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title="User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/L">L</a> - <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/M" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/M">M</a> - <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/N" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/N">N</a> - <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/O" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/O">O</a> - <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/P" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/P">P</a> - <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/Q" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/Q">Q</a> - <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/R" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/R">R</a> - <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/S" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/S">S</a> - <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/T" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/T">T</a> - <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/U" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/U">U</a> - <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/V" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/V">V</a> - <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/W" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/W">W</a> - <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/X" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/X">X</a> - <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/Y" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/Y">Y</a> - <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/Z" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/Z">Z</a></div></div></small> <hr /> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="vertical-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pothole_throw-and-roll_material_placement.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Pothole_throw-and-roll_material_placement.png/64px-Pothole_throw-and-roll_material_placement.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Pothole_throw-and-roll_material_placement.png/96px-Pothole_throw-and-roll_material_placement.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Pothole_throw-and-roll_material_placement.png/128px-Pothole_throw-and-roll_material_placement.png 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="500" /></a></span>         </td> <td><p style="color:red; vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"><small><i>These projects are currently under construction.</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><i>Beware of potholes and unexpected debris.</i></small></p> </td> <td>       <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Under_construction_icon-orange.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Under_construction_icon-orange.svg/64px-Under_construction_icon-orange.svg.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Under_construction_icon-orange.svg/96px-Under_construction_icon-orange.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Under_construction_icon-orange.svg/128px-Under_construction_icon-orange.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <small><div style="border: thin solid #a2a9b1;;background-color:#9AD4F6;margin:auto"><div style="background-color: #f8f9fa;;background-color:#9AD4F6;padding:0.25em 0.5em 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/A" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/A">A</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/B" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/B">B</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/C" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/C">C</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/D" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/D">D</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/E" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/E">E</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/F" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/F">F</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/G" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/G">G</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/H" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/H">H</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/I" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/I">I</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/J" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/J">J</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/K" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/K">K</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/L" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/L">L</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/M" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/M">M</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/N" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/N">N</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/O" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/O">O</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/P" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/P">P</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/Q" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/Q">Q</a> * <a class="mw-selflink selflink">R</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/S" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/S">S</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/T" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/T">T</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/U" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/U">U</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/V" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/V">V</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/W" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/W">W</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/X" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/X">X</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/Y" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/Y">Y</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/Z" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/Z">Z</a></div></div></small> <hr /> <table width="220px" align="right" border="0" 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height:100%;"> <tbody><tr><td class="projectbox-image" style="background-color: Peachpuff;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnome-applications-office.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Gnome-applications-office.svg/36px-Gnome-applications-office.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Gnome-applications-office.svg/54px-Gnome-applications-office.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Gnome-applications-office.svg/72px-Gnome-applications-office.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></td> <td class="projectbox-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Help:Resources_by_type" title="Help:Resources by type">Type classification</a></b>: this is a <a href="/wiki/Category:Bibliographies" title="Category:Bibliographies">bibliography</a> resource.</td> </tr></tbody></table> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2414743"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br clear="left" /> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Scientists_&_Natural_Philosophers"><span id="Notable_Scientists_.26_Natural_Philosophers"></span>Notable Scientists & Natural Philosophers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Jtwsaddress42/People&veaction=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: Notable Scientists & Natural Philosophers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Jtwsaddress42/People&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section's source code: Notable Scientists & Natural Philosophers"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/R" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/R"><big>R</big></a></b> </p> <table cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: AliceBlue; border: 1px solid SteelBlue; -webkit-border-radius: 8px; -moz-border-radius: 8px; border-radius: 8px" colspan="1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raff,_Rudolf_(1941_–_2019)"><span id="Raff.2C_Rudolf_.281941_.E2.80.93_2019.29"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Raff" class="extiw" title="w:Rudolf Raff">Raff, Rudolf (1941 – 2019)</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Jtwsaddress42/People/Raff,_Rudolf&veaction=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: Raff, Rudolf (1941 – 2019)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Jtwsaddress42/People/Raff,_Rudolf&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section's source code: Raff, Rudolf (1941 – 2019)"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <hr /> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rudolf_A._Raff,_June_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Rudolf_A._Raff%2C_June_2011.jpg/220px-Rudolf_A._Raff%2C_June_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Rudolf_A._Raff%2C_June_2011.jpg/330px-Rudolf_A._Raff%2C_June_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Rudolf_A._Raff%2C_June_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>Rudolf A. Raff (1941 – 2019)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Publications</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="citation book">Raff, Rudolf A. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/S/bo3683614.html"><i>The Shape of Life - Genes, Development, and the Evolution of Animal Form</i></a>. The University of Chicago Press. ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-70266-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-70266-9">0-226-70266-9</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/S/bo3683614.html">https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/S/bo3683614.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shape+of+Life+-+Genes%2C+Development%2C+and+the+Evolution+of+Animal+Form&rft.aulast=Raff&rft.aufirst=Rudolf+A.&rft.au=Raff%2C%26%2332%3BRudolf+A.&rft.date=1996&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.isbn=0-226-70266-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.uchicago.edu%2Fucp%2Fbooks%2Fbook%2Fchicago%2FS%2Fbo3683614.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:User:Jtwsaddress42/People/R"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation Journal">Raff, Rudolf A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1525-142X.2001.01044.x">"The Creationist Abuse of Evo-Devo"</a>. <i>Evolution and Development</i> <b>3</b> (6): 373. November-December 2001. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1525-142x.2001.01044.x">10.1046/j.1525-142x.2001.01044.x</a>. PMID <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11806632">11806632</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1525-142X.2001.01044.x">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1525-142X.2001.01044.x</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Creationist+Abuse+of+Evo-Devo&rft.jtitle=Evolution+and+Development&rft.aulast=Raff&rft.aufirst=Rudolf+A.&rft.au=Raff%2C%26%2332%3BRudolf+A.&rft.date=2001&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=373&rft_id=info:doi/10.1046%2Fj.1525-142x.2001.01044.x&rft_id=info:pmid/11806632&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1046%2Fj.1525-142X.2001.01044.x&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:User:Jtwsaddress42/People/R"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation Journal">Raff, Rudolf A.; Love, Alan C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jez.b.20004">"Kowalevsky, Comparative Evolutionary Embryology, and the Intellectual Lineage of Evo-Devo"</a>. <i>Journal of Experimental Zoology, Part B - Molecular and Developmental Evolution</i> <b>302</b> (1): 19-34. January 15, 2004. