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id="toc-Conflict_with_Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_with_Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Conflict with Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_with_Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Iran-Iraq_War_1980-1988" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Iran-Iraq_War_1980-1988"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Iran-Iraq_War_1980-1988-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Iran-Iraq_War_1980-1988-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chemical_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Chemical warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>End of the war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_war:_Tensions_with_Kuwait" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_war:_Tensions_with_Kuwait"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>After the war: Tensions with Kuwait</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_war:_Tensions_with_Kuwait-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Gulf_War_1990-1991" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Gulf_War_1990-1991"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>The Gulf War 1990-1991</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Gulf_War_1990-1991-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The Gulf War 1990-1991 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Gulf_War_1990-1991-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-After_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>After the war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1991-2003" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1991-2003"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>1991-2003</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1991-2003-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2003_invasion_of_Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2003_invasion_of_Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>2003 invasion of Iraq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2003_invasion_of_Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pursuit_and_capture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pursuit_and_capture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Pursuit and capture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pursuit_and_capture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Trial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Execution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Execution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Execution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Execution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_Life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_Life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Personal Life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_Life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Other websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Saddam Hussein</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 129 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-129" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">129 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hoesein" title="Saddam Hoesein – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Saddam Hoesein" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B3%E1%8B%B3%E1%88%9D_%E1%88%81%E1%88%B4%E1%8A%95" title="ሳዳም ሁሴን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሳዳም ሁሴን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="صدام حسين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صدام حسين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A8%DC%95%DC%90%DC%A1_%DC%9A%DC%98%DC%A3%DC%9D%DC%A2" title="ܨܕܐܡ ܚܘܣܝܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܨܕܐܡ ܚܘܣܝܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadam_Husein" title="Sadam Husein – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sadam Husein" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99ddam_H%C3%BCseyn" title="Səddam Hüseyn – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Səddam Hüseyn" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="صدام حسین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="صدام حسین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="সাদ্দাম হুসাইন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাদ্দাম হুসাইন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A5%D3%A9%D1%81%D3%99%D0%B9%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Сәддам Хөсәйен – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сәддам Хөсәйен" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Садам Хусейн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Садам Хусейн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Садам Хусэйн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Садам Хусэйн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A5%D1%8E%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Саддам Хюсеин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Саддам Хюсеин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadam_Husein" title="Sadam Husein – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sadam Husein" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Husain" title="Saddam Husain – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Saddam Husain" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadd%C3%A1m_Husajn" title="Saddám Husajn – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Saddám Husajn" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="صدام حسين – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="صدام حسين" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="सद्दाम हुसेन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="सद्दाम हुसेन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eadd%C4%81m_%E1%B8%A8usayn" title="Şaddām Ḩusayn – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Şaddām Ḩusayn" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BC_%CE%A7%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%90%CE%BD" title="Σαντάμ Χουσεΐν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαντάμ Χουσεΐν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadam_Huse%C3%ADn" title="Sadam Huseín – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sadam Huseín" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="صدام حسین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صدام حسین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hoessein" title="Saddam Hoessein – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Saddam Hoessein" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Husayn" title="Saddam Husayn – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Saddam Husayn" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%8B%B4_%ED%9B%84%EC%84%B8%EC%9D%B8" title="사담 후세인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사담 후세인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B6" title="Սադդամ Հուսեյն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սադդամ Հուսեյն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8" title="सद्दाम हुसैन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सद्दाम हुसैन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="סדאם חוסיין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סדאם חוסיין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸದ್ದಾಮ್ ಹುಸೇನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸದ್ದಾಮ್ ಹುಸೇನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="სადამ ჰუსეინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სადამ ჰუსეინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="صدام حسین – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="صدام حسین" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Саддам Хусейн – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Саддам Хусейн" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedam_Huseyn" title="Sedam Huseyn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sedam Huseyn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Саддам Хусейн – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Саддам Хусейн" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddamus_Husseinus" title="Saddamus Husseinus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saddamus Husseinus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadams_Huseins" title="Sadams Huseins – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sadams Huseins" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadamas_Huseinas" title="Sadamas Huseinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sadamas Huseinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hoessein" title="Saddam Hoessein – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Saddam Hoessein" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szadd%C3%A1m_Huszein" title="Szaddám Huszein – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szaddám Huszein" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="सद्दाम हुसेन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सद्दाम हुसेन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Садам Хусеин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Садам Хусеин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BB" title="സദ്ദാം ഹുസൈൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സദ്ദാം ഹുസൈൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="सद्दाम हुसेन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सद्दाम हुसेन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="სადამ ჰუსეინი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სადამ ჰუსეინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="صدام حسين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صدام حسين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="صدام حسین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="صدام حسین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9D_%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯁꯥꯗꯥꯝ ꯍꯨꯁꯦꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯥꯗꯥꯝ ꯍꯨꯁꯦꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Саддам Хусейн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Саддам Хусейн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%92%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B0%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ဆဒမ် ဟူစိန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆဒမ် ဟူစိန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hoessein" title="Saddam Hoessein – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Saddam Hoessein" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="सद्दाम हुसेन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सद्दाम हुसेन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="सद्दाम हुसेन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सद्दाम हुसेन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%83%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3" title="サッダーム・フセイン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サッダーム・フセイン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Husayn" title="Saddam Husayn – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Saddam Husayn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE_%E0%AC%B9%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8" title="ସଦ୍ଦାମ ହୁସେନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସଦ୍ଦାମ ହୁସେନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Husayn" title="Saddam Husayn – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Saddam Husayn" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸਦਾਮ ਹੁਸੈਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਦਾਮ ਹੁਸੈਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="صدام حسین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="صدام حسین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="صدام حسین – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="صدام حسین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98_%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%93" title="សាដាម ហ៊ូសេន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សាដាម ហ៊ូសេន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Husajn" title="Saddam Husajn – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Saddam Husajn" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Саддам Хусейн – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Саддам Хусейн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="सद्दाम हुसेन् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सद्दाम हुसेन्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadam_Huseini" title="Sadam Huseini – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sadam Huseini" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="සදාම් හුසේන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සදාම් හුසේන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadd%C3%A1m_Husajn" title="Saddám Husajn – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Saddám Husajn" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadam_Husein" title="Sadam Husein – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sadam Husein" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadaam_Xuseen" title="Sadaam Xuseen – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Sadaam Xuseen" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%AF%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8E%D9%86" title="سەددام حوسێن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەددام حوسێن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Садам Хусеин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Садам Хусеин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadam_Husein" title="Sadam Husein – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sadam Husein" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="சதாம் உசேன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சதாம் உசேன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A5%D3%A9%D1%81%D3%99%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Сәддам Хөсәен – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сәддам Хөсәен" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="సద్దామ్ హుసేన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సద్దామ్ హుసేన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99" title="ซัดดัม ฮุสเซน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซัดดัม ฮุสเซน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D2%B2%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Саддом Ҳусайн – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Саддом Ҳусайн" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_H%C3%BCseyin" title="Saddam Hüseyin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Saddam Hüseyin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Huse%C3%BDn" title="Saddam Huseýn – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Saddam Huseýn" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Саддам Хусейн – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Саддам Хусейн" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="صدام حسین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صدام حسین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hosseyn" title="Saddam Hosseyn – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Saddam Hosseyn" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E9%81%94%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E7%8F%8A" title="薩達姆·海珊 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="薩達姆·海珊" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E8%BE%BE%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E4%BE%AF%E8%B5%9B%E5%9B%A0" title="萨达姆·侯赛因 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="萨达姆·侯赛因" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9F" title="סאדאם כוסעין – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סאדאם כוסעין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E9%81%94%E5%A7%86%E4%BE%AF%E8%B3%BD%E5%9B%A0" title="薩達姆侯賽因 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="薩達姆侯賽因" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seddam_H%C4%B1seyn" title="Seddam Hıseyn – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Seddam Hıseyn" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E8%BE%BE%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E4%BE%AF%E8%B5%9B%E5%9B%A0" title="萨达姆·侯赛因 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="萨达姆·侯赛因" 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div style="display:inline-block; font-size:125%;" class="fn">Saddam Hussein<br /><small>صدام حسين</small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Saddam_Hussein_in_1998.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Saddam_Hussein_in_1998.png/220px-Saddam_Hussein_in_1998.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Saddam_Hussein_in_1998.png/330px-Saddam_Hussein_in_1998.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Saddam_Hussein_in_1998.png/440px-Saddam_Hussein_in_1998.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1188" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Saddam Hussein in 1998</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">President of Iraq</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />16 July 1979 – 9 April 2003</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%27dun_Hammadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sa'dun Hammadi (not yet started)">Sa'dun Hammadi</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_Amza_Zubeidi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammed Amza Zubeidi (not yet started)">Mohammed Amza Zubeidi</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Husayn_Khudayir_as-Samarrai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai (not yet started)">Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Aziz_al-Hakim" title="Abdul Aziz al-Hakim">Abdul Aziz al-Hakim</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">President of the Governing council</a>)</small></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister of Iraq</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />29 May 1994 – 9 April 2003</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Husayn_Khudayir_as-Samarrai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai (not yet started)">Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Bahr_al-Ulloum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammad Bahr al-Ulloum (not yet started)">Mohammad Bahr al-Ulloum</a> <small>(Acting President of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Governing_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iraqi Governing Council (not yet started)">Governing Council</a>)</small></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />16 July 1979 – 23 March 1991</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%27dun_Hammadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sa'dun Hammadi (not yet started)">Sa'dun Hammadi</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em">Leader of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-led_faction)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-led faction) (not yet started)">Ba'ath Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />23 June 1989 – 30 December 2006</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izzat_Ibrahim_ad-Douri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izzat Ibrahim ad-Douri (not yet started)">Izzat Ibrahim ad-Douri</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em">Chairperson of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolutionary_Command_Council_(Iraq)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolutionary Command Council (Iraq) (not yet started)">Revolutionary Command Council</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />16 July 1979 – 9 April 2003</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Position abolished</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1939-07-01</span>)</span>1 July 1939<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Awja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Awja (not yet started)">Al-Awja</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Iraq_(1932%E2%80%9358)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Iraq (1932–58) (not yet started)">Iraq</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">30 December 2006<span style="display:none">(2006-12-30)</span> (aged 67)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadhimiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kadhimiya (not yet started)">Kadhimiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-led_faction)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-led faction) (not yet started)">Ba'ath Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Progressive_Front_(Iraq)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Progressive Front (Iraq) (not yet started)">National Progressive Front</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">6’0½” to 6’2”</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sajida_Talfah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sajida Talfah (not yet started)">Sajida