CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"NRJS-26d49e9cd1d82010791",applicationID:"529647296"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.274.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>g,gD:()=>h,xN:()=>p});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function g(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=g(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.274.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>d,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,d=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=h(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=m()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:v,listeners:h,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=m();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!m()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=h(e).concat(t)}function h(e){return n[e]||[]}function v(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function m(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log";n.K7.logging},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(2614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>P});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),g=r(384),p=r(6344);const h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],v=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var m=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993);var w=r(2646),A=r(3434);function R(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,A.YM)(i),a=new w.y(s.P);return a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes,o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",a),i}function E(){const e=(0,g.pV)();h.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const x={};function _(e,t,g=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const h={};var w=s.ee.get(e),A=w.get("tracer");x[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{x[e]=t}));var E="api-",_=E+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),j(E,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function T(){}h.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),function(e,t,r={},i=y.p_.INFO){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,a.p)(y.ET,[(0,m.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(w,e,t,r)},h.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),R(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},v.forEach((e=>{h[e]=j(E,e,!0,"api")})),h.addPageAction=j(E,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,j(E,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},h.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},h.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},h[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h.interaction=function(e){return(new T).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const S=T.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),g||(0,a.p)(_+"tracer",[(0,m.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(A.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,m.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw A.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{A.emit("fn-end",[(0,m.t)()],r)}}}};function j(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,m.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function k(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{S[e]=j(_,e,void 0,g?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),h.setCurrentRouteName=g?j(_,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):j(E,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),h.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,m.t)(),!1,r,!!x[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>k()),!0):k(),h}var N=r(9417),T=r(8122);const S={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},j={};var k=r(5284);const I=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let O=!1;function P(e,t={},r,n){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:u,runtime:l={},exposed:f=!0}=t;l.loaderType=r;const p=(0,g.pV)();c||(a=p.init,c=p.info,u=p.loader_config),(0,N.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,a||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");j[e]=(0,T.a)(t,S);const r=(0,g.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=j[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,u||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,c);const h=(0,N.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),v=[c.beacon,c.errorBeacon];O||(h.proxy.assets&&(I(h.proxy.assets),v.push(h.proxy.assets)),h.proxy.beacon&&v.push(h.proxy.beacon),E(),(0,g.US)("activatedFeatures",k.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===h.soft_navigations.enabled&&h.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),l.denyList=[...h.ajax.deny_list||[],...h.ajax.block_internal?v:[]],l.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,l),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=_(e.agentIdentifier,n,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=f),O=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.274.0.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.274.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-gkYkZDAwQ9PwaDXs2YM+rNIdRej1Ac1mupWobRJ8eahQcXz6/sunGZCKklrzi5kWxhOGRZr2tn0rEKuLTXzfAA=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={840:0,374:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(7603);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),g=i(5289),p=i(6154),h=i(384);const v=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function m(e){return!!(0,h.dV)().o.MO&&v(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(6389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(v(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,3861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return m(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(6630);class A extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(9908),E=i(2843),x=i(3878),_=i(782),N=i(1863);class T extends y{static featureName=_.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,_.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,R.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,x.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,R.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var S=i(3969);class j extends y{static featureName=S.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,S.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,h.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(A),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,h.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[A,T,j],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/assets/images/favicon.ico" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#A51C30"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/assets/images/ms/ms-tile-icon.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/assets/images/ios/touch-icon-iphone.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/assets/images/ios/touch-icon-ipad.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/assets/images/ios/touch-icon-iphone-retina.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/assets/images/ios/touch-icon-ipad-retina.png"> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="1019010578192159" /> <script>(function(html){html.className = html.className.replace(/\bno-js\b/,'js')})(document.documentElement);</script> <title>News | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health</title> <meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.hsph.harvard.edu' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdnjs.cloudflare.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="News » Feed" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/feed/" /> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/www.hsph.harvard.edu\/news\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.6.1"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.6.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-block-library-inline-css' type='text/css'> .has-text-align-justify{text-align:justify;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mediaelement-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelementplayer-legacy.min.css?ver=4.2.17' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-mediaelement-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.css?ver=6.6.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='jetpack-sharing-buttons-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0;list-style-type:none;margin:5px;padding:0}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-small-icon-size{font-size:12px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-normal-icon-size{font-size:16px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-large-icon-size{font-size:24px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-huge-icon-size{font-size:36px}@media print{.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:none!important}}.editor-styles-wrapper .wp-block-jetpack-sharing-buttons{gap:0;padding-inline-start:0}ul.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em} </style> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph-plugin-multisite-tweaks-styles-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-content/plugins/plugin-multisite-tweaks/assets/css/hsph-plugin-multisite-tweaks.css?ver%5BVersion%5D=1.2.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph_page_elements_styles-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-content/plugins/plugin-page-elements/assets/css/plugin-page-elements.css?ver=1.2.6' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph-plugin-tagging-topics-pages-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-content/plugins/plugin-tagging/assets/css/topics.css?ver=1.1.5' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph-table-sortable-css-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-content/plugins/plugin-tinymce-tweaks/assets/css/hsph-table-sortable.css?ver=1.1.