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In the current eye-tracking study, we further investigated dogs’ (N=15) reaction to" /> <title>(PDF) Expectancy Violations about Physical Properties of Animated Objects in Dogs | Ludwig Huber - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/79940429/Expectancy_Violations_about_Physical_Properties_of_Animated_Objects_in_Dogs" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '39314d9bcf4522f48eeb027cf31da0a13496d2ce'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1733927031000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1733927031000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Dogs are not particularly known for complex physical cognitive abilities. However, a number of recent violation-of-expectation studies have challenged this view. In the current eye-tracking study, we further investigated dogs’ (N=15) reaction to physically implausible events, particularly in the context of support, occlusion, and launching events. In Experiment 1, the dogs watched a rolling ball moving over a gap in a surface either falling down or hovering over the gap. In Experiment 2, the dogs saw a ball rolling behind a narrow pole either disappearing behind it or re-appearing on the other side. In Experiment 3, the dogs observed launching events either with or without contact between the balls. The dogs’ pupil dilation response and looking times suggest that they form implicit expectations about occlusion and launching events but not about gravity-related events at least in the context of animated objects on a screen.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Ludwig Huber"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2022-05-25","dateModified":"2022-05-25","datePublished":"2021-01-01","headline":"Expectancy Violations about Physical Properties of Animated Objects in Dogs","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86487826/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Expectancy Theory"],"publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":"Center for Open Science"},"sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"vetmeduni"}],"thumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86487826/thumbnails/1.jpg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/79940429/Expectancy_Violations_about_Physical_Properties_of_Animated_Objects_in_Dogs"}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-102fa537001ba4d8dcd921ad9bd56c474abc201906ea4843e7e7efe9dfbf561d.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-8d679e925718b5e8e4b18e9a4fab37f7eaa99e43386459376559080ac8f2856a.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-3cea6e0ad4715ed965c49bfb15dedfc632787b32ff6d8c3a474182b231146ab7.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/text_button-73590134e40cdb49f9abdc8e796cc00dc362693f3f0f6137d6cf9bb78c318ce7.css" /><link 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window.loswp.author = 75790937; window.loswp.bulkDownloadFilterCounts = {}; window.loswp.hasDownloadableAttachment = true; window.loswp.hasViewableAttachments = true; // TODO: just use routes for this window.loswp.loginUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F79940429%2FExpectancy_Violations_about_Physical_Properties_of_Animated_Objects_in_Dogs%3Fauto%3Ddownload"; window.loswp.translateUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F79940429%2FExpectancy_Violations_about_Physical_Properties_of_Animated_Objects_in_Dogs%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":86487826,"identifier":"Attachment_86487826","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":79940429,"created_at":"2022-05-25T23:21:51.755-07:00","from_world_paper_id":206313982,"updated_at":"2022-09-21T09:34:51.428-07:00","_data":{"abstract":"Dogs are not particularly known for complex physical cognitive abilities. However, a number of recent violation-of-expectation studies have challenged this view. In the current eye-tracking study, we further investigated dogs’ (N=15) reaction to physically implausible events, particularly in the context of support, occlusion, and launching events. In Experiment 1, the dogs watched a rolling ball moving over a gap in a surface either falling down or hovering over the gap. In Experiment 2, the dogs saw a ball rolling behind a narrow pole either disappearing behind it or re-appearing on the other side. In Experiment 3, the dogs observed launching events either with or without contact between the balls. The dogs’ pupil dilation response and looking times suggest that they form implicit expectations about occlusion and launching events but not about gravity-related events at least in the context of animated objects on a screen.","publisher":"Center for Open Science","publication_date":"2021,,"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Expectancy Violations about Physical Properties of Animated Objects in Dogs","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [75790937]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":86487826,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Expectancy Violations about Physical Properties of Animated Objects in Dogs”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/86487826/mini_magick20220525-27554-17nnu47.png?1653546223" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Expectancy Violations about Physical Properties of Animated Objects in Dogs</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="75790937" href="https://vetmeduni.academia.edu/LudwigHuber"><img alt="Profile image of Ludwig Huber" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/75790937/18948742/18897196/s65_ludwig.huber.jpg" />Ludwig Huber</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2021</p></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Dogs are not particularly known for complex physical cognitive abilities. However, a number of recent violation-of-expectation studies have challenged this view. In the current eye-tracking study, we further investigated dogs’ (N=15) reaction to physically implausible events, particularly in the context of support, occlusion, and launching events. In Experiment 1, the dogs watched a rolling ball moving over a gap in a surface either falling down or hovering over the gap. In Experiment 2, the dogs saw a ball rolling behind a narrow pole either disappearing behind it or re-appearing on the other side. In Experiment 3, the dogs observed launching events either with or without contact between the balls. The dogs’ pupil dilation response and looking times suggest that they form implicit expectations about occlusion and launching events but not about gravity-related events at least in the context of animated objects on a screen.