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjez.b.20004">10.1002/jez.b.20004</a>. PMID <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14760652">14760652</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jez.b.20004">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jez.b.20004</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kowalevsky%2C+Comparative+Evolutionary+Embryology%2C+and+the+Intellectual+Lineage+of+Evo-Devo&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Zoology%2C+Part+B+-+Molecular+and+Developmental+Evolution&rft.aulast=Raff&rft.aufirst=Rudolf+A.&rft.au=Raff%2C%26%2332%3BRudolf+A.&rft.au=Love%2C%26%2332%3BAlan+C.&rft.date=2004&rft.volume=302&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-34&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fjez.b.20004&rft_id=info:pmid/14760652&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fjez.b.20004&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:User:Jtwsaddress42/People/R"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <br /><hr /> Love et al.<br /><hr /> <ul><li><span class="citation Journal">Love, Alan C.; Raff, Rudolf A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1525-142X.2003.03040.x">"Knowing Your Ancestors: Themes in the History of Evo-Devo"</a>. <i>Evolution & Development</i> <b>5</b> (4): 327-330. July-August 2003. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1525-142x.2003.03040.x">10.1046/j.1525-142x.2003.03040.x</a>. PMID <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12823449">12823449</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1525-142X.2003.03040.x">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1525-142X.2003.03040.x</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Knowing+Your+Ancestors%3A+Themes+in+the+History+of+Evo-Devo&rft.jtitle=Evolution+%26+Development&rft.aulast=Love&rft.aufirst=Alan+C.&rft.au=Love%2C%26%2332%3BAlan+C.&rft.au=Raff%2C%26%2332%3BRudolf+A.&rft.date=2003&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=327-330&rft_id=info:doi/10.1046%2Fj.1525-142x.2003.03040.x&rft_id=info:pmid/12823449&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1046%2Fj.1525-142X.2003.03040.x&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:User:Jtwsaddress42/People/R"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <table cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: AliceBlue; border: 1px solid SteelBlue; -webkit-border-radius: 8px; -moz-border-radius: 8px; border-radius: 8px" colspan="1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ramachandran,_Vilayanur_S._(1951_-_)"><span id="Ramachandran.2C_Vilayanur_S._.281951_-_.29"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilayanur_S._Ramachandran" class="extiw" title="w:Vilayanur S. Ramachandran">Ramachandran, Vilayanur S. (1951 - )</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Jtwsaddress42/People/Ramachandran,_Vilayanur_S.&veaction=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: Ramachandran, Vilayanur S. (1951 - )" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Jtwsaddress42/People/Ramachandran,_Vilayanur_S.&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section's source code: Ramachandran, Vilayanur S. (1951 - )"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <hr /> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vilayanur_S_Ramachandran_2011_Shankbone.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Vilayanur_S_Ramachandran_2011_Shankbone.JPG/220px-Vilayanur_S_Ramachandran_2011_Shankbone.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Vilayanur_S_Ramachandran_2011_Shankbone.JPG/330px-Vilayanur_S_Ramachandran_2011_Shankbone.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Vilayanur_S_Ramachandran_2011_Shankbone.JPG/440px-Vilayanur_S_Ramachandran_2011_Shankbone.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3906" /></a><figcaption>Vilayanur S. Ramachandran</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Notable Accomplishments</b> </p> <ul><li>Research in neurology, visual perception, phantom limbs, synesthesia, autism, body integrity identity disorder, mirror therapy</li></ul> <br /><hr /> <table align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table align="center" style="font-size:85%"> <tbody><tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2234170">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:.3em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;text-align:right;font-size:80%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid #eaecf0 1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:#fff!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div><dl><dd><i>Mirror images & Synaesthesia</i></dd></dl></div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg" style="line-height:1.35em"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._Vilayanur_S._Ramachandran_and_psychology_student_Matthew_Marradi_holding_the_original_Mirror_Box.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dr. Vilayanur S. Ramachandran & Matthew Marradi holding the original Mirror Box"><img alt="Dr. Vilayanur S. Ramachandran & Matthew Marradi holding the original Mirror Box" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Dr._Vilayanur_S._Ramachandran_and_psychology_student_Matthew_Marradi_holding_the_original_Mirror_Box.jpg/90px-Dr._Vilayanur_S._Ramachandran_and_psychology_student_Matthew_Marradi_holding_the_original_Mirror_Box.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Dr._Vilayanur_S._Ramachandran_and_psychology_student_Matthew_Marradi_holding_the_original_Mirror_Box.jpg/135px-Dr._Vilayanur_S._Ramachandran_and_psychology_student_Matthew_Marradi_holding_the_original_Mirror_Box.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Dr._Vilayanur_S._Ramachandran_and_psychology_student_Matthew_Marradi_holding_the_original_Mirror_Box.jpg/180px-Dr._Vilayanur_S._Ramachandran_and_psychology_student_Matthew_Marradi_holding_the_original_Mirror_Box.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2155" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dr. Vilayanur S. Ramachandran & Matthew Marradi holding the original Mirror Box</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramachandran-mirrorbox.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ramachandran Mirrorbox"><img alt="Ramachandran Mirrorbox" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ramachandran-mirrorbox.svg/100px-Ramachandran-mirrorbox.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ramachandran-mirrorbox.svg/150px-Ramachandran-mirrorbox.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ramachandran-mirrorbox.svg/200px-Ramachandran-mirrorbox.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="278" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ramachandran Mirrorbox</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Synaesthesiatest.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Test for Synaesthesia"><img alt="Test for Synaesthesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Synaesthesiatest.jpg/100px-Synaesthesiatest.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Synaesthesiatest.jpg/150px-Synaesthesiatest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Synaesthesiatest.jpg/200px-Synaesthesiatest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Test for Synaesthesia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Synaesthesiabrain.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Synaesthesia"><img alt="Synaesthesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Synaesthesiabrain.jpg/100px-Synaesthesiabrain.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Synaesthesiabrain.jpg/150px-Synaesthesiabrain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Synaesthesiabrain.jpg/200px-Synaesthesiabrain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Synaesthesia</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <p><b>Publications</b> </p> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2527938">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFRamachandran2007" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Ramachandran, Vilayanur S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rl2LwnaUA-k&t=6s"><i>A Journey to the Center of Your Mind - 3 clues to understanding your brain</i></a>. Technology, Entertainment, and Design - TEDTalks (published October 23, 2007).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Journey+to+the+Center+of+Your+Mind+-+3+clues+to+understanding+your+brain&rft.series=Technology%2C+Entertainment%2C+and+Design+-+TEDTalks&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Ramachandran&rft.aufirst=Vilayanur+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DRl2LwnaUA-k%26t%3D6s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikiversity.org%3AUser%3AJtwsaddress42%2FPeople%2FR" class="Z3988"></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:High-contrast-camera-video.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="video"><img alt="video" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/High-contrast-camera-video.svg/24px-High-contrast-camera-video.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/High-contrast-camera-video.svg/36px-High-contrast-camera-video.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/High-contrast-camera-video.svg/48px-High-contrast-camera-video.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> (0:25:31)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2527938"><cite id="CITEREFRamachandran2000" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Ramachandran, Vilayanur S. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0NzShMiqKgQ"><i>Neurology and the Passion for Art</i></a>. UCTV - UCSD Faculty Lecture Series 40/40 Vision Lecture (published January 31, 2008).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neurology+and+the+Passion+for+Art&rft.series=UCTV+-+UCSD+Faculty+Lecture+Series+40%2F40+Vision+Lecture&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Ramachandran&rft.aufirst=Vilayanur+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D0NzShMiqKgQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikiversity.org%3AUser%3AJtwsaddress42%2FPeople%2FR" class="Z3988"></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:High-contrast-camera-video.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="video"><img alt="video" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/High-contrast-camera-video.svg/24px-High-contrast-camera-video.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/High-contrast-camera-video.svg/36px-High-contrast-camera-video.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/High-contrast-camera-video.svg/48px-High-contrast-camera-video.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> (1:29:29)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2527938"><cite id="CITEREFRamachandran2008" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Ramachandran, Vilayanur S. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ZTvHqM-_jE"><i>Aesthetic Universals and the Neurology of Hindu Art</i></a>. <i>California Institute of Telecommunications and Information Technology - Center of Interdisciplinary Science for Art, Architecture and Archaelogy</i> (published November 12, 2008).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aesthetic+Universals+and+the+Neurology+of+Hindu+Art&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Ramachandran&rft.aufirst=Vilayanur+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D7ZTvHqM-_jE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikiversity.org%3AUser%3AJtwsaddress42%2FPeople%2FR" class="Z3988"></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:High-contrast-camera-video.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="video"><img alt="video" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/High-contrast-camera-video.svg/24px-High-contrast-camera-video.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/High-contrast-camera-video.svg/36px-High-contrast-camera-video.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/High-contrast-camera-video.svg/48px-High-contrast-camera-video.