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data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Povijest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Povijest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Povijest</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Povijest-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Povijest</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Povijest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pougljičenje_željeza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pougljičenje_željeza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pougljičenje željeza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pougljičenje_željeza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kaljenje_i_popuštanje_željeza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kaljenje_i_popuštanje_željeza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Kaljenje i popuštanje željeza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kaljenje_i_popuštanje_željeza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sirovo_željezo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sirovo_željezo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Sirovo željezo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sirovo_željezo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drevna_metalurgija_željeza_u_Kini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drevna_metalurgija_željeza_u_Kini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Drevna metalurgija željeza u Kini</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drevna_metalurgija_željeza_u_Kini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drevna_metalurgija_željeza_u_Indiji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drevna_metalurgija_željeza_u_Indiji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Drevna metalurgija željeza u Indiji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drevna_metalurgija_željeza_u_Indiji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drevna_metalurgija_željeza_u_Europi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drevna_metalurgija_željeza_u_Europi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Drevna metalurgija željeza u Europi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drevna_metalurgija_željeza_u_Europi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Katalonsko_ognjište" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Katalonsko_ognjište"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>Katalonsko ognjište</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Katalonsko_ognjište-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korzikansko_ognjište" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korzikansko_ognjište"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2</span> <span>Korzikansko ognjište</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korzikansko_ognjište-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izvori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izvori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Izvori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izvori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Plitko ognjište</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prijedi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupno je na 24 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5" title="فرن الحديد الخالص — Arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرن الحديد الخالص" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennofen" title="Rennofen — Nemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rennofen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Φρεατώδης κάμινος — Grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φρεατώδης κάμινος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomery" title="Bloomery — Engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Bloomery" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basforno" title="Basforno — Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Basforno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horno_bajo" title="Horno bajo — Španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Horno bajo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haizeola" title="Haizeola — Baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Haizeola" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%87%D9%86_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5" title="کوره آهن خالص — Persijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوره آهن خالص" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harkkohytti" title="Harkkohytti — Finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Harkkohytti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas_fourneau" title="Bas