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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Blood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Skin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Eyes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drug_interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drug_interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Drug interactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drug_interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanism_of_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism_of_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mechanism of action</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stereochemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stereochemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Stereochemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stereochemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Cost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Availability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Availability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Availability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Availability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="إيثوسوكسيميد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيثوسوكسيميد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="اتوسوکزوماید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اتوسوکزوماید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etosuximida" title="Etosuximida – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Etosuximida" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethoswcsimid" title="Ethoswcsimid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ethoswcsimid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethosuximid" title="Ethosuximid – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ethosuximid" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B7" title="Αιθοσουξιμίδη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αιθοσουξιμίδη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etosuximida" title="Etosuximida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Etosuximida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="اتوسوکزوماید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتوسوکزوماید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89thosuximide" title="Éthosuximide – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Éthosuximide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%ED%86%A0%EC%84%9D%EC%8B%9C%EB%AF%B8%EB%93%9C" title="에토석시미드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에토석시미드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etosuksimid" title="Etosuksimid – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Etosuksimid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etosuccimide" title="Etosuccimide – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Etosuccimide" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%88%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%9F%E3%83%89" title="エトスクシミド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エトスクシミド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A5%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A1" title="ଇଥୋସକ୍ସିମାଇଡ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇଥୋସକ୍ସିମାଇଡ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etosuksymid" title="Etosuksymid – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Etosuksymid" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etossuximida" title="Etossuximida – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Etossuximida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etosuximid%C4%83" title="Etosuximidă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Etosuximidă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Этосуксимид – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Этосуксимид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etosuksimid" title="Etosuksimid – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Etosuksimid" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etosuksimid" title="Etosuksimid – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Etosuksimid" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etosuksimid" title="Etosuksimid – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Etosuksimid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etosuksimidi" title="Etosuksimidi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Etosuksimidi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etos%C3%BCksimid" title="Etosüksimid – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Etosüksimid" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethosuximide" title="Ethosuximide – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ethosuximide" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medication used to treat absence seizures</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;"><caption class="infobox-title"><span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): Ethosuximide">Ethosuximide</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethosuximide.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ethosuximide.svg/140px-Ethosuximide.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ethosuximide.svg/210px-Ethosuximide.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ethosuximide.svg/280px-Ethosuximide.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="417" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3D_Model_of_Ethosuximide.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/3D_Model_of_Ethosuximide.png/140px-3D_Model_of_Ethosuximide.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/3D_Model_of_Ethosuximide.png/210px-3D_Model_of_Ethosuximide.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/3D_Model_of_Ethosuximide.png/280px-3D_Model_of_Ethosuximide.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="680" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_nomenclature#Trade_names" title="Drug nomenclature">Trade names</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Zarontin, others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists" title="American Society of Health-System Pharmacists">AHFS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="www.drugs.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ethosuximide.html">Monograph</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="medlineplus.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682327.html">a682327</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">License data</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr></small> <a href="/wiki/DailyMed" title="DailyMed">DailyMed</a>: <span title="dailymed.