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id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Bevezető</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Pályája" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pályája"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Pályája</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pályája-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Munkássága" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Munkássága"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Munkássága</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Munkássága-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>A(z) Munkássága alszakasz kinyitása/becsukása</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Munkássága-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Korai_kutatásai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korai_kutatásai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Korai kutatásai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korai_kutatásai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_penicillin_felfedezése" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_penicillin_felfedezése"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>A penicillin felfedezése</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_penicillin_felfedezése-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elismerései" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elismerései"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Elismerései</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elismerései-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Családja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Családja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Családja</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Családja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fordítás" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fordítás"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Fordítás</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fordítás-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jegyzetek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jegyzetek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Jegyzetek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jegyzetek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Források" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Források"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Források</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Források-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>A(z) Források alszakasz kinyitása/becsukása</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Források-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Magyarul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magyarul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Magyarul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magyarul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Tartalomjegyzék" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tartalomjegyzék kinyitása/becsukása" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tartalomjegyzék kinyitása/becsukása</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alexander Fleming</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ugrás egy más nyelvű szócikkre. Elérhető 114 nyelven" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-114" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">114 nyelv</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – angol" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – aragonéz" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonéz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AC" title="ألكسندر فلمنج – arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألكسندر فلمنج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AC" title="الكسندر فلمنج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكسندر فلمنج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ ফ্লেমিং – asszámi" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ ফ্লেমিং" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asszámi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – asztúr" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asztúr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Fleminq" title="Aleksandr Fleminq – azerbajdzsáni" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aleksandr Fleminq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzsáni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="الکساندر فلمینگ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الکساندر فلمینگ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Александр Флеминг – baskír" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Александр Флеминг" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baskír" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Аляксандр Флемінг – belarusz" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аляксандр Флемінг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Аляксандар Флемінг – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аляксандар Флемінг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Александър Флеминг – bolgár" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Александър Флеминг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bolgár" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="অ্যালেকজান্ডার ফ্লেমিং – bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যালেকজান্ডার ফ্লেমিং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – bosnyák" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnyák" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – katalán" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ئەلیکساندەر فلیمین – közép-ázsiai kurd" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلیکساندەر فلیمین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="közép-ázsiai kurd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – cseh" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cseh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – walesi" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – dán" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – német" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="német" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%A6%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Αλεξάντερ Φλέμινγκ – görög" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλεξάντερ Φλέμινγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="görög" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – eszperantó" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="eszperantó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – észt" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="észt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – baszk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baszk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="الکساندر فلمینگ – perzsa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکساندر فلمینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzsa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – finn" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – feröeri" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feröeri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – francia" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – nyugati fríz" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="nyugati fríz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – ír" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ír" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – skóciai kelta" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skóciai kelta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – gallego" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9D%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%B0_%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97" title="એલેક્ઝાન્ડર ફ્લેમિંગ – gudzsaráti" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="એલેક્ઝાન્ડર ફ્લેમિંગ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gudzsaráti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="אלכסנדר פלמינג – héber" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלכסנדר פלמינג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="héber" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99" title="अलेक्ज़ांडर फ्लेमिङ – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अलेक्ज़ांडर फ्लेमिङ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – horvát" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvát" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80_%D5%96%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3" title="Ալեքսանդր Ֆլեմինգ – örmény" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալեքսանդր Ֆլեմինգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="örmény" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – indonéz" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonéz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – idó" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – izlandi" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="izlandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – olasz" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="olasz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="アレクサンダー・フレミング – japán" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アレクサンダー・フレミング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – jávai" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="jávai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ალექსანდერ ფლემინგი – grúz" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალექსანდერ ფლემინგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="grúz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Александр Флеминг – kazah" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Александр Флеминг" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಅಲೆಕ್ಸಾಂಡರ್ ಫ್ಲೆಮಿಂಗ್‌ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಲೆಕ್ಸಾಂಡರ್ ಫ್ಲೆಮಿಂಗ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%82%B0%EB%8D%94_%ED%94%8C%EB%A0%88%EB%B0%8D" title="알렉산더 플레밍 – koreai" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알렉산더 