fourneau — Francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bas fourneau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plitko_ognji%C5%A1te" title="Plitko ognjište — Hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Plitko ognjište" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungku_tempa" title="Tungku tempa — Indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tungku tempa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rau%C3%B0abl%C3%A1stur" title="Rauðablástur — Islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rauðablástur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalo_lydymo_krosnel%C4%97" title="Metalo lydymo krosnelė — Litvanski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Metalo lydymo krosnelė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litvanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laagoven" title="Laagoven — Holandski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Laagoven" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Holandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jernvinne_i_Noreg" title="Jernvinne i Noreg — Norveški njorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jernvinne i Noreg" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norveški njorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jernvinne_i_Norge" title="Jernvinne i Norge — Norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jernvinne i Norge" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dymarka" title="Dymarka — Poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dymarka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forja_catal%C3%A3" title="Forja catalã — Portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Forja catalã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%8C" title="Сыродутная печь — Ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сыродутная печь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomery" title="Bloomery — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bloomery" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A4sterugn" title="Blästerugn — Švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Blästerugn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Сиродутне горно — Ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сиродутне горно" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8D%9B%E9%90%B5%E7%88%90" title="鍛鐵爐 — kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鍛鐵爐" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q964257#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi međujezične poveznice" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi veze</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Plitko_ognji%C5%A1te" title="Vidi stranicu sadržaja [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><div id="mw-content-subtitle" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:%C5%9Awi%C4%99to_%C5%9Al%C4%85ska_piec_p.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/%C5%9Awi%C4%99to_%C5%9Al%C4%85ska_piec_p.jpg/200px-%C5%9Awi%C4%99to_%C5%9Al%C4%85ska_piec_p.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/%C5%9Awi%C4%99to_%C5%9Al%C4%85ska_piec_p.jpg/300px-%C5%9Awi%C4%99to_%C5%9Al%C4%85ska_piec_p.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/%C5%9Awi%C4%99to_%C5%9Al%C4%85ska_piec_p.jpg/400px-%C5%9Awi%C4%99to_%C5%9Al%C4%85ska_piec_p.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Plitko ognjište je vrsta nekadašnje <a href="/wiki/Pe%C4%87" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Peć">peći</a> u kojoj se topila <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljezo" title="Željezo">željezna</a> <a href="/wiki/Mineralne_sirovine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineralne sirovine">ruda</a>, korištenjem <a href="/wiki/Drveni_ugljen" title="Drveni ugljen">drvenog ugljena</a> koji je reducirao <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljezovi_oksidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Željezovi oksidi">željezove okside</a> (uglavnom <a href="/wiki/Hematit" title="Hematit">hematit</a>) u <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljezo" title="Željezo">željezo</a>, a proizvod je bio <a href="/wiki/Spu%C5%BEvasto_%C5%BEeljezo" title="Spužvasto željezo">spužvasto željezo</a>, koje je bilo upotrebljivo tek nakon <a href="/wiki/Kovanje" title="Kovanje">kovanja</a>, a konačni proizvod je bio kovano željezo.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Iron_bloom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Iron_bloom.jpg/200px-Iron_bloom.