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Ethosuximide">Ethosuximide</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_category" title="Pregnancy category">Pregnancy<br />category</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>:</small> D</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">Routes of<br />administration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">By mouth (<a href="/wiki/Capsule_(pharmacy)" title="Capsule (pharmacy)">capsules</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solution</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N03" title="ATC code N03">N03AD01</a> (<span title="www.whocc.no"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N03AD01">WHO</a></span>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Legal status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Legal status</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Brazil">BR</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Class_C1" title="Brazilian Controlled Drugs and Substances Act">Class C1</a> (Other controlled substances)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">℞-only</a></li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="European Union">EU</abbr>:</small> Rx-only<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In general: ℞ (Prescription only)</li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetic</a> data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">Bioavailability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">93%<sup id="cite_ref-bioavailability_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bioavailability-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">Metabolism</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> (<a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP2E1" title="CYP2E1">CYP2E1</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">Elimination <span class="nowrap">half-life</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data">53 hours</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">Excretion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a> (20%)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry">IUPAC name</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="font-size: 97%;">(<i>RS</i>)-3-Ethyl-3-methyl-pyrrolidine-2,5-dione</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=77-67-8">77-67-8</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem#CID" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3291">3291</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Guide_to_Pharmacology" title="Guide to Pharmacology">IUPHAR/BPS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.guidetopharmacology.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=7182">7182</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.drugbank.ca"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00593">DB00593</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.3175.html">3175</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/5SEH9X1D1D">5SEH9X1D1D</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.kegg.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D00539">D00539</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:4887">CHEBI:4887</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL696">ChEMBL696</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID7023019">DTXSID7023019</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421567#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.000.954">100.000.954</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421567#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Chemical and physical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>7</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>11</sub><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><span title="Oxygen">O</span><sub>2</sub></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002141170000000000♠"></span>141.170</span> g·mol<sup>−1</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DC1NC%28%3DO%29CC1%28C%29CC">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chirality_(chemistry)" title="Chirality (chemistry)">Chirality</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Racemic_mixture" title="Racemic mixture">Racemic mixture</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">64 to 65 °C (147 to 149 °F)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">O=C1NC(=O)CC1(C)CC</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C7H11NO2/c1-3-7(2)4-5(9)8-6(7)10/h3-4H2,1-2H3,(H,8,9,10)<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key:HAPOVYFOVVWLRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">  <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=461096657&page2=Ethosuximide">(verify)</a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ethosuximide</b>, sold under the brand name <b>Zarontin</b> among others, is a medication used to treat <a href="/wiki/Absence_seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Absence seizures">absence seizures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2016_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may be used by itself or with other <a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsants" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticonvulsants">antiseizure medications</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Valproic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproic acid">valproic acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2016_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethosuximide is taken by mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2016_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ethosuximide is usually well tolerated.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2008_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common side effects include loss of appetite, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and feeling tired.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2016_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serious side effects include <a href="/wiki/Suicidal_thoughts" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicidal thoughts">suicidal thoughts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cytopenia" title="Cytopenia">low blood cell levels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lupus_erythematosus" title="Lupus erythematosus">lupus erythematosus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2016_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WHO2008_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unclear if it has adverse effects on the fetus during <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2016_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethosuximide is in the <a href="/wiki/Succinimide" title="Succinimide">succinimide</a> family of medications. Its mechanism of action is thought to be due to antagonism of the postsynaptic T-type voltage-gated calcium channel.