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='dashicons-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-includes/css/dashicons.min.css?ver=6.6.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph-bootstrap-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-content/plugins/plugin-design-system/assets/css/hsph-bootstrap-no-conflict.css?ver=1.4.12' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph-ui-shortcodes-style-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-content/plugins/plugin-ui-shortcodes/assets/css/hsph-ui-shortcodes.css?ver=1.6.11' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph-style-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/style.css?ver=1.3.101' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph-news-style-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016-child-news/style.css?ver=2.0.1' type='text/css' media='all' />  <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph-fonts-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Merriweather%3A300%2C400%2C700%2C300italic%2C400italic%2C700italic%7CInconsolata%3A400&subset=latin%2Clatin-ext&ver=1.3.101' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='genericons-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/genericons/genericons/genericons.css?ver=3.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph-people-research-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/assets/css/people-research.css?ver=1.3.101' type='text/css' media='all' />   <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph-fontawesome-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-content/plugins/plugin-design-system/assets/css/hsph-fontawesome.css?ver=1.4.12' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph-sharing-buttons-styles-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-content/plugins/plugin-social//assets/css/hsph-sharing-buttons.css?ver%5BVersion%5D=1.0.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='jetpack_css-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/css/jetpack.css?ver=13.3.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-sentry-browser-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wp_sentry = {"environment":"prod","release":"v6.6.1.5","context":{"tags":{"wordpress":"6.6.1","language":"en-US"}},"blacklistUrls":["https:\/\/theforum.sph.harvard.edu\/","https:\/\/theforum.sph.harvard.edu\/","https:\/\/p3.3playmedia.com\/","https:\/\/static.3playmedia.com\/","http:\/\/p3.3playmedia.com\/","http:\/\/static.3playmedia.com\/","https:\/\/www.hsph.harvard.edu\/voices\/","regex:3playmedia","regex:theforum\\.sph\\.harvard","regex:theforum\\.sph\\.harvard","harvard\\\\.edu\\\/voices\\\/","harvard\\.edu\\\/voices\\\/"],"denyUrls":["https:\/\/theforum.sph.harvard.edu\/","https:\/\/theforum.sph.harvard.edu\/","https:\/\/p3.3playmedia.com\/","https:\/\/static.3playmedia.com\/","http:\/\/p3.3playmedia.com\/","http:\/\/static.3playmedia.com\/","https:\/\/www.hsph.harvard.edu\/voices\/","regex:theforum\\.sph\\.harvard","regex:theforum\\.sph\\.harvard","harvard\\\\.edu\\\/voices\\\/","harvard\\.edu\\\/voices\\\/"],"dsn":"https:\/\/1cf5486bca3949988f6ee887a807ff7c@o259296.ingest.sentry.io\/1856593"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-content/plugins/wp-sentry-integration/public/wp-sentry-browser.min.js?ver=7.12.0" id="wp-sentry-browser-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-content/plugins/jquery-updater/js/jquery-3.7.1.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-content/plugins/jquery-updater/js/jquery-migrate-3.4.1.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/core.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/tabs.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-tabs-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/accordion.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-accordion-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-content/plugins/plugin-ui-shortcodes/assets/js/hsph-ui-shortcodes.js?ver=1.6.11" id="hsph-ui-shortcodes-scripts-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/assets/js/typekit.js?ver=1.3.101" id="hsph-typekit-js"></script>  <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-json/" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/xmlrpc.php?rsd" />  <script type="text/javascript"> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga( 'create', 'UA-16396394-1', 'hsph.harvard.edu', 'trackern1'); ga( 'trackern1.require', 'displayfeatures'); ga( 'trackern1.require', 'linkid'); ga( 'trackern1.set', 'dimension1', 'signed_out' ); ga( 'trackern1.set', 'dimension2', 'none' ); ga( 'trackern1.send', 'pageview'); ga( 'create', ' UA-44468534-1', 'hsph.harvard.edu', 'trackern2'); ga( 'trackern2.require', 'displayfeatures'); ga( 'trackern2.require', 'linkid'); ga( 'trackern2.set', 'dimension1', 'signed_out' ); ga( 'trackern2.set', 'dimension2', 'none' ); ga( 'trackern2.send', 'pageview'); </script>   <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-XL6K');</script>  <meta http-equiv="content-language" content="en-us" /> <meta name="copyright" content="Copyright (c) 2024 The President and Fellows of Harvard College" /> <style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style>  <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:title" content="News" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Public Health News at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="News" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://content.sph.harvard.edu/social-share.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@harvardchansph" />  <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> /*covid-reflections*/ .lb-vid-holder { border: 1px solid rgba(21, 23, 26, 0.125); border-radius: 0.1875rem; overflow:hidden; padding-bottom: 4px; max-width: 768px; } .lb-play-button { position: absolute; display: flex; height: 100%; width: 100%; align-items: flex-end; padding: 1rem 1.125rem; } .hsph-bootstrap .modal-dialog { max-height: calc((9 / 16) * (100vh + 50px)) !important; max-width: calc(100vh + 50px) !important; } .hsph-bootstrap .modal-content { box-shadow: none !important; background: transparent !important; border: none !important } .hsph-bootstrap .modal { background-color: #484c58c7; backdrop-filter: blur(10px); } .lb-play-button i { text-shadow: 0 0 16px #484c58; } /*padding corrections bootstrap columns*/ .hsph-bootstrap .row { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-right: -0.75rem; margin-left: -0.75rem; } .hsph-bootstrap .col-1, .hsph-bootstrap .col-2, .hsph-bootstrap .col-3, .hsph-bootstrap .col-4, .hsph-bootstrap .col-5, .hsph-bootstrap .col-6, .hsph-bootstrap .col-7, .hsph-bootstrap .col-8, .hsph-bootstrap .col-9, .hsph-bootstrap .col-10, .hsph-bootstrap .col-11, .hsph-bootstrap .col-12, .hsph-bootstrap .col, .hsph-bootstrap .col-auto, .hsph-bootstrap .col-sm-1, .hsph-bootstrap .col-sm-2, .hsph-bootstrap .col-sm-3, .hsph-bootstrap .col-sm-4, .hsph-bootstrap .col-sm-5, .hsph-bootstrap .col-sm-6, .hsph-bootstrap .col-sm-7, .hsph-bootstrap .col-sm-8, .hsph-bootstrap .col-sm-9, .hsph-bootstrap .col-sm-10, .hsph-bootstrap .col-sm-11, .hsph-bootstrap .col-sm-12, .hsph-bootstrap .col-sm, .hsph-bootstrap .col-sm-auto, .hsph-bootstrap .col-md-1, .hsph-bootstrap .col-md-2, .hsph-bootstrap .col-md-3, .hsph-bootstrap .col-md-4, .hsph-bootstrap .col-md-5, .hsph-bootstrap .col-md-6, .hsph-bootstrap .col-md-7, .hsph-bootstrap .col-md-8, .hsph-bootstrap .col-md-9, .hsph-bootstrap .col-md-10, .hsph-bootstrap .col-md-11, .hsph-bootstrap .col-md-12, .hsph-bootstrap .col-md, .hsph-bootstrap .col-md-auto, .hsph-bootstrap .col-lg-1, .hsph-bootstrap .col-lg-2, .hsph-bootstrap .col-lg-3, .hsph-bootstrap .col-lg-4, .hsph-bootstrap .col-lg-5, .hsph-bootstrap .col-lg-6, .hsph-bootstrap .col-lg-7, .hsph-bootstrap .col-lg-8, .hsph-bootstrap .col-lg-9, .hsph-bootstrap .col-lg-10, .hsph-bootstrap .col-lg-11, .hsph-bootstrap .col-lg-12, .hsph-bootstrap .col-lg, .hsph-bootstrap .col-lg-auto, .hsph-bootstrap .col-xl-1, .hsph-bootstrap .col-xl-2, .hsph-bootstrap .col-xl-3, .hsph-bootstrap .col-xl-4, .hsph-bootstrap .col-xl-5, .hsph-bootstrap .col-xl-6, .hsph-bootstrap .col-xl-7, .hsph-bootstrap .col-xl-8, .hsph-bootstrap .col-xl-9, .hsph-bootstrap .col-xl-10, .hsph-bootstrap .col-xl-11, .hsph-bootstrap .col-xl-12, .hsph-bootstrap .col-xl, .hsph-bootstrap .col-xl-auto { position: relative; width: 100%; padding-right: 0.75rem; padding-left: 0.75rem; } /*add these styles to embed permanently*/ .hsph-bootstrap .embed-responsive { margin-bottom: 1.5rem; } /* Welcome to Custom CSS! CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is a kind of code that tells the browser how to render a web page. You may delete these comments and get started with your customizations. By default, your stylesheet will be loaded after the theme stylesheets, which means that your rules can take precedence and override the theme CSS rules. Just write here what you want to change, you don't need to copy all your theme's stylesheet content. */ .jump-nav { width: 0; height: 0; float: left; position: relative; left: -9999px; top: -80px; } /*temporary bootstrap styling */ /*content highlight h4 and h3 size override*/ .entry-content .hsph-bootstrap h4, .entry-content .hsph-bootstrap .h4 { font-size: 1.25rem; line-height: 1.2; } .entry-content .hsph-bootstrap h3, .entry-content .hsph-bootstrap .h3 { font-size: 1.375rem; line-height: 1.2; } /*end temporary bootstrap styling */ .page-elements-content-box { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 3px 0 rgba(72, 76, 88, 0.2), 0 1px 4px 0px rgba(72, 76, 88, 0.23); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 3px 0 rgba(72, 76, 88, 0.2), 0 1px 4px 0px rgba(72, 76, 88, 0.23); box-shadow: 0 1px 3px 0 rgba(72, 76, 88, 0.2), 0 1px 4px 0px rgba(72, 76, 88, 0.23); margin-bottom: 1em; } .entry-content .page-elements-content-box h3 { font-size: 20px; font-size: 1.25rem; } .page-elements-content-box .box-read-more a { font-family: 'proxima-nova', "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; } .news-mailing-cta