플레밍" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – luxemburgi" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – litván" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litván" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandrs_Flemings" title="Aleksandrs Flemings – lett" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aleksandrs Flemings" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lett" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – malgas" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgas" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Александар Флеминг – macedón" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Александар Флеминг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="അലക്സാണ്ടർ ഫ്ലെമിങ് – malajálam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അലക്സാണ്ടർ ഫ്ലെമിങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajálam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Александр Флеминг – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Александр Флеминг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="अलेक्झांडर फ्लेमिंग – maráthi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अलेक्झांडर फ्लेमिंग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maráthi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – maláj" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="maláj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%87%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%96%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အလက်ဇန္ဒား ဖလင်းမင်း – burmai" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အလက်ဇန္ဒား ဖလင်းမင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="الکساندر فلمینگ – mázanderáni" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="الکساندر فلمینگ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mázanderáni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99" title="अलेक्जेन्डर फ्लेमिङ – nepáli" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अलेक्जेन्डर फ्लेमिङ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepáli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99" title="अलेक्जेन्डर फ्लेमिङ – nevari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अलेक्जेन्डर फ्लेमिङ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – holland" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="holland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – norvég (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvég (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – norvég (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvég (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – okszitán" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okszitán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97" title="ଆଲେକ୍‌ଜାଣ୍ଡର ଫ୍ଲେମିଙ୍ଗ – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଲେକ୍‌ଜାଣ୍ଡର ଫ୍ଲେମିଙ୍ଗ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਅਲੈਗਜ਼ੈਂਡਰ ਫ਼ਲੈਮਿੰਗ – pandzsábi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਲੈਗਜ਼ੈਂਡਰ ਫ਼ਲੈਮਿੰਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandzsábi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – pampangan" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampangan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – lengyel" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="lengyel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B2%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF" title="الیگزنڈر فلیمنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الیگزنڈر فلیمنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85%DB%90%D9%86%DA%AB" title="الکساندر فلمېنګ – pastu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="الکساندر فلمېنګ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pastu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – portugál" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugál" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – kecsua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kecsua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – román" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="román" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80" title="Флеминг, Александр – orosz" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Флеминг, Александр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="orosz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Александер Флеминг – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Александер Флеминг" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D" title="सर् अलेक्साण्डर् प्लेमिङ्ग् – szanszkrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सर् अलेक्साण्डर् प्लेमिङ्ग्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="szanszkrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – skót" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skót" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – szerbhorvát" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="szerbhorvát" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82" title="ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩර් ෆ්ලෙමිං – szingaléz" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩර් ෆ්ලෙමිං" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="szingaléz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – szlovák" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="szlovák" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – szlovén" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="szlovén" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Fileming" title="Aleksander Fileming – szomáli" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Aleksander Fileming" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="szomáli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – albán" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Александер Флеминг – szerb" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Александер Флеминг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="szerb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – szundanéz" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="szundanéz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – svéd" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svéd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – szuahéli" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="szuahéli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya-li-san-ta.Bow-la-min" title="Ya-li-san-ta.Bow-la-min – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Ya-li-san-ta.Bow-la-min" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D" title="அலெக்சாண்டர் பிளெமிங் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அலெக்சாண்டர் பிளெமிங்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D" title="ಅಲೆಕ್ಸಾಂಡರ್ ಫ್ಲೆಮಿಂಗ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಅಲೆಕ್ಸಾಂಡರ್ ಫ್ಲೆಮಿಂಗ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D" title="అలెగ్జాండర్ ఫ్లెమింగ్ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అలెగ్జాండర్ ఫ్లెమింగ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="อเล็กซานเดอร์ เฟลมมิง – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อเล็กซานเดอร์ เฟลมมิง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – török" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="török" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D2%A3" title="Александер Флемиң – tatár" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Александер Флемиң" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatár" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Александер Флемінг – ukrán" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Александер Флемінг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B2%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF" title="الیگزنڈر فلیمنگ – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الیگزنڈر فلیمنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – üzbég" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="üzbég" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – vietnámi" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnámi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – varaó" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varaó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%8E" title="亚历山大·弗莱明 – wu kínai" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亚历山大·弗莱明" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu kínai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ალექსანდერ ფლემინგი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალექსანდერ ფლემინგი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming – joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Alexander Fleming" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%8E" title="亚历山大·弗莱明 – kínai" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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Fleming</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1jl:Synthetic_Production_of_Penicillin_TR1468_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Synthetic_Production_of_Penicillin_TR1468_crop.jpg/260px-Synthetic_Production_of_Penicillin_TR1468_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="377" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Synthetic_Production_of_Penicillin_TR1468_crop.jpg/390px-Synthetic_Production_of_Penicillin_TR1468_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Synthetic_Production_of_Penicillin_TR1468_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="590" /></a></span></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td class="cimke" style="padding:0px 3px 0px 0px;"><b>Született</b></td><td><a href="/wiki/1881" title="1881">1881</a>. <a href="/wiki/Augusztus_6." title="Augusztus 6.">augusztus 6.</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darvel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darvel (a lap nem létezik)">Lochfield</a></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td class="cimke" style="padding:0px 3px 0px 0px;"><b>Elhunyt</b></td><td><a href="/wiki/1955" title="1955">1955</a>. <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rcius_11." title="Március 11.">március 11.