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Iron_bloom.jpg/300px-Iron_bloom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Iron_bloom.jpg/400px-Iron_bloom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="1417" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Spu%C5%BEvasto_%C5%BEeljezo" title="Spužvasto željezo">Spužvasto željezo</a> tek izašlo iz donjeg dijela <a class="mw-selflink selflink">plitkog ognjišta</a> s velikom količinom <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ljaka" class="mw-disambig" title="Šljaka">šljake</a> koja se kasnije uklanjala <a href="/wiki/Kovanje" title="Kovanje">kovanjem</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Bas_fourneau.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bas_fourneau.png/200px-Bas_fourneau.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bas_fourneau.png/300px-Bas_fourneau.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bas_fourneau.png/400px-Bas_fourneau.png 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="1156" /></a><figcaption>Proizvodnja <a href="/wiki/Spu%C5%BEvasto_%C5%BEeljezo" title="Spužvasto željezo">spužvastog željeza</a> u plitkom ognjištu (<a href="/wiki/Srednji_vijek" title="Srednji vijek">Srednji vijek</a>).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:QtubIronPillar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/QtubIronPillar.JPG/200px-QtubIronPillar.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/QtubIronPillar.JPG/300px-QtubIronPillar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/QtubIronPillar.JPG/400px-QtubIronPillar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1347" /></a><figcaption>Oko godine 400. sagrađen je <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljezni_stup_u_Delhiju" title="Željezni stup u Delhiju">željezni stup u Delhiju</a>, visok 7 metara i težak više od 6 tona, koji i dan danas odolijeva monsunskim kišama i koroziji.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Metal_production_in_Ancient_Middle_East.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Metal_production_in_Ancient_Middle_East.svg/200px-Metal_production_in_Ancient_Middle_East.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Metal_production_in_Ancient_Middle_East.svg/300px-Metal_production_in_Ancient_Middle_East.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Metal_production_in_Ancient_Middle_East.svg/400px-Metal_production_in_Ancient_Middle_East.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1249" data-file-height="693" /></a><figcaption>Područja vađenja metalne rude u prapovijesno vrijeme na Bliskom istoku (željezo je prikazano crveno-smeđom bojom).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg/200px-Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg/300px-Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg/400px-Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Postupak dobivanja <a href="/wiki/Sirovo_%C5%BEeljezo" title="Sirovo željezo">sirovog željeza</a>, a zatim kovanog željeza, s prikazom visoke peći (u Kini, 1637.)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Plitko ognjište</b> je vrsta nekadašnje <a href="/wiki/Pe%C4%87" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Peć">peći</a> u kojoj se topila <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljezo" title="Željezo">željezna</a> <a href="/wiki/Mineralne_sirovine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineralne sirovine">ruda</a>, korištenjem <a href="/wiki/Drveni_ugljen" title="Drveni ugljen">drvenog ugljena</a> koji je reducirao <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljezovi_oksidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Željezovi oksidi">željezove okside</a> (uglavnom <a href="/wiki/Hematit" title="Hematit">hematit</a>) u <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljezo" title="Željezo">željezo</a>, a proizvod je bio <a href="/wiki/Spu%C5%BEvasto_%C5%BEeljezo" title="Spužvasto željezo">spužvasto željezo</a>, koje je bilo upotrebljivo tek nakon <a href="/wiki/Kovanje" title="Kovanje">kovanja</a>, a konačni proizvod je bio <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovano_%C5%BEeljezo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kovano željezo (stranica ne postoji)">kovano željezo</a>. </p><p>Plitko ognjište je bilo vrlo jednostavne <a href="/wiki/Konstrukcije" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstrukcije">konstrukcije</a>. Sastojalo se od gnijezda oslonjenog na jedan zid<a href="/w/index.php?title=,&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=", (stranica ne postoji)">,</a> kroz koji je prolazila <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mlaznica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mlaznica (stranica ne postoji)">mlaznica</a> mijeha za raspirivanje <a href="/wiki/Vatra" title="Vatra">vatre</a>. Gnijezdo se je ispunilo izmjenično slojevima željezne rude i drvenog ugljena, koji su se zatim zapalili. Puhanjem zraka kroz mijeh povisila bi se <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a>, tako