button { display: block; background-color:transparent; padding: 0; margin-top:12px; margin-bottom: 2px; } .news-mailing-cta { padding: 16px 15px 13px 16px; background-color: #f0f0f2; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: 0 1px 3px 0 rgba(72, 76, 88, 0.2), 0 1px 4px 0px rgba(72, 76, 88, 0.23); } .news-mailing-cta h2 { margin-bottom: 8px; color:#484c58; } .news-mailing-cta button a { display:block; color: #fff; font-size: 14px; font-size: .875rem; line-height: 1.25; letter-spacing: 0.9px; text-transform: uppercase; text-decoration: none; color: #fff; text-align: center; padding: 9px 15px; margin-left: -2px; background-color: #007dad; border-radius: 100px; -webkit-transition: background-color 160ms cubic-bezier(.65, .05, .36, 1); -moz-transition: background-color 160ms cubic-bezier(.65, .05, .36, 1); -ms-transition: background-color 160ms cubic-bezier(.65, .05, .36, 1); -o-transition: background-color 160ms cubic-bezier(.65, .05, .36, 1); transition: background-color 160ms cubic-bezier(.65, .05, .36, 1); } .news-mailing-cta button a:hover { background-color:#0e5d79; } .news-mailing-cta i { font-size: 11px; font-weight: lighter; display: inline-block; color: #f0f0f2; background-color: #484c58; padding: 5px; border-radius: 20px; margin-right: 5px; position: relative; top: -3px; left: -2px; } .gallery-caption { background: none; box-sizing: none; color: #000; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em !important; margin: 0; max-height: 50%; opacity: 1; padding: 2px 8px; position: static; bottom: 0; left: 0; text-align: left; -webkit-transition: none; transition: none; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 0 !important; } .gallery-caption:before { box-shadow: none; content: ""; height: 100%; min-height: 49px; position: relative; left: 0; top: 0; width: 100%; } .blog .format-gallery .gallery, .archive .format-gallery .gallery, .single .format-gallery .gallery, .page .gallery, .search .format-gallery .gallery { margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 608px; } .page .gallery-item { display: block; height: 100%; margin-right: 10px !important; max-height: 100%; max-width: 100%; overflow: visible; width: 148px; } .page .gallery-item img { height: auto; max-height: 148px; max-width: none; width: auto; } .page .gallery-item .portrait img { height: auto; max-height: none; max-width: 148px; width: 100%; } .page .gallery-item .gallery-icon { height: auto; -webkit-transform: none; -ms-transform: none; transform: none; width: auto; } .page .gallery-item .gallery-icon img { -webkit-transform: none; -ms-transform: none; transform: none; } .page .gallery br { display: block; } .list-news_home_student_story img { display: none !important; } span.faq-updated { font-family: 'proxima-nova', "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 1px; background-color: #ffbb33; padding: 3px 5px 1px 6px; margin-right: 6px; margin-top: 1px; color: black; border-radius: 3px; } @media screen and (max-width: 920px) { figure.alignright, figure.alignleft, img.alignright, img.alignleft { width: 50% !important; } } @media screen and (max-width: 767px) { .page-elements-content-box.page-elements-content-boxes-width-addition { flex: 0 0 calc(50% - 1em); } } @media screen and (max-width: 750px) { .page-template-no-left-sidebar .content-area { padding-right: 0; } } @media screen and (max-width: 720px) { figure.alignright, figure.alignleft, img.alignright, img.alignleft { width: 100% !important; } } @media screen and (max-width: 480px) { .page-elements-content-box.page-elements-content-boxes-width-addition { flex: 0 0 calc(100% - 1em); } } a.multisite-terms-explore { color: #a51c30; font-size: 17px; font-size: 1.063rem; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0; font-weight: 600; } /* adds the carrots on hover just for fun */ a.multisite-terms-explore:hover:after { content:" 禄"; } /*better off season 2 page customization*/ .page-id-111354857829 #primary:before { content: ""; position: absolute; display: block; background: url("https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2022/11/202210_Better_off_Home_aura2.png"); background-size: contain; background-repeat: no-repeat; width: 100vw; height: 100vh; margin-top: -30px; z-index: 0; opacity: 0.5; } .page-id-111354857829 #breadcrumbs { background-color: #484c58; color: #fff; } .page-id-111354857829 #breadcrumbs a { color: #e8f1f7; } .page-id-111354857829 .hsph-bootstrap .list-group:nth-of-type(1) .list-group-item { background-color: #f7f7f7; } </style> <style id="kirki-inline-styles"></style></head> <body class="blog multitaxo multisite-taxonomy-archive has-sidebar hfeed"> <script> window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId : '1019010578192159', xfbml : true, version : 'v2.7' }); FB.AppEvents.logPageView(); }; (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); </script> <div class="wrapper" id="wrapper"> <div id="navbar" class="navbar"> <div id="nav-utility-menu" class="nav-utility-menu"></div> <div id="nav-primary-menu" class="nav-primary-menu"></div> <div id="nav-audience-menu" class="nav-audience-menu"></div> </div> <button id="main-menu-toggle" class="main-menu-toggle">Menu</button> <button id="main-menu-caption" class="main-menu-caption"><span id="main-menu-caption-text" class="main-menu-caption-text">Close Menu</span></button> <div id="page" class="site"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a> <header id="masthead" class="site-header" role="banner"> <div id="audience-bar"> <div id="site-audience-menu" class="site-audience-menu"> <span class="information-for">Information For:</span> <nav id="audience-navigation" class="audience-navigation" aria-label="Audience Menu"> <div class="menu-audience-menu-container"><ul id="menu-audience-menu" class="hsph-audience-menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113411"><a href="/admissions/">Prospective Students</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113412"><a href="/current-students/">Current Students</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113413"><a href="https://alumni.sph.harvard.edu">Alumni</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113414"><a href="/faculty-staff/">Faculty & Staff</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113415"><a href="/giving/">Friends & Supporters</a></li> </ul></div> </nav> </div> <div id="index-search"> <div id="search"> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="/search"> <label> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> <input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Search…" value="" name="q" id="q" title="Search for:" /> </label> <button type="submit" value="Search" aria-label="Search for:" class="search-submit"> </button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-header-main"> <div class="site-branding"> <div class="site-title"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/" rel="home">Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health</a></div> </div> <div id="site-utility-menu" class="site-utility-menu"> <nav id="utility-navigation" class="utility-navigation" aria-label="Utility Menu"> <div class="menu-quicklinks-menu-container"><ul id="menu-quicklinks-menu" class="hsph-utility-menu"><li id="menu-item-111354113419" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113419"><a href="/email/">Email</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113417" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113417"><a href="/people/">People</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113422" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113422"><a href="/academics/">Departments</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113416" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113416"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/events/">Calendar</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113418" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113418"><a href="/employment/">Careers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113421" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113421"><a title="Manage Student Information" href="https://my.harvard.edu">my.harvard</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113420" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113420"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/giving/">Giving</a></li> </ul></div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="site-header-menu" class="site-header-menu">  <nav id="site-navigation" class="main-navigation" aria-label="Primary Menu"> <div class="menu-main-navigation-container"><ul id="menu-main-navigation" class="hsph-primary-menu"><li id="menu-item-111354113405" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113405"><a href="/about/">About</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113406" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113406"><a href="/faculty-research/">Faculty & Research</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113407" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113407"><a href="/admissions/">Admissions & Aid</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113408" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113408"><a href="/departments/">Academics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113409" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113409"><a href="/ecpe/">Executive/Continuing Ed</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113410" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113410"><a href="/news/">News</a></li> </ul></div> </nav>  </div> </header> <div id="content" class="site-content"> <div class="page-header"> <div class="page-title" > News </div> </div> <div id="breadcrumbs" class="hsph-site-title-present">  <a title="Go to Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health." href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu" class="main-home"> </a> > <a title="Go to News." href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news" class="home">News</a> </div> <div