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> (1:07:43)</li> <li><span class="citation book">Ramachandran, Vilayanur S.; Blakeslee, Sandra (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/Kt67QgAACAAJ?hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjo3JeTvc70AhVyCTQIHcdZAQgQ8fIDegQIAxAh"><i>Phantoms in the Brain: Probing the Mysteries of the Human Mind</i></a>. HarperCollins (published August 19, 1998). ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-15247-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-15247-5">978-0-688-15247-5</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/Kt67QgAACAAJ?hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjo3JeTvc70AhVyCTQIHcdZAQgQ8fIDegQIAxAh">https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/Kt67QgAACAAJ?hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjo3JeTvc70AhVyCTQIHcdZAQgQ8fIDegQIAxAh</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phantoms+in+the+Brain%3A+Probing+the+Mysteries+of+the+Human+Mind&rft.aulast=Ramachandran&rft.aufirst=Vilayanur+S.&rft.au=Ramachandran%2C%26%2332%3BVilayanur+S.&rft.au=Blakeslee%2C%26%2332%3BSandra&rft.date=1998&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.isbn=978-0-688-15247-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2F_%2FKt67QgAACAAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjo3JeTvc70AhVyCTQIHcdZAQgQ8fIDegQIAxAh&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:User:Jtwsaddress42/People/R"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation Journal">Ramachandran, Vilayanur S.; Hubbard, Edward M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2000.1576?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed">"Psychophysical investigations into the neural basis of synaesthesia"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences</i> <b>268</b> (1470): 979-983. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2000.1576">10.1098/rspb.2000.1576</a>. PMID <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11370973">11370973</a>. PMC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1088697">1088697</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2000.1576?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed">https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2000.1576?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Psychophysical+investigations+into+the+neural+basis+of+synaesthesia&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London.+Series+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.aulast=Ramachandran&rft.aufirst=Vilayanur+S.&rft.au=Ramachandran%2C%26%2332%3BVilayanur+S.&rft.au=Hubbard%2C%26%2332%3BEdward+M.&rft.date=2001&rft.volume=268&rft.issue=1470&rft.pages=979-983&rft_id=info:doi/10.1098%2Frspb.2000.1576&rft_id=info:pmid/11370973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsocietypublishing.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2000.1576%3Furl_ver%3DZ39.88-2003%26rfr_id%3Dori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org%26rfr_dat%3Dcr_pub%2520%25200pubmed&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:User:Jtwsaddress42/People/R"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2527938"><cite id="CITEREFRamachandranKreisler2016" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Ramachandran, Vilayanur S.; Kreisler, Harry (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Anh2esaYwSk&list=PL6AEA4BC9AC6CC5FA&index=25"><i>Thinking About the Brain</i></a> (Recorded April 4, 2016). Conversations with History [Show ID: 30562]. University of California Television (UCTV) (published April 4, 2016).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thinking+About+the+Brain&rft.series=Conversations+with+History+%5BShow+ID%3A+30562%5D&rft.pub=University+of+California+Television+%28UCTV%29&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Ramachandran&rft.aufirst=Vilayanur+S.&rft.au=Kreisler%2C+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DAnh2esaYwSk%26list%3DPL6AEA4BC9AC6CC5FA%26index%3D25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikiversity.org%3AUser%3AJtwsaddress42%2FPeople%2FR" class="Z3988"></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:High-contrast-camera-video.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="video"><img alt="video" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/High-contrast-camera-video.svg/24px-High-contrast-camera-video.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/High-contrast-camera-video.svg/36px-High-contrast-camera-video.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/High-contrast-camera-video.svg/48px-High-contrast-camera-video.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> (0:56:55)</li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <table cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: AliceBlue; border: 1px solid SteelBlue; -webkit-border-radius: 8px; -moz-border-radius: 8px; border-radius: 8px" colspan="1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ramón_y_Cajal,_Santiago_(1852_-_1934)"><span id="Ram.C3.B3n_y_Cajal.2C_Santiago_.281852_-_1934.29"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" class="extiw" title="w:Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Ramón y Cajal, Santiago (1852 - 1934)</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Jtwsaddress42/People/Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal,_Santiago&veaction=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: Ramón y Cajal, Santiago (1852 - 1934)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Jtwsaddress42/People/Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal,_Santiago&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section's source code: Ramón y Cajal, Santiago (1852 - 1934)"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <hr /> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal_(8691434605).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal_%288691434605%29.jpg/220px-Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal_%288691434605%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal_%288691434605%29.jpg/330px-Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal_%288691434605%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal_%288691434605%29.jpg/440px-Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal_%288691434605%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2278" data-file-height="2068" /></a><figcaption>Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852 - 1934)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal_signature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal_signature.png/220px-Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal_signature.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal_signature.png/330px-Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal_signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal_signature.png/440px-Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal_signature.png 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Signature</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diploma_al_Premio_Nobel_Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Diploma_al_Premio_Nobel_Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal.jpg/220px-Diploma_al_Premio_Nobel_Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Diploma_al_Premio_Nobel_Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal.jpg/330px-Diploma_al_Premio_Nobel_Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Diploma_al_Premio_Nobel_Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal.jpg/440px-Diploma_al_Premio_Nobel_Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3380" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Diploma al Premio Nobel Santiago Ramón y Cajal</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal,_estudiante_de_medicina_en_Zaragoza_1876.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal%2C_estudiante_de_medicina_en_Zaragoza_1876.jpg/220px-Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal%2C_estudiante_de_medicina_en_Zaragoza_1876.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal%2C_estudiante_de_medicina_en_Zaragoza_1876.jpg/330px-Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal%2C_estudiante_de_medicina_en_Zaragoza_1876.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal%2C_estudiante_de_medicina_en_Zaragoza_1876.jpg/440px-Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal%2C_estudiante_de_medicina_en_Zaragoza_1876.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption>Santiago Ramón y Cajal, estudiante de medicina en Zaragoza 1876</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal_ca._1884-1887_(autorretrato).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal_ca._1884-1887_%28autorretrato%29.jpg/220px-Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal_ca._1884-1887_%28autorretrato%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal_ca._1884-1887_%28autorretrato%29.jpg/330px-Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal_ca._1884-1887_%28autorretrato%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal_ca._1884-1887_%28autorretrato%29.jpg/440px-Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal_ca._1884-1887_%28autorretrato%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1049" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>Ramón y Cajal ca. 1884-1887</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal_dando_c%C3%A1tedra_en_su_laboratorio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal_dando_c%C3%A1tedra_en_su_laboratorio.jpg/220px-Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal_dando_c%C3%A1tedra_en_su_laboratorio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal_dando_c%C3%A1tedra_en_su_laboratorio.jpg/330px-Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal_dando_c%C3%A1tedra_en_su_laboratorio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal_dando_c%C3%A1tedra_en_su_laboratorio.jpg/440px-Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal_dando_c%C3%A1tedra_en_su_laboratorio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2123" data-file-height="1543" /></a><figcaption>Ramón y Cajal in his laboratory</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Notable Accomplishments</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1906/cajal/facts/">The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906</a> shared with Camillo Golgi “in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system.”</li> <li>Father of Modern Neuroscience</li></ul> <br /><hr /> <table align="center" width="640px"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table align="center" style="font-size:85%"> <tbody><tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2234170"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div><dl><dd><i>Drawings of Santiago Ramón y Cajal</i></dd></dl></div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg" style="line-height:1.35em"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CajalHippocampus.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neural circuitry of the rodent hippocampus.[b]"><img alt="Neural circuitry of the rodent hippocampus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/CajalHippocampus.jpeg/53px-CajalHippocampus.jpeg" decoding="async" width="53" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/CajalHippocampus.jpeg/80px-CajalHippocampus.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/CajalHippocampus.jpeg/107px-CajalHippocampus.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Neural circuitry of the rodent hippocampus.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cajal-Retzius_cell_drawing_by_Cajal_1891.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Cajal-Retzius cells, 1891"><img alt="Cajal-Retzius cells, 1891" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Cajal-Retzius_cell_drawing_by_Cajal_1891.gif/100px-Cajal-Retzius_cell_drawing_by_Cajal_1891.gif" decoding="async" width="100" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Cajal-Retzius_cell_drawing_by_Cajal_1891.gif/150px-Cajal-Retzius_cell_drawing_by_Cajal_1891.