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":86487826,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/79940429/Expectancy_Violations_about_Physical_Properties_of_Animated_Objects_in_Dogs"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":86487826,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/79940429/Expectancy_Violations_about_Physical_Properties_of_Animated_Objects_in_Dogs"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="86487826" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/79940429/Expectancy_Violations_about_Physical_Properties_of_Animated_Objects_in_Dogs" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="123835644" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/123835644/Dogs_ability_to_follow_temporarily_invisible_moving_objects_the_ability_to_track_and_expect_is_shaped_by_experience">Dogs’ ability to follow temporarily invisible moving objects: the ability to track and expect is shaped by experience</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="318061366" href="https://independent.academia.edu/C%C3%A9cileGu%C3%A9rineau">Cécile Guérineau</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Animal Cognition</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Visually tracking a moving object, even if it becomes temporarily invisible, is an important skill for animals living in complex environments. However, this ability has not been widely explored in dogs. To address this gap of knowledge and understand how experience contributes to such ability, we conducted two experiments using a violation of expectation paradigm. Dogs were shown an animation of a ball moving horizontally across a screen, passing behind an occluder, and reappearing with a timing that was faster, slower or congruent with its initial speed. In the first experiment, dogs (N = 15) were exposed to the incongruent conditions without prior experience; while in the second experiment, dogs (N = 37) were preliminarily exposed to the congruent stimulus. Dogs of the first experiment did not exhibit a surprise effect, as measured by latency to look away from the expected stimulus presentation area, in response to the incongruent conditions, suggesting they had not formed an expe...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Dogs’ ability to follow temporarily invisible moving objects: the ability to track and expect is shaped by experience","attachmentId":118177042,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/123835644/Dogs_ability_to_follow_temporarily_invisible_moving_objects_the_ability_to_track_and_expect_is_shaped_by_experience","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/123835644/Dogs_ability_to_follow_temporarily_invisible_moving_objects_the_ability_to_track_and_expect_is_shaped_by_experience"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="105992885" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/105992885/Chasing_perception_in_domestic_cats_and_dogs">Chasing perception in domestic cats and dogs</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="45862627" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SUccheddu">Stefania Uccheddu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Animal Cognition</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Chasing motion is often used to study the perception of inanimate objects as animate. When chasing interaction and independent motions between two agents are displayed simultaneously on a screen, we expect observers to quickly perceive and recognise the chasing pattern (because of its familiarity) and turn their attention to the independent motion (novelty effect). In case of isosceles triangles as moving figures, dogs and humans both display this behaviour, but dogs initially preferred to look at the chasing pattern whereas humans started to increase their gaze towards the independent motion earlier. Here, we compared whether family cats perceive moving inanimate objects as animate and whether their looking behaviour is similar to that of small family dogs. We displayed a chasing and independent motion side by side on a screen in two consecutive trials and assessed subjects’ looking behaviour towards the motions. Similarly to previous studies, we found that dogs eventually looked l...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Chasing perception in domestic cats and dogs","attachmentId":105308023,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/105992885/Chasing_perception_in_domestic_cats_and_dogs","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/105992885/Chasing_perception_in_domestic_cats_and_dogs"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="36993202" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36993202/Perception_of_animacy_in_dogs_and_humans">Perception of animacy in dogs and humans</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="86974801" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CristinaBanoTerencio">Cristina Bano Terencio</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38111750" href="https://elte.academia.edu/AkosPogany">Ákos Pogány</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Humans have a tendency to perceive inanimate