id="primary" class="content-area "> <div id="left-nav" class="left-nav" role="navigation"> <div class="section-title"> <a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/" rel="home">News</a> <button class="dropdown-toggle" aria-expanded="false"><span class="screen-reader-text">Menu</span></button> </div> <div class="left-collapse-container"> <div id="left-search"> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/"> <label> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> <input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Search this section" value="" name="s" title="Search for:" /> </label> <button type="submit" value="Search" aria-label="Search for:" class="search-submit"> </button> </form> </div> <div id="site-left-menu" class="site-left-menu"> <nav id="site-left-nav" class="left-navigation" aria-label="Section Menu"> <div class="menu-main-menu-container"><ul id="menu-main-menu" class="hsph-lefthand-menu"><li id="menu-item-14" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-home menu-item-14"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news">News Home</a></li> <li id="menu-item-15" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-15"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/">Press Releases</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-111354858951" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-pr_categories menu-item-111354858951"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/pr_categories/2023-release/">2023 Releases</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354858950" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-pr_categories menu-item-111354858950"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/pr_categories/2022-release/">2022 Releases</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354858952" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-pr_categories menu-item-111354858952"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/pr_categories/2021-release/">2021 Releases</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354850754" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-pr_categories menu-item-111354850754"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/pr_categories/2020-release/">2020 Releases</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354842340" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354842340"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-release/2019/">2019 Releases</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354840032" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354840032"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-release/2018/">2018 Releases</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354840031" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354840031"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-release/2017/">2017 Releases</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354828263" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-pr_categories menu-item-111354828263"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/pr_categories/2016-release/">2016 Releases</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354821590" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354821590"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-release/2015/">2015 Releases</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354821589" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354821589"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-release/2014/">2014 Releases</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354815946" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354815946"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-release/2013/">2013 Releases</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354808983" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354808983"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-release/2012/">2012 Releases</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354808984" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354808984"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-release/2011/">2011 Releases</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354811351" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-111354811351"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases-search/">Search the press releases archive</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-111354806187" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354806187"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/features/">Features</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354806189" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354806189"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/hsph-in-the-news/">In the News</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354811424" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-111354811424"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multimedia-article/">Multimedia</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-111354857611" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-multimedia_categories menu-item-111354857611"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multimedia_categories/2022/">2022 Multimedia</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354852701" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-multimedia_categories menu-item-111354852701"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multimedia_categories/2021/">2021 Multimedia</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354846972" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-multimedia_categories menu-item-111354846972"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multimedia_categories/2020/">2020 Multimedia</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354842402" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354842402"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multimedia_categories/2019/">2019 Multimedia</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354837006" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-multimedia_categories menu-item-111354837006"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multimedia_categories/2018/">2018 Multimedia</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354832186" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-multimedia_categories menu-item-111354832186"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multimedia_categories/2017/">2017 Multimedia</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354828430" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-multimedia_categories menu-item-111354828430"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multimedia_categories/2016/">2016 Multimedia</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354828429" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-multimedia_categories menu-item-111354828429"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multimedia_categories/2015-3/">2015 Multimedia</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354820301" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354820301"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multimedia-article/2014/">2014 Multimedia</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354811418" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354811418"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multimedia-article/2013/">2013 Multimedia</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354811419" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354811419"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multimedia-article/2012/">2012 Multimedia</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-111354806191" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354806191"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/magazine/">HPH Magazine</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354811539" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-111354811539"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/multitaxo/tag/faculty-stories/">Faculty Stories</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-111354863180" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-featured-news-story menu-item-111354863180"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/features/faculty-news-summer-2024/">Faculty News – Summer 2024</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354863177" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-111354863177"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/faculty-news-winter-2024/">Faculty News – Winter 2024</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-111354811540" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-111354811540"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/multitaxo/tag/student-stories/">Student Stories</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-111354841520" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354841520"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/student-news-notes-and-accolades/">Student News, Notes, and Accolades</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-111354811541" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-111354811541"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/multitaxo/tag/alumni-stories/">Alumni Stories</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-111354863179" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-featured-news-story menu-item-111354863179"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/features/alumni-news-summer-2024/">Alumni News – Summer 2024</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354863178" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-111354863178"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/alumni-news-winter-2024/">Alumni News – Winter 2024</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-111354811542" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354811542"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/multitaxo/topic/">Explore