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Cajal-Retzius_cell_drawing_by_Cajal_1891.gif/200px-Cajal-Retzius_cell_drawing_by_Cajal_1891.gif 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="93" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cajal-Retzius cells, 1891</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cajal_cortex_drawings.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Comparative study of the sensory areas of the human cortex, 1899"><img alt="Comparative study of the sensory areas of the human cortex, 1899" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Cajal_cortex_drawings.png/86px-Cajal_cortex_drawings.png" decoding="async" width="86" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Cajal_cortex_drawings.png/130px-Cajal_cortex_drawings.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Cajal_cortex_drawings.png/173px-Cajal_cortex_drawings.png 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="777" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Comparative study of the sensory areas of the human cortex, 1899</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Santiago_Ramon_y_Cajal_cells.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Santiago Ramon y Cajal cells"><img alt="Santiago Ramon y Cajal cells" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Santiago_Ramon_y_Cajal_cells.jpg/100px-Santiago_Ramon_y_Cajal_cells.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Santiago_Ramon_y_Cajal_cells.jpg/150px-Santiago_Ramon_y_Cajal_cells.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Santiago_Ramon_y_Cajal_cells.jpg/200px-Santiago_Ramon_y_Cajal_cells.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="965" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Santiago Ramon y Cajal cells</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Santiago_Ramon_y_Cajal_cells_in_the_brain.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A cut nerve outside the spinal cord, 1913.[c]"><img alt="A cut nerve outside the spinal cord" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Santiago_Ramon_y_Cajal_cells_in_the_brain.jpg/41px-Santiago_Ramon_y_Cajal_cells_in_the_brain.jpg" decoding="async" width="41" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Santiago_Ramon_y_Cajal_cells_in_the_brain.jpg/61px-Santiago_Ramon_y_Cajal_cells_in_the_brain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Santiago_Ramon_y_Cajal_cells_in_the_brain.jpg/82px-Santiago_Ramon_y_Cajal_cells_in_the_brain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="2915" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A cut nerve outside the spinal cord, 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nyt-Cajal_DRAWING_m1673-resized-for-web.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glial cells of the mouse spinal cord, 1899.[d]"><img alt="Glial cells of the mouse spinal cord, 1899" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Nyt-Cajal_DRAWING_m1673-resized-for-web.jpg/100px-Nyt-Cajal_DRAWING_m1673-resized-for-web.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Nyt-Cajal_DRAWING_m1673-resized-for-web.jpg/150px-Nyt-Cajal_DRAWING_m1673-resized-for-web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Nyt-Cajal_DRAWING_m1673-resized-for-web.jpg/200px-Nyt-Cajal_DRAWING_m1673-resized-for-web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="904" data-file-height="735" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Glial cells of the mouse spinal cord, 1899.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celula_gigante_de_la_porcion_inferior_del_asta_de_ammon_Wellcome_L0040799.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Celula gigante de la porcion inferior del asta de ammon.[e]"><img alt="Celula gigante de la porcion inferior del asta de ammon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Celula_gigante_de_la_porcion_inferior_del_asta_de_ammon_Wellcome_L0040799.jpg/74px-Celula_gigante_de_la_porcion_inferior_del_asta_de_ammon_Wellcome_L0040799.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Celula_gigante_de_la_porcion_inferior_del_asta_de_ammon_Wellcome_L0040799.jpg/112px-Celula_gigante_de_la_porcion_inferior_del_asta_de_ammon_Wellcome_L0040799.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Celula_gigante_de_la_porcion_inferior_del_asta_de_ammon_Wellcome_L0040799.jpg/149px-Celula_gigante_de_la_porcion_inferior_del_asta_de_ammon_Wellcome_L0040799.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2632" data-file-height="3528" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Celula gigante de la porcion inferior del asta de ammon.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celula_del_lobulo_cerebral_electrico_del_torpedo._Wellcome_L0040800.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Celula del lobulo cerebral electrico del torpedo.[f]"><img alt="Celula del lobulo cerebral electrico del torpedo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Celula_del_lobulo_cerebral_electrico_del_torpedo._Wellcome_L0040800.jpg/93px-Celula_del_lobulo_cerebral_electrico_del_torpedo._Wellcome_L0040800.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Celula_del_lobulo_cerebral_electrico_del_torpedo._Wellcome_L0040800.jpg/139px-Celula_del_lobulo_cerebral_electrico_del_torpedo._Wellcome_L0040800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Celula_del_lobulo_cerebral_electrico_del_torpedo._Wellcome_L0040800.jpg/186px-Celula_del_lobulo_cerebral_electrico_del_torpedo._Wellcome_L0040800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2664" data-file-height="2870" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Celula del lobulo cerebral electrico del torpedo.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neuroglia_de_la_region_central_gris_Wellcome_L0040801.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neuroglia de la region central gris.[g]"><img alt="Neuroglia de la region central gris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Neuroglia_de_la_region_central_gris_Wellcome_L0040801.jpg/78px-Neuroglia_de_la_region_central_gris_Wellcome_L0040801.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Neuroglia_de_la_region_central_gris_Wellcome_L0040801.jpg/117px-Neuroglia_de_la_region_central_gris_Wellcome_L0040801.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Neuroglia_de_la_region_central_gris_Wellcome_L0040801.jpg/156px-Neuroglia_de_la_region_central_gris_Wellcome_L0040801.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2666" data-file-height="3423" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Neuroglia de la region central gris.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vestibular_neural_connections.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vestibular neural connections."><img alt="Vestibular neural connections" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Vestibular_neural_connections.jpg/100px-Vestibular_neural_connections.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Vestibular_neural_connections.jpg/150px-Vestibular_neural_connections.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Vestibular_neural_connections.jpg/200px-Vestibular_neural_connections.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1193" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vestibular neural connections.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Terminaciones_nerviosas_en_la_piel_y_pelos_del_raton_Wellcome_L0040802.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Terminaciones nerviosas en la piel y pelos del raton.[h]"><img alt="Terminaciones nerviosas en la piel y pelos del raton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Terminaciones_nerviosas_en_la_piel_y_pelos_del_raton_Wellcome_L0040802.jpg/100px-Terminaciones_nerviosas_en_la_piel_y_pelos_del_raton_Wellcome_L0040802.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Terminaciones_nerviosas_en_la_piel_y_pelos_del_raton_Wellcome_L0040802.jpg/150px-Terminaciones_nerviosas_en_la_piel_y_pelos_del_raton_Wellcome_L0040802.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Terminaciones_nerviosas_en_la_piel_y_pelos_del_raton_Wellcome_L0040802.jpg/200px-Terminaciones_nerviosas_en_la_piel_y_pelos_del_raton_Wellcome_L0040802.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3254" data-file-height="2672" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Terminaciones nerviosas en la piel y pelos del raton.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerebral_cortex_in_a_child._Wellcome_L0002048.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cerebral cortex in a child.[i]"><img alt="Cerebral cortex in a child" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cerebral_cortex_in_a_child._Wellcome_L0002048.jpg/100px-Cerebral_cortex_in_a_child._Wellcome_L0002048.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cerebral_cortex_in_a_child._Wellcome_L0002048.jpg/150px-Cerebral_cortex_in_a_child._Wellcome_L0002048.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cerebral_cortex_in_a_child._Wellcome_L0002048.jpg/200px-Cerebral_cortex_in_a_child._Wellcome_L0002048.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="822" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cerebral cortex in a child.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brain_structures._Wellcome_L0001365.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brain structures.[j]"><img alt="Brain structures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Brain_structures._Wellcome_L0001365.jpg/58px-Brain_structures._Wellcome_L0001365.jpg" decoding="async" width="58" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Brain_structures._Wellcome_L0001365.jpg/87px-Brain_structures._Wellcome_L0001365.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Brain_structures._Wellcome_L0001365.jpg/116px-Brain_structures._Wellcome_L0001365.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1058" data-file-height="1826" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brain structures.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table><hr /> <p><b>Publications</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="citation book">Ramón y Cajal, Santiago (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/cajal-lecture.pdf">"The Structure and Connexions of Neurons (Nobel Lecture)"</a>. <i>Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1901-1921</i>. Delivered December 12, 1906. Elsevier Publishing Company (published 1967)<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/cajal-lecture.pdf">https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/cajal-lecture.pdf</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Structure+and+Connexions+of+Neurons+%28Nobel+Lecture%29&rft.atitle=Nobel+Lectures%2C+Physiology+or+Medicine+1901-1921&rft.aulast=Ram%C3%B3n+y+Cajal&rft.aufirst=Santiago&rft.au=Ram%C3%B3n+y+Cajal%2C%26%2332%3BSantiago&rft.date=1906&rft.series=Delivered+December+12%2C+1906&rft.pub=Elsevier+Publishing+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F06%2Fcajal-lecture.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:User:Jtwsaddress42/People/R"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <br /><hr /> <table align="center" width="640px"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table align="center" style="font-size:85%"> <tbody><tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2234170"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div><dl><dd><i>Santiago Ramón y Cajal - The Visual System</i></dd></dl></div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg" style="line-height:1.35em"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CajalChiasmTheory.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Schema of the Visual Map Theory (1898)[k]"><img alt="Schema of the Visual Map Theory (1898)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/CajalChiasmTheory.png/68px-CajalChiasmTheory.png" decoding="async" width="68" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/CajalChiasmTheory.png/102px-CajalChiasmTheory.