</a><br />(73 évesen)<br /><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td class="cimke" style="padding:0px 3px 0px 0px;"><b>Állampolgársága</b></td><td><a href="/wiki/Egyes%C3%BClt_Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g" title="Egyesült Királyság">brit</a></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td class="cimke" style="padding:0px 3px 0px 0px;"><b>Nemzetisége</b></td><td><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%B3tok" title="Skótok">skót</a></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td class="cimke" style="padding:0px 3px 0px 0px;"><b>Gyermekei</b></td><td>Robert Fleming</td></tr><tr><td class="cimke" style="padding:0px 3px 0px 0px;vertical-align:top"><b>Szülei</b></td><td style="padding:0px;">Grace Morton<br />Hugh Fleming</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td class="cimke" style="padding:0px 3px 0px 0px;"><b>Foglalkozása</b></td><td><a href="/wiki/Bakteriol%C3%B3gia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakteriológia">bakteriológus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immunol%C3%B3gia" title="Immunológia">immunológus</a></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td class="cimke" style="padding:0px 3px 0px 0px;"><b>Tisztsége</b></td><td>Rector of the University of Edinburgh</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td class="cimke" style="padding:0px 3px 0px 0px;"><b>Iskolái</b></td><td><div class="plainlist"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r27515026">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminsteri_Egyetem" title="Westminsteri Egyetem">Westminsteri Egyetem</a></li> <li>Kilmarnock Academy</li> <li>Imperial College School of Medicine</li> <li>St Mary's Hospital Medical School</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td class="cimke" style="padding:0px 3px 0px 0px;"><b>Kitüntetései</b></td><td><a href="/wiki/Fiziol%C3%B3giai_%C3%A9s_orvostudom%C3%A1nyi_Nobel-d%C3%ADj" title="Fiziológiai és orvostudományi Nobel-díj">Orvosi Nobel-díj</a> (1945)</td></tr><tr><td class="cimke" style="padding:0px 3px 0px 0px;vertical-align:top"><b>Halál oka</b></td><td style="padding:0px;"><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%ADvinfarktus" title="Szívinfarktus">szívinfarktus</a></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td class="cimke" style="padding:0px 3px 0px 0px;"><b>Sírhelye</b></td><td><a href="/wiki/Szent_P%C3%A1l-sz%C3%A9kesegyh%C3%A1z_(London)" title="Szent Pál-székesegyház (London)">Szent Pál-székesegyház</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><hr /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1jl:Alexander_Fleming_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexander Fleming aláírása"><img alt="Alexander Fleming aláírása" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Alexander_Fleming_signature.svg/120px-Alexander_Fleming_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Alexander_Fleming_signature.svg/180px-Alexander_Fleming_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Alexander_Fleming_signature.svg/240px-Alexander_Fleming_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="103" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:92%">Alexander Fleming aláírása</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color: #E4EBF3;color:black;text-align:center;"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div>A <a href="/wiki/Wikim%C3%A9dia_Commons" title="Wikimédia Commons">Wikimédia Commons</a> tartalmaz <i><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alexander_Fleming" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a></i> témájú médiaállományokat.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="fejezet" colspan="2" style="padding:3px 2px;background-color: #E4EBF3;color:black;text-align:center;"><b><small><a href="/wiki/Sablon:Szem%C3%A9ly_infobox" title="Sablon:Személy infobox">Sablon</a> • <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37064" class="extiw" title="d:Q37064">Wikidata</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Seg%C3%ADts%C3%A9g_az_infoboxokhoz" title="Wikipédia:Segítség az infoboxokhoz">Segítség</a></small></b></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Sir <b>Alexander Fleming</b> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Darvel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darvel (a lap nem létezik)">Lochfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/1881" title="1881">1881</a>. <a href="/wiki/Augusztus_6." title="Augusztus 6.">augusztus 6.</a> – <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/1955" title="1955">1955</a>. <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rcius_11." title="Március 11.">március 11.</a>) <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%B3tok" title="Skótok">skót</a> <a href="/wiki/Bakteriol%C3%B3gia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakteriológia">bakteriológus</a> és <a href="/wiki/Immunol%C3%B3gia" title="Immunológia">immunológus</a>. Felfedezte az antibakteriális <a href="/wiki/Lizozim" title="Lizozim">lizozim</a> enzimet, valamint 1928-ban az első <a href="/wiki/Antibiotikum" title="Antibiotikum">antibiotikumot</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillint</a>. Utóbbi eredményéért <a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a>-jel és <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Boris_Chain" title="Ernst Boris Chain">Ernst Boris Chainnal</a> közösen 1945-ben elnyerte az <a href="/wiki/Fiziol%C3%B3giai_%C3%A9s_orvostudom%C3%A1nyi_Nobel-d%C3%ADj" title="Fiziológiai és orvostudományi Nobel-díj">orvostudományi Nobel-díjat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lesprixnobel_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lesprixnobel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-natureobit_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natureobit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pályája"><span id="P.C3.A1ly.C3.A1ja"></span>Pályája</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Fleming&action=edit&section=1" title="Szakasz szerkesztése: Pályája"><span>szerkesztés</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alexander Fleming 1881. augusztus 6-án született a skóciai <a href="/wiki/Ayrshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayrshire">Ayrshire</a> megyében, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Darvel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darvel (a lap nem létezik)">Darvel</a> kisváros melletti Lochfield egyik tanyáján. Apja Hugh Fleming (1816-1888) gazdálkodó volt, anyja pedig a szomszéd gazda lánya, Grace Stirling Morton (1848–1928), aki Fleming második felesége volt. Hugh Flemingnek négy gyermeke volt az első házasságából. A második házassága idején már 59. évében járt, és meghalt amikor Alexander hét éves volt. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1jl:20_Danvers_St.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/20_Danvers_St.jpg/220px-20_Danvers_St.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/20_Danvers_St.jpg/330px-20_Danvers_St.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/20_Danvers_St.jpg/440px-20_Danvers_St.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2262" data-file-height="2262" /></a><figcaption>Emléktábla Fleming londoni házán</figcaption></figure> <p>Darvelben és Loudounban végezte az elemi iskolát, majd elnyert egy kétéves ösztöndíjat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilmarnock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kilmarnock (a lap nem létezik)">Kilmarnock</a> egyik középiskolájába. Tizenhárom évesen bátyjával együtt <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">Londonba</a> költözött, ahol a <a href="/wiki/Westminsteri_Egyetem" title="Westminsteri Egyetem">Királyi Politechnikai Intézetben</a> tanult.<sup id="cite_ref-Penicillin_man_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penicillin_man-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ezután négy évig egy szállítóvállalatnál dolgozott tisztviselőként, majd húszévesen nagybátyjától örökölt egy kisebb összeget. Bátyja, Thomas ekkorra már kitanult orvos volt és Alexandernek is javasolta ezt a pályát, így 1903-ban beiratkozott a <a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Mary%27s_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St Mary's Hospital (a lap nem létezik)">St Mary's Hospital</a> orvosképzésére. 1906-ban kitüntetéssel diplomázott.<sup id="cite_ref-Fleming_bio_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleming_bio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fleming 1900-tól önkéntesként tagja volt a londoni skót ezrednek<sup id="cite_ref-lesprixnobel_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lesprixnobel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> és medikusként eljárt az egyetem lövészklubjába. A klub vezetője (aki szerette volna ha Fleming tag marad) javasolta, hogy praktizálás helyett legyen a St. Mary's tanára és kutatója. Fleming <a href="/w/index.php?title=Almroth_Wright&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Almroth Wright (a lap nem létezik)">Almroth Wright</a> bakteriológusnak, a vakcinaterápia egyik úttörőjének lett az asszisztense. 1908-ban bakteriológiából is BSc fokozatot szerzett és maga is oktatni kezdett az egyetemen, egészen 1914-ig. </p><p>Az <a href="/wiki/Els%C5%91_vil%C3%A1gh%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Első világháború">első világháborúban</a> századosi rangban, katonaorvosként szolgált és a franciaországi frontkórházakban dolgozott. 1918-ban visszatért a St Mary's Hospital-ba és folytatta kutatói-tanári pályáját. 1928-ban a <a href="/wiki/Londoni_Egyetem" title="Londoni Egyetem">Londoni Egyetem</a> bakteriológiaprofesszorának választották. 1946-ban ő lett a St. Mary's oltási részlegének vezetője, amelyet ekkor átneveztek Wright-Fleming Intézetté. 1951-1954 között ő volt az <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh-i_Egyetem" title="Edinburgh-i Egyetem">Edinburgh-i Egyetem</a> rektora.<sup id="cite_ref-Fleming_bio_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleming_bio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Munkássága"><span id="Munk.C3.A1ss.C3.A1ga"></span>Munkássága</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Fleming&action=edit&section=2" title="Szakasz szerkesztése: Munkássága"><span>szerkesztés</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korai_kutatásai"><span id="Korai_kutat.C3.A1sai"></span>Korai kutatásai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Fleming&action=edit&section=3" title="Szakasz szerkesztése: Korai kutatásai"><span>szerkesztés</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fleming a háborúban sok esetben tanúja volt, hogy a sebesült katonák <a href="/wiki/Szepszis" title="Szepszis">szepszis</a>, sebeik elfertőződése miatt meghalnak. A maró hatású antiszeptikus szerek sok esetben rontottak a beteg állapotán.