objects as animate based on simple motion cues. Although animacy is considered as a complex cognitive property, this recognition seems to be spontaneous. Researchers have found that young human infants discriminate between dependent and independent movement patterns. However, quick visual perception of animate entities may be crucial to non-human species as well. Based on general mammalian homology, dogs may possess similar skills to humans. Here, we investigated whether dogs and humans discriminate similarly between dependent and independent motion patterns performed by geometric shapes. We projected a side-by-side video display of the two patterns and measured looking times towards each side, in two trials. We found that in Trial 1, both dogs and humans were equally interested in the two patterns, but in Trial 2 of both species, looking times towards the dependent pattern decreased, whereas they increased towards the independent pattern. We argue that dogs and humans spontaneously recognized the specific pattern and habituated to it rapidly, but continued to show interest in the 'puzzling' pattern. This suggests that both species tend to recognize inanimate agents as animate relying solely on their motions.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Perception of animacy in dogs and humans","attachmentId":56942261,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36993202/Perception_of_animacy_in_dogs_and_humans","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/36993202/Perception_of_animacy_in_dogs_and_humans"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="99206125" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/99206125/Seeing_Things_A_Community_Science_Investigation_into_Motion_Illusion_Susceptibility_in_Domestic_Cats_Felis_silvestris_catus_and_Dogs_Canis_lupus_familiaris_">Seeing Things: A Community Science Investigation into Motion Illusion Susceptibility in Domestic Cats (Felis silvestris catus) and Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="254138829" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GabriellaSmith30">Gabriella Smith</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Animals</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Illusions—visual fields that distort perception—can inform the understanding of visual perception and its evolution. 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We suggest future studies might consider explo...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Seeing Things: A Community Science Investigation into Motion Illusion Susceptibility in Domestic Cats (Felis silvestris catus) and Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)","attachmentId":100356425,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/99206125/Seeing_Things_A_Community_Science_Investigation_into_Motion_Illusion_Susceptibility_in_Domestic_Cats_Felis_silvestris_catus_and_Dogs_Canis_lupus_familiaris_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/99206125/Seeing_Things_A_Community_Science_Investigation_into_Motion_Illusion_Susceptibility_in_Domestic_Cats_Felis_silvestris_catus_and_Dogs_Canis_lupus_familiaris_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="28099542" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28099542/The_case_of_the_magic_bones_Dogs_memory_of_the_physical_properties_of_objects">The case of the magic bones: Dogs’ memory of the physical properties of objects</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="52667529" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JenniferLaude">Jennifer Laude</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Learning and Motivation, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The case of the magic bones: Dogs’ memory of the physical properties of objects","attachmentId":48414392,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28099542/The_case_of_the_magic_bones_Dogs_memory_of_the_physical_properties_of_objects","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/28099542/The_case_of_the_magic_bones_Dogs_memory_of_the_physical_properties_of_objects"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="823487" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/823487/Dogs_do_look_at_images_eye_tracking_in_canine_cognition_research">Dogs do look at images-eye tracking in canine cognition research</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="658743" href="https://helsinki.academia.edu/HeiniT%C3%B6rnqvist">Heini Törnqvist</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of …, 2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Despite intense research on the visual communication of domestic dogs, their cognitive capacities have not yet been explored by eye tracking. The aim of the current study was to expand knowledge on the visual cognition of dogs using contact-free eye movement tracking under conditions where social cueing and associative learning were ruled out. We examined whether dogs spontaneously look at actual objects within pictures and can differentiate between pictures according to their novelty or categorical information content. Eye movements of six domestic dogs were tracked during presentation of digital color images of human faces, dog faces, toys, and alphabetic characters. We found that dogs focused their attention on the informative regions of the images without any task-specific pre-training and their gazing behavior depended on the image category. Dogs preferred the facial images of conspecifics over other categories and fixated on a familiar image longer than on novel stimuli regardless of the category. Dogs' attraction to conspecifics over human faces and inanimate objects might reflect their natural interest, but further studies are needed to establish whether dogs possess picture object recognition. Contact-free eye movement tracking is a promising method for the broader exploration of processes underlying special socio-cognitive skills in dogs previously found in behavioral studies.