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/CajalChiasmTheory.png/136px-CajalChiasmTheory.png 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="701" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Schema of the Visual Map Theory (1898)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cajal_1898_Fig6.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Bifurcating axons in the optic chiasm of a rabbit.[l]"><img alt="Bifurcating axons in the optic chiasm of a rabbit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Cajal_1898_Fig6.png/90px-Cajal_1898_Fig6.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Cajal_1898_Fig6.png/135px-Cajal_1898_Fig6.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Cajal_1898_Fig6.png/180px-Cajal_1898_Fig6.png 2x" data-file-width="1370" data-file-height="1524" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bifurcating axons in the optic chiasm of a rabbit.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_%26_green_rods_of_frog.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Red & green rods of frog."><img alt="Red & green rods of frog" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Red_%26_green_rods_of_frog.png/74px-Red_%26_green_rods_of_frog.png" decoding="async" width="74" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Red_%26_green_rods_of_frog.png/112px-Red_%26_green_rods_of_frog.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Red_%26_green_rods_of_frog.png/149px-Red_%26_green_rods_of_frog.png 2x" data-file-width="1185" data-file-height="1589" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Red & green rods of frog.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CajalMammalianRetina.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Mammalian retina structure.[m]"><img alt="Mammalian retina structure." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/CajalMammalianRetina.tif/lossy-page1-100px-CajalMammalianRetina.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/CajalMammalianRetina.tif/lossy-page1-150px-CajalMammalianRetina.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/CajalMammalianRetina.tif/lossy-page1-200px-CajalMammalianRetina.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="861" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mammalian retina structure.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SparrowTectum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Optic tectum (Sparrow)[n]"><img alt="Optic tectum (Sparrow)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/SparrowTectum.jpg/81px-SparrowTectum.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/SparrowTectum.jpg/121px-SparrowTectum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/SparrowTectum.jpg/162px-SparrowTectum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Optic tectum (Sparrow)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cajal_Retina.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Structure of the Mammalian Retina[o]"><img alt="Structure of the Mammalian Retina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cajal_Retina.jpg/67px-Cajal_Retina.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cajal_Retina.jpg/101px-Cajal_Retina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cajal_Retina.jpg/134px-Cajal_Retina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="745" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Structure of the Mammalian Retina<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fig_retine_bended.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Axial organization of the retina[p]"><img alt="Axial organization of the retina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fig_retine_bended.png/100px-Fig_retine_bended.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fig_retine_bended.png/150px-Fig_retine_bended.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fig_retine_bended.png/200px-Fig_retine_bended.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="321" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Axial organization of the retina<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <table align="center" width="640px"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table align="center" style="font-size:85%;"> <tbody><tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2234170"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div><dl><dd><i>Santiago Ramón y Cajal - The Cerebellum & Purkinje Cells</i></dd></dl></div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg" style="line-height:1.35em"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CajalCerebellum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chick Cerebellum[q]"><img alt="Chick Cerebellum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CajalCerebellum.jpg/100px-CajalCerebellum.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CajalCerebellum.jpg/150px-CajalCerebellum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CajalCerebellum.jpg/200px-CajalCerebellum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="205" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chick Cerebellum<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>q<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PurkinjeCell.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Purkinje cells (A) and granule cells (B) from pigeon cerebellum.[r]"><img alt="Purkinje cells (A) and granule cells (B) from pigeon cerebellum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/PurkinjeCell.jpg/85px-PurkinjeCell.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/PurkinjeCell.jpg/128px-PurkinjeCell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/PurkinjeCell.jpg/171px-PurkinjeCell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="715" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Purkinje cells (A) and granule cells (B) from pigeon cerebellum.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>r<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Purkinje_cell_by_Cajal.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Purkinje cell of the human cerebellum. Golgi method.[s]"><img alt="Purkinje Cell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Purkinje_cell_by_Cajal.png/72px-Purkinje_cell_by_Cajal.png" decoding="async" width="72" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Purkinje_cell_by_Cajal.png/108px-Purkinje_cell_by_Cajal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Purkinje_cell_by_Cajal.png/143px-Purkinje_cell_by_Cajal.png 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Purkinje cell of the human cerebellum. Golgi method.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Santiago_Ramon_y_Cajal_nerve_cells_in_the_brain.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Axon of Purkinje neurons in the cerebellum of a drowned man.[t]"><img alt="Axon of Purkinje neurons in the cerebellum of a drowned man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Santiago_Ramon_y_Cajal_nerve_cells_in_the_brain.jpg/100px-Santiago_Ramon_y_Cajal_nerve_cells_in_the_brain.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Santiago_Ramon_y_Cajal_nerve_cells_in_the_brain.jpg/150px-Santiago_Ramon_y_Cajal_nerve_cells_in_the_brain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Santiago_Ramon_y_Cajal_nerve_cells_in_the_brain.jpg/200px-Santiago_Ramon_y_Cajal_nerve_cells_in_the_brain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1321" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Axon of Purkinje neurons in the cerebellum of a drowned man.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nyt-cajal-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Injured Purkinje neurons of the cerebellum, 1914.[u]"><img alt="Injured Purkinje neurons of the cerebellum, 1914" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Nyt-cajal-2.jpg/100px-Nyt-cajal-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Nyt-cajal-2.jpg/150px-Nyt-cajal-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Nyt-cajal-2.jpg/200px-Nyt-cajal-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="760" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Injured Purkinje neurons of the cerebellum, 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>u<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <table align="center" width="640px"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table align="center" style="font-size:85%"> <tbody><tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2234170"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div><dl><dd><i>Santiago Ramón y Cajal - Medulla oblongata, 1896</i></dd></dl></div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg" style="line-height:1.35em"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_oblongata_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_(1896)_(20362618875).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Medulla oblongata, 1896."><img alt="Medulla oblongata, 1896" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_oblongata_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_%281896%29_%2820362618875%29.jpg/49px-Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_oblongata_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_%281896%29_%2820362618875%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="49" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_oblongata_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_%281896%29_%2820362618875%29.jpg/74px-Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_oblongata_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_%281896%29_%2820362618875%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_oblongata_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_%281896%29_%2820362618875%29.jpg/99px-Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_oblongata_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_%281896%29_%2820362618875%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="3028" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Medulla oblongata, 1896.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_oblongata_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_(1896)_(19741678123).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Medulla oblongata, 1896."><img alt="Medulla oblongata, 1896" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_oblongata_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_%281896%29_%2819741678123%29.jpg/100px-Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_oblongata_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_%281896%29_%2819741678123%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_oblongata_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_%281896%29_%2819741678123%29.jpg/150px-Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_oblongata_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_%281896%29_%2819741678123%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_oblongata_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_%281896%29_%2819741678123%29.jpg/200px-Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_oblongata_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_%281896%29_%2819741678123%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2284" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Medulla oblongata, 1896.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_oblongata_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_(1896)_(20362603545).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Medulla oblongata, 1896."><img alt="Medulla oblongata, 1896" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_oblongata_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_%281896%29_%2820362603545%29.jpg/100px-Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_oblongata_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_%281896%29_%2820362603545%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_oblongata_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_%281896%29_%2820362603545%29.jpg/150px-Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_oblongata_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_%281896%29_%2820362603545%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_oblongata_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_%281896%29_%2820362603545%29.jpg/200px-Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_oblongata_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_%281896%29_%2820362603545%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2828" data-file-height="2280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Medulla oblongata, 1896.