<sup id="cite_ref-SingMedJ_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SingMedJ-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lancet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Lancet (a lap nem létezik)">The Lancet</a></i> orvosi folyóiratba írt egy cikket: véleménye szerint az antiszeptikumokkal több sebesültet ölnek meg, mint amennyi a szepszisbe belehal, mert a szerek csak a sebek felszínén ölik meg a baktériumokat, a mélyebb rétegekben nem. A felszínen viszont lehetnek olyan mikroorganizmusok is, amelyek gátolják a káros baktériumok szaporodását és ezeket az antiszeptikus vegyületek szintén elpusztítják.<sup id="cite_ref-Flavine_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flavine-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Korábbi mentora, Almroth Wright támogatta nézeteit, de véleménye nem terjedt el és a brit katonaorvosok továbbra és széleskörűen alkalmazták a fertőtlenítő vegyszereket.<sup id="cite_ref-Fleming_bio_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleming_bio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A háború után Fleming folytatta az antibakteriális anyagokkal folytatott kutatásait. Egy alkalommal náthás volt és orrából a baktériumtenyészetre csöppent a váladék. Fleming kíváncsi volt a hatására és nem dobta ki a <a href="/wiki/Petri-cs%C3%A9sze" title="Petri-csésze">Petri-csészét</a> és néhány nappal később meglepve tapasztalta, hogy gátolja a tenyészet növekedését.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A baktériumellenes anyagot végül tojásfehérjéből tudta nagyobb mennyiségből izolálni (később kiderült, hogy a nyálban, könnyben, bőrön, hajon, különböző testváladékokban is előfordul) és <a href="/wiki/Lizozim" title="Lizozim">lizozimnak</a> nevezte el. A lizozim azonban a patogén baktérium ellen jórészt hatástalan volt, így a klinikai gyakorlatban nem lehetett használni.<sup id="cite_ref-SingMedJ_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SingMedJ-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A_penicillin_felfedezése"><span id="A_penicillin_felfedez.C3.A9se"></span>A penicillin felfedezése</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Fleming&action=edit&section=4" title="Szakasz szerkesztése: A penicillin felfedezése"><span>szerkesztés</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1jl:PenicillinPSAedit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/PenicillinPSAedit.jpg/240px-PenicillinPSAedit.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/PenicillinPSAedit.jpg/360px-PenicillinPSAedit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/PenicillinPSAedit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Penicillin, a csodagyógyszer</figcaption></figure> <p>Fleming később így nyilatkozott a felfedezéséről: "Amikor 1928. szeptember 28-án kicsivel hajnal után felkeltem, egyáltalán nem terveztem, hogy a világ első antibiotikumának, vagy baktériumölőjének felfedezésével forradalmasítom az orvostudományt. Pedig, azt hiszem, éppen ezt tettem."<sup id="cite_ref-isbn1-56308-159-8_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn1-56308-159-8-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1928-ra Fleming már elismert bakteriológus volt és a <a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus" title="Staphylococcus">staphylococcusokat</a> gátló anyagokat tanulmányozta. Augusztusban egyhónapos vakációra ment és amikor szeptemberben visszatért a laboratóriumába, észrevette, hogy az asztalon hagyott baktériumtenyészetei közül az egyik <a href="/wiki/Pen%C3%A9szgomba" class="mw-redirect" title="Penészgomba">penészgombával</a> befertőződött. A gombát azonban az <a href="/wiki/Agaragar" title="Agaragar">agaron</a> széles, baktériummentes sáv övezte.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i><a href="/wiki/Penicillium" class="mw-redirect" title="Penicillium">Penicillium</a></i> nemzetségbe tartozó penészt tiszta tenyészetbe tette és kivonatával különböző baktériumfajokat kezelve felfedezte, hogy a "penészlé" hatékonyan gátolja számos patogén mikroorganizmus (többek között a <a href="/wiki/Skarl%C3%A1t" title="Skarlát">skarlát</a>, a <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCd%C5%91gyullad%C3%A1s" title="Tüdőgyulladás">tüdőgyulladás</a>, az <a href="/wiki/Agyh%C3%A1rtyagyullad%C3%A1s" title="Agyhártyagyulladás">agyhártyagyulladás</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dift%C3%A9ria" title="Diftéria">diftéria</a> kórokozóinak) fejlődését. Mások, mint pl. a <a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADfusz" title="Tífusz">tífusz</a> <a href="/wiki/Gram-fest%C3%A9s" title="Gram-festés">Gram-negatív</a> okozója rezisztensek voltak (bár a szintén Gram-negatív <a href="/wiki/Kank%C3%B3" title="Kankó">gonorrhoea</a>-kórokozó érzékeny rá). Sikerült izolálnia a <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillinnek</a> elnevezett hatóanyagot is, amit akkor még a lizozimhoz hasonlóan <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzimnek</a> gondolt (valójában egy viszonylag kis szerves molekula)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fleming 1929-ben publikálta felfedezését,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid6994200_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid6994200-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> de kevesen figyeltek fel a cikkre. Megpróbálta nagyobb mennyiségben előállítani a penicillint, de számos nehézséggel kellett szembenéznie. Az anyagot nehéz volt izolálni, nem tudta megfelelően bekoncentrálni és felületi antiszeptikumként használva nem volt túlságosan hatékony. Fleming úgy vélte, hogy a vérbe injekciózva a szervezet előbb lebontaná a penicillint, minthogy kifejthetné antibakteriális hatását. Az 1930-as években folytatta kísérleteit, de eredményei nem voltak eléggé meggyőzőek,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> felettesei pedig nem voltak hajlandóak alkalmazni egy vegyészt, aki az analízist és izolálást el tudta volna végezni. Végül 1940-ben felhagyott a penicillinnel, éppen akkor, amikor az oxfordi <a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a> és <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Boris_Chain" title="Ernst Boris Chain">Ernst Boris Chain</a> elkezdte a gyakorlati alkalmazását kutatni és hamarosan kidolgozták tömegtermelésének feltételeit. 1942 végére már megkezdődött az ipari előállítása, a <a href="/wiki/Normandiai_partrasz%C3%A1ll%C3%A1s" title="Normandiai partraszállás">normandiai partraszállás</a> idején pedig már elegendő penicillin állt rendelkezésre, hogy valamennyi sebesült katonát ellássák. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1jl:Professor_Alexander_Fleming_at_work_in_his_laboratory_at_St_Mary%27s_Hospital,_London,_during_the_Second_World_War._D17801.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Professor_Alexander_Fleming_at_work_in_his_laboratory_at_St_Mary%27s_Hospital%2C_London%2C_during_the_Second_World_War._D17801.jpg/240px-Professor_Alexander_Fleming_at_work_in_his_laboratory_at_St_Mary%27s_Hospital%2C_London%2C_during_the_Second_World_War._D17801.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Professor_Alexander_Fleming_at_work_in_his_laboratory_at_St_Mary%27s_Hospital%2C_London%2C_during_the_Second_World_War._D17801.jpg/360px-Professor_Alexander_Fleming_at_work_in_his_laboratory_at_St_Mary%27s_Hospital%2C_London%2C_during_the_Second_World_War._D17801.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Professor_Alexander_Fleming_at_work_in_his_laboratory_at_St_Mary%27s_Hospital%2C_London%2C_during_the_Second_World_War._D17801.jpg/480px-Professor_Alexander_Fleming_at_work_in_his_laboratory_at_St_Mary%27s_Hospital%2C_London%2C_during_the_Second_World_War._D17801.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1844" /></a><figcaption>Fleming a laboratóriumában a második világháború idején</figcaption></figure> <p>Fleming a későbbiekben, amikor kialakult körülötte egy heroizáló mítosz, igen szerény maradt és mindig elismerte Florey és Chain munkáját a penicillin klinikailag használható gyógyszerré tételében. Az antibiotikum szerkezetét 1943-ban határozta meg Edward Abraham, bár a háború miatt egy ideig titokban tartották.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fleming igen hamar felfedezte, hogy ha túl kis dózisban, vagy túl rövid ideig adják a szert, a baktériumok <a href="/wiki/Antibiotikum-ellen%C3%A1ll%C3%A1s" title="Antibiotikum-ellenállás">rezisztenssé</a> válhatnak a penicillinnel szemben. Ezért előadásaiban mindig figyelmeztetett, hogy csak indokolt esetben és előírás szerint használjanak antibiotikumot. </p><p>A milliók életét megmentő, világhírűvé váló tudós köré sok legenda szövődött. Az egyik szerint Fleming apja megmentette a fuldokló fiatal <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" class="mw-redirect" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> életét, ezért cserébe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Randolph_Churchill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Randolph Churchill (a lap nem létezik)">Randolph Churchill</a> fizette a kis Alexander taníttatását. Egy másik szerint 1943-ban, amikor Churchill Tunéziában tüdőgyulladást kapott, penicillinnel gyógyították meg (valójában <a href="/w/index.php?title=Szulfonamid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Szulfonamid (a lap nem létezik)">szulfonamidot</a> kapott). Egyik történetnek sincs valóságalapja. </p><p>1945-ben Fleming, Florey és Chain <a href="/wiki/Fiziol%C3%B3giai_%C3%A9s_orvostudom%C3%A1nyi_Nobel-d%C3%ADj" title="Fiziológiai és orvostudományi Nobel-díj">orvostudományi Nobel-díjban</a> részesült "a penicillin és annak különféle fertőző betegségekben gyakorolt gyógyító hatásának felfedezéséért". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elismerései"><span id="Elismer.C3.A9sei"></span>Elismerései</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Fleming&action=edit&section=5" title="Szakasz szerkesztése: Elismerései"><span>szerkesztés</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1jl:Nobelpristagare_Fleming_Midi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Nobelpristagare_Fleming_Midi.jpg/240px-Nobelpristagare_Fleming_Midi.