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ethosuximide was approved for medical use in the United States in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-fdaApproved_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fdaApproved-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is on the <a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO21st_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO21st-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethosuximide is available as a <a href="/wiki/Generic_medication" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic medication">generic medication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2016_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethosuximide&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, its availability was limited in many countries, with concerns about <a href="/wiki/Price_fixing" title="Price fixing">price fixing</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Hem2019_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hem2019-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CA2019_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethosuximide&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ethosuximide is approved for <a href="/wiki/Absence_seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Absence seizures">absence seizures</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-approved_use_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-approved_use-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is considered the first choice medication for treating them, in part because it lacks the idiosyncratic <a href="/wiki/Hepatotoxicity" title="Hepatotoxicity">hepatotoxicity</a> of the alternative anti-absence drug, <a href="/wiki/Valproic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproic acid">valproic acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-approved_use_2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-approved_use_2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverse_effects">Adverse effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethosuximide&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Adverse effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with other anticonvulsants, ethosuximide carries a warning about use during pregnancy. Although a causal relationship with birth defects has not be established, the potential for harm to the baby is weighed against the known harm caused by a mother having even minor seizures.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2016_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_nervous_system">Central nervous system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethosuximide&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Central nervous system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Common">Common</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethosuximide&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Common"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somnolence" title="Somnolence">drowsiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">mental confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">ataxia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rare">Rare</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethosuximide&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">paranoid</a> <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a></li> <li>increased <a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">libido</a></li> <li>exacerbation of <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gastrointestinal">Gastrointestinal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethosuximide&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gastrointestinal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigestion" title="Indigestion">dyspepsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a></li> <li>cramps</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a></li> <li>stomach pain</li> <li>loss of appetite</li> <li>weight loss</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingival_enlargement" title="Gingival enlargement">gum enlargement</a></li> <li>swelling of tongue</li> <li>abnormal <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver function</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genitourinary">Genitourinary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethosuximide&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Genitourinary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>microscopic <a href="/wiki/Hematuria" title="Hematuria">hematuria</a></li> <li>vaginal bleeding</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood">Blood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethosuximide&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Blood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>The following can occur with or without bone marrow loss:</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancytopenia" title="Pancytopenia">pancytopenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agranulocytosis" title="Agranulocytosis">agranulocytosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukopenia" title="Leukopenia">leukopenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophilia" title="Eosinophilia">eosinophilia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skin">Skin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethosuximide&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Skin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Urticaria">urticaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">systemic lupus erythematosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevens%E2%80%93Johnson_syndrome" title="Stevens–Johnson syndrome">Stevens–Johnson syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirsutism" title="Hirsutism">hirsutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itch" title="Itch">pruritic</a> <a href="/wiki/Erythema" title="Erythema">erythematous</a> <a href="/wiki/Rash" title="Rash">rashes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eyes">Eyes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethosuximide&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Eyes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myopia" title="Myopia">myopia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drug_interactions">Drug interactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethosuximide&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Drug interactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Valproate" title="Valproate">Valproates</a> can either decrease or increase the levels of ethosuximide; however, combinations of <a href="/wiki/Valproate" title="Valproate">valproates</a> and ethosuximide had a greater <a href="/wiki/Protective_index" title="Protective index">protective index</a> than either drug alone.