da bi iz drvenog ugljena nastajao <a href="/wiki/Ugljikov_monoksid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugljikov monoksid">ugljikov monoksid</a>, koji je vezao <a href="/wiki/Kisik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kisik">kisik</a> iz željezovih oksida (uglavnom hematit), te se dobivalo spužvasto željezo i <a href="/wiki/Ugljikov_dioksid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugljikov dioksid">ugljikov dioksid</a>. Pri tome je dobar dio željeza i dalje ostao vezan s kisikom (željezovi oksidi), te zajedno s nečistoćama kao tekuća <a href="/wiki/Troska" class="mw-redirect" title="Troska">troska</a> otjecao iz <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ognji%C5%A1te&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ognjište (stranica ne postoji)">ognjišta</a>. Spužvasto željezo se skupljalo na dnu ognjišta sve dok ga ne bi potpuno ispunilo, pa bi se izvadilo i kovanjem bi se istiskivali ostaci troske i nečistoća (kovano željezo). Omjer između <a href="/wiki/Te%C5%BEina" title="Težina">težine</a> željezne rude i drvenog ugljena je bio otprilike 1 : 4. Ovim postupkom se dobivalo tek oko 12,5% željeza iz željezne rude, a težina spužvastog željeza je iznosila do 70 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilograma</a>. Ovakva plitka ognjišta su se održala u <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tajerska" title="Štajerska">Štajerskoj</a> i <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0leska" title="Šleska">Šleziji</a> sve do 18. stoljeća. <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Povijest">Povijest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plitko_ognji%C5%A1te&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odjeljak Povijest" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plitko_ognji%C5%A1te&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Povijest"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Povijest_metalurgije_%C5%BEeljeza" class="mw-redirect" title="Povijest metalurgije željeza">Povijest metalurgije željeza</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>U sklopu složenog <a href="/wiki/Metalurgija" title="Metalurgija">metalurškog</a> procesa dobivanja <a href="/wiki/Bakar_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakar (element)">bakra</a>, odnosno <a href="/wiki/Bronca" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronca">bronce</a> iz <a href="/wiki/Malahit" title="Malahit">malahita</a>, njegovim taljenjem u naročitim <a href="/wiki/Pe%C4%87" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Peć">pećima</a>, čovjek je usput upoznao i željezo. Malahitu bi se, naime, kao taljivo dodavala i željezna ruda. Osim što bi potpomagala redukciju malahita, ona bi na sebe vezivala raznorazne nepoželjne čestice <a href="/wiki/Pijesak" title="Pijesak">pijeska</a> koje su bile sastavni dio malahita. Po završetku taljenja obrazovala bi se <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ljaka" class="mw-disambig" title="Šljaka">šljaka</a>, koju je, nakon što bi se talina ohladila, bilo lako odvojiti od bakra. Ta je šljaka sadržavala komade željeza, koje je, međutim, bilo vrlo porozno, nalik na <a href="/wiki/Spu%C5%BEve" title="Spužve">spužvu</a>, po čemu je i nazvano spužvasto željezo. Pod udarcima čekića ponovno zagrijanog spužvastog željeza ostatak bi šljake otpao, a željezo postalo kompaktnije. Tako bi se dobilo skoro čisto željezo, koje danas nazivamo kovanim željezom. Željezo u čistom stanju, međutim, mekše je od bronce, a k tome u dodiru s vlažnim zrakom brzo oksidira, tj. <a href="/wiki/Korozija" title="Korozija">hrđa</a>. Stoga drevim metalurzima nije ni moglo biti naročito zanimljivo – sve dok nije izumljen način da se dobije tzv. „dobro željezo“. <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pougljičenje_željeza"><span id="Pouglji.C4.8Denje_.C5.BEeljeza"></span>Pougljičenje željeza</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plitko_ognji%C5%A1te&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odjeljak Pougljičenje željeza" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plitko_ognji%C5%A1te&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Pougljičenje željeza"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Dobro željezo" proizvodilo se ponavljanjem nekoliko ciklusa koji su se sastojali od zagrijavanja komada spužvastog željeza na temperaturu od oko 1200 <a href="/wiki/Celzijev_stupanj" class="mw-redirect" title="Celzijev stupanj">°C</a>, da bi omekšalo, a zatim udaranja <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Ceki%C4%87" title="Čekić">čekićem</a>, da bi se uklonila šljaka, a željezo sabilo. Zagrijavanje se obavljalo u posebnim pećima na drveni ugljen. Tom je prilikom željezo dolazilo u doticaj s ugljikovim monoksidom, kao produktom nepotpunog izgaranja