Talfah</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samira_Shahbandar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samira Shahbandar (not yet started)">Samira Shahbandar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Uday_Hussein" title="Uday Hussein">Uday</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qusay_Hussein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qusay Hussein (not yet started)">Qusay</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raghad_Hussein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raghad Hussein (not yet started)">Raghad</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rana_Hussein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rana Hussein (not yet started)">Rana</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hala_Hussein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hala Hussein (not yet started)">Hala</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saddam_Hussein_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saddam Hussein's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Saddam_Hussein_Signature.svg/128px-Saddam_Hussein_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Saddam_Hussein_Signature.svg/192px-Saddam_Hussein_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Saddam_Hussein_Signature.svg/256px-Saddam_Hussein_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="89" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>صدام حسين</b> </p><p><b>Saddam Hussein</b> (28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006)<sup id="cite_ref-ref2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CNN11_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN11-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an Iraqi politician and revolutionary who was the fifth <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">president of Iraq</a>, from July 1979 to April 2003. He was 58th and 61st <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">prime minister of Iraq</a>, serving respectively from July 1979 to March 1991 and from May 1994 to April 2003. </p><p>He was removed from his position during the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">War in Iraq</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. He ran a repressive <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> government,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often described as <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is a disputed label.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Childhood">Childhood</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Childhood" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Childhood"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Saddam in his Youth <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1956</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Saddam Hussein was born in the <a href="/wiki/Village" title="Village">village</a> of Al-Awja, in the <a href="/wiki/Tikrit" title="Tikrit">Tikrit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. He never knew his father, Hussein 'Abd al-Majid,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who disappeared five months before Saddam was born. Shortly before Saddam was born, Saddam's twelve-year-old brother died of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, leaving his <a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">mother</a> very <a href="/wiki/Clinical_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical depression">depressed</a> in the final months of the <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>. She tried to <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">kill herself</a> near the end of the pregnancy and did not want to care for Saddam when he was born. Saddam was sent to the family of an <a href="/wiki/Uncle" title="Uncle">uncle</a>, Khairallah Tulfah, until he was three.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At 10, Saddam ran away from the family to return to live with his uncle, who was a devout <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> Muslim, in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. According to Saddam, in 1957, at the age of 20, Saddam became part of the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a>. The Ba'ath party is an <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" title="Arab people">Arab</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> that supports <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>. </p><p>In 1958, Hussein was <a href="/wiki/Arrest" title="Arrest">arrested</a> for <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">killing</a> his <a href="/wiki/Brother-in-law" title="Brother-in-law">brother-in-law</a> because he was a <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">activist</a>. He spent six months in <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">prison</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_in_the_Ba'ath_party"><span id="Rise_in_the_Ba.27ath_party"></span>Rise in the Ba'ath party</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Rise in the Ba'ath party" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Rise in the Ba'ath party"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SaddamCairo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/SaddamCairo.jpg/220px-SaddamCairo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/SaddamCairo.jpg/330px-SaddamCairo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/SaddamCairo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="213" /></a><figcaption>Saddam with members of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ba%27ath_party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ba'ath party (not yet started)">Ba'ath party</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A year after Saddam had joined the Ba'ath party, army officers led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Karim_Qassim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdul Karim Qassim (not yet started)">General Abdul Karim Qassim</a> got rid of <a href="/wiki/Faisal_II_of_Iraq" title="Faisal II of Iraq">Faisal II of Iraq</a>. The Baathists were against the new <a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">regime</a>, and in 1959, Saddam was involved in the attempted murder of Prime Minister Qassim. Saddam was <a href="/wiki/Gunshot_wound" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunshot wound">shot</a> in the leg, but managed to get away to <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. Later, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. He was <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" title="Death penalty">sentenced to death</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exile</a>, he attended the <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Cairo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Cairo (not yet started)">University of Cairo</a> <a href="/wiki/Law_school" title="Law school">law school</a>. </p><p>Army officers, including some with the Ba'ath party, came to power in Iraq in a military <a href="/wiki/Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup">coup</a> in 1963. However, the new regime was kicked out quickly. Saddam returned to Iraq, but was imprisoned in 1964 when an anti-Ba'ath group led by <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Arif" title="Abdul Rahman Arif">Abdul Rahman Arif</a> took power. He escaped from jail in 1967 and became one of the leading members of the party. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gaining_power">Gaining power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Gaining power" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Gaining power"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1976, Saddam was made a <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general</a> in the Iraqi army. He quickly became the most important person of the <a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">regime</a>. He slowly began to gain more power over Iraq's government and the Ba'ath party. As Iraq's weak, old President, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a>, became more unable to do the duties of his office, Saddam began to take on an more important role as the head of the Iraqi government. He soon became the creator of Iraq's <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a> and represented the nation in all <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic relations">diplomatic</a> situations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_with_Iran">Conflict with Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Conflict with Iran" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Conflict with Iran"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1979, Iran's <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> was overthrown by the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Islamic_Revolution" title="History of Iran">Islamic Revolution</a>, giving way to an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a>. The influence of revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Shi%27ite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'ite">Shi'ite</a> Islam grew in the region, particularly in countries with large Shi'ite <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">populations</a>, especially Iraq. Saddam was afraid that radical Islamic ideas were quickly spreading inside his country among most of the Shi'ite people. He worried that these ideas would go against his leadership. </p><p>There had also been a rivalry between Saddam and Khomeini since the 1970s. Khomeini was <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exiled</a> from Iran in 1964. He began living in Iraq, at the Shi'ite holy city of <a href="/wiki/An_Najaf" class="mw-redirect" title="An Najaf">An Najaf</a>. There, he became involved with Iraqi Shi'ites and gained many religious and <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a> followers throughout the world. Under pressure from the Shah, who had agreed to a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapprochement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rapprochement (not yet started)">rapprochement</a> between Iraq and Iran in 1975, Saddam agreed to kick Khomeini out in 1978. After the Islamic Revolution, Khomeini thought defeating Saddam's government may have been the second most important thing to do, only behind keeping his power in Iran. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Iran-Iraq_War_1980-1988">The Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: The Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: The Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Khomeini gained power, small <a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">battles</a> between Iraq and revolutionary Iran happened for ten months. The two countries were fighting over who controlled the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shatt_al-Arab_waterway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shatt al-Arab waterway (not yet started)">Shatt al-Arab waterway</a>, which divides Iran and Iraq. </p><p>Iraq and Iran officially went to war with each other on September 22, 1980. Saddam used the disagreement over the waterway as an excuse to go to war with Iran. However, the war was more likely an attempt by Saddam - supported by both the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> - to have Iraq stop radical revolutions like the one in Iran from spreading any further. </p><p>In the first days of the war, there was heavy ground fighting around major <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">ports</a> as Iraq launched an attack on Iran's <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a>-rich, Arab-populated <a href="/wiki/Province" title="Province">province</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khuzestan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khuzestan (not yet started)">Khuzestan</a>. After making some gains, Iraq's <a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">troops</a> began to suffer losses from human-wave attacks by Iran. By 1982, Iraq was looking to end the war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_warfare">Chemical warfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: Chemical warfare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Chemical warfare"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the war, Iraq used <a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">chemical warfare</a> against Iranian forces and <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish</a> <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatists</a>. On March 16, 1988, Saddam ordered Iraqi troops to stop a Kurdish uprising. Iraq attacked the Kurdish town of <a href="/wiki/Halabja" title="Halabja">Halabja</a> with a mix of <a href="/wiki/Poison_gas" title="Poison gas">poison gas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nerve_agent" title="Nerve agent">nerve agents</a>, killing 5000 people, mostly women and children. </p><p>Saddam reached out to other Arab governments for cash and political help. The Iranians, hoping to bring down Saddam's non-religious government and start a Shi'ite <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">rebellion</a> in Iraq, refused a cease-fire until 1988. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_war">End of the war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: End of the war" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: End of the war"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The eight-year war ended in a tie. There were hundreds of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Casualty_(person)" title="Casualty (person)">casualties</a>. Perhaps 1.7 million died on both sides. Both <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economies</a>, previously healthy and growing, were left in ruins. </p><p>Saddam was also stuck with a <a href="/wiki/Debt" title="Debt">debt</a> of roughly $75 billion. Borrowing money from the U.S. was making Iraq into its client state, embarrassing a strongman who had sought to define and lead Arab <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>. Saddam also borrowed a large amount of money from other Arab states during the 1980s to fight Iran. Faced with rebuilding Iraq's <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>, Saddam desperately sought out cash once again, this time for postwar reconstruction. </p> <div align="center"><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 978px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation_Ramadan_ul-Mubarak_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The war was over the Shatt al-Arab waterway (the dotted blue and black line)"><img alt="The war was over the Shatt al-Arab waterway (the dotted blue and black line)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Operation_Ramadan_ul-Mubarak_map.svg/92px-Operation_Ramadan_ul-Mubarak_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Operation_Ramadan_ul-Mubarak_map.svg/139px-Operation_Ramadan_ul-Mubarak_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Operation_Ramadan_ul-Mubarak_map.svg/185px-Operation_Ramadan_ul-Mubarak_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="624" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The war was over the Shatt al-Arab waterway (the dotted blue and black line)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Children_In_iraq-iran_war3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Child soldier in the Iran-Iraq War"><img alt="Child soldier in the Iran-Iraq War" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Children_In_iraq-iran_war3.jpg/90px-Children_In_iraq-iran_war3.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Children_In_iraq-iran_war3.jpg/135px-Children_In_iraq-iran_war3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Children_In_iraq-iran_war3.jpg/180px-Children_In_iraq-iran_war3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="798" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Child_soldier" title="Child soldier">Child soldier</a> in the Iran-Iraq War</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sardashtchemic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Victims of Iraq's attacks with poison gas"><img alt="Victims of Iraq's attacks with poison gas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sardashtchemic.jpg/120px-Sardashtchemic.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sardashtchemic.jpg/180px-Sardashtchemic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sardashtchemic.jpg/240px-Sardashtchemic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="445" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Victims of Iraq's attacks with poison gas</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Halabja_cemetery.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Graves for Kurds killed in the Halabja chemical attack"><img alt="Graves for Kurds killed in the Halabja chemical attack" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Halabja_cemetery.jpg/120px-Halabja_cemetery.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Halabja_cemetery.jpg/180px-Halabja_cemetery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Halabja_cemetery.jpg/240px-Halabja_cemetery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1131" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Graves">Graves</a> for Kurds killed in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Halabja_chemical_attack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halabja chemical attack (not yet started)">Halabja chemical attack</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Murdered_Iraqi_POW_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A murdered Iraqi POW"><img alt="A murdered Iraqi POW" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Murdered_Iraqi_POW_2.jpg/120px-Murdered_Iraqi_POW_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Murdered_Iraqi_POW_2.jpg/180px-Murdered_Iraqi_POW_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Murdered_Iraqi_POW_2.jpg/240px-Murdered_Iraqi_POW_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A murdered Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POW</a></div> </li> </ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_the_war:_Tensions_with_Kuwait">After the war: Tensions with Kuwait</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: After the war: Tensions with Kuwait" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: After the war: Tensions with Kuwait"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saddam was pressuring <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> to forgive its share of his debt, some $30 billion. (This would mean Iraq would not have to pay back Kuwait's $30 million.) Saddam argued that the struggle with Iran had been fought for the benefit of the other Persian Gulf Arab states as much as for Iraq. Because of this, he said, a share of Iraqi debt should be forgiven. </p><p>Saddam had pushed oil-<a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">exporting</a> countries to raise oil prices and cut back production. Not only did Kuwait refuse to do this, they also helped support <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>'s opposition to the production cuts that Saddam had requested. Kuwait was pumping large amounts of oil, and keeping prices low, when Iraq needed to sell high-priced oil from its <a href="/wiki/Oil_well" title="Oil well">wells</a> to pay off a huge debt. </p><p>The fact that Kuwait had so much oil made the region even more tense. Even though Kuwait had fewer people, it had about as much oil in reserve as Iraq. Together, Iraq and Kuwait had 20 percent of the world's known oil reserves. </p><p>The Kuwaiti <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> made Saddam even angrier by drilling oil out of Iraqi wells. At the time, Saddam's regime was not disliked by most of the world. Saddam complained about the drilling to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="United States State Department">United States State Department</a>. Although this had gone on for years, Saddam now needed oil money to get rid of a looming economic crisis. Saddam still had an experienced and well-equipped army, which he used to influence regional affairs. He later ordered troops to the Iraqi-Kuwaiti <a href="/wiki/Border" title="Border">border</a>. </p><p>As Iraqi-Kuwaiti relations rapidly grew worse, Saddam was getting different information about how the United States would respond to an <a href="/wiki/Invasion" title="Invasion">invasion</a>. The United States had been working on starting a good relationship with Iraq for roughly a <a href="/wiki/Decade" title="Decade">decade</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan administration</a> gave Saddam roughly $40 billion worth of <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">arms</a> in the 1980s to fight Iran, nearly all of it on <a href="/wiki/Credit" title="Credit">credit</a>. The U.S. also sent billions of dollars of food and arms to Saddam to keep him from forming a strong <a href="/wiki/Alliance" title="Alliance">alliance</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">ambassador</a> to Iraq, <a href="/w/index.php?title=April_Glaspie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="April Glaspie (not yet started)">April Glaspie</a>, met with Saddam in a meeting on July 25. Saddam said he wanted to keep talks going. U.S. officials tried to take a calm, relaxing tone with Iraq. They explained that neither <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H.W. Bush</a> or <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State" title="Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">James Baker</a> wanted military force to be used. However, they also said that they would not take any position on the Iraqi-Kuwaiti dispute and did not want to become involved. </p><p>Later, Iraq and Kuwait met for a final <a href="/wiki/Negotiation" title="Negotiation">negotiation</a> session, which failed. Saddam then sent his troops into Kuwait. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Gulf_War_1990-1991">The Gulf War 1990-1991</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Change section: The Gulf War 1990-1991" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: The Gulf War 1990-1991"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Various_Arabic_Troops_during_Operation_Desert_Storm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Various_Arabic_Troops_during_Operation_Desert_Storm.jpg/220px-Various_Arabic_Troops_during_Operation_Desert_Storm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Various_Arabic_Troops_during_Operation_Desert_Storm.jpg/330px-Various_Arabic_Troops_during_Operation_Desert_Storm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Various_Arabic_Troops_during_Operation_Desert_Storm.jpg/440px-Various_Arabic_Troops_during_Operation_Desert_Storm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2821" data-file-height="1912" /></a><figcaption>Coalition of Arab Countries during the Gulf War</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671799">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See the main article: <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></div> <p>On August 2, 1990, Saddam invaded Kuwait, causing an international crisis. The invasion of Kuwait gave Iraq, with its own substantial oil fields, control of 20 percent of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> oil. The U.S. helped Saddam Hussein in the war with Iran, but with Iraq's take over of the oil-rich <a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">emirate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> in August of 1990, the United States led a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> force that drove Saddam from Kuwait in <a href="/wiki/February" title="February">February</a> 1991. </p><p>Because the United States and the Soviet Union were <a href="/wiki/Cooperation" title="Cooperation">cooperating</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>, the Security Council was able to pass resolutions. These resolutions gave Iraq a <a href="/wiki/Deadline" title="Deadline">deadline</a> to leave Kuwait. </p><p>Saddam ignored the Security Council deadline. On January 16, 1991, coalition of U.S. and Security Council troops launched <a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">missile</a> attacks on Iraq. The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and a group of <a href="/wiki/Ally" class="mw-redirect" title="Ally">allies</a> it had quickly gathered, including <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, made Saddam's army move from Kuwait in January 1991. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, though Saddam attacked it with Iraqi missiles, did not fight back. It did not want to anger Arab states into leaving the coalition. But Saddam had focused attention on the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian">Palestinian</a> problem by promising to make his forces leave from Kuwait if <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> would leave the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>. Saddam's proposal further split the Arab world, pitting U.S. and Western-supported Arab states against the Palestinians. </p><p>175,000 Iraqis were taken prisoner and about 85,000 died. As part of the <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">cease-fire</a> agreement, Iraq agreed to get rid of all poison gas and <a href="/wiki/Biological_weapon" title="Biological weapon">germ weapons</a>, and to allow UN observers to inspect the sites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_war">After the war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Change section: After the war" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: After the war"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All of the different <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religions</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a> the war had created caused after-war <a href="/wiki/Rebel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebel">rebellions</a>. After the war, fighting between Shi'ite Muslims, Kurds, and <a href="/wiki/Dissident" title="Dissident">dissident</a> military units was bad. This was a problem to Saddam's rule. Saddam acted by stopping all rebellions in their tracks, especially in the North. </p><p>Before the war ended, the United States had encouraged Iraqis to rise up against Saddam. However, when the Shi'ites, Kurds, and dissidents did rise up against Saddam, the United States did not support them. </p><p>Without United States support for these rebellions, Saddam survived them. He was then left completely in control of Iraq. The country's <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">army</a> never recovered from the Gulf War. However, Saddam often claimed that Iraq had won the Gulf War, and the United States had lost. This made Saddam popular in many parts of the Arab world. </p><p>Saddam liked to show himself as a strict <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>. This was to calm down the religious parts of the society. He brought back some parts of <a href="/wiki/Sharia_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharia law">Sharia law</a>. This included the 2001 law that said <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a> could be punished by the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a>. The phrase "<a href="/wiki/Allahu_Akbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahu Akbar">Allahu Akbar</a>" ("<i><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> is great</i>"), in Saddam's handwriting, was added to the Iraq national <a href="/wiki/Flag" title="Flag">flag</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1991-2003">1991-2003</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Change section: 1991-2003" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: 1991-2003"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Relations between the United States and Iraq remained tense after the Gulf War. In 1993, the United States decided to attack Iraq, because it thought <a href="/wiki/Evidence" title="Evidence">evidence</a> showed Iraq had sponsored a plan to kill former President George H.W. Bush. On June 26, 1993, the United States launched a missile attack aimed at Iraq's <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">intelligence</a> <a href="/wiki/Headquarters" title="Headquarters">headquarters</a> in Baghdad. </p><p>The United Nations placed a trade <a href="/wiki/Embargo" title="Embargo">embargo</a> on Iraq, blocking Iraqi oil <a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">exports</a>. This caused hardship in Iraq and almost destroyed the Iraqi economy and state <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>. Only smuggling across the <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a> border, and <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">humanitarian aid</a> kept Iraq from crisis. Later, limited amounts of income from the United Nations <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil-for-food&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oil-for-food (not yet started)">oil-for-food</a> program started flowing into Iraq. On December 9, 1996, the United Nations allowed Baghdad to begin selling limited amounts of oil for food and <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>. </p><p>U.S. officials continued to accuse Saddam of violating the Gulf War's cease-fire agreement, by developing <a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a> and other banned weapons, and by violating the UN-imposed sanctions and "no-fly zones." Isolated military strikes by U.S. and British forces continued on Iraq, the largest being <a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Desert_Fox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Desert Fox (not yet started)">Operation Desert Fox</a> in 1998. After two years of intermittent activity, U.S. and British warplanes struck harder at sites near Baghdad in <a href="/wiki/February" title="February">February</a> 2001. </p><p>Saddam's base of Tikriti tribesmen, family members, and other supporters was divided after the war and in the following years. This added to the regime's increasingly <a href="/w/index.php?title=Repressive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Repressive (not yet started)">repressive</a> and <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/arbitrary" class="extiw" title="wikt:arbitrary">arbitrary</a> nature. Domestic repression inside Iraq grew worse, and Saddam's sons, <a href="/wiki/Uday_Hussein" title="Uday Hussein">Uday Hussein</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qusay_Hussein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qusay Hussein (not yet started)">Qusay Hussein</a>, became increasingly powerful and carried out a private reign of <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terror</a>. They likely had a leading hand when, in August 1995, two of Saddam Hussein's sons-in-law, who held high positions in the Iraqi military, defected to <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>. Both were killed after returning to Iraq the following February. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2003_invasion_of_Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Change section: 2003 invasion of Iraq" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: 2003 invasion of Iraq"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SaddamStatue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/SaddamStatue.jpg/220px-SaddamStatue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/SaddamStatue.jpg/330px-SaddamStatue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/SaddamStatue.jpg/440px-SaddamStatue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1072" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Saddam Hussein Toppled</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671799"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a></div> <p>In 2003, the United States <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">led an invasion of Iraq</a>. The main reason for the invasion was President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush's</a> claim that Saddam had weapons of mass destruction. Bush argued that this made Saddam a major threat to Western allies, such as oil-rich Saudi Arabia and Israel; to Western oil supplies from the Persian Gulf states; and to Middle East stability in general. The President before Bush, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (1993-2001), maintained <a href="/wiki/Sanctions" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions">sanctions</a> and made occasional air strikes in the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_no-fly_zones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iraqi no-fly zones (not yet started)">Iraqi no-fly zones</a>" or other restrictions, in the hope that Saddam would be overthrown by his many political enemies. However, this never happened. </p><p>Things changed in the United States after the <a href="/wiki/September_11,_2001_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="September 11, 2001 attacks">September 11, 2001 attacks</a>. In his January 2002 <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union_Address" title="State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>, President Bush said that Iraq, Iran, and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> were an "<a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Evil" title="Axis of Evil">axis of evil</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush also argued that Iraq had supported <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a>, the terrorists who attacked the United States on September 11. </p><p>As the war was looming on February 24, 2003, Saddam Hussein talked with <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a> anchor <a href="/wiki/Dan_Rather" title="Dan Rather">Dan Rather</a> for more than three hours—his first interview with a U.S. reporter in over ten years.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CBS aired the taped interview later that week. </p><p>The Iraqi government and military collapsed within three weeks after the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">U.S.-led invasion</a> on March 20. The United States tried at least twice to kill Saddam with targeted air strikes, but both failed to hit their target. By the beginning of April, Coalition forces controlled much of Iraq. The resistance of the much-weakened Iraqi Army either crumbled or shifted to <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla</a> tactics, and it appeared that Saddam had lost control of Iraq. He was last seen in a <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a> which showed him in the Baghdad <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburbs</a> surrounded by supporters. When Baghdad fell to the Coalition on April 9, Saddam was nowhere to be found. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pursuit_and_capture">Pursuit and capture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Change section: Pursuit and capture" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Pursuit and capture"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SaddamSpiderHole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/SaddamSpiderHole.jpg/300px-SaddamSpiderHole.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/SaddamSpiderHole.jpg/450px-SaddamSpiderHole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/SaddamSpiderHole.jpg/600px-SaddamSpiderHole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military">American soldiers</a> capture Saddam</figcaption></figure> <p>Even when Baghdad was taken over, and most of the fighting had stopped, people still did not know where Saddam was. For a few weeks, some people said they saw Saddam, and some videotapes of Saddam talking came out, but still nobody knows if they were true or not. </p><p>Although Saddam was placed at the top of the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._list_of_most-wanted_Iraqis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U.S. list of most-wanted Iraqis (not yet started)">most-wanted list</a>," he could not be found, even when the other leaders of the Iraqi regime were arrested. His sons and political <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heirs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uday_Hussein" title="Uday Hussein">Uday</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qusai_Hussein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qusai Hussein (not yet started)">Qusay</a>, were killed in July 2003 in a clash with U.S. forces after a tip from an Iraqi. </p><p>On 14 December 2003, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Republic_News_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamic Republic News Agency (not yet started)">Islamic Republic News Agency</a> (IRNA) of Iran first reported that Saddam Hussein had been arrested. These reports were soon confirmed by other members of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq_Interim_Governing_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iraq Interim Governing Council (not yet started)">Governing Council</a>, by U.S. military sources, and by <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">British Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saddamcapture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Saddamcapture.jpg/220px-Saddamcapture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Saddamcapture.jpg/330px-Saddamcapture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Saddamcapture.jpg/440px-Saddamcapture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="876" /></a><figcaption>Elderly Saddam after being captured 2004-2006 ?</figcaption></figure> <p>Shortly afterwards, the U.S. Civil Administrator in Iraq, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bremer" title="Paul Bremer">Paul Bremer</a>, held a press conference in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. He officially announced Saddam's capture by saying, "Ladies and gentlemen, we got him!" United States soldiers found Saddam around 8:30 PM Iraqi time on 13 December, in what was called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Red_Dawn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Red Dawn (not yet started)">Operation Red Dawn</a>. Saddam was hiding in an underground "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spider_hole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spider hole (not yet started)">spider hole</a>" at a farmhouse in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ad-Dawr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ad-Dawr (not yet started)">ad-Dawr</a>, near his hometown of <a href="/wiki/Tikrit" title="Tikrit">Tikrit</a>. </p><p>The first photos taken of Saddam after the soldiers found him did not look like the photos taken when he was President of Iraq. He had grown long hair and a long beard. Later on, he shaved his beard to confirm his identity. <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> tests proved that he really was Saddam Hussein. People who talked with him after the soldiers found him said he was healthy, and wanted to talk to people and do what they told him to do. Paul Bremer said that Saddam would have a <a href="/wiki/Trial" title="Trial">trial</a>, but that he did not know yet what kind of trial. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trial">Trial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Change section: Trial" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Trial"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saddam_Hussein_at_trial,_July_2004.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Saddam_Hussein_at_trial%2C_July_2004.JPEG/220px-Saddam_Hussein_at_trial%2C_July_2004.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Saddam_Hussein_at_trial%2C_July_2004.JPEG/330px-Saddam_Hussein_at_trial%2C_July_2004.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Saddam_Hussein_at_trial%2C_July_2004.JPEG/440px-Saddam_Hussein_at_trial%2C_July_2004.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="1960" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>Saddam Speaks in Court during his Trial in 2004 shortly after being captured</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Special_Tribunal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iraqi Special Tribunal (not yet started)">Iraqi Special Tribunal</a> was in charge of Saddam Hussein's trial, and the trials of some people that helped him to be President of Iraq. </p><p>In November 2006, Saddam Hussein was found <a href="/wiki/Guilt_(law)" title="Guilt (law)">guilty</a> of 148 <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murders</a>. </p><p>Critics viewed the trial as a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Show_trial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Show trial (not yet started)">show trial</a> that did not meet international standards on the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">right to a fair trial</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> stated that the trial was "unfair".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> judged that Saddam's execution "follows a flawed trial and marks a significant step away from the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> in Iraq."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several months before the trial took place, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salem_Chalabi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salem Chalabi (not yet started)">Salem Chalabi</a>, the former head of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Iraqi_Criminal_Tribunal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal (not yet started)">Iraq Special Tribunal</a> (which was established to try Hussein), accused interim Iraqi Prime Minister <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iyad_Allawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iyad Allawi (not yet started)">Iyad Allawi</a> of pushing for a hasty show trial and execution, stating: "Show trials followed by speedy executions may help the interim government politically in the short term but will be counterproductive for the development of democracy and the rule of law in Iraq in the long term."