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Dogs do look at images-eye tracking in canine cognition research","attachmentId":51225751,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/823487/Dogs_do_look_at_images_eye_tracking_in_canine_cognition_research","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/823487/Dogs_do_look_at_images_eye_tracking_in_canine_cognition_research"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="2752650" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2752650/Object_permanence_in_dogs_invisible_displacement_in_a_rotation_task">Object permanence in dogs: invisible displacement in a rotation task</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="656413" href="https://uky.academia.edu/ThomasZentall">Thomas Zentall</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Abstract Dogs were tested for object permanence using an invisible displacement in which an object was hidden in one of two containers at either end of a beam and the beam was rotated. Consistent with earlier research, when the beam was rotated 180°, the dogs failed to find the object. However, when the beam was rotated only 90°, they were successful. Furthermore, when the dogs were led either 90° or 180° around the apparatus, they were also successful.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Object permanence in dogs: invisible displacement in a rotation task","attachmentId":30725103,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2752650/Object_permanence_in_dogs_invisible_displacement_in_a_rotation_task","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2752650/Object_permanence_in_dogs_invisible_displacement_in_a_rotation_task"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="88106708" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/88106708/Do_you_see_what_I_see_The_difference_between_dog_and_human_visual_perception_may_affect_the_outcome_of_experiments">Do you see what I see? The difference between dog and human visual perception may affect the outcome of experiments</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34731671" href="https://elte-hu.academia.edu/P%C3%A9terPongr%C3%A1cz">Péter Pongrácz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Behavioural Processes, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm"><ABS-HEAD>Highlights► In many aspects, dog's visual performance is different from human vision. ► Our algorithm alters the color range, brightness and resolution arrangement of images. ► We tested humans with different visual cues, showing them in original and altered mode. ► Performance was weaker in case of directional eye glances showed in the altered setting. ► <ST>Experimental</ST> methodologies should take in consideration dogs' visual performance. <ABS-HEAD>Abstract <ABS-P>The visual sense of dogs is in many aspects different than that of humans. Unfortunately, authors do not explicitly take into consideration dog-human differences in visual perception when designing their experiments. With an image manipulation program we altered stationary images, according to the present knowledge about dog-vision. Besides the effect of dogs' dichromatic vision, the software shows the effect of the lower visual acuity and brightness discrimination, too. Fifty adult humans were tested with pictures showing a female experimenter pointing, gazing or glancing to the left or right side. Half of the pictures were shown after they were altered to a setting that approximated dog vision. Participants had difficulty to find out the direction of glancing when the pictures were in dog-vision mode. Glances in dog-vision setting were followed less correctly and with a slower response time than other cues. Our results are the first that show the visual performance of humans under circumstances that model how dogs' weaker vision would affect their responses in an ethological experiment. We urge researchers to take into consideration the differences between perceptual abilities of dogs and humans, by developing visual stimuli that fit more appropriately to dogs' visual capabilities. <KWD>Keywords: dog; ethology; human; visual perception <H1>1. Introduction</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Do you see what I see? The difference between dog and human visual perception may affect the outcome of experiments","attachmentId":92147761,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/88106708/Do_you_see_what_I_see_The_difference_between_dog_and_human_visual_perception_may_affect_the_outcome_of_experiments","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/88106708/Do_you_see_what_I_see_The_difference_between_dog_and_human_visual_perception_may_affect_the_outcome_of_experiments"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="114125835" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/114125835/Motion_Illusions_as_Environmental_Enrichment_for_Zoo_Animals_A_Preliminary_Investigation_on_Lions">Motion Illusions as Environmental Enrichment for Zoo Animals: A Preliminary Investigation on Lions</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13969603" href="https://parconaturaviva.academia.edu/CaterinaSpiezio">Caterina Spiezio</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Motion Illusions as Environmental Enrichment for Zoo Animals: A Preliminary Investigation on Lions","attachmentId":110906690,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/114125835/Motion_Illusions_as_Environmental_Enrichment_for_Zoo_Animals_A_Preliminary_Investigation_on_Lions","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/114125835/Motion_Illusions_as_Environmental_Enrichment_for_Zoo_Animals_A_Preliminary_Investigation_on_Lions"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="52296428" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/52296428/What_do_dogs_know_about_hidden_objects">What do dogs know about hidden objects?