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_oblongata_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_(1896)_(20174627218).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Medulla oblongata, 1896."><img alt="Medulla oblongata, 1896" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_oblongata_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_%281896%29_%2820174627218%29.jpg/100px-Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_oblongata_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_%281896%29_%2820174627218%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_oblongata_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_%281896%29_%2820174627218%29.jpg/150px-Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_oblongata_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_%281896%29_%2820174627218%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_oblongata_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_%281896%29_%2820174627218%29.jpg/200px-Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_oblongata_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_%281896%29_%2820174627218%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Medulla oblongata, 1896.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_Oblongata,_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_(1896)_(14765120272).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Medulla oblongata, 1896."><img alt="Medulla oblongata, 1896" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_Oblongata%2C_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_%281896%29_%2814765120272%29.jpg/100px-Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_Oblongata%2C_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_%281896%29_%2814765120272%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_Oblongata%2C_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_%281896%29_%2814765120272%29.jpg/150px-Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_Oblongata%2C_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_%281896%29_%2814765120272%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_Oblongata%2C_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_%281896%29_%2814765120272%29.jpg/200px-Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_Oblongata%2C_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_%281896%29_%2814765120272%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1910" data-file-height="1910" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Medulla oblongata, 1896.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_Oblongata,_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_(1896)_(14578993187).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Medulla oblongata, 1896."><img alt="Medulla oblongata, 1896" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_Oblongata%2C_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_%281896%29_%2814578993187%29.jpg/77px-Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_Oblongata%2C_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_%281896%29_%2814578993187%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_Oblongata%2C_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_%281896%29_%2814578993187%29.jpg/115px-Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_Oblongata%2C_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_%281896%29_%2814578993187%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_Oblongata%2C_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_%281896%29_%2814578993187%29.jpg/153px-Beitrag_zum_Studium_der_Medulla_Oblongata%2C_des_Kleinhirns_und_des_Ursprungs_der_Gehirnnerven_%281896%29_%2814578993187%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1468" data-file-height="1916" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Medulla oblongata, 1896.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <table cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: AliceBlue; border: 1px solid SteelBlue; -webkit-border-radius: 8px; -moz-border-radius: 8px; border-radius: 8px" colspan="1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romer,_Alfred_Sherwood_(1894_–_1973)"><span id="Romer.2C_Alfred_Sherwood_.281894_.E2.80.93_1973.29"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Romer" class="extiw" title="w:Alfred Romer">Romer, Alfred Sherwood (1894 – 1973)</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Jtwsaddress42/People/Romer,_Alfred_Sherwood&veaction=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: Romer, Alfred Sherwood (1894 – 1973)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Jtwsaddress42/People/Romer,_Alfred_Sherwood&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section's source code: Romer, Alfred Sherwood (1894 – 1973)"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <hr /> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spindle_diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Spindle_diagram.jpg/220px-Spindle_diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Spindle_diagram.jpg/330px-Spindle_diagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Spindle_diagram.jpg/440px-Spindle_diagram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption><b>A Romerogram</b> - Spindle diagram of taxonomic diversity over time within the Vertebrate classes Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia with two extinct classes, Placodermi and Acanthodii also being shown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton1998_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenton1998-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>v<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Notable Accomplishments</b> </p> <ul><li>The Somatovisceral Animal - The Vertebrate as a Dual Animal</li></ul> <br /><hr /> <hr /> <p><b>The Vertebrate as a Dual Animal: Somatic and Visceral</b> </p> <hr /> <blockquote><p><i>"In many regards the vertebrate organism, whether fish or mammal, is a well-knit unit structure. But in other respects there seems to be a somewhat imperfect welding, functionally and structurally, of two somewhat distinct beings: (1) an external, "somatic," animal, including most of the flesh and bone of our body, with a well organized nervous system and sense organs, in charge, so to speak, of "external affairs," and (2) an internal, "visceral," animal, basically consisting of the digestive tract and its appendages, which, to a considerable degree, conducts its own affairs, and over which the somatic animal exerts but incomplete control."</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomer1972_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomer1972-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><br />Alfred Sherwood Romer (1972)</p></blockquote> <hr /> <div style="font-size:72%;"> <ul><li><span class="citation Journal">Romer, Alfred Sherwood (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-9063-3_5"><i>The Vertebrate as a Dual Animal — Somatic and Visceral."</i></a>. In Dobzhansky T., Hecht MK, and Steere WC. . <i>Evolutionary Biology</i> (New York, NY: Springer): 121–156. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-9063-3_5">10.1007/978-1-4684-9063-3_5</a>. ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4684-9065-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4684-9065-7">978-1-4684-9065-7</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-9063-3_5">https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-9063-3_5</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=&rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Biology&rft.aulast=Romer&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Sherwood&rft.au=Romer%2C%26%2332%3BAlfred+Sherwood&rft.date=1972&rft.pages=121%E2%80%93156&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Springer&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-9063-3_5&rft.isbn=978-1-4684-9065-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%252F978-1-4684-9063-3_5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:User:Jtwsaddress42/People/R"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <table align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td><hr /> <p><b>The Functional Welding of the CNS to the ENS - The Autonomic Nervous System</b> </p> <hr /> <blockquote><p><i>"To sum up the phylogenetic suggestions gained from a consideration of the structure of the nervous system in living vertebrates, high and low, and of their chordate and protochordate "ancestors," one tends strongly to gain the impression that the remote "visceral" ancestral form had a simple superficial nerve net and, at some early stage, acquired a visceral nerve net as well; that, with the development of the "somatic" animal, there developed the central nervous system, with segmental nerves including a ventral root of somatic motor type and a distinct dorsal root at first composed merely of somatic sensory neurons; but that there was a strong tendency for the somatic animal to attempt neural control over the visceral animal, first perhaps, by a direct connection with the important visceral muscles of the pharynx, later by an attempt to dominate the gut by autonomic fibers, originally by way of dorsal nerve roots, running to the postganglionic neurons, which represent elements of the original gut nerve net. The development of visceral centers in brain and cord was associated with this attempt at domination of the visceral by the somatic animal. But, as we are ourselves aware, the integration of the visceral animal into the dominant nervous system of our somatic being is still far from perfect."</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomer1972_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomer1972-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><br />Alfred Sherwood Romer (1972)</p></blockquote> <hr /> <div style="font-size:72%;"> <ul><li><span class="citation Journal">Romer, Alfred Sherwood (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-9063-3_5"><i>The Vertebrate as a Dual Animal — Somatic and Visceral."</i></a>. In Dobzhansky T., Hecht MK, and Steere WC. . <i>Evolutionary Biology</i> (New York, NY: Springer): 121–156. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-9063-3_5">10.1007/978-1-4684-9063-3_5</a>. ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4684-9065-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4684-9065-7">978-1-4684-9065-7</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-9063-3_5">https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-9063-3_5</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=&rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Biology&rft.aulast=Romer&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Sherwood&rft.au=Romer%2C%26%2332%3BAlfred+Sherwood&rft.date=1972&rft.pages=121%E2%80%93156&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Springer&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-9063-3_5&rft.isbn=978-1-4684-9065-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%252F978-1-4684-9063-3_5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:User:Jtwsaddress42/People/R"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2234170"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div><dl><dd><i>The Functional Welding of the CNS to the ENS.</i></dd></dl></div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg" style="line-height:1.35em"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1503_Connections_of_the_Parasympathetic_Nervous_System.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The points of fusion between larval and adult bodyplans - Unmyelinated parasympathetic system."