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Execution">Execution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Change section: Execution" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Execution"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671799"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See the main article: <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Execution of Saddam Hussein">Execution of Saddam Hussein</a></div> <p>He was <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Execution of Saddam Hussein">put to death</a> in 2006. The hanging was recorded by officials of the government. A <a href="/wiki/Witness" title="Witness">witness</a> also secretly recorded the hanging with a <a href="/wiki/Cell_phone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell phone">cell phone</a> camera, which included sound. The recording showed Saddam being calm as he was prepared for his final moments. Witnesses and executioners could be heard teasing Saddam as the rope was placed on his head, and he was put on the trap door. He was in the middle of a <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayer</a> when the trap door beneath him opened, and he was killed. Later, pictures and live <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a> of Saddam's taunting and execution, and of his dead <a href="/wiki/Corpse" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpse">corpse</a> were shown on many Internet sites. </p><p>Saddam was buried in his hometown, Al-Awja, Iraq, the next day. </p><p>Saddam was scheduled to die on Thursday night, 28 December 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of last-minute legal <a href="/wiki/Appellate_court" title="Appellate court">appeals</a> in Iraq's Supreme Court of Appeals,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saddam's execution came about 40 hours later. Saddam Hussein was <a href="/wiki/Execution" title="Execution">hanged</a> on 30 December 2006 at 6:05 AM, Iraqi time. Saddam refused to wear a hood. He was pronounced dead at 6:10 AM Baghdad time. Baghdad had <a href="/wiki/Curfew" title="Curfew">curfews</a> on those days, which required people to be off the streets by evening. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_Life">Personal Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Change section: Personal Life" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Personal Life"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saddam-family-Pre1995.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Saddam-family-Pre1995.jpg/220px-Saddam-family-Pre1995.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Saddam-family-Pre1995.jpg/330px-Saddam-family-Pre1995.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Saddam-family-Pre1995.jpg/440px-Saddam-family-Pre1995.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1290" /></a><figcaption>Saddam and his Family <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> Mid-Late 1980s</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Saddam had been <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">married</a> three times. His first marriage was to his first <a href="/wiki/Cousin" title="Cousin">cousin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sajida_Talfah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sajida Talfah (not yet started)">Sajida Talfah</a>. She was the oldest daughter of Saddam's uncle, Khairallah Talfah. Together, Saddam and Sajida had two sons, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uday_Saddam_Hussein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uday Saddam Hussein (not yet started)">Uday Saddam Hussein</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qusay_Hussein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qusay Hussein (not yet started)">Qusay Hussein</a>, and three daughters, Rana, Raghad and Hala. </p><p>In early 1997, Sajida was put under <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a>, along with her daughters Raghad and Rana, because they were suspected of being involved in an attempted <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassination</a> on Uday on 12 December 1996. General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adnan_Khairallah_Tuffah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adnan Khairallah Tuffah (not yet started)">Adnan Khairallah Tuffah</a>, who was Sajida's brother and Saddam Hussein's boyhood friend, was allegedly <a href="/wiki/Execution" title="Execution">executed</a> because of his growing popularity. </p><p>Saddam Hussein also married two other women. The second was Samira Shahbandar, whom he married in 1986 after forcing her husband to <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a> her. She was said to have been his favorite wife. His third wife was Nidal al-Hamdani, the general manager of the Solar Energy Research Center in the Council of Scientific Research, whose husband apparently was also persuaded to divorce his wife. </p><p>In August 1995, Rana; her husband, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hussein_Kamel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hussein Kamel (not yet started)">Hussein Kamel</a> al Majid; Raghad; her husband, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Kamel_Majid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saddam Kamel Majid (not yet started)">Saddam Kamel Majid</a>; and their children defected to <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>. They returned to Iraq when they were promised that Saddam Hussein would <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">pardon</a> them. Within three days of their return in February 1996, both of the Majid brothers were executed. </p><p>Saddam's daughter Hala is married to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamal_Mustafa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamal Mustafa (not yet started)">Jamal Mustafa</a>, the deputy head of Iraq's Tribal Affairs Office. Neither has been known to be involved in <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>. Another cousin was <a href="/wiki/Ali_Hassan_al-Majid" title="Ali Hassan al-Majid">Ali Hassan al-Majid</a>, also known in the United States as "Chemical Ali," who was accused of ordering the use of poison gas in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, a romance book titled <i>Zabiba and the King</i> was released and later became a <a href="/wiki/Bestseller" title="Bestseller">bestselling</a> book.<sup id="cite_ref-Zabiba_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zabiba-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later revealed that Hussein was the author of the book.<sup id="cite_ref-bengio_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bengio-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cia_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Change section: Notes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Notes"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ref2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ref2_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Under his government, this date was his official date of birth. His real date of birth was never written down, but it is thought to be between 1935 and 1939. From Con Coughlin, <i>Saddam The Secret Life</i> Pan Books, 2003 (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-39310-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-330-39310-3">0-330-39310-3</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN11-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CNN11_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/12/29/hussein/index.html">"Hussein executed, Iraqi TV stations report"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Hussein+executed%2C+Iraqi+TV+stations+report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2006%2FWORLD%2Fmeast%2F12%2F29%2Fhussein%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1104855351"><i>State of Repression : Iraq under Saddam Hussein</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1104855351">1104855351</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+of+Repression+%3A+Iraq+under+Saddam+Hussein&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1104855351&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1104855351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFWoodsStout2010" class="citation journal cs1">Woods, Kevin M.; Stout, Mark E. (2010-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2010.537033">"New Sources for the Study of Iraqi Intelligence during the Saddam Era"</a>. <i>Intelligence and National Security</i>. <b>25</b> (4): 547–587. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02684527.2010.537033">10.1080/02684527.2010.537033</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0268-4527">0268-4527</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153605621">153605621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intelligence+and+National+Security&rft.atitle=New+Sources+for+the+Study+of+Iraqi+Intelligence+during+the+Saddam+Era&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=547-587&rft.date=2010-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153605621%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0268-4527&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02684527.2010.537033&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Kevin+M.&rft.au=Stout%2C+Mark+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F02684527.2010.537033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFSassoon2017" class="citation journal cs1">Sassoon, Joseph (February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/abs/aaron-m-faust-the-bathification-of-iraq-saddam-husseins-totalitarianism-austin-tex-university-of-texas-press-2015-pp-296-5500-cloth-isbn-9781477305577/3E2A3E4D523556848C0E24AC9318B019">"Aaron M. Faust , The Baʿthification of Iraq: Saddam Hussein's Totalitarianism (Austin, Tex.: University of Texas Press, 2015). Pp. 296. $55.00 cloth"</a>. <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>49</b> (1): 205–206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743816001392">10.1017/S0020743816001392</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781477305577" title="Special:BookSources/9781477305577"><bdi>9781477305577</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7438">0020-7438</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164804585">164804585</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=Aaron+M.