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36554982" href="https://independent.academia.edu/tzentall">thomas zentall</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Behavioural Processes, 2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Previous research has found that dogs will search accurately for an invisibly displaced object when the task is simplified and contextual ambiguity is eliminated (Doré et. al., 1996; Miller et. al., 2008). For example, when an object is placed inside of one of two identical occluders attached to either end of a rotating beam and that beam is rotated 90°, dogs search inside of the appropriate occluder. The current research confirmed this finding and tested the possibility that the dogs were using a perceptual/conditioning mechanism (i.e., their gaze was drawn to the occluder as the object was placed inside and they continued looking at it as it rotated). The test was done by introducing a delay between the displacement of the object and the initiation of the dogs' search. In Experiment 1, during the delay, a barrier was placed between the dog and the apparatus. In Experiment 2, the lights were turned off during the delay. The search accuracy for some dogs was strongly affected by the delay, however, search accuracy for other dogs was not affected. These results suggest that although a perceptual/conditioning mechanism may be involved for some dogs, it cannot account for the performance of others. It is likely that these other dogs showed true object permanence.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"What do dogs know about hidden objects?","attachmentId":69627321,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/52296428/What_do_dogs_know_about_hidden_objects","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/52296428/What_do_dogs_know_about_hidden_objects"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":86487826,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":86487826,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_86487826" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="104742165" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/104742165/Cats_and_Illusory_Motion">Cats and Illusory Motion</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33149332" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AkiyoshiKitaoka">Akiyoshi Kitaoka</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Psychology, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Cats and Illusory Motion","attachmentId":104389821,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/104742165/Cats_and_Illusory_Motion","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/25708664/Occluded_motion_alters_event_perception"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="15151865" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15151865/Influence_of_the_perception_of_biological_or_non_biological_motion_on_movement_execution">Influence of the perception of biological or non-biological motion on movement execution</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32381199" href="https://univ-poitiers.academia.edu/cBouquet">Cedric A Bouquet</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34192334" href="https://temple.academia.edu/ThomasShipley">Thomas Shipley</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Sports Sciences, 2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Influence of the perception of biological or non-biological motion on movement execution","attachmentId":43527850,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/15151865/Influence_of_the_perception_of_biological_or_non_biological_motion_on_movement_execution","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" 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href="https://independent.academia.edu/GustafGredeb%C3%A4ck">Gustaf Gredebäck</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38188939" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ClaesVonHofsten">Claes Von Hofsten</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2000</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Infants' Evolving Representations of Object Motion During Occlusion: A Longitudinal Study of 6- to 12-Month-Old Infants","attachmentId":39864818,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18079673/Infants_Evolving_Representations_of_Object_Motion_During_Occlusion_A_Longitudinal_Study_of_6_to_12_Month_Old_Infants","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span 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href="https://independent.academia.edu/DanaBallard">Dana Ballard</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2005</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Eye movements in natural behavior","attachmentId":97707952,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/95560143/Eye_movements_in_natural_behavior","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/95560143/Eye_movements_in_natural_behavior"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" 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Bakker</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1996</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The relevance of action in perceiving affordances: Perception of catchableness of fly balls","attachmentId":71275534,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/55377725/The_relevance_of_action_in_perceiving_affordances_Perception_of_catchableness_of_fly_balls","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" 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Inanimate Objects: Task Driven Animacy Effects</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16096" href="https://lancaster.academia.edu/GertWestermann">Gert Westermann</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">ssl.brookes.ac.uk</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Eye-Tracking Studies of Animate Vs. 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