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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Types of writing systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_writing_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of writing systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phonetic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonetic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Phonetic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alphabets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Alphabets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphabets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abjad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abjad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Abjad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abjad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abugida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abugida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Abugida</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abugida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syllabary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syllabary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Syllabary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syllabary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logographic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logographic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Logographic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logographic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Direction_of_writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direction_of_writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Direction of writing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direction_of_writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Related pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Writing system</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 136 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-136" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">136 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skryfstelsel" title="Skryfstelsel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Skryfstelsel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrift" title="Schrift – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schrift" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8B%93%E1%88%88%E1%88%9D_%E1%8C%BD%E1%88%95%E1%8D%88%E1%89%B6%E1%89%BD" title="የዓለም ጽሕፈቶች – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የዓለም ጽሕፈቶች" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="نظام كتابة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام كتابة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_d%27escritura" title="Sistema d'escritura – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sistema d'escritura" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="লিখন পদ্ধতি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লিখন পদ্ধতি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_d%27escritura" title="Sistema d'escritura – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sistema d'escritura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Хъвавул система – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Хъвавул система" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qillqa" title="Qillqa – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Qillqa" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaz%C4%B1_sistemi" title="Yazı sistemi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yazı sistemi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%8C" title="یازی سیستمی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یازی سیستمی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="লিখন পদ্ধতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লিখন পদ্ধতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistim_Tulisan" title="Sistim Tulisan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Sistim Tulisan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BBn-j%C4%AB_h%C4%93-th%C3%B3ng" title="Bûn-jī hē-thóng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bûn-jī hē-thóng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D2%99%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D3%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B1%D0%B0)" title="Яҙма (Әлифба) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Яҙма (Әлифба)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Пісьменства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пісьменства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Пісьменства – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пісьменства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="लिखाई – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लिखाई" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_nin_panurat" title="Sistema nin panurat – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sistema nin panurat" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Писменост – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Писменост" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrift" title="Schrift – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schrift" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismo_(jezik)" title="Pismo (jezik) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pismo (jezik)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doare-skriva%C3%B1" title="Doare-skrivañ – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Doare-skrivañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_d%27escriptura" title="Sistema d'escriptura – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sistema d'escriptura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Çырулăх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çырулăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_sa_pagsulat" title="Sistema sa pagsulat – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sistema sa pagsulat" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADsmo" title="Písmo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Písmo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_ysgrifennu" title="System ysgrifennu – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="System ysgrifennu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrift" title="Skrift – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skrift" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrift" title="Schrift – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schrift" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saad_bee_%C3%A1l%CA%BC%C3%ADn%C3%AD" title="Saad bee álʼíní – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Saad bee álʼíní" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiri_(keeleteadus)" title="Kiri (keeleteadus) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kiri (keeleteadus)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Σύστημα γραφής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σύστημα γραφής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Writing system" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_escritura" title="Sistema de escritura – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sistema de escritura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skribsistemo" title="Skribsistemo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Skribsistemo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idazkera_sistema" title="Idazkera sistema – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Idazkera sistema" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7_(%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1)" title="خط (نوشتار) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خط (نوشتار)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likhaai" title="Likhaai – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Likhaai" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_d%27%C3%A9criture" title="Système d'écriture – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Système d'écriture" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrift" title="Skrift – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skrift" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corys_screeuee" title="Corys screeuee – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Corys screeuee" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_escrita" title="Sistema de escrita – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sistema de escrita" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2" title="Йоазув – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Йоазув" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="문자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Գիր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="लिपि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लिपि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismo" title="Pismo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pismo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usoro_ide_ihe" title="Usoro