drvenog uglja. To je pak pogodovalo difuziji <a href="/wiki/Ugljik" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugljik">ugljika</a> u površinski sloj željeza. Kao rezultat nastajala bi <a href="/wiki/Slitina" class="mw-redirect" title="Slitina">slitina</a> željeza i ugljika (<a href="/wiki/%C4%8Celik" title="Čelik">čelik</a>) bitno tvrđa i od bronce, čak i ako bi udio ugljika bio svega 0,5%. Pronađen je, dakle, <b>čelik</b>. Njegova su se mehanička svojstva također mogla poboljšati plastičnom deformacijom. Povrh toga, ljudi su već u ono doba morali primijetiti da se pougljičenjem ograničenim samo na površinski sloj, npr. oštrice <a href="/wiki/Ma%C4%8D" title="Mač">mača</a> ili vrška <a href="/wiki/Alat" title="Alat">alata</a>, postiže vrlo povoljna kombinacija visoke površinske <a href="/wiki/Tvrdo%C4%87a" title="Tvrdoća">tvrdoće</a> s dobrom <a href="/wiki/Duktilnost" title="Duktilnost">duktilošću</a> (žilavost) unutrašnjosti, jezgre, izratka. Opisana metoda selektivnog pougljičavanja u biti odgovara suvremenom postupku <a href="/wiki/Cementiranje_%C4%8Delika" title="Cementiranje čelika">cementiranja</a>. Uloga ugljika u promjeni svojstava željeza, odnosno čelika, onodobnim metalurzima naravno nije bila poznata. Znanje i vještina izrade dobrog oružja ili alata stjecali su se <a href="/wiki/Iskustvo" title="Iskustvo">iskustvom</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kaljenje_i_popuštanje_željeza"><span id="Kaljenje_i_popu.C5.A1tanje_.C5.BEeljeza"></span>Kaljenje i popuštanje željeza</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plitko_ognji%C5%A1te&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odjeljak Kaljenje i popuštanje željeza" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plitko_ognji%C5%A1te&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Kaljenje i popuštanje željeza"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zahvaljujući daljnjim dvjema otkrićima, mehanička svojstva čelika dodatno su se mogla poboljšati. Prvo je <a href="/wiki/Kaljenje" title="Kaljenje">kaljenje</a>, tj. brzo ohlađivanje crveno užarenog pougljičenog željeza u hladnoj vodi. Ovim postupkom bitno se povisuje tvrdoća obratka, tako da on ponekad čak postane krhak. Takav bi, primjerice, kaljeni mač lako puknuo ili se čak raspao na više dijelova. Drugo otkriće odnosi se na kratkotrajno ponovno zagrijavanje prethodno zakaljenog čeličnog obratka na temperaturu od oko 600 °C. Tim mu se tzv. <a href="/wiki/Toplinska_obrada" class="mw-redirect" title="Toplinska obrada">popuštanjem</a> djelomično vraća prvobitna <a href="/wiki/Duktilnost" title="Duktilnost">duktilnost</a> i smanjuje krhkost na račun izvjesnog smanjenja tvrdoće. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sirovo_željezo"><span id="Sirovo_.C5.BEeljezo"></span>Sirovo željezo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plitko_ognji%C5%A1te&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odjeljak Sirovo željezo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plitko_ognji%C5%A1te&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Sirovo željezo"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Opisani postupak proizvodnje željeza kao uzgrednog produkta pri proizvodnji bakra ili bronce potječe s <a href="/wiki/Bliski_istok" title="Bliski istok">Bliskog Istoka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hetiti" title="Hetiti">Hetiti</a> u <a href="/wiki/Anatolija" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolija">Anatoliji</a>), odakle je, po svemu sudeći, prenesen i u <a href="/wiki/Kina" title="Kina">Kinu</a>. I tamo se dakle isprva redukcijom željezne rude proizvodilo spužvasto željezo, koje bi se zatim pretvaralo u kovano željezo, da bi ga se onda pougljičilo i, moguće, kalilo i popuštalo. Za proizvodnju spužvastog željeza dovoljno je postići temperaturu od oko 1000 °C, što znači da temperatura pri tom postupku nikad nije bila dovoljno visoka da bi se željezo rastalilo. </p><p>Željezo se počelo dobivati iz <a href="/wiki/Mineralne_sirovine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineralne sirovine">ruda</a>, najvjerojatnije <a href="/wiki/Hematit" title="Hematit">hematita</a> (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), oko 1500. pr. Kr., najprije u Anatoliji, današnjoj <a href="/wiki/Mala_Azija" title="Mala Azija">Maloj Aziji</a>, kao spužvasto željezo. U to vrijeme, zbog nedovoljne temperature primitivnih peći, nije bilo moguće dobivanje <a href="/wiki/Lijevano_%C5%BEeljezo" title="Lijevano željezo">lijevanog željeza</a>, već je nastajalo spužvasto željezo, koje se kovanjem pretvaralo u upotrebljiv metal. Nalazišta u Uru (<a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a>), te u <a href="/wiki/Egipat" title="Egipat">Egiptu</a>, svjedoče o ranom dobivanju željeza iz ruda. Jedan od prvih željeznih predmeta koji je dobiven topljenjem željezne rude potječe iz grobnice drevnog naroda <a href="/wiki/Hati" class="mw-disambig" title="Hati">Hati</a> u Anatoliji i datira negdje oko 2500. pr. Kr. Željezo je u to vrijeme bilo nevjerojatno važan strateški materijal. Smatra se, da je pleme Hetita iz Male Azije postiglo svoju veliku vojnu moć upravo zbog rane proizvodnje željeznog oružja. U to je vrijeme cijena željeza bila veća od cijene <a href="/wiki/Zlato" title="Zlato">zlata</a>, a način njegovog dobivanja čuvao se kao najstroža tajna. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drevna_metalurgija_željeza_u_Kini"><span id="Drevna_metalurgija_.C5.BEeljeza_u_Kini"></span>Drevna metalurgija željeza u Kini</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plitko_ognji%C5%A1te&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odjeljak Drevna metalurgija željeza u Kini" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plitko_ognji%C5%A1te&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Drevna metalurgija željeza u Kini"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vrlo brzo Kinezi su, međutim, u proizvodnji čelika krenuli svojim putem. Razvili su naime snažne <a href="/wiki/Mijeh" title="Mijeh">mijehove</a> za upuhivanje <a href="/wiki/Zrak" class="mw-redirect" title="Zrak">zraka</a> u <a href="/wiki/Pe%C4%87" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Peć">peć</a> za taljenje rude (ubacivanje velikih količina zraka u peć pomoću naročitih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mlaznica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mlaznica (stranica ne postoji)">mlaznica</a> izumljeno je na <a href="/wiki/Zapadni_svijet" title="Zapadni svijet">Zapadu</a> tek u 15. stoljeću; i tako je nastala <a href="/wiki/Visoka_pe%C4%87" title="Visoka peć">visoka peć</a>). Što je još važnije, Kinezi su povećavši dimenzije peći i bitno povećavši količinu drvenog ugljena kao izvora topline, osim temperature, povisili i koncentraciju ugljikovog monoksida unutar peći. To je pospješilo difuziju ugljika u željezo, čime se opet znatno snizilo talište šarže. (Kod <a href="/wiki/Eutektik" title="Eutektik">eutektičkog sastava</a>, koji sadrži 4,3 % ugljika, ono se snizuje na 1148 °C.) Konačan rezultat novih tehnoloških mjera bio je da se rastaljeno željezo, s visokim sadržajem ugljika, moglo lijevati poput bronce. Danas se takvo željezo izliveno izravno iz peći naziva <a href="/wiki/Sirovo_%C5%BEeljezo" title="Sirovo željezo">sirovim željezom</a>. </p><p>Željezo s visokim sadržajem ugljika prilično je tvrdo, ali i krhko, toliko da je gotovo neupotrebljivo za izradu oruđa ili oružja. Stoga je sirovo željezo zahtijevalo (i zahtijeva) dodatnu obradu. I njega su Kinezi izmislili, a sastojao se od uklanjanja viška ugljika. U tu bi svrhu odljevak od sirovog željeza zagrijali u prisustvu zraka na temperaturu između 800 i 900 °C. Kisik iz zraka reagirao bi s dijelom ugljika iz odljevka na njegovoj površini, a nastali ugljični monoksid lako bi se odvodio. Iz unutrašnjosti prema površini odljevka ugljik bi stizao jednako kako je tamo bio i dospio – difuzijom. </p><p>Kinezi su razvili još jedan važan <a href="/wiki/Metalurgija" title="Metalurgija">metalurški</a> postupak. On se odnosi na intenzivno miješanje taline željeza s visokim sadržajem ugljika, kako bi se pospješilo reagiranje kisika iz zraka s ugljikom iz taline. Time se već u talini udio ugljika mogao smanjiti do te mjere da bi nastao čelik (dakle ispod 2,03 % C). I taj je postupak na Zapadu, točnije u <a href="/wiki/Engleska" title="Engleska">Engleskoj</a>, izmišljen tek krajem 18. stoljeća. Osnovna prednost kineskog načina proizvodnje željeza, odnosno čelika, pred bliskoistočnim (odnosno <a href="/wiki/Sredozemno_more" title="Sredozemno more">sredozemnim</a>) sastojala se u tome što je tehnologija lijevanja omogućavala masovnu proizvodnju. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drevna_metalurgija_željeza_u_Indiji"><span id="Drevna_metalurgija_.C5.BEeljeza_u_Indiji"></span>Drevna metalurgija željeza u Indiji</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plitko_ognji%C5%A1te&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odjeljak Drevna metalurgija željeza u Indiji" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plitko_ognji%C5%A1te&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Drevna metalurgija željeza u Indiji"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arheološka nalazišta u <a href="/wiki/Indija" title="Indija">indijskoj</a> saveznoj državi <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> pokazuju da se je željezo dobivalo iz željezne rude još negdje između 1800. i 1200. pr. Kr. Starogrčki povjesničar <a href="/wiki/Herodot" title="Herodot">Herodot</a> je prvi opisao korištenje željeza u Indiji. Kada je <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Veliki" title="Aleksandar