+Faust+%2C+The+Ba%CA%BFthification+of+Iraq%3A+Saddam+Hussein%27s+Totalitarianism+%28Austin%2C+Tex.%3A+University+of+Texas+Press%2C+2015%29.+Pp.+296.+%2455.00+cloth.&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=205-206&rft.date=2017-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743816001392&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164804585%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0020-7438&rft.isbn=9781477305577&rft.aulast=Sassoon&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Finternational-journal-of-middle-east-studies%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Faaron-m-faust-the-bathification-of-iraq-saddam-husseins-totalitarianism-austin-tex-university-of-texas-press-2015-pp-296-5500-cloth-isbn-9781477305577%2F3E2A3E4D523556848C0E24AC9318B019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hussein is not a <a href="/wiki/Family_name" title="Family name">surname</a> in the Western sense. "Saddam" (pronounced "Sad-DAHM") is his <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given name</a> or <a href="/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">personal name</a>; "Hussein" is his father's given personal name; "al-Majid" is his family name, and "al-Tikriti" is a name telling what region he was from. In many Arab countries he is usually called "Saddam Hussein' or "Saddam." However, in Iraq, he was and is usually called by his formal presidential title. Some people have argued that calling him only "Saddam" may be rude and academically out of place. It is common for Arab men to add the name of the town or village they are from to their name. This would make his name "Saddam Hussein al-Awja."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBumiller2004" class="citation news cs1">Bumiller, Elisabeth (May 15, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/15/books/was-a-tyrant-prefigured-by-baby-saddam.html">"Was a Tyrant Prefigured by Baby Saddam?"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Was+a+Tyrant+Prefigured+by+Baby+Saddam%3F&rft.date=2004-05-15&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Bumiller&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F05%2F15%2Fbooks%2Fwas-a-tyrant-prefigured-by-baby-saddam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/story/2004/07/01/fast-facts-saddam-hussein/">"Fast Facts: Saddam Hussein"</a>. Fox News.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fast+Facts%3A+Saddam+Hussein&rft.pub=Fox+News.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2F2004%2F07%2F01%2Ffast-facts-saddam-hussein%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A free access online archive relating to U.S.-Iraq relations in the 1980s is offered by <i>The National Security Archive</i> of the <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a>. It can be read online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/">[1]</a>. The Mount Holyoke International Relations Program also provides a free access document briefing on U.S.-Iraq relations (1904- present); this can be accessed online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/iraq.htm">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190208105755/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/iraq.htm">Archived</a> 2019-02-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">For further details see Globe and Mail Update, "Hussein does Baghdad walkabout" <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20030404.wmain0404_5/BNPrint/International">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090502011512/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20030404.wmain0404_5/BNPrint/International">Archived</a> 2009-05-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Apr. 4, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dan Rather's interview with Saddam Hussein leading up to the U.S.-led 2003 invasion of Iraq on March 20 can be read online (CBSNEWS.com) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/02/24/eveningnews/main541817.shtml">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130924112935/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/02/24/eveningnews/main541817.shtml">Archived</a> 2013-09-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde14/044/2006/en/">"Iraq: Amnesty International condemns Iraqi Appeal Court verdict against Saddam Hussein and co-accused"</a>. <i>www.amnesty.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.amnesty.org&rft.atitle=Iraq%3A+Amnesty+International+condemns+Iraqi+Appeal+Court+verdict+against+Saddam+Hussein+and+co-accused&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2Fmde14%2F044%2F2006%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/12/30/iraq14950.htm">Iraq: Saddam Hussein Put to Death</a>, Human Rights Watch (30-12-2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3684052.stm">"Iraq PM 'seeks Saddam show trial'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. BBC News. 23 September 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iraq+PM+%27seeks+Saddam+show+trial%27&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2F3684052.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003503159_saddam31.html">"Seattle Times"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seattle+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseattletimes.nwsource.com%2Fhtml%2Fnationworld%2F2003503159_saddam31.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mariam Karouny and Ibon Villelabeitia (26 December 2006). "Iraq court upholds Saddam death sentence". The Washington Post. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/26/AR2006122600297_pf.html">[5]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">For coverage of the postwar <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Arabiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Arabiya (not yet started)">Al-Arabiya</a> interviews with Saddam's daughters, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2003-08-01-saddams-daughters_x.htm">[6]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zabiba-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Zabiba_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.military.com/history/11-crazy-facts-saddam-hussein">"11 Crazy Facts About Saddam Hussein"</a>. Military.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=11+Crazy+Facts+About+Saddam+Hussein&rft.pub=Military.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.military.com%2Fhistory%2F11-crazy-facts-saddam-hussein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bengio-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-bengio_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBengio2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bengio, Ofra (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081012015130/http://www.meforum.org/article/125">"Saddam Husayn's Novel of Fear"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_East_Quarterly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle East Quarterly (not yet started)">Middle East Quarterly</a></i>. <b>9</b> (1). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meforum.org/article/125">the original</a> on 2008-10-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Saddam+Husayn%27s+Novel+of+Fear&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Bengio&rft.aufirst=Ofra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meforum.org%2Farticle%2F125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-cia_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFSciolino2001" class="citation news cs1">Sciolino, Elaine (May 24, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/25/world/25IRAQ.html?ex=1162789200&en=7769bdd7845dad1c&ei=5070">"C.I.A. Sleuths Study a Novel for the Thinking of Saddam"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=C.I.A.+Sleuths+Study+a+Novel+for+the+Thinking+of+Saddam&rft.date=2001-05-24&rft.aulast=Sciolino&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F05%2F25%2Fworld%2F25IRAQ.html%3Fex%3D1162789200%26en%3D7769bdd7845dad1c%26ei%3D5070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><small> <sup>2</sup> See PBS Frontline (2003), "The survival of Saddam: secrets of his life and leadership: interview with Saïd K. Aburish" at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saddam/interviews/aburish2.html">[7]</a>.<br /> <sup>3</sup> From Elisabeth Bumiller's interview of Jerrold M. Post, the founder of the Center for the Analysis of Personality and Political Behavior at the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> in the <i>New York Times' (May 15, 2004) on the importance of events during Saddam Hussein's youth. It can be read online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://hnn.us/roundup/archives/11/2004/05/#5225">[8]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050930075739/http://hnn.us/roundup/archives/11/2004/05/#5225">Archived</a> 2005-09-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.<br /></i> <sup>8</sup> The full text of Bush's 2002 State of the Union address can be read online (BBC News) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1790537.stm">[9]</a>.<br /> </small> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_websites">Other websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Change section: Other websites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Other websites"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671870">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671876">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8662964">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/q:Saddam_Hussein" class="extiw" title="en:q:Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/special/iraq/index.htm">The Saddam Hussein Sourcebook</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513202524/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/special/iraq/index.htm">Archived</a> 2008-05-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - Provided by the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Security_Archive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Security Archive (not yet started)">National Security Archive</a></i>.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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