ide ihe – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Usoro ide ihe" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_ti_panagsurat" title="Sistema ti panagsurat – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sistema ti panagsurat" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara" title="Aksara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aksara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrifletur" title="Skrifletur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skrifletur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_di_scrittura" title="Sistema di scrittura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sistema di scrittura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91" title="כתב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כתב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara" title="Aksara – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Aksara" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF" title="ಲಿಪಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲಿಪಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Джазма – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Джазма" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="დამწერლობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დამწერლობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83" title="Жазу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жазу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevreyth_skrifa" title="Kevreyth skrifa – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kevreyth skrifa" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maandishi" title="Maandishi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Maandishi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sist%C3%A8m_ekriti" title="Sistèm ekriti – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sistèm ekriti" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergala_niv%C3%AEs%C3%AA" title="Pergala nivîsê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pergala nivîsê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scritura" title="Scritura – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Scritura" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roksts_(raksteiba)" title="Roksts (raksteiba) – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Roksts (raksteiba)" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systema_scripturae" title="Systema scripturae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Systema scripturae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakst%C4%ABba" title="Rakstība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rakstība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%ABft" title="Schrëft – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schrëft" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C5%A1to_sistema" title="Rašto sistema – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rašto sistema" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjrifsysteem" title="Sjrifsysteem – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjrifsysteem" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemes_de_scrive" title="Sistemes de scrive – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sistemes de scrive" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjutussistiemu" title="Kirjutussistiemu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kirjutussistiemu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_scritura" title="Sistema de scritura – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sistema de scritura" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="लिपि – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="लिपि" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Писмо – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Писмо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF" title="ലിപി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലിപി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80" title="लिपी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लिपी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90" title="ჭარალუა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჭარალუა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87" title="سيستم كتابه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيستم كتابه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7" title="خط – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="خط" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_tulisan" title="Sistem tulisan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sistem tulisan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%97_%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%AA%EA%AF%95_%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯏꯕꯗ ꯆꯪꯕ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯕꯗ ꯆꯪꯕ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrift" title="Schrift – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schrift" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="लिपि – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लिपि" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="लिपि – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लिपि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Йоза – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Йоза" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skraft" title="Skraft – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Skraft" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skriftsystem" title="Skriftsystem – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skriftsystem" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skriftsystem" title="Skriftsystem – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Skriftsystem" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manni%C3%A9the_d%27%C3%AAcrithe" title="Manniéthe d'êcrithe – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Manniéthe d'êcrithe" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sist%C3%A8ma_d%27escritura" title="Sistèma d'escritura – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sistèma d'escritura" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yozuv" title="Yozuv – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yozuv" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80" title="ਲਿਪੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਿਪੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="لپی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لپی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9" title="ليک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ليک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sist%C3%A8me_d%27%C3%A9criture" title="Sistème d'écriture – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Sistème d'écriture" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrift" title="Schrift – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Schrift" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_pisma" title="System pisma – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="System pisma" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_escrita" title="Sistema de escrita – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sistema de escrita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_de_scriere" title="Sistem de scriere – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sistem de scriere" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qillqa" title="Qillqa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qillqa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Письменность – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Письменность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83" title="लिपयः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="लिपयः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writin_seestem" title="Writin seestem – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Writin seestem" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemi_i_shkrimit" title="Sistemi i shkrimit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sistemi i shkrimit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8" title="අක්ෂර ක්‍රම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අක්ෂර ක්‍රම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88" title="لکت سرشتو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لکت سرشتو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADsmo_(jazykoveda)" title="Písmo (jazykoveda) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Písmo (jazykoveda)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisava" title="Pisava – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pisava" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سیستمی نووسین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سیستمی