><img alt="The points of fusion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/1503_Connections_of_the_Parasympathetic_Nervous_System.jpg/65px-1503_Connections_of_the_Parasympathetic_Nervous_System.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/1503_Connections_of_the_Parasympathetic_Nervous_System.jpg/97px-1503_Connections_of_the_Parasympathetic_Nervous_System.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/1503_Connections_of_the_Parasympathetic_Nervous_System.jpg/130px-1503_Connections_of_the_Parasympathetic_Nervous_System.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1967" data-file-height="3021" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The points of fusion between larval and adult bodyplans - Unmyelinated parasympathetic system.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uroc005b.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Tunicate adult bodyplan - Pharyngeal arch system with visceral enteric nervous system (ENS)."><img alt="Tunicate adult" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Uroc005b.png/100px-Uroc005b.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Uroc005b.png/150px-Uroc005b.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Uroc005b.png/200px-Uroc005b.png 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1588" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tunicate adult bodyplan - Pharyngeal arch system with visceral enteric nervous system (ENS).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uroc004b_Jon.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Tunicate larval bodyplan - Somatic CNS, head senses, notochord, segmented musculature, and post anal tail."><img alt="Tunicate larva" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Uroc004b_Jon.png/100px-Uroc004b_Jon.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Uroc004b_Jon.png/150px-Uroc004b_Jon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Uroc004b_Jon.png/200px-Uroc004b_Jon.png 2x" data-file-width="2150" data-file-height="687" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tunicate larval bodyplan - Somatic CNS, head senses, notochord, segmented musculature, and post anal tail.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1501_Connections_of_the_Sympathetic_Nervous_System.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gaining control - Myelinated sympathetic system exerting control by the somatic CNS over the visceral ENS."><img alt="Gaining control" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/1501_Connections_of_the_Sympathetic_Nervous_System.jpg/68px-1501_Connections_of_the_Sympathetic_Nervous_System.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/1501_Connections_of_the_Sympathetic_Nervous_System.jpg/102px-1501_Connections_of_the_Sympathetic_Nervous_System.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/1501_Connections_of_the_Sympathetic_Nervous_System.jpg/136px-1501_Connections_of_the_Sympathetic_Nervous_System.jpg 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="1427" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gaining control - Myelinated sympathetic system exerting control by the somatic CNS over the visceral ENS.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><hr /> <p><b>The Functional Welding of the CNS to the ENS - Gaining Control</b> </p> <hr /> <blockquote><p><i>"It is not unreasonable to speculate on the possibility that: The ancestor of the vertebrates may have had, like many invertebrate types, an essentially independent visceral nerve net; that the development of the autonomic system represents an attempt by the central nervous system at gaining control over visceral activity; and that possibly in the peculiar two-neuron system seen here, the post-ganglionic neurons may be representatives of the original visceral nerve net system, the pre-ganglionics representatives of attempts at domination by the central nervous system."</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomer1972_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomer1972-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><br />Alfred Sherwood Romer (1972)</p></blockquote> <hr /> <div style="font-size:72%;"> <ul><li><span class="citation Journal">Romer, Alfred Sherwood (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-9063-3_5"><i>The Vertebrate as a Dual Animal — Somatic and Visceral."</i></a>. In Dobzhansky T., Hecht MK, and Steere WC. . <i>Evolutionary Biology</i> (New York, NY: Springer): 121–156. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-9063-3_5">10.1007/978-1-4684-9063-3_5</a>. ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4684-9065-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4684-9065-7">978-1-4684-9065-7</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-9063-3_5">https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-9063-3_5</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=&rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Biology&rft.aulast=Romer&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Sherwood&rft.au=Romer%2C%26%2332%3BAlfred+Sherwood&rft.date=1972&rft.pages=121%E2%80%93156&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Springer&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-9063-3_5&rft.isbn=978-1-4684-9065-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%252F978-1-4684-9063-3_5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:User:Jtwsaddress42/People/R"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <p><b>Evolution of the Pharyngeal Arch Cartilages and the Striated Visceral Musculoskeletal System</b> </p> <hr /> <blockquote><p><i>"In every vertebrate there is a set of well-developed striated muscles associated with the anterior part of the digestive tract, most notably the pharynx. In fishes there is an important series of muscles, lying along the walls of the pharyngeal region, which effect opening and closing of the gill slits. In jaw-possessing fishes there are powerful muscles associated with jaw movements; it is universally agreed that the jaws represent a modified and enlarged series of gill bars, and these jaw muscles are clearly a special part of the pharyngeal series.</i> <i>In tetrapods the jaw muscles remain prominent, but the gills are lost; much of the original gill musculature disappears, but a few small muscles persist in the throat and ear region, the trapezius muscle system of the neck is a further persistent relic, and in mammals the muscles of expression are an outgrowth of the same set of muscles."</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomer1972_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomer1972-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><br />Alfred Sherwood Romer (1972)</p></blockquote> <hr /> <div style="font-size:72%;"> <ul><li><span class="citation Journal">Romer, Alfred Sherwood (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-9063-3_5"><i>The Vertebrate as a Dual Animal — Somatic and Visceral."</i></a>. In Dobzhansky T., Hecht MK, and Steere WC. . <i>Evolutionary Biology</i> (New York, NY: Springer): 121–156. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-9063-3_5">10.1007/978-1-4684-9063-3_5</a>. ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4684-9065-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4684-9065-7">978-1-4684-9065-7</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-9063-3_5">https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-9063-3_5</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=&rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Biology&rft.aulast=Romer&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Sherwood&rft.au=Romer%2C%26%2332%3BAlfred+Sherwood&rft.date=1972&rft.pages=121%E2%80%93156&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Springer&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-9063-3_5&rft.isbn=978-1-4684-9065-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%252F978-1-4684-9063-3_5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:User:Jtwsaddress42/People/R"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <br /><hr /> <p><b>Publications</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="citation book">Romer, Alfred Sherwood (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/WEsinwEACAAJ?hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj9ppiKic70AhW5DzQIHZxVBoMQ8fIDegQIARAO"><i>Man and The Vertebrates: Vol. 1</i></a>. Penguin (published 1968). ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/QL_605.R62_1968" title="Special:BookSources/QL 605.R62 1968">QL 605.R62 1968</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/WEsinwEACAAJ?hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj9ppiKic70AhW5DzQIHZxVBoMQ8fIDegQIARAO">https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/WEsinwEACAAJ?hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj9ppiKic70AhW5DzQIHZxVBoMQ8fIDegQIARAO</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man+and+The+Vertebrates%3A+Vol.+1&rft.aulast=Romer&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Sherwood&rft.au=Romer%2C%26%2332%3BAlfred+Sherwood&rft.date=1933&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.isbn=QL+605.R62+1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2F_%2FWEsinwEACAAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D2ahUKEwj9ppiKic70AhW5DzQIHZxVBoMQ8fIDegQIARAO&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:User:Jtwsaddress42/People/R"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Romer, Alfred Sherwood (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/BnNexgEACAAJ?hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj0o9uqiM70AhWhFjQIHXTOA1MQ8fIDegQIBRAE"><i>Man and The Vertebrates: Vol. 2</i></a>. Penguin (published 1968). ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/QL_605.R62_1968" title="Special:BookSources/QL 605.R62 1968">QL 605.R62 1968</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/BnNexgEACAAJ?hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj0o9uqiM70AhWhFjQIHXTOA1MQ8fIDegQIBRAE">https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/BnNexgEACAAJ?hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj0o9uqiM70AhWhFjQIHXTOA1MQ8fIDegQIBRAE</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man+and+The+Vertebrates%3A+Vol.+2&rft.aulast=Romer&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Sherwood&rft.au=Romer%2C%26%2332%3BAlfred+Sherwood&rft.date=1933&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.isbn=QL+605.R62+1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2F_%2FBnNexgEACAAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D2ahUKEwj0o9uqiM70AhWhFjQIHXTOA1MQ8fIDegQIBRAE&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:User:Jtwsaddress42/People/R"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation Journal">Romer, Alfred Sherwood (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/395087">"The Early Evolution of Fishes"</a>. <i>The Quarterly Review of Biology</i> <b>21</b> (1): 33–69. March 1946. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F395087">10.1086/395087</a>. PMID <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21020760">21020760</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/395087">https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/395087</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Early+Evolution+of+Fishes&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Review+of+Biology&rft.aulast=Romer&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Sherwood&rft.au=Romer%2C%26%2332%3BAlfred+Sherwood&rft.date=1946&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33%E2%80%9369&rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F395087&rft_id=info:pmid/21020760&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F395087&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:User:Jtwsaddress42/People/R"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation Journal">Romer, Alfred Sherwood (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.sciencemag.org/content/158/3809/1629.long">"Major Steps in Vertebrate Evolution"</a>. <i>Science</i> <b>158</b> (3809): 1629–1637. December 29, 1967. