers_of_the_Future" class="mw-redirect" title="Writers of the Future">Writers and Illustrators of the Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_A._Zajdel_Award" title="Janusz A. Zajdel Award">Zajdel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multimedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Awards" title="Aurora Awards">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler_Award" title="Chandler Award">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiun_Award" title="Seiun Award">Seiun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylactic_Spectrum_Awards" title="Gaylactic Spectrum Awards">Spectrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction_films" title="History of science fiction films">Film history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_science_fiction_films" title="Lists of science fiction films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_films_in_India" title="Science fiction films in India">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comics" title="Science fiction comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine" title="Science fiction magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_novels" title="List of science fiction novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_short_stories" title="List of science fiction short stories">Short stories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_opera" title="Science fiction opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_theatre" title="Science fiction theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television" title="Science fiction on television">Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_television_programs" title="List of science fiction television programs">List of TV shows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction_television" title="Australian science fiction television">Australasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_television_science_fiction" title="British television science fiction">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction_television" title="Canadian science fiction television">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television#Continental_European_science_fiction_series" title="Science fiction on television">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Live-action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._television_science_fiction" title="U.S. television science fiction">U.S.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_themes" title="List of science fiction themes">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Architectural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyson_sphere" title="Dyson sphere">Dyson sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrioshka_brain" title="Matrioshka brain">Matrioshka brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_stations_and_habitats_in_fiction" title="Space stations and habitats in fiction">Space stations and habitats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_engine" title="Stellar engine">Stellar engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_in_popular_culture" title="Terraforming in popular culture">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biology_in_fiction" title="Biology in fiction">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare_in_popular_culture" title="Biological warfare in popular culture">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_being" title="Energy being">Energy being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_in_fiction" title="Evolution in fiction">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Extraterrestrials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_extraterrestrials" title="Lists of fictional extraterrestrials">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_speculative_fiction" title="Gender in speculative fiction">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in science fiction">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisibility_in_fiction" title="Invisibility in fiction">Invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology_in_fiction" title="Nanotechnology in fiction">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_fiction" title="Organ transplantation in fiction">Organ transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasites_in_fiction" title="Parasites in fiction">Parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthetics_in_fiction" title="Prosthetics in fiction">Prosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_sexuality_in_speculative_fiction" title="Sex and sexuality in speculative fiction">Sex and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiosis_in_fiction" title="Symbiosis in fiction">Symbiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansible" title="Ansible">Ansible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_holes_in_fiction" title="Black holes in fiction">Black holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planets_in_fiction" title="Extrasolar planets in fiction">Extrasolar planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_field_(technology)" title="Force field (technology)">Force field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperspace" title="Hyperspace">Hyperspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertialess_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertialess drive">Inertialess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">Multiverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_hole" title="Portable hole">Portable hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_travel_in_science_fiction" title="Space travel in science fiction">Space travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargate_(device)" title="Stargate (device)">Stargate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stars_in_fiction" title="Stars in fiction">Stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleportation_in_fiction" title="Teleportation in fiction">Teleportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction" title="Time travel in fiction">Time travel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_viewer" title="Time viewer">Viewer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_drive" title="Warp drive">Warp drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormholes_in_fiction" title="Wormholes in fiction">Wormhole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_mind_(science_fiction)" title="Group mind (science fiction)">Group mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading_in_fiction" title="Mind uploading in fiction">Mind uploading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psionics" title="Psionics">Psionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_consciousness_in_fiction" title="Simulated consciousness in fiction">Simulated consciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_language" title="Alien language">Alien language</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_science_fiction" title="Black science fiction">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_corporation" title="Evil corporation">Evil corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_contact_(science_fiction)" title="First contact (science fiction)">First contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_complex" title="Frankenstein complex">Frankenstein complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_empire" title="Galactic empire">Galactic empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_from_space_(science_fiction)" title="Message from space (science fiction)">Message from space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism_in_fiction" title="Transhumanism in fiction">Transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uplift_(science_fiction)" title="Uplift (science fiction)">Uplift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoarchaeology" title="Xenoarchaeology">Xenoarchaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_fiction" title="Artificial intelligence in fiction">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover_in_popular_culture" title="AI takeover in popular culture">AI takeover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_engineering" title="Astronomical engineering">Astroengineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography_in_fiction" title="Holography in fiction">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_robots_and_androids" title="List of fictional robots and androids">Robots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyborgs_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyborgs in fiction">Cyborgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_machines_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-replicating machines in fiction">Self-replicating machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_reality" title="Simulated reality">Simulated reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_spacecraft" title="List of fictional spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachyons_in_fiction" title="Tachyons in fiction">Tachyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_in_science_fiction" title="Weapons in science fiction">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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