نووسین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Писмо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Писмо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismo_(znakovi)" title="Pismo (znakovi) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pismo (znakovi)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara" title="Aksara – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Aksara" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjoitusj%C3%A4rjestelm%C3%A4" title="Kirjoitusjärjestelmä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kirjoitusjärjestelmä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skriftsystem" title="Skriftsystem – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skriftsystem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_ng_pagsulat" title="Sistema ng pagsulat – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sistema ng pagsulat" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="எழுத்து முறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எழுத்து முறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%83_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Язу системасы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Язу системасы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="ระบบการเขียน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบบการเขียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80)" title="Хат (навиштор) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хат (навиштор)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF" title="ಲಿಪಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಲಿಪಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaz%C4%B1_sistemi" title="Yazı sistemi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yazı sistemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Писемність – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Писемність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="نظام تحریر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نظام تحریر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cihsaw" title="Cihsaw – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cihsaw" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_ch%E1%BB%AF_vi%E1%BA%BFt" title="Hệ chữ viết – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hệ chữ viết" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="文字" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_hin_panurat" title="Sistema hin panurat – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sistema hin panurat" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="文字" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%98" title="שריפט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שריפט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="文字" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem%C3%AA_nu%C5%9Ft%C4%B1%C5%9Fi" title="Sistemê nuştışi – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sistemê nuştışi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>A <b>writing system</b> (also called a <b>script</b>) is a system of symbols used to represent <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are different kinds of <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">writing</a> systems, with symbols that represent different things. For example, English uses an <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>). </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_alphabets_%26_writing_systems.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/World_alphabets_%26_writing_systems.svg/500px-World_alphabets_%26_writing_systems.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/World_alphabets_%26_writing_systems.svg/750px-World_alphabets_%26_writing_systems.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/World_alphabets_%26_writing_systems.svg/1000px-World_alphabets_%26_writing_systems.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2714" data-file-height="1256" /></a><figcaption>Writing systems of the world today.</figcaption></figure> <p>The fundamental principle is that symbols stand for sound, but there is more to it than that. The term "writing system" includes more than just (for example) an alphabet. Alphabets are part of a "graphic inventory" which includes <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ideograms" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideograms">ideograms</a> (e.g. numbers) and <a href="/wiki/Logograms" class="mw-redirect" title="Logograms">logograms</a> (standing for specific words such as $, & etc.). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_writing_systems">Types of writing systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writing_system&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Types of writing systems" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writing_system&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Types of writing systems"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many different types of writing systems. Each <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">grapheme</a>, or symbol, can mean different things in different writing systems. Depending on what an individual symbol means, such as a whole word or a sound, each writing system is categorized as a different type. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonetic">Phonetic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writing_system&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Phonetic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writing_system&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Phonetic"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A phonetic writing system is one where symbols mean individual sounds (or <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a>). There are different types of phonetic writing systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alphabets">Alphabets</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writing_system&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Alphabets" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writing_system&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Alphabets"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671799">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See the main article: <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a></div> <p>A true alphabet is a writing system with symbols that mean both <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a>. </p><p>Examples of alphabetic writing systems are the Latin alphabet, (used in large parts of the world), the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> (used in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a> (used in many countries in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> had a major influence during the days of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abjad">Abjad</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writing_system&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Abjad" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writing_system&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Abjad"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671799"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See the main article: <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjad</a></div> <p>Alphabets that only write consonants (and do not write vowels) are called abjads. The logic is that people in those areas know what vowels are used when the words are spoken. Many modern Abjads use optional diacritics to clarify their vowels, known as an <i>Impure Abjad</i> (less commonly, <i>Voiced Abjad</i> or <i>Alphasyllabary</i>). These are different from vowel letters in alphabets, as they are not written on their own but only as attached to a consonants. </p><p>Examples of abjads are the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a>, which is used in much of the <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim world</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language#Alphabet" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew alphabet</a> used for <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> languages like <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>. Both of these abjads are written in lines that run from right to left. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abugida">Abugida</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writing_system&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Abugida" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writing_system&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Abugida"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671799"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See the main article: <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugida</a></div> <p>Abugidas are alphabets where consonants are written as a symbol, and vowels are written as <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>. Diacritics in Abugidas are mandatory, as the lack of diacritic implies a default vowel sound (e.g. क (k) in Devanagari is pronounced 'ka' with no diacritic). </p><p>Examples of abugidas are many writing systems of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> (used in <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syllabary">Syllabary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writing_system&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: Syllabary" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writing_system&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Syllabary"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671799"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See the main article: <a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabary</a></div> <p>A syllabary is a writing system with symbols that each mean a <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a>. This is different from Abugidas, as syllables with similar consonant or vowel sounds do not necessarily share similar symbols (e.g. か (ka) and き (ki) in Japanese). </p><p>Examples of syllabaries are <i><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">hiragana</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a></i> (used in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee syllabary</a> (used in <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logographic">Logographic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writing_system&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: Logographic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writing_system&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Logographic"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671799"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See the main article: <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logogram</a></div> <p>A logography is a writing system with symbols that mean whole words or symbols that represent ideas. These symbols are called "logograms" or "logographs". In practice, no writing system is fully logographic: many symbols are combinations where one part represents the sound and another part represents the meaning. (e.g. 女 (nǚ), “woman”, and 马 (mǎ), “horse”, create 妈 (mā) "mother" in Mandarin Chinese). </p><p>Examples of logographies are <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> (used in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Hieroglyph" title="Hieroglyph">hieroglyphs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Direction_of_writing">Direction of writing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writing_system&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: Direction of writing" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writing_system&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Direction of writing"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each writing system can be written in different directions. English (which uses the Latin alphabet) is written from left to right. Some languages, like <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, are written from right to left. </p><p>Some languages, like <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> and Japanese, can be written vertically (from top to bottom). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writing_system&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Change section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writing_system&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Writing_tool" title="Writing tool">Writing tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_script" title="Constructed script">Constructed script</a> - a writing system made by someone for a specific purpose</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writing_system&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writing_system&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin H-J. 1994. <i>The history and power of writing</i>. Chicago University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226508366" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-226-50836-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Diringer, David. 1965. <i>Writing</i>. London, Thames & Hudson.</span> </li> </ol></div></div><div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122492">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logography (not yet started)">Logography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9122492"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Systems_science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9122447"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Systems_science" title="Template:Systems science"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Systems_science" title="Template talk:Systems science"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Systems_science&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Systems_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Systems_science" title="Systems science">Systems science</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/System" title="System">System</a><br />types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">Anatomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_system" title="Complex system">Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamical_system" title="Dynamical system">Dynamical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">Economic</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Systems art (not yet started)">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biological system (not yet started)">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complex_adaptive_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Complex adaptive system (not yet started)">Complex adaptive</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conceptual system (not yet started)">Conceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coupled_human%E2%80%93environment_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coupled human–environment system (not yet started)">Coupled human–environment</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy system (not yet started)">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formal_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formal system (not yet started)">Formal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holon_(philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holon (philosophy) (not yet started)">Holarchic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Information system (not yet started)">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_legal_systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of national legal systems (not yet started)">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_of_measurement" title="System of measurement">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">Metric</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-agent_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multi-agent system (not yet started)">Multi-agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_system" title="Nonlinear system">Nonlinear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">Planetary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Political system (not yet started)">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_system" title="Sensory system">Sensory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_system" title="Social system">Social</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Writing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_feedback" title="Negative feedback">Negative feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doubling_time&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doubling time (not yet started)">Doubling time</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelve_leverage_points&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Twelve leverage points (not yet started)">Leverage points</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limiting_factor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limiting factor (not yet started)">Limiting factor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Positive_feedback&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Positive feedback (not yet started)">Positive feedback</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theoretical<br />fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_theory" title="Chaos theory">Chaos theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex systems">Complex systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_system_science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Earth system science (not yet started)">Earth system science</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Living systems (not yet started)">Living systems</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociotechnical_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociotechnical system (not yet started)">Sociotechnical system</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systemics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Systemics (not yet started)">Systemics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_metabolism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urban metabolism (not yet started)">Urban metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=World-systems_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World-systems theory (not yet started)">World-systems theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">Theory</a> (Systems thinking)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_analysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Systems analysis (not yet started)">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_biology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Systems biology (not yet started)">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_dynamics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System dynamics (not yet started)">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_ecology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Systems ecology (not yet started)">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_neuroscience&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Systems neuroscience (not yet started)">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_pharmacology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Systems pharmacology (not yet started)">Pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Systems psychology (not yet started)">Psychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_systems_scientists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of systems scientists (not yet started)">Scientists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Clynes" title="Manfred Clynes">Manfred Clynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edsger_W._Dijkstra" title="Edsger W. Dijkstra">Edsger W. Dijkstra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Bogdanov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Bogdanov (not yet started)">Alexander Bogdanov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_L._Ackoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russell L. Ackoff (not yet started)">Russell L. Ackoff</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ross_Ashby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Ross Ashby (not yet started)">William Ross Ashby</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruzena_Bajcsy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruzena Bajcsy (not yet started)">Ruzena Bajcsy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9la_H._B%C3%A1n%C3%A1thy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Béla H. Bánáthy (not yet started)">Béla H. Bánáthy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_Bateson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregory Bateson (not yet started)">Gregory Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Stafford_Beer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Stafford Beer (not yet started)">Anthony Stafford Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Bellman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard E. Bellman (not yet started)">Richard E. Bellman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy (not yet started)">Ludwig von Bertalanffy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Boden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margaret Boden (not yet started)">Margaret Boden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_E._Boulding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth E. Boulding (not yet started)">Kenneth E. Boulding</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Bowen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murray Bowen (not yet started)">Murray Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathleen_Carley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kathleen Carley (not yet started)">Kathleen Carley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Cartwright&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Cartwright (not yet started)">Mary Cartwright</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._West_Churchman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C. West Churchman (not yet started)">C. West Churchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dantzig" title="George Dantzig">George Dantzig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Emery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fred Emery (not yet started)">Fred Emery</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinz_von_Foerster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinz von Foerster (not yet started)">Heinz von Foerster</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephanie_Forrest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephanie Forrest (not yet started)">Stephanie Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jay_Wright_Forrester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jay Wright Forrester (not yet started)">Jay Wright Forrester</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_J._Grosz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbara J. Grosz (not yet started)">Barbara Grosz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_A._S._Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles A. S. Hall (not yet started)">Charles A. S. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mike_Jackson_(systems_scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mike Jackson (systems scientist) (not yet started)">Mike Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydia_Kavraki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lydia Kavraki (not yet started)">Lydia Kavraki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_J._Kay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James J. Kay (not yet started)">James J. Kay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faina_Mihajlovna_Kirillova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faina Mihajlovna Kirillova (not yet started)">Faina M. Kirillova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Klir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Klir (not yet started)">George Klir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allenna_Leonard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allenna Leonard (not yet started)">Allenna Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Norton_Lorenz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Norton Lorenz (not yet started)">Edward Norton Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niklas_Luhmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niklas Luhmann (not yet started)">Niklas Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberto_Maturana" title="Humberto Maturana">Humberto Maturana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donella_Meadows&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donella Meadows (not yet started)">Donella Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mihajlo_D._Mesarovic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mihajlo D. Mesarovic (not yet started)">Mihajlo D. Mesarovic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Grier_Miller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Grier Miller (not yet started)">James Grier Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radhika_Nagpal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radhika Nagpal (not yet started)">Radhika Nagpal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_T._Odum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Howard T. Odum (not yet started)">Howard T. Odum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" title="Ilya Prigogine">Ilya Prigogine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qian_Xuesen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qian Xuesen (not yet started)">Qian Xuesen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatol_Rapoport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatol Rapoport (not yet started)">Anatol Rapoport</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Seddon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Seddon (not yet started)">John Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Senge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Senge (not yet started)">Peter Senge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Shannon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Shannon (not yet started)">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katia_Sycara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katia Sycara (not yet started)">Katia Sycara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Trist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eric Trist (not yet started)">Eric Trist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela">Francisco Varela</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuela_M._Veloso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuela M. Veloso (not yet started)">Manuela M. 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