<sup id="cite_ref-combo_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-combo-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It may elevate serum <a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">phenytoin</a> levels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism_of_action">Mechanism of action</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethosuximide&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mechanism of action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mechanism by which ethosuximide affects neuronal excitability includes block of <a href="/wiki/T-type_calcium_channel" title="T-type calcium channel">T-type calcium channels</a>, and may include effects of the drug on other classes of ion channel. The primary finding that ethosuximide is a T-type calcium channel blocker gained widespread support, but initial attempts to replicate the finding were inconsistent. Subsequent experiments on recombinant T-type channels in cell lines demonstrated conclusively that ethosuximide blocks all T-type calcium channel isoforms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Significant T-type calcium channel density occurs in dendrites of neurons, and recordings from reduced preparations that strip away this dendritic source of T-type calcium channels may have contributed to reports of ethosuximide ineffectiveness. </p><p>In March 1989, Coulter, Huguenard and Prince showed that ethosuximide and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimethadione&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimethadione (page does not exist)">dimethadione</a>, both effective anti-absence agents, reduced low-threshold <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca<sup>2+</sup></a> <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">currents</a> in <a href="/wiki/T-type_calcium_channel" title="T-type calcium channel">T-type calcium channels</a> in freshly removed <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coulter1989-1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coulter1989-1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June of that same year, they also found the mechanism of this reduction to be <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a>-dependent, using acutely dissociated neurons of rats and guinea pigs; it was also noted that <a href="/wiki/Valproate" title="Valproate">valproic acid</a>, which is also used in absence seizures, did not do that.<sup id="cite_ref-Coulter1989-2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coulter1989-2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next year, they showed that anticonvulsant succinimides did this and that the <a href="/wiki/Convulsant" title="Convulsant">pro-convulsant</a> ones did not.<sup id="cite_ref-Coulter1990_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coulter1990-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first part was supported by <a href="/wiki/Platon_Kostyuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Platon Kostyuk">Kostyuk</a> et al. in 1992, who reported a substantial reduction in current in <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_root_of_spinal_nerve" title="Dorsal root of spinal nerve">dorsal root</a> <a href="/wiki/Ganglion" title="Ganglion">ganglia</a> at concentrations ranging from 7 μmol/L to 1 mmol/L.<sup id="cite_ref-Kostyuk_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kostyuk-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That same year, however, Herrington and Lingle found no such effect at concentrations of up to 2.5 mmol/L.<sup id="cite_ref-Herrington-Lingle_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herrington-Lingle-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The year after, a study conducted on human <a href="/wiki/Neocortex" title="Neocortex">neocortical</a> cells removed during surgery for intractable epilepsy, the first to use human tissue, found that ethosuximide had no effect on Ca<sup>2+</sup> currents at the concentrations typically needed for a therapeutic effect.<sup id="cite_ref-sayer1993_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sayer1993-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998, Slobodan M. Todorovic and Christopher J. Lingle of Washington University reported a 100% block of T-type current in dorsal root ganglia at 23.7 ± 0.5 mmol/L, far higher than Kostyuk reported.<sup id="cite_ref-Todorovic_Lingle_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Todorovic_Lingle-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, Leresche et al. reported that ethosuximide had no effect on T-type currents, but did decrease noninactivating <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na<sup>+</sup></a> current by 60% and the Ca<sup>2+</sup>-activated K<sup>+</sup> currents by 39.1 ± 6.4% in rat and cat thalamocortical cells. It was concluded that the decrease in Na<sup>+</sup> current is responsible for the anti-absence properties.<sup id="cite_ref-Leresche_et_al_1998_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leresche_et_al_1998-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the introduction of a paper published in 2001, Dr. Juan Carlos Gomora and colleagues at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia" title="Charlottesville, Virginia">Charlottesville</a> pointed out that past studies were often done in isolated neurons that had lost most of their T-type channels.<sup id="cite_ref-Gomora_et_al_2001_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gomora_et_al_2001-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using cloned <a href="/wiki/CACNA1G" title="CACNA1G">α<sub>1</sub>G</a>, <a href="/wiki/CACNA1H" class="mw-redirect" title="CACNA1H">α<sub>1</sub>H</a>, and <a href="/wiki/CACNA1I" title="CACNA1I">α<sub>1</sub>I</a> T-type calcium channels, Gomora's team found that ethosuximide blocked the channels with an <a href="/wiki/IC50" title="IC50">IC<sub>50</sub></a> of 12 ± 2 mmol/L and that of <i>N</i>-desmethylmethsuximide (the active metabolite of <a href="/wiki/Mesuximide" title="Mesuximide">mesuximide</a>) is 1.95 ± 0.19 mmol/L for α<sub>1</sub>G, 1.82 ± 0.16 mmol/L for α<sub>1</sub>I, and 3.0 ± 0.3 mmol/L for α<sub>1</sub>H. It was suggested that the blockade of open channels is facilitated by ethosuximide's physically plugging the channels when current flows inward. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stereochemistry">Stereochemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethosuximide&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Stereochemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ethosuximide is a chiral drug with a <a href="/wiki/Stereocenter" title="Stereocenter">stereocenter</a>. Therapeutically, the <a href="/wiki/Racemate" class="mw-redirect" title="Racemate">racemate</a>, the 1: 1 mixture of (<i> S </i>) and (<i> R </i>) - isomers used.<sup id="cite_ref-Rote_Liste_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rote_Liste-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr class="hintergrundfarbe6"> <th colspan="2">Enantiomers of ethosuximide </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:(R)-Ethosuximid_Structural_Formula_V1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/%28R%29-Ethosuximid_Structural_Formula_V1.svg/140px-%28R%29-Ethosuximid_Structural_Formula_V1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/%28R%29-Ethosuximid_Structural_Formula_V1.svg/210px-%28R%29-Ethosuximid_Structural_Formula_V1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/%28R%29-Ethosuximid_Structural_Formula_V1.svg/280px-%28R%29-Ethosuximid_Structural_Formula_V1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="186" /></a></span><br /><small> CAS-Nummer: 39122-20-8</small> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:(S)-Ethosuximid_Structural_Formula_V1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/%28S%29-Ethosuximid_Structural_Formula_V1.svg/140px-%28S%29-Ethosuximid_Structural_Formula_V1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/%28S%29-Ethosuximid_Structural_Formula_V1.svg/210px-%28S%29-Ethosuximid_Structural_Formula_V1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/%28S%29-Ethosuximid_Structural_Formula_V1.svg/280px-%28S%29-Ethosuximid_Structural_Formula_V1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="186" /></a></span><br /><small> CAS-Nummer: 39122-19-5</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethosuximide&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cost">Cost</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethosuximide&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2019 there were concerns in the United States that the price of ethosuximide was inflated by manufacturers.<sup id="cite_ref-CA2019_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Availability">Availability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethosuximide&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Availability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Availability of ethosuximide is limited in many countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Hem2019_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hem2019-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was marketed under the trade names Emeside and Zarontin. However, both capsule preparations were discontinued from production, leaving only generic preparations available. Emeside capsules were discontinued by their manufacturer, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laboratories_for_Applied_Biology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laboratories for Applied Biology (page does not exist)">Laboratories for Applied Biology</a>, in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-pharmjethosux_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pharmjethosux-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Zarontin capsules were discontinued by <a href="/wiki/Pfizer" title="Pfizer">Pfizer</a> in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-epiwatchethosux_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epiwatchethosux-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syrup preparations of both brands remained available. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethosuximide&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phensuximide" title="Phensuximide">Phensuximide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methsuximide" class="mw-redirect" title="Methsuximide">Methsuximide</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethosuximide&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output 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.citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnvisa2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Health_Regulatory_Agency" title="Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency">Anvisa</a> (2023-03-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992">"RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial"</a> [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). <a href="/wiki/Di%C3%A1rio_Oficial_da_Uni%C3%A3o" title="Diário Oficial da União">Diário Oficial da União</a> (published 2023-04-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230803143925/https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RDC+N%C2%BA+784+-+Listas+de+Subst%C3%A2ncias+Entorpecentes%2C+Psicotr%C3%B3picas%2C+Precursoras+e+Outras+sob+Controle+Especial&rft.pub=Di%C3%A1rio+Oficial+da+Uni%C3%A3o&rft.date=2023-03-31&rft.au=Anvisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.in.gov.br%2Fen%2Fweb%2Fdou%2F-%2Fresolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthosuximide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ema.europa.eu/documents/psusa/cyproterone/ethinylestradiol-list-nationally-authorised-medicinal-products-psusa/00000906/202005_en.pdf">"List of nationally authorised medicinal products"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. European Medicines Agency.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+nationally+authorised+medicinal+products&rft.pub=European+Medicines+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ema.europa.eu%2Fdocuments%2Fpsusa%2Fcyproterone%2Fethinylestradiol-list-nationally-authorised-medicinal-products-psusa%2F00000906%2F202005_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthosuximide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bioavailability-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bioavailability_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatsalos2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Patsalos PN (November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1528-1167.2005.00326.x">"Properties of antiepileptic drugs in the treatment of idiopathic generalized epilepsies"</a>. <i>Epilepsia</i>. 