Veliki">Aleksandar Veliki</a> dobivao poklone od kralja Pora (današnji <a href="/wiki/Pand%C5%BEab" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pandžab">Pandžab</a>), umjesto zlata i <a href="/wiki/Srebro" title="Srebro">srebra</a> odabrao je jedan poklon od <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Celik" title="Čelik">čelika</a>, težak 15 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilograma</a>. Oko godine 400. sagrađen je <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljezni_stup_u_Delhiju" title="Željezni stup u Delhiju">željezni stup u Delhiju</a>, visok 7 <a href="/wiki/Metar" title="Metar">metara</a> i težak više od 6 <a href="/wiki/Tona" title="Tona">tona</a>, koji i dan danas odolijeva <a href="/wiki/Monsun" title="Monsun">monsunskim</a> kišama i <a href="/wiki/Korozija" title="Korozija">koroziji</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drevna_metalurgija_željeza_u_Europi"><span id="Drevna_metalurgija_.C5.BEeljeza_u_Europi"></span>Drevna metalurgija željeza u Europi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plitko_ognji%C5%A1te&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odjeljak Drevna metalurgija željeza u Europi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plitko_ognji%C5%A1te&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Drevna metalurgija željeza u Europi"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Stara_Gr%C4%8Dka" class="mw-redirect" title="Stara Grčka">Stari Grci</a> su upoznali <a href="/wiki/Tehnologija" title="Tehnologija">tehnologiju</a> dobivanja željeza negdje oko 11. stoljeća pr. Kr. <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> u IX knjizi <i><a href="/wiki/Odiseja" title="Odiseja">Odiseje</a></i> navodi kaljenje čelika - mačeva, a i ostali izvori pokazuju da se o čeliku iskustveno mnogo znalo, ponajprije zbog njegove važnosti za <a href="/wiki/Oklop" title="Oklop">oklope</a> i mačeve. U <a href="/wiki/Srednja_Europa" class="mw-redirect" title="Srednja Europa">središnjoj Europi</a>, željezno doba je podijeljeno u dvije faze u kojima dominiraju <a href="/wiki/Kelti" title="Kelti">Kelti</a>: rana željezna <a href="/wiki/Hal%C5%A1tatska_kultura" title="Halštatska kultura">halštatska kultura</a> (HaC i D, 800. – 450. pr. Kr.) i kasna željezna <a href="/wiki/Latenska_kultura" title="Latenska kultura">latenska kultura</a> (prema mjestu u Švicarskoj, La Tène) koja traje od 450. pr,. Kr. do rimskih osvajanja. Do 6. st. pr. Kr. halštatska kultura se prostirala na oko 1000 <a href="/wiki/Metar" title="Metar">km</a>, od pokrajina <a href="/wiki/Champagne-Ardenne" title="Champagne-Ardenne">Champagne-Ardenne</a> na <a href="/wiki/Zapad" title="Zapad">zapadu</a>, kroz gornje <a href="/wiki/Rajna" title="Rajna">Poranje</a> do gornje <a href="/wiki/Dunav" title="Dunav">dunavske</a> oblasti, sve do bečke doline i donje dunavske oblasti na istoku; te od <a href="/wiki/Majna" title="Majna">Majne</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C5%A1ka" title="Češka">Češke</a> i <a href="/wiki/Mali_Karpati" title="Mali Karpati">Malih Karpata</a> na <a href="/wiki/Sjever" title="Sjever">sjeveru</a> do švicarskog platoa, <a href="/wiki/Salzkammergut" title="Salzkammergut">Salzkammerguta</a> i donje Stirije na <a href="/wiki/Jug" title="Jug">jugu</a>. Naziv je dobila prema najvećem nalazištu u mjestu Hallsttatu na obali jezera u pokrajini Salzkammergut u <a href="/wiki/Austrija" title="Austrija">Austriji</a>, južno od <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburga</a>. Ova kultura se često smatra proto-keltskom ili keltskom, te proto-ilirskom zapadnih <a href="/wiki/Iliri" title="Iliri">Ilira</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anti%C4%8Dki_Rim" title="Antički Rim">Stari Rimljani</a> su proizvodili i do 84 750 <a href="/wiki/Tona" title="Tona">tona</a> željeza godišnje. Za Rimskog Carstva posebice se posvećivala pozornost izradbi čeličnog oružja zbog brojnosti rimske <a href="/wiki/Vojska" title="Vojska">vojske</a> (oko 500 000 vojnika). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Katalonsko_ognjište"><span id="Katalonsko_ognji.C5.A1te"></span>Katalonsko ognjište</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plitko_ognji%C5%A1te&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odjeljak Katalonsko ognjište" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plitko_ognji%C5%A1te&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Katalonsko ognjište"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0panjolska" class="mw-redirect" title="Španjolska">Španjolskoj</a> je postojala posebna vrsta plitkog ognjišta, koje se zvalo <b>katalonsko ognjište</b>. Bilo je upušteno u tlu i sagrađeno u <a href="/wiki/Bakar_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakar (element)">bakarnoj</a> posudi <a href="/wiki/Elipsa" title="Elipsa">eliptičnog</a> oblika, koja je spriječavala da <a href="/wiki/Vlaga" title="Vlaga">vlaga</a> iz <a href="/wiki/Tlo" title="Tlo">tla</a> prodre u gnijezdo ognjišta. Na jednoj polovini ognjišta, uz mlaznicu mijeha za puhanje zraka, stavljao se je drveni ugljen, a na drugoj polovini ognjišta smrvljena željezna ruda. Težinski odnos željezne rude i drvenog ugljena je bio 1 : 3,4. Iskorištavalo se oko 31% željeza sadržanog u rudi, a jedan postupak je davao oko 150 kilograma <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Celik" title="Čelik">čelika</a>. Katalonsko ognjište se upotrebljavalo i u <a href="/wiki/Francuska" title="Francuska">Francuskoj</a>, a na <a href="/wiki/Pirineji" title="Pirineji">Pirinejima</a> se održalo sve do 19. stoljeća. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Korzikansko_ognjište"><span id="Korzikansko_ognji.C5.A1te"></span>Korzikansko ognjište</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plitko_ognji%C5%A1te&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odjeljak Korzikansko ognjište" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plitko_ognji%C5%A1te&action=edit&section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Korzikansko ognjište"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Korzikansko ognjište</b> se je sastojalo od okomitog zida s otvorom za mlaznicu mijeha i plitkog gnijezda od opeke. Služilo je i za pripremu rude prije topljenja; na nižoj temperaturi željezna ruda se je najprije ispržila i tako već djelomično reducirala, a zatim se topila s pomoću drvenog ugljena od <a href="/wiki/Pitomi_kesten" title="Pitomi kesten">kestenovog drveta</a>. U korzikanskom ognjištu trošilo se puno drvenog ugljena, a omjer željezne rude i drvenog ugljena je bio 1 : 8,8. <a href="/wiki/Stupanj_iskori%C5%A1tenja" class="mw-redirect" title="Stupanj iskorištenja">Stupanj iskorištenja</a> je bio dosta dobar, jer se dobivalo 38% željeza sadržanog u rudi. Ovaj tip ognjišta se koristio na <a href="/wiki/Korzika" title="Korzika">Korzici</a> sve do 19. stoljeća. <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izvori">Izvori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plitko_ognji%C5%A1te&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odjeljak Izvori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plitko_ognji%C5%A1te&action=edit&section=10" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Izvori"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41378145">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.simet.unizg.hr/nastava/predavanja/Fizikalna%20metalurgija%20I.pdf/view">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140704150245/http://www.simet.unizg.hr/nastava/predavanja/Fizikalna%20metalurgija%20I.pdf/view">Arhivirano</a> 2014-07-04 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a> "Fizikalna metalurgija I", dr.sc. Tanja Matković, dr.sc. Prosper Matković, www.simet.unizg.hr, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.riteh.uniri.hr/zav_katd_sluz/zm/pdf/nastava/mehanika_materijala/Povijest.pdf">[2]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" since August 2021" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Mrtvi_eksterni_linkovi" title="Wikipedija:Mrtvi eksterni linkovi">mrtav link</a></i>]</span></sup> "Povijesni razvitak materijala", www.riteh.uniri.hr, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Tehnička enciklopedija", glavni urednik Hrvoje Požar, Grafički zavod Hrvatske, 1987.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr">Izvor: <a dir="ltr" href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plitko_ognjište&oldid=41077477">https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plitko_ognjište&oldid=41077477</a></div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorije</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Tehnologija" title="Kategorija:Tehnologija">Tehnologija</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Legure" title="Kategorija:Legure">Legure</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Metalurgija" title="Kategorija:Metalurgija">Metalurgija</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Sakrivene kategorije: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Kategorija:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Svi_%C4%8Dlanci_s_mrtvim_eksternim_linkovima" title="Kategorija:Svi članci s mrtvim eksternim linkovima">Svi članci s mrtvim eksternim linkovima</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ova stranica je posljednji put izmijenjena 10. augusta 2021. u 16:05.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst je dostupan pod licencom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike</a>; mogu se primijeniti i dodatni uslovi. 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