Research by Topic</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354812124" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354812124"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/communications/">Office of Communications</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354853239" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354853239"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/giving/how-to-make-a-gift/">Make a Gift</a></li> </ul></div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <main id="main" class="site-main"> <article id="post-111354830651" class="post-111354830651 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized">  <header class="entry-header"><h1 class="entry-title">All Topics: </h1></header> <div class="entry-content"> <div class="alphabetical_index"> <ul> <li><a href="#a" title="View all links in A">A</a></li> <li><a href="#b" title="View all links in B">B</a></li> <li><a href="#c" title="View all links in C">C</a></li> <li><a href="#d" title="View all links in D">D</a></li> <li><a href="#e" title="View all links in E">E</a></li> <li><a href="#f" title="View all links in F">F</a></li> <li><a href="#g" title="View all links in G">G</a></li> <li><a href="#h" title="View all links in H">H</a></li> <li><a href="#i" title="View all links in I">I</a></li> <li><span>J</span></li> <li><span>K</span></li> <li><a href="#l" title="View all links in L">L</a></li> <li><a href="#m" title="View all links in M">M</a></li> <li><a href="#n" title="View all links in N">N</a></li> <li><a href="#o" title="View all links in O">O</a></li> <li><a href="#p" title="View all links in P">P</a></li> <li><span>Q</span></li> <li><a href="#r" title="View all links in R">R</a></li> <li><a href="#s" title="View all links in S">S</a></li> <li><a href="#t" title="View all links in T">T</a></li> <li><a href="#u" title="View all links in U">U</a></li> <li><a href="#v" title="View all links in V">V</a></li> <li><a href="#w" title="View all links in W">W</a></li> <li><span>X</span></li> <li><span>Y</span></li> <li><a href="#z" title="View all links in Z">Z</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="topic-container"> <div class="topic-block"> <h2 id="a" class="topic-letter">A</h2> <ul class="topic-list"> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/abortion/">abortion</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/addiction/">addiction</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/affordable-care-act/">Affordable Care Act</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/aging/">aging</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/air-pollution/">air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/alcohol/">alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/antibiotics/">antibiotics</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/artificial-intelligence/">artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/asthma/">asthma</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/autism/">autism</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="topic-block"> <h2 id="b" class="topic-letter">B</h2> <ul class="topic-list"> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/behavioral-sciences/">behavioral sciences</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/big-data/">big data</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/biostatistics/">biostatistics</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/black-history-month/">Black History Month</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/built-environment/">built environment</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="topic-block"> <h2 id="c" class="topic-letter">C</h2> <ul class="topic-list"> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/calcium-and-milk/">calcium and milk</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/cancer/">cancer</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/carbohydrates/">carbohydrates</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/carceral-system/">carceral system</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/cardiovascular-disease/">cardiovascular disease</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/chemical/">chemical</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/chemical-exposure/">chemical exposure</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/child-health/">child health</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/cholesterol/">cholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/chronic-disease/">chronic disease</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/climate-change/">climate change</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/coffee/">coffee</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/communicable-disease/">communicable disease</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/comparative-effectiveness/">comparative effectiveness</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/coronavirus/">coronavirus</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/cov/">cov</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/covid-19/">COVID-19</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="topic-block"> <h2 id="d" class="topic-letter">D</h2> <ul class="topic-list"> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/dementia/">dementia</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/dengue/">dengue</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/diabetes/">diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/dietary-supplements/">dietary supplements</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/digital-health/">digital health</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/disasters-and-conflict/">disasters and conflict</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/discrimination/">discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/distracted-driving/">distracted driving</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/drug-resistance/">drug resistance</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="topic-block"> <h2 id="e" class="topic-letter">E</h2> <ul class="topic-list"> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/ecigarettes/">e-cigarettes</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/eating-disorders/">eating disorders</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/ebola/">Ebola</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/education/">education</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/election-2024/">Election 2024</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/electronic-medical-records/">electronic medical records</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/emergency-preparedness/">emergency preparedness</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/environmental-health/">environmental health</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/epidemic/">epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/epidemics/">epidemics</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/epidemiology/">epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/executive-education/">executive education</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/exercise/">exercise</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="topic-block"> <h2 id="f" class="topic-letter">F</h2> <ul class="topic-list"> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/fats/">fats</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/fertility/">fertility</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/fiber/">fiber</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/fish/">fish</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/flourishing/">flourishing</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/food-insecurity/">food insecurity</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="topic-block"> <h2 id="g" class="topic-letter">G</h2> <ul class="topic-list"> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/genetics/">genetics</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/global-health/">global health</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/guns/">guns</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="topic-block"> <h2 id="h" class="topic-letter">H</h2> <ul class="topic-list"> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/happiness/">happiness</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/harvardx/">HarvardX</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/health-care/">health care</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/health-com/">health com</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/health-communication/">health communication</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/health-costs/">health costs</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/health-disparities/">health disparities</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/health-policy/">health policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/health-reform/">health reform</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/health-systems/">health systems</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/health-technology/">health technology</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/healthy-diet/">healthy diet</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/healthy-diets/">healthy diets</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/healthy-eating/">healthy eating</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/healthy-eating-plate/">Healthy Eating Plate</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/healthy-eating-pyramid/">Healthy Eating Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/healthy-fats/">healthy fats</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/healthy-lifestyles/">healthy lifestyles</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/healthy-weight/">healthy