46 Suppl 9 (s9): 140–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1528-1167.2005.00326.x">10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.00326.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16302888">16302888</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19462889">19462889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Epilepsia&rft.atitle=Properties+of+antiepileptic+drugs+in+the+treatment+of+idiopathic+generalized+epilepsies&rft.volume=46+Suppl+9&rft.issue=s9&rft.pages=140-8&rft.date=2005-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19462889%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16302888&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1528-1167.2005.00326.x&rft.aulast=Patsalos&rft.aufirst=PN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1528-1167.2005.00326.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthosuximide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AHFS2016-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2016_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2016_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2016_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2016_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2016_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2016_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2016_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2016_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ethosuximide.html">"Ethosuximide"</a>. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221003723/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ethosuximide.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Health+Organization+model+list+of+essential+medicines%3A+21st+list+2019&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10665%2F325771&rft.au=World+Health+Organization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthosuximide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hem2019-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hem2019_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hem2019_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHempel2019" class="citation book cs1">Hempel, Georg (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I5G3DwAAQBAJ&dq=Ethosuximide+%22inexpensive%22+OR+%22low+cost%22&pg=PA241"><i>Methods of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Including Pharmacogenetics</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=wmbfnews.com&rft.atitle=South+Carolina+joins+lawsuit+against+manufacturers+in+alleged+conspiracy+to+fix+prescription+drug+prices&rft.aulast=Staff&rft.aufirst=WMBF+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wmbfnews.com%2F2019%2F05%2F13%2Fsouth-carolina-joins-lawsuit-against-manufacturers-alleged-conspiracy-fix-prescription-drug-prices%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthosuximide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pharmjethosux-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pharmjethosux_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pharmj.com/Editorial/20051029/news/p539ethosuximide.html">"Concern over ethosuximide capsule discontinuation"</a>. <i>Pharm J</i>. <b>275</b>: 539. Oct 29, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013220747/http://www.pharmj.com/Editorial/20051029/news/p539ethosuximide.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-10-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharm+J&rft.atitle=Concern+over+ethosuximide+capsule+discontinuation&rft.volume=275&rft.pages=539&rft.date=2005-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pharmj.com%2FEditorial%2F20051029%2Fnews%2Fp539ethosuximide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthosuximide" class="Z3988"></span> (paywalled archive)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-epiwatchethosux-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-epiwatchethosux_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epilepsy.org.uk/news/drugwatch/ethosuximide">"Zarontin capsules discontinued"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120626002021/http://www.epilepsy.org.uk/news/drugwatch/ethosuximide">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-06-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anticonvulsants_(N03)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anticonvulsants" title="Template:Anticonvulsants"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anticonvulsants" title="Template talk:Anticonvulsants"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anticonvulsants" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anticonvulsants"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anticonvulsants_(N03)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">Anticonvulsants</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N03" title="ATC code N03">N03</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GABAergic" title="GABAergic">GABAergics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">GABA<sub>A</sub>R</a> <a href="/wiki/Allosteric_modulator" title="Allosteric modulator">PAMs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Barbexaclone" title="Barbexaclone">Barbexaclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metharbital" title="Metharbital">Metharbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenobarbital" title="Methylphenobarbital">Methylphenobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentobarbital" title="Pentobarbital">Pentobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">Phenobarbital</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primidone" title="Primidone">Primidone</a>; <b><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Cenobamate" title="Cenobamate">Cenobamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felbamate" title="Felbamate">Felbamate</a>; <b><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Clobazam" title="Clobazam">Clobazam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonazepam" title="Clonazepam">Clonazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clorazepate" title="Clorazepate">Clorazepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">Diazepam</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorazepam" title="Lorazepam">Lorazepam</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midazolam" title="Midazolam">Midazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimetazepam" title="Nimetazepam">Nimetazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrazepam" title="Nitrazepam">Nitrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temazepam" title="Temazepam">Temazepam</a>; <b>Others:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bromide" title="Bromide">Bromide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potassium_bromide" title="Potassium