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Nobelpristagare_Fleming_Midi.jpg/360px-Nobelpristagare_Fleming_Midi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Nobelpristagare_Fleming_Midi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="293" /></a><figcaption>Fleming átveszi a Nobel-díjat <a href="/wiki/V._Guszt%C3%A1v_sv%C3%A9d_kir%C3%A1ly" title="V. Gusztáv svéd király">V. Gusztáv</a> svéd királytól</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VI._Gy%C3%B6rgy_brit_kir%C3%A1ly" title="VI. György brit király">VI. György</a> király lovaggá ütötte (1944)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fiziológiai és orvostudományi Nobel-díj (1945)</li> <li>A <a href="/w/index.php?title=X._B%C3%B6lcs_Alfonz-rend&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X. Bölcs Alfonz-rend (a lap nem létezik)">X. Bölcs Alfonz-rend</a> nagykeresztje (Spanyolország, 1948)</li></ul> <p>1943-tól tagja volt a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>-nek. Tagjai közé fogadta a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Szentsz%C3%A9ki_Tudom%C3%A1nyos_Akad%C3%A9mia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Szentszéki Tudományos Akadémia (a lap nem létezik)">Szentszéki Tudományos Akadémia</a>. Mintegy 30 európai és amerikai egyetem adományozott neki díszdoktori címet. A <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazin)" title="Time (magazin)">Time</a> magazin 1999-ben a 20. század 100 legfontosabb embere között sorolta fel;<sup id="cite_ref-Time_100_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time_100-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2002-ben pedig a 100 legnagyobb brit közé szavazták..<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Róla nevezték el a <a href="/w/index.php?title=91006_Fleming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="91006 Fleming (a lap nem létezik)">91006 Fleming</a> aszteroidát. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Maurois" title="André Maurois">André Maurois</a> francia író szerint: "Nem volt ember, kivéve Einsteint egy másik területen és előtte Pasteurt, aki mélyebb behatást gyakorolt volna az emberi faj modernkori történelmére."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Családja"><span id="Csal.C3.A1dja"></span>Családja</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Fleming&action=edit&section=6" title="Szakasz szerkesztése: Családja"><span>szerkesztés</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fleming 1915 december 15-én feleségül vett egy ír származású kórházi nővért, Sarah Marion McElroyt. Egy gyermekük született, Robert Fleming (1924 – 2015), aki szintén orvosnak tanult. Sarah 1949-es halála után 1953-ban másodszor is megházasodott, egy egyetemi kolléganőjét, a görög Amalia Koutsouri-Vourekast vette el.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexander Fleming 1955. március 11-én halt meg Londonban, szívroham következtében. A <a href="/wiki/Szent_P%C3%A1l-sz%C3%A9kesegyh%C3%A1z_(London)" title="Szent Pál-székesegyház (London)">Szent Pál-székesegyházban</a> temették el.<sup id="cite_ref-NobelPrizeBio_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelPrizeBio-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fordítás"><span id="Ford.C3.ADt.C3.A1s"></span>Fordítás</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Fleming&action=edit&section=7" title="Szakasz szerkesztése: Fordítás"><span>szerkesztés</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ez a szócikk részben vagy egészben az <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" class="extiw" title="en:Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a></i> című angol Wikipédia-szócikk <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming?oldid=740145669">ezen változatának</a> fordításán alapul.</span> Az eredeti cikk szerkesztőit annak laptörténete sorolja fel. Ez a jelzés csupán a megfogalmazás eredetét és a szerzői jogokat jelzi, nem szolgál a cikkben szereplő információk forrásmegjelöléseként.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jegyzetek">Jegyzetek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Fleming&action=edit&section=8" title="Szakasz szerkesztése: Jegyzetek"><span>szerkesztés</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="ref-1col"><div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-gap: 3em; -moz-column-gap: 3em; column-gap: 3em;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-lesprixnobel-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-lesprixnobel_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lesprixnobel_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110130092208/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/fleming.html"><i>Alexander Fleming Biography</i></a>. <i>Les Prix Nobel</i>. The Nobel Foundation, 1945. [2011. január 30-i dátummal az <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/fleming.html">eredetiből</a> archiválva]. (Hozzáférés: 2011. március 27.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book citation" style="font-style:normal">Hugh TB (2002). „Howard Florey, Alexander Fleming and the fairy tale of penicillin”. <i>The Medical journal of Australia</i> <b>177</b> (1), 52–53; author 53 53. o. <a href="/wiki/PubMed#PubMed-azonosító" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12436980">12436980</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Howard+Florey%2C+Alexander+Fleming+and+the+fairy+tale+of+penicillin&rft.jtitle=The+Medical+journal+of+Australia&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=177&rft.issue=1&rft.au=Hugh+TB&rft.pages=52%E2%80%9353%3B+author+53+53&rft_id=info:pmid/12436980"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-natureobit-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-natureobit_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book citation" style="font-style:normal">Robert Cruickshank (1955). „Sir Alexander Fleming, F.R.S”. <i>Nature</i> <b>175</b> (4459), 663. o. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/175663a0">10.1038/175663a0</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sir+Alexander+Fleming%2C+F.R.S&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.date=1955&rft.volume=175&rft.issue=4459&rft.au=Robert+Cruickshank&rft.pages=663&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F175663a0"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Penicillin_man-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Penicillin_man_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book citation" style="font-style:normal"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PP06AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT27&dq=Alexander+Fleming++Loudoun+Moor&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCsQ6AEwA2oVChMIha-wmdvvxwIVDwOSCh3y2wrE#v=onepage&q=Loudoun%20Moor&f=false">Penicillin man : Alexander Fleming and the antibiotic revolution</a></i>. Stroud: Sutton (2004. november 22.). <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1lis:K%C3%B6nyvforr%C3%A1sok/978-0750931526" title="Speciális:Könyvforrások/978-0750931526">ISBN 978-0750931526</a>. Hozzáférés ideje: 2015. szeptember 11.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Penicillin+man+%3A+Alexander+Fleming+and+the+antibiotic+revolution&rft.date=2004&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.place=Stroud&rft.isbn=978-0750931526&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPP06AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT27%26dq%3DAlexander%2BFleming%2B%2BLoudoun%2BMoor%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0CCsQ6AEwA2oVChMIha-wmdvvxwIVDwOSCh3y2wrE%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DLoudoun%2520Moor%26f%3Dfalse"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fleming_bio-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Fleming_bio_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fleming_bio_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fleming_bio_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book citation" style="font-style:normal">Mazumdar PM (1984). „Fleming as Bacteriologist: Alexander Fleming”. <i>Science</i> <b>225</b> (4667), 1140–1141. o. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.225.4667.1140">10.1126/science.225.4667.1140</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed#PubMed-azonosító" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17782415">17782415</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fleming+as+Bacteriologist%3A+Alexander+Fleming&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.date=1984&rft.volume=225&rft.issue=4667&rft.au=Mazumdar+PM&rft.pages=1140%E2%80%931141&rft_id=info:pmid/17782415&rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.225.4667.1140"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SingMedJ-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-SingMedJ_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SingMedJ_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book citation" style="font-style:normal"> (2015. július 1.) „Alexander Fleming (1881–1955): Discoverer of penicillin”. <i>Singapore Medical Journal</i> <b>56</b> (07), 366–367. o. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.11622/smedj.2015105">10.11622/smedj.2015105</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4520913/">4520913</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Alexander+Fleming+%281881%E2%80%931955%29%3A+Discoverer+of+penicillin&rft.jtitle=Singapore+Medical+Journal&rft.date=July+2015&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=07&rft.pages=366%E2%80%93367&rft_id=info:doi/10.11622%2Fsmedj.2015105"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flavine-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Flavine_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book citation" style="font-style:normal"> (1917. szeptember 1.) „THE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND ANTISEPTIC ACTION OF FLAVINE (WITH SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE TESTING OF ANTISEPTICS)”. <i>The Lancet</i> <b>190</b> (4905), 341–345. o. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(01)52126-1">10.1016/S0140-6736(01)52126-1</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=THE+PHYSIOLOGICAL+AND+ANTISEPTIC+ACTION+OF+FLAVINE+%28WITH+SOME+OBSERVATIONS+ON+THE+TESTING+OF+ANTISEPTICS%29&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.date=September+1917&rft.volume=190&rft.issue=4905&rft.pages=341%E2%80%93345&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2801%2952126-1"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biography.com/people/alexander-fleming-9296894#early-career-and-world-war-i">Alexander Fleming</a> <i>Biography.com</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn1-56308-159-8-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-isbn1-56308-159-8_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book citation" style="font-style:normal" id="Reference-Haven-1994">Haven, Kendall F.. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marvelsofscience0000have">Marvels of Science : 50 Fascinating 5-Minute Reads</a></i>. Littleton, Colo: Libraries Unlimited, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marvelsofscience0000have/page/182">182</a>. o. (1994). <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1lis:K%C3%B6nyvforr%C3%A1sok/1-56308-159-8" title="Speciális:Könyvforrások/1-56308-159-8">ISBN 1-56308-159-8</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marvels+of+Science+%3A+50+Fascinating+5-Minute+Reads&rft.aulast=Haven&rft.aufirst=Kendall+F.&rft.date=1994&rft.pub=Libraries+Unlimited&rft.place=Littleton%2C+Colo&rft.isbn=1-56308-159-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarvelsofscience0000have"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Brown_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, K. (2004). <i>Penicillin Man: Alexander Fleming and the Antibiotic Revolution</i>. 320 pp. Sutton Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1lis:K%C3%B6nyvforr%C3%A1sok/0750931523" title="Speciális:Könyvforrások/0750931523">ISBN 0-7509-3152-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Diggins, F. <i>The true history of the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming</i> Biomedical Scientist, March 2003, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, London.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid6994200-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid6994200_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book citation" style="font-style:normal">Fleming A (1980). „On the antibacterial action of cultures of a penicillium, with special reference to their use in the isolation of B. influenzae. (Reprinted from the British Journal of Experimental Pathology 10:226-236, 1929)”. <i>Clin Infect Dis.</i> <b>2</b> (1), 129–39. o. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/2.1.129">10.1093/clinids/2.1.129</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed#PubMed-azonosító" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6994200">6994200</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=On+the+antibacterial+action+of+cultures+of+a+penicillium%2C+with+special+reference+to+their+use+in+the+isolation+of+B.+influenzae.+%28Reprinted+from+the+British+Journal+of+Experimental+Pathology+10%3A226-236%2C+1929%29&rft.jtitle=Clin+Infect+Dis.&rft.date=1980&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.au=Fleming+A&rft.pages=129%E2%80%9339&rft_id=info:pmid/6994200&rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fclinids%2F2.1.129"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">Rossiter, Peter: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1200632/"><i>Keith Bernard Rogers</i></a>. BMJ, 2010. szeptember 10. (Hozzáférés: 2012. március 4.) „Keith was probably the first patient to be treated clinically with penicillin ointment.”</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lowe, Gordon. „<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-sir-edward-abraham-1093226.html">Obituary: Sir Edward Abraham</a></span>”, <i>The Independent</i>, 1999. május 13.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.type=newspaperArticle&rft.subject=News&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.title=Obituary%3A+Sir+Edward+Abraham&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fobituary-sir-edward-abraham-1093226.html&rft.source=The+Independent&rft.date=13+May+1999"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">London Gazette, 2 June 1944</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"People of the century". P. 78. CBS News. Simon & Schuster, 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time_100-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Time_100_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">„<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071016213052/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990612,00.html">Alexander Fleming – Time 100 People of the Century</a></span>”, <i>Time</i>, 1999. március 29.. [2007. október 16-i dátummal az <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990612,00.html">eredetiből</a> archiválva] (Hozzáférés: 2016. szeptember 20.)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.type=newspaperArticle&rft.subject=News&rft.title=Alexander+Fleming+%E2%80%93+Time+100+People+of+the+Century&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C990612%2C00.html&rft.source=Time&rft.date=29+March+1999"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">„<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-134458/100-great-Britons--A-complete-list.html">100 great Britons - A complete list</a></span>”, <i>Daily Mail</i> (Hozzáférés: 2012. augusztus 3.)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.type=newspaperArticle&rft.subject=News&rft.title=100+great+Britons+-+A+complete+list&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticle-134458%2F100-great-Britons--A-complete-list.html&rft.source=Daily+Mail"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Sir_Alexander_Fleming.aspx">Sir Alexander Fleming</a> <i>Encyclopedia.com</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book citation" style="font-style:normal"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf">BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF FORMER FELLOWS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH 1783 – 2002</a> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130124115814/http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf">archivált változat</a>]</i>. The Royal Society of Edinburgh (2006. július 1.). <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1lis:K%C3%B6nyvforr%C3%A1sok/0_902_198_84_X" title="Speciális:Könyvforrások/0 902 198 84 X">ISBN 0 902 198 84 X</a>. Hozzáférés ideje: 2016. szeptember 20. [archiválás ideje: 2013. január 24.]</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BIOGRAPHICAL+INDEX+OF+FORMER+FELLOWS+OF+THE+ROYAL+SOCIETY+OF+EDINBURGH+1783+%E2%80%93+2002&rft.date=July+2006&rft.pub=The+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh&rft.isbn=0 902 198 84 X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalsoced.org.uk%2Fcms%2Ffiles%2Ffellows%2Fbiographical_index%2Ffells_indexp1.pdf"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NobelPrizeBio-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NobelPrizeBio_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/fleming-bio.html"><i>Sir Alexander Fleming – Biography</i></a>. Nobelprize.org. (Hozzáférés: 2011. október 25.)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div><div class="ref-1col"><div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-gap: 3em; -moz-column-gap: 3em; column-gap: 3em;"></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Források"><span id="Forr.C3.A1sok"></span>Források</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Fleming&action=edit&section=9" title="Szakasz szerkesztése: Források"><span>szerkesztés</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lifeofsiralexand000085mbp#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>The Life Of Sir Alexander Fleming</i>, Jonathan Cape, 1959. Maurois, André.</a></li> <li><i>Nobel Lectures,the Physiology or Medicine 1942–1962</i>, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1964</li> <li><i>An Outline History of Medicine</i>. London: Butterworths, 1985. Rhodes, Philip.</li> <li><i>The Cambridge Illustrated History of Medicine</i>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Porter, Roy, ed.</li> <li><i>Penicillin Man: Alexander Fleming and the Antibiotic Revolution</i>, Stroud, Sutton, 2004. Brown, Kevin.</li> <li><i>Alexander Fleming: The Man and the Myth</i>, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1984. Macfarlane, Gwyn</li> <li><i>Fleming, Discoverer of Penicillin</i>, Ludovici, Laurence J., 1952</li> <li><i>The Penicillin Man: the Story of Sir Alexander Fleming</i>, Lutterworth Press, 1957, Rowland, John.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magyarul">Magyarul</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Fleming&action=edit&section=10" title="Szakasz szerkesztése: Magyarul"><span>szerkesztés</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>André Maurois: <i>Fleming és a penicillin regénye</i>; ford. Raffy Ádám; Gondolat, Bp., 1962</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26593303">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="Fiziológiai_és_orvostudományi_Nobel-díjasok" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fiziol%C3%B3giai_%C3%A9s_orvostudom%C3%A1nyi_Nobel-d%C3%ADj" title="Fiziológiai és orvostudományi Nobel-díj">Fiziológiai és orvostudományi Nobel-díjasok</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1901: <a href="/wiki/Emil_von_Behring" title="Emil von Behring">Emil von Behring</a></li> <li>1902: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross">Ronald Ross</a></li> <li>1903: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Niels Ryberg Finsen</a></li> <li>1904: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Petrovics_Pavlov" title="Ivan Petrovics Pavlov">Ivan Petrovics Pavlov</a></li> <li>1905: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a>1906: <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Santiago Ramón y Cajal</a></li> <li>1907: <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Laveran" title="Alphonse Laveran">Alphonse Laveran</a></li> <li>1908: <a href="/wiki/Ilja_Iljics_Mecsnyikov" title="Ilja Iljics Mecsnyikov">Ilja Mecsnyikov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a></li> <li>1909: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher">Emil Theodor Kocher</a></li> <li>1910: <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Kossel" title="Albrecht Kossel">Albrecht Kossel</a></li> <li>1911: <a href="/wiki/Allvar_Gullstrand" title="Allvar Gullstrand">Allvar Gullstrand</a></li> <li>1912: <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Alexis