weight</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/heart-disease/">heart disease</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/heat/">heat</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/hiv/">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/hiv-aids/">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/homelessness/">homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/hospitals/">hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/human-rights/">human rights</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/human-trafficking/">human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/humanitarian-aid/">humanitarian aid</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="topic-block"> <h2 id="i" class="topic-letter">I</h2> <ul class="topic-list"> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/immigration/">immigration</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/immunology/">immunology</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/impact-stories/">impact stories</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/infectious/">infectious</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/infectious-diseases/">infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/inflammation/">inflammation</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/influenza/">influenza</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/injuries/">injuries</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="topic-block"> <h2 id="l" class="topic-letter">L</h2> <ul class="topic-list"> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/lead/">lead</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/leadership/">leadership</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/lgbtq/">LGBTQ</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="topic-block"> <h2 id="m" class="topic-letter">M</h2> <ul class="topic-list"> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/malaria/">malaria</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/maternal-health/">maternal health</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/measles/">Measles</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/medical-errors/">medical errors</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/mental-health/">mental health</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/microbiome/">microbiome</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/monkeypox/">monkeypox</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="topic-block"> <h2 id="n" class="topic-letter">N</h2> <ul class="topic-list"> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/noncommunicable-diseases/">noncommunicable diseases</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/nursing/">nursing</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/nutrition/">nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/nuts/">nuts</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="topic-block"> <h2 id="o" class="topic-letter">O</h2> <ul class="topic-list"> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/obesity/">obesity</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/occupational-health/">occupational health</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/occupational-safety/">occupational safety</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/omega-3/">omega 3</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/online-education/">online education</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/opioids/">opioids</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="topic-block"> <h2 id="p" class="topic-letter">P</h2> <ul class="topic-list"> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/particulate-matter/">particulate matter</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/personalized-medicine/">personalized medicine</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/pfass/">PFASs</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/planetary-health/">planetary health</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/plant-based-diet/">plant-based diet</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/populations/">populations</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/protein/">protein</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/ptsd/">PTSD</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/public-opinion/">public opinion</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="topic-block"> <h2 id="r" class="topic-letter">R</h2> <ul class="topic-list"> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/racism/">racism</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/recipes/">recipes</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/red-meat/">red meat</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/remote/">remote</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/remote-work/">remote work</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/reproductive-health/">reproductive health</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="topic-block"> <h2 id="s" class="topic-letter">S</h2> <ul class="topic-list"> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/salt-and-sodium/">salt and sodium</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/sexual-health/">sexual health</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/sleep/">sleep</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/social-determinants/">social determinants</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/solitary-confinement/">solitary confinement</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/stress/">stress</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/substance-use-disorder/">substance use disorder</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/sugar/">sugar</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/sugary-beverages/">sugary beverages</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/suicide/">suicide</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/surgery/">surgery</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/sustainability/">sustainability</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="topic-block"> <h2 id="t" class="topic-letter">T</h2> <ul class="topic-list"> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/telecommute/">telecommute</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/tobacco/">tobacco</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/toxic-metals/">toxic metals</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/transgender/">transgender</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/transportation/">transportation</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/trauma/">trauma</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/tuberculosis/">tuberculosis</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="topic-block"> <h2 id="u" class="topic-letter">U</h2> <ul class="topic-list"> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/unhealthy-lifestyles/">unhealthy lifestyles</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="topic-block"> <h2 id="v" class="topic-letter">V</h2> <ul class="topic-list"> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/vaccines/">vaccines</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/vegan/">vegan</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/vegetables-and-fruit/">vegetables and fruit</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/vegetarian/">vegetarian</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/violence/">violence</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/vitamins/">vitamins</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="topic-block"> <h2 id="w" class="topic-letter">W</h2> <ul class="topic-list"> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/water-pollution/">water pollution</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/well-being/">well-being</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/whole-grains/">whole grains</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/wildfires/">wildfires</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/women/">women</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/womens-health/">women's health</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/women-and-health/">women鈥檚 health</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/work-from-home/">work from home</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="topic-block"> <h2 id="z" class="topic-letter">Z</h2> <ul class="topic-list"> <li><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/zika/">Zika</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="byline"><span class="author vcard"><img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2a001160ea81245542e74e8c09b2cdef?s=49&d=mm&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2a001160ea81245542e74e8c09b2cdef?s=98&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-49 photo' height='49' width='49' decoding='async'/><span class="screen-reader-text">Author </span> <a class="url fn n" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/author/anf644-2/">Anna Fisher-Pinkert</a></span></span> <span class="posted-on"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Posted on</span> <a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/podcast-inside-your-microbiome/" rel="bookmark"> <time class="entry-date" datetime="2016-08-26T14:52:59-04:00">August 26, 2016</time> <time class="updated" datetime="2019-05-29T17:45:28-04:00" hidden>May 29, 2019</time> </a> </span> <span class="cat-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Categories </span><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/category/uncategorized/" rel="category tag">Uncategorized</a></span> </footer> </article> </main> <aside id="secondary" class="sidebar widget-area" role="complementary"> <section id="hsph_related_news_topics-2" class="widget widget_hsph_related_news_topics"> <h2 class="widget-title">Related Articles </h2> <div id='news-related-topics-container'> <div id="news-related-topics-container"> <div class="related-topics-cloud"> <a data-topic="740" class="active-topic" href=" https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/microbiome/">microbiome</a> </div> <div class="related-topics-links"> <div data-topic="740" class="active-topic"> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/?p=111354864236">Vaginal microbiome research uncovers new findings for women鈥檚 health</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/?p=111354863665">The microbiome is worlds within worlds</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/?p=111354863313">Study links gut microbiome changes to increased risk of type 2 diabetes</a></li> </ul> <div class="related-more-link"> <a href=" https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/microbiome/">More on this topic</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section><section id="text-116" class="widget widget_text"> <div class="textwidget"><p><a class="multisite-terms-explore" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/multitaxo/topic/"><strong>Explore HSPH research by topic</strong></a></p> </div> </section> </aside> </div> </div> <footer id="colophon" class="site-footer" role="contentinfo"> <div id="footer-audience-menu" class="footer-audience-menu"> <span class="footer-information-for">Information For:</span> <nav id="footer-audience-navigation" class="footer-audience-navigation" aria-label="Audience Menu"> <div class="menu-audience-menu-container"><ul id="menu-audience-menu" class="hsph-audience-menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113411"><a href="/admissions/">Prospective Students</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113412"><a href="/current-students/">Current Students</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113413"><a href="https://alumni.sph.harvard.edu">Alumni</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113414"><a href="/faculty-staff/">Faculty & Staff</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113415"><a href="/giving/">Friends & Supporters</a></li> </ul></div> </nav> </div> <div id="footer-primary-menu" class="footer-primary-menu"> <nav id="footer-primary-navigation" class="footer-primary-navigation" aria-label="Primary Menu"> <div class="menu-footer-menu-container"><ul id="menu-footer-menu" class="hsph-footer-primary-menu"><li id="menu-item-111354113445" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-111354113445"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/about/">About</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-111354113446" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113446"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/about/quick-facts/">Quick Facts</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113447" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113447"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/harvard-chan-naming-gift/">Renaming the School</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113448" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113448"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/deans-office/">Office of the Dean</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113449" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113449"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/about/location-and-facilities/">Location and Facilities</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113450" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113450"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/about/administrative-offices/">Administrative Offices</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113451" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113451"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/about/contact-us/">Contact Us</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-111354113452" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-111354113452"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-research/">Faculty and Research</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-111354113453" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113453"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty/">Faculty and Researcher Directory</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113454" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113454"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/departments/">Academic Departments, Divisions and Centers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113455" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113455"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/world-map/">International Research</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113456" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113456"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/postdoctoral-research-fellows/">Postdoctoral Research Fellows</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113457" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113457"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/">Office of Faculty Affairs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113458" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113458"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/searches/">Faculty Searches</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113459" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113459"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/diversity/">Office of Diversity and Inclusion</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-111354113460" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-111354113460"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/admissions/">Admissions & Aid</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-111354113461" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113461"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/admissions/why-harvard-chan/">Why Harvard Chan</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113462" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113462"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/admissions/degree-programs/">Degree Programs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113463" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113463"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/admissions/non-degree-programs/">Non-Degree Programs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113464" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113464"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/admissions/financial-aid/">Financial Aid</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113465" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113465"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/admissions/student-experience/">Student Experience</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113466" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113466"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/admissions/careers/">Career Advancement</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113467" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113467"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/admissions/admissions/">Apply</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-111354113468" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-111354113468"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/departments/">Academics</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-111354113469" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113469"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/departments/#academicdepartments">Academic Departments</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113482" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113482"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/departments/#divisions">Divisions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113470" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113470"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/departments/#researchcenters">Research Centers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113472" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113472"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/departments/#flagshipinitiatives">Flagship Initiatives</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113473" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113473"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/departments/#internationalresearch">International Research</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113475" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113475"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/research-strategy-and-development/">Research Administration and Support</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113474" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113474"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/admissions/degree-programs/">Degree Programs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113476" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113476"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/departments/#Fellowships-and-Residencies">Fellowships and Residencies</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113477" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113477"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/departments/#summerprograms">Summer Programs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113478" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113478"><a href="https://ecpe.sph.harvard.edu/">Continuing Professional Education</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113615" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113615"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/admissions/degree-programs/interdisciplinary-concentrations/">Interdisciplinary