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.158.3809.1629">10.1126/science.158.3809.1629</a>. PMID <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4862529">4862529</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://science.sciencemag.org/content/158/3809/1629.long">https://science.sciencemag.org/content/158/3809/1629.long</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Major+Steps+in+Vertebrate+Evolution&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.aulast=Romer&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Sherwood&rft.au=Romer%2C%26%2332%3BAlfred+Sherwood&rft.date=1967&rft.volume=158&rft.issue=3809&rft.pages=1629%E2%80%931637&rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.158.3809.1629&rft_id=info:pmid/4862529&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.sciencemag.org%2Fcontent%2F158%2F3809%2F1629.long&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:User:Jtwsaddress42/People/R"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Romer, Alfred Sherwood (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/D6hqAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0"><i>The Vertebrate Body</i></a>. Saunders. ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-721-67667-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-721-67667-8">978-0-721-67667-8</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/D6hqAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0">https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/D6hqAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vertebrate+Body&rft.aulast=Romer&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Sherwood&rft.au=Romer%2C%26%2332%3BAlfred+Sherwood&rft.date=1970&rft.pub=Saunders&rft.isbn=978-0-721-67667-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2F_%2FD6hqAAAAMAAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:User:Jtwsaddress42/People/R"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation Journal">Romer, Alfred Sherwood (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-9063-3_5"><i>The Vertebrate as a Dual Animal — Somatic and Visceral."</i></a>. In Dobzhansky T., Hecht MK, and Steere WC. . <i>Evolutionary Biology</i> (New York, NY: Springer): 121–156. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-9063-3_5">10.1007/978-1-4684-9063-3_5</a>. ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4684-9065-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4684-9065-7">978-1-4684-9065-7</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-9063-3_5">https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-9063-3_5</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=&rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Biology&rft.aulast=Romer&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Sherwood&rft.au=Romer%2C%26%2332%3BAlfred+Sherwood&rft.date=1972&rft.pages=121%E2%80%93156&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Springer&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-9063-3_5&rft.isbn=978-1-4684-9065-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%252F978-1-4684-9063-3_5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:User:Jtwsaddress42/People/R"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation Journal">Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Williams, George C. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/408998">"The Early Evolution of Fishes"</a>. <i>The Quarterly Review Of Biology</i>. Evolution: 50th Anniversary Special Issue (1926-1976) <b>51</b> (Supplemental Is. 1): 202-240. December 1976. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F408998">10.1086/408998</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/408998">https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/408998</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Early+Evolution+of+Fishes&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Review+Of+Biology&rft.aulast=Romer&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Sherwood&rft.au=Romer%2C%26%2332%3BAlfred+Sherwood&rft.au=Williams%2C%26%2332%3BGeorge+C.&rft.date=1976&rft.series=Evolution%3A+50th+Anniversary+Special+Issue+%281926-1976%29&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=Supplemental+Is.+1&rft.pages=202-240&rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F408998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F408998&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:User:Jtwsaddress42/People/R"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_&_Commentary"><span id="Notes_.26_Commentary"></span>Notes & Commentary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Jtwsaddress42/Includes/Notes_%26_Citations&veaction=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: Notes & Commentary" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Jtwsaddress42/Includes/Notes_%26_Citations&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section's source code: Notes & Commentary"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: AliceBlue; border: 1px solid SteelBlue; -webkit-border-radius: 8px; -moz-border-radius: 8px; border-radius: 8px" colspan="1"> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background: #9AD4F6; font-size:87%; padding: 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center;"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em"><b>Notes & Commentary</b></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: #FFFCF5;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2661605">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Subject to major change, revision ,and/or retraction at any moment.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Histologie du Système Nerveux de l'Homme et des Vertébrés, Vols. 1 and 2. A. Maloine. Paris. 1911</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cajal Institute (CSIC), Madrid</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cajal Institute (CSIC), Madrid</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wellcome L0040799</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wellcome L0040800</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wellcome L0040801</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wellcome L0040802</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wellcome L0002048</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wellcome L0001365</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">O - Optic chiasm; C - Visual (and motor) cortex; M, S - Decussating pathways; R, G: Sensory nerves, motor ganglia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">a,b,c: bifurcating optic fibres. c: fibre bifurcating in the two opposite optic tracts. d. Commisure of Gudden. e. Fibres that continue in a different depth. Cajal 1898, Fig6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Artistic grouping of cells and direction of current flow.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">from Estructura de los centros nerviosos de las aves, Madrid, 1905</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Madrid, 1900</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cajal, 1911</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">from Estructura de los centros nerviosos de las aves, Madrid, 1905</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Instituto Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain, 1899</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">a, axon; b, recurrent collateral; c and d, spaces in the dendritic arborization for stellate cells; see Fig. 9 in Texture of the Nervous System of Man and the Vertebrates, Volume 1, Originally published by Springer-Verlag Wien New York in 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cajal Institute (CSIC), Madrid</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cajal Institute (CSIC), Madrid</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on Benton (1998), all classes interpreted traditionally. Bentons notes to his own tree: Number of families is an imperfect measure of diversity. Reptilia in particular should probably have been shown as far more diverse in the Mesozoic.</span> </li> </ol></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Jtwsaddress42/Includes/Notes_%26_Citations&veaction=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Citations" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Jtwsaddress42/Includes/Notes_%26_Citations&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section's source code: Citations"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: MintCream; border: 1px solid ForestGreen; -webkit-border-radius: 8px; -moz-border-radius: 8px; border-radius: 8px" colspan="1"> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background: #90EE90; font-size:87%; padding: 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center;"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em"><b>List of Citations</b></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: #FFFCF5;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2661605"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenton1998-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton1998_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenton1998">Benton 1998</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBenton1998 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERomer1972-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomer1972_24-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomer1972_24-1">2.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomer1972_24-2">2.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomer1972_24-3">2.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRomer1972">Romer 1972</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFRomer1972 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <hr /> <small><small><div style="border: thin solid #a2a9b1;;background-color:#9AD4F6;margin:auto"><div style="background-color: #f8f9fa;;background-color:#9AD4F6;padding:0.25em 0.5em 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/A" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/A">A</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/B" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/B">B</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/C" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/C">C</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/D" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/D">D</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/E" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/E">E</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/F" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/F">F</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/G" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/G">G</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/H" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/H">H</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/I" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/I">I</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/J" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/J">J</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/K" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/K">K</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/L" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/L">L</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/M" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/M">M</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/N" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/N">N</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/O" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/O">O</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/P" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/P">P</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/Q" title="User:Jtwsaddress42/People/Q">Q</a> * <a class="mw-selflink selflink">R</a> * <a href="/wiki/User:Jtwsaddress42/People/S" 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