Carrel</a></li> <li>1913: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Richet" title="Charles Richet">Charles Richet</a></li> <li>1914: <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny_R%C3%B3bert" title="Bárány Róbert">Bárány Róbert</a></li> <li>1919: <a href="/wiki/Jules_Bordet" title="Jules Bordet">Jules Bordet</a></li> <li>1920: <a href="/wiki/August_Krogh" title="August Krogh">August Krogh</a></li> <li>1922: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Archibald Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Fritz_Meyerhof" title="Otto Fritz Meyerhof">Otto Fritz Meyerhof</a></li> <li>1923: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Frederick Banting</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_James_Rickard_Macleod" title="John James Rickard Macleod">John James Rickard Macleod</a></li> <li>1924: <a href="/wiki/Willem_Einthoven" title="Willem Einthoven">Willem Einthoven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Fibiger" title="Johannes Fibiger">Johannes Fibiger</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg" title="Julius Wagner-Jauregg">Julius Wagner-Jauregg</a></li> <li>1928: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicolle" title="Charles Nicolle">Charles Nicolle</a></li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Christiaan Eijkman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner" title="Karl Landsteiner">Karl Landsteiner</a></li> <li>1931: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg" title="Otto Heinrich Warburg">Otto Heinrich Warburg</a></li> <li>1932: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Douglas_Adrian" title="Edgar Douglas Adrian">Edgar Douglas Adrian</a></li> <li>1933: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Hunt Morgan</a></li> <li>1934: <a href="/wiki/George_Whipple" title="George Whipple">George Whipple</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Minot" title="George Minot">George Minot</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Parry_Murphy" title="William Parry Murphy">William Parry Murphy</a></li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Spemann" title="Hans Spemann">Hans Spemann</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Hallett Dale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Loewi" title="Otto Loewi">Otto Loewi</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi_Albert" title="Szent-Györgyi Albert">Szent-Györgyi Albert</a></li> <li>1938: <a href="/wiki/Corneille_Heymans" title="Corneille Heymans">Corneille Heymans</a></li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Gerhard Domagk</a></li> <li>1943: <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Dam" title="Henrik Dam">Henrik Dam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Adelbert_Doisy" title="Edward Adelbert Doisy">Edward Adelbert Doisy</a></li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Erlanger" title="Joseph Erlanger">Joseph Erlanger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_Gasser" title="Herbert Spencer Gasser">Herbert Spencer Gasser</a></li> <li>1945: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander Fleming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Boris_Chain" title="Ernst Boris Chain">Ernst Boris Chain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Joseph Muller</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Cori" title="Carl Ferdinand Cori">Carl Ferdinand Cori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Houssay" title="Bernardo Houssay">Bernardo Houssay</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hermann_M%C3%BCller" title="Paul Hermann Müller">Paul Hermann Müller</a></li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess">Walter Rudolf Hess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Egas_Moniz" title="António Egas Moniz">António Egas Moniz</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Calvin_Kendall" title="Edward Calvin Kendall">Edward Calvin Kendall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tadeus_Reichstein" title="Tadeus Reichstein">Tadeus Reichstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench">Philip Showalter Hench</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1951: <a href="/wiki/Max_Theiler" title="Max Theiler">Max Theiler</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Selman_Waksman" title="Selman Waksman">Selman Waksman</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Adolf_Krebs" title="Hans Adolf Krebs">Hans Adolf Krebs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Fritz Albert Lipmann</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Franklin Enders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huckle_Weller" title="Thomas Huckle Weller">Thomas Huckle Weller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chapman_Robbins" title="Frederick Chapman Robbins">Frederick Chapman Robbins</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Theorell" title="Hugo Theorell">Hugo Theorell</a></li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cournand" title="André Frédéric Cournand">André Frédéric Cournand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werner_For%C3%9Fmann" title="Werner Forßmann">Werner Forßmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards" title="Dickinson W. Richards">Dickinson W. Richards</a></li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bovet" title="Daniel Bovet">Daniel Bovet</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/George_Wells_Beadle" title="George Wells Beadle">George Wells Beadle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lawrie_Tatum" title="Edward Lawrie Tatum">Edward Lawrie Tatum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Severo Ochoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Arthur Kornberg</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Frank Macfarlane Burnet">Frank Macfarlane Burnet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Peter Medawar</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sy_Gy%C3%B6rgy" title="Békésy György">Békésy György</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_D._Watson" title="James D. Watson">James D. Watson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Maurice Wilkins</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/John_Carew_Eccles" title="John Carew Eccles">John Carew Eccles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Lloyd_Hodgkin" title="Alan Lloyd Hodgkin">Alan Lloyd Hodgkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Emil_Bloch" title="Konrad Emil Bloch">Konrad Emil Bloch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Lynen" title="Feodor Lynen">Feodor Lynen</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">François Jacob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Michel_Lwoff" title="André Michel Lwoff">André Michel Lwoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Jacques Monod</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Peyton_Rous" title="Francis Peyton Rous">Francis Peyton Rous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brenton_Huggins" title="Charles Brenton Huggins">Charles Brenton Huggins</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Ragnar Granit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haldan_Keffer_Hartline" title="Haldan Keffer Hartline">Haldan Keffer Hartline</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Wald" title="George Wald">George Wald</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley">Robert W. Holley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Gobind Khorana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Marshall Warren Nirenberg</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Max Delbrück">Max Delbrück</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hershey" title="Alfred Hershey">Alfred Hershey</a><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Salvador Luria</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Bernard Katz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulf_von_Euler" title="Ulf von Euler">Ulf von Euler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod">Julius Axelrod</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Wilbur_Sutherland" title="Earl Wilbur Sutherland">Earl Wilbur Sutherland</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_M._Edelman" title="Gerald M. Edelman">Gerald M. Edelman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Robert_Porter" title="Rodney Robert Porter">Rodney Robert Porter</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Claude" title="Albert Claude">Albert Claude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">Christian de Duve</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">George Emil Palade</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renato_Dulbecco" title="Renato Dulbecco">Renato Dulbecco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Howard Martin Temin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg" title="Baruch Samuel Blumberg">Baruch Samuel Blumberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carleton_Gajdusek" title="Daniel Carleton Gajdusek">Daniel Carleton Gajdusek</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Roger Guillemin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schally" title="Andrew Schally">Andrew Schally</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn Sussman Yalow</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Arber" title="Werner Arber">Werner Arber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Daniel Nathans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_O._Smith" title="Hamilton O. Smith">Hamilton O. Smith</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Allan_McLeod_Cormack" title="Allan McLeod Cormack">Allan McLeod Cormack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Hounsfield" title="Godfrey Hounsfield">Godfrey Hounsfield</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Baruj Benacerraf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dausset" title="Jean Dausset">Jean Dausset</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_D._Snell" title="George D. Snell">George D. Snell</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Roger_W._Sperry" title="Roger W. Sperry">Roger W. Sperry</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Hunter_Hubel" title="David Hunter Hubel">David Hunter Hubel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Torsten Wiesel</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Sune_Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Sune Bergström">Sune Bergström</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Samuelsson" title="Bengt Samuelsson">Bengt Samuelsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Vane" title="John Robert Vane">John Robert Vane</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Kaj_Jerne" title="Niels Kaj Jerne">Niels Kaj Jerne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_J._F._K%C3%B6hler" title="Georges J. F. Köhler">Georges J. F. Köhler</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">César Milstein</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stuart_Brown" title="Michael Stuart Brown">Michael Stuart Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldstein" title="Joseph L. Goldstein">Joseph L. Goldstein</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biok%C3%A9mikus)" title="Stanley Cohen (biokémikus)">Stanley Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Tonegava_Szuszumu" title="Tonegava Szuszumu">Tonegava Szuszumu</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/James_W._Black" title="James W. Black">James W. Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude B. Elion</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_H._Hitchings" title="George H. Hitchings">George H. Hitchings</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/John_Michael_Bishop" title="John Michael Bishop">John Michael Bishop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Varmus" title="Harold E. Varmus">Harold E. Varmus</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Edward_Murray" title="Joseph Edward Murray">Joseph Edward Murray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Donnall_Thomas" title="Edward Donnall Thomas">Edward Donnall Thomas</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Erwin Neher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Bert Sakmann</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Edmond_H._Fischer" title="Edmond H. Fischer">Edmond H. Fischer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Krebs" title="Edwin G. Krebs">Edwin G. Krebs</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Roberts" title="Richard J. Roberts">Richard J. Roberts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Allen_Sharp" title="Phillip Allen Sharp">Phillip Allen Sharp</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman">Alfred G. Gilman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell">Martin Rodbell</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Edward B. Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_F._Wieschaus" title="Eric F. Wieschaus">Eric F. Wieschaus</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Doherty" title="Peter C. Doherty">Peter C. Doherty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolf_M._Zinkernagel" title="Rolf M. Zinkernagel">Rolf M. Zinkernagel</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Stanley B. Prusiner</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Furchgott" title="Robert F. Furchgott">Robert F. Furchgott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_J._Ignarro" title="Louis J. Ignarro">Louis J. Ignarro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferid_Murad" title="Ferid Murad">Ferid Murad</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Blobel" title="Günter Blobel">Günter Blobel</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Arvid Carlsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard">Paul Greengard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_R._Kandel" title="Eric R. Kandel">Eric R. Kandel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–2025</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Leland_H._Hartwell" title="Leland H. Hartwell">Leland H. Hartwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hunt" title="Tim Hunt">Tim Hunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Paul Nurse</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitz" title="H. Robert Horvitz">H. Robert Horvitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_E._Sulston" title="John E. Sulston">John E. Sulston</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Paul Lauterbur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mansfield" title="Peter Mansfield">Peter Mansfield</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Axel" title="Richard Axel">Richard Axel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linda_Buck" title="Linda Buck">Linda Buck</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Marshall" title="Barry Marshall">Barry Marshall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robin_Warren" title="Robin Warren">Robin Warren</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fire" title="Andrew Fire">Andrew Fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Craig_Mello" title="Craig Mello">Craig Mello</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Mario Capecchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Martin Evans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smithies" title="Oliver Smithies">Oliver Smithies</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">Harald zur Hausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Françoise Barré-Sinoussi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Elizabeth Blackburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider">Carol W. Greider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_W._Szostak" title="Jack W. Szostak">Jack W. Szostak</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Geoffrey_Edwards" title="Robert Geoffrey Edwards">Robert Geoffrey Edwards</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beutler" title="Bruce Beutler">Bruce Beutler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Steinman" title="Ralph Steinman">Ralph Steinman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Hoffmann" title="Jules Hoffmann">Jules Hoffmann</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/John_B._Gurdon" title="John B. Gurdon">John B. Gurdon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamanaka_Sinja" title="Jamanaka Sinja">Jamanaka</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">James Rothman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Randy_Schekman" title="Randy Schekman">Randy Schekman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_S%C3%BCdhof" title="Thomas Südhof">Thomas Südhof</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/John_O%E2%80%99Keefe" title="John O’Keefe">John O’Keefe</a>, <a href="/wiki/May-Britt_Moser" title="May-Britt Moser">May-Britt Moser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Moser" title="Edvard Moser">Edvard Moser</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/William_C._Campbell" title="William C. Campbell">William C. Campbell</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%93mura_Szatosi" title="Ómura Szatosi">Ómura Szatosi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tu_Ju-ju" title="Tu Ju-ju">Tu Ju-ju</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/%C3%93szumi_Josinori" title="Ószumi Josinori">Ószumi Josinori</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_C._Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeffrey C. Hall (a lap nem létezik)">Jeffrey C. Hall</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Rosbash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Rosbash (a lap nem létezik)">Michael Rosbash</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_W._Young&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael W. Young (a lap nem létezik)">Michael W. Young</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_P._Allison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James P. Allison (a lap nem létezik)">James P. Allison</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hondzso_Taszuku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hondzso Taszuku (a lap nem létezik)">Hondzso Taszuku</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/William_Kaelin" title="William Kaelin">William Kaelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ratcliffe" title="Peter Ratcliffe">Peter Ratcliffe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregg_Semenza" title="Gregg Semenza">Gregg Semenza</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Harvey_J._Alter" title="Harvey J. Alter">Harvey J. Alter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Houghton" title="Michael Houghton">Michael Houghton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Rice" title="Charles M. Rice">Charles M. Rice</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">David Julius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardem_Patapoutian" title="Ardem Patapoutian">Ardem Patapoutian</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Karik%C3%B3_Katalin" title="Karikó Katalin">Karikó Katalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Ambros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viktor Ambros (a lap nem létezik)">Viktor Ambros</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gary_Ruvkun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gary Ruvkun (a lap nem létezik)">Gary Ruvkun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Részletező sablonok: <a href="/wiki/Sablon:OrvosiNobelD%C3%ADj1901-1925" title="Sablon:OrvosiNobelDíj1901-1925">(1901–1925)</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Sablon:OrvosiNobelD%C3%ADj1926-1950" title="Sablon:OrvosiNobelDíj1926-1950">(1926–1950)</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Sablon:OrvosiNobelD%C3%ADj1951-1975" title="Sablon:OrvosiNobelDíj1951-1975">(1951–1975)</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Sablon:OrvosiNobelD%C3%ADj1976-2000" title="Sablon:OrvosiNobelDíj1976-2000">(1976–2000)</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Sablon:OrvosiNobelD%C3%ADj2001-2025" title="Sablon:OrvosiNobelDíj2001-2025">(2001–)</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26593303"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26641489"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26643308">@media screen and (max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output div.navbox.authoritycontrol{display:block}.mw-parser-output .authoritycontrol tbody,.mw-parser-output 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