Concentrations</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113616" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113616"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/registrar/academic-calendar/">Academic Calendar</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113617" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113617"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1904/2015/12/Harvard-Chan-Viewbook-2015-162.pdf">Harvard Chan Viewbook</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-111354113479" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-111354113479"><a href="/ecpe/">Executive/Continuing Ed</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-111354113483" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113483"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/programs/">Program Offerings</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113484" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113484"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/programs-for-organizations/">Custom Programs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113485" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113485"><a href="https://execed2.sph.harvard.edu/executive-education-program-portfolio">Request Information</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113486" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113486"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/news/">News and Resources</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113487" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113487"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/about/">About ECPE</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113488" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113488"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/contact/">Contact</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-111354113480" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-111354113480"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/">News</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-111354113493" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113493"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/features/">Featured News</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113494" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113494"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/">Press Releases</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113495" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113495"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/multitaxo/tag/student-stories/">Student Stories</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113496" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113496"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/hsph-in-the-news/">In the News</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113497" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113497"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/newsletters/">Newsletters</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113498" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113498"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/magazine/">HPH Magazine</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113500" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113500"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/why-public-health/">Why Public Health?</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul></div> </nav> </div> <div class="site-info"> <div class="site-footer-logo"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/" rel="home">Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health</a></div> <address class="vcard"> <div class="adr"> <span class="street-address">677 Huntington Avenue</span>, <span class="locality">Boston</span>, <abbr class="region" title="Massachusetts">MA</abbr> <span class="postal-code">02115</span> </div> </address> </div> <div id="footer-social-menu" class="footer-social-menu"> <nav id="footer-social-navigation" class="footer-social-navigation" aria-label="Primary Menu"> <div class="menu-footer-social-container"><ul id="menu-footer-social" class="social-navigation"><li id="menu-item-111354108407" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354108407"><a title="Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://twitter.com/HarvardChanSPH">Twitter</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354108408" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354108408"><a title="Facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://www.facebook.com/harvardpublichealth">Facebook</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354108409" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354108409"><a title="YouTube" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/HarvardPublicHealth">YouTube</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354108411" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354108411"><a title="LinkedIn" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://www.linkedin.com/edu/school?id=20305&trk=tyah">LinkedIn</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113570" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113570"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/harvardchansph/">Instagram</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354108412" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354108412"><a title="iTunes U" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/harvard-public-health/id1079574471">iTunes</a></li> </ul></div> </nav> </div> <div id="footer-footer-menu" class="footer-footer-menu"> <nav id="footer-navigation" class="footer-navigation" aria-label="Primary Menu"> <div class="menu-sub-footer-menu-container"><ul id="menu-sub-footer-menu" class="hsph-footer-menu"><li id="menu-item-1020" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-1020"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/">Harvard Chan Home</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354105449" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-111354105449"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/about/contact-us/">Contact us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354105212" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354105212"><a href="https://www.harvard.edu">Harvard University Home</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1021" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1021"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/giving/">Make a Gift</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354108039" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-111354108039"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354165484" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354165484"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/admissions/admissions/nondiscrimination-policy/">Nondiscrimination Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354105198" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354105198"><a href="https://www.harvard.edu/copyright-issue">Report Copyright Violation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354119821" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354119821"><a title="Online Accessibility at Harvard University" href="https://accessibility.harvard.edu/">Accessibility</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354167382" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354167382"><a href="https://accessibility.huit.harvard.edu/digital-accessibility-policy">Digital Accessibility</a></li> </ul></div> </nav> </div> <div id="copyright" class="copyright"> Copyright © 2024 The President and Fellows of Harvard College </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="menu-mask"></div>  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-XL6K" height="0" width="0" title="Google tag manager" aria-hidden="true" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <script> // Slide controls for the sub brand carousel template jQuery(document).ready(function($) { if ( $('#sidebar-carousel-widget .flexslider').length && $().flexslider ) { $('#sidebar-carousel-widget .flexslider').flexslider({ animation: 'fade', prevText: ' ', nextText: ' ', controlsContainer: '#hsph-carousel-widget-controls', }); } }); </script> <script> // Slide controls for the sub brand carousel template jQuery(document).ready(function($) { if ( $('#news-sidebar-carousel-widget .flexslider').length && $().flexslider ) { $('#news-sidebar-carousel-widget .flexslider').flexslider({ animation: 'fade', prevText: ' ', nextText: ' ', controlsContainer: '#hsph-news-carousel-widget-controls', }); } }); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-content/plugins/plugin-tagging/assets/js/hsph-plugin-tagging.js?ver=1.1.5" id="hsph-plugin-tagging-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-content/plugins/plugin-tinymce-tweaks/assets/js/jquery.tablesorter.min.js?ver=2.31.1" id="jquery-tablesorter-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-content/plugins/plugin-tinymce-tweaks/assets/js/hsph-table-sortable.js?ver=1.1.1" id="hsph-table-sortable-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/assets/js/jquery.flexslider-min.js?ver=1.3.101" id="jquery-flexslider-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016-child-news/js/news-front.js?ver=1.0" id="news_scripts-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/assets/js/skip-link-focus-fix.js?ver=1.3.101" id="hsph-skip-link-focus-fix-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="hsph-script-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var screenReaderText = {"expand":"<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">expand child menu<\/span>","collapse":"<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">collapse child menu<\/span>"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/assets/js/functions.js?ver=1.3.