bromide">potassium bromide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_bromide" title="Sodium bromide">sodium bromide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imepitoin" title="Imepitoin">Imepitoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraldehyde" title="Paraldehyde">Paraldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiripentol" title="Stiripentol">Stiripentol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GABA_transaminase_inhibitor" title="GABA transaminase inhibitor">GABA-T inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">Fatty acids</a> (and related):</b> <a href="/wiki/Valproate" title="Valproate">Valproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valpromide" title="Valpromide">Valpromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproate_pivoxil" title="Valproate pivoxil">Valproate pivoxil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigabatrin" title="Vigabatrin">Vigabatrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/GABA_receptor_agonist" title="GABA receptor agonist">GABAR agonists</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Progabide" title="Progabide">Progabide</a>; <b><a href="/wiki/GABA_reuptake_inhibitor" title="GABA reuptake inhibitor">GAT-1 inhibitors</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Tiagabine" title="Tiagabine">Tiagabine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Channel_modulator" title="Channel modulator">Channel<br />modulators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_blocker" title="Sodium channel blocker">Sodium blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Hydantoin" title="Hydantoin">Hydantoins</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Ethotoin" title="Ethotoin">Ethotoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosphenytoin" title="Fosphenytoin">Fosphenytoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephenytoin" title="Mephenytoin">Mephenytoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">Phenytoin</a><sup>#</sup>; <b><a href="/wiki/Acylurea" title="Acylurea">Ureides</a>:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetylpheneturide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acetylpheneturide (page does not exist)">Acetylpheneturide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorphenacemide" title="Chlorphenacemide">Chlorphenacemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacemide" title="Phenacemide">Phenacemide</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheneturide" title="Pheneturide">Pheneturide</a>; <b><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">Fatty acids</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Valproate" title="Valproate">Valproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valpromide" title="Valpromide">Valpromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproate_pivoxil" title="Valproate pivoxil">Valproate pivoxil</a>; <b><a href="/wiki/Carboxamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboxamide">Carboxamides</a>:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eslicarbazepine_acetate" title="Eslicarbazepine acetate">Eslicarbazepine acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxcarbazepine" title="Oxcarbazepine">Oxcarbazepine</a>; <b>Others:</b> <a href="/wiki/Lacosamide" title="Lacosamide">Lacosamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">Lamotrigine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufinamide" title="Rufinamide">Rufinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonisamide" title="Zonisamide">Zonisamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">Calcium blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/2,4-Oxazolidinedione" title="2,4-Oxazolidinedione">Oxazolidinediones</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Ethadione" title="Ethadione">Ethadione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramethadione" title="Paramethadione">Paramethadione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethadione" title="Trimethadione">Trimethadione</a>; <b><a href="/wiki/Succinimide" title="Succinimide">Succinimides</a></b>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ethosuximide</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesuximide" title="Mesuximide">Mesuximide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phensuximide" title="Phensuximide">Phensuximide</a>; <b><a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">Gabapentinoids</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">Gabapentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">Pregabalin</a>; <b>Others:</b> <a href="/wiki/Imepitoin" title="Imepitoin">Imepitoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">Lamotrigine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonisamide" title="Zonisamide">Zonisamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Potassium openers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retigabine" title="Retigabine">Retigabine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase_inhibitor" title="Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor">CA inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sulfonamide_(medicine)#Anticonvulsant" title="Sulfonamide (medicine)">Sulfonamides</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Acetazolamide" title="Acetazolamide">Acetazolamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethoxzolamide" title="Ethoxzolamide">Ethoxzolamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultiame" title="Sultiame">Sultiame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonisamide" title="Zonisamide">Zonisamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albutoin" title="Albutoin">Albutoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beclamide" title="Beclamide">Beclamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brivaracetam" title="Brivaracetam">Brivaracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carisbamate" title="Carisbamate">Carisbamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiracetam" title="Etiracetam">Etiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenfluramine" title="Fenfluramine">Fenfluramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganaxolone" title="Ganaxolone">Ganaxolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levetiracetam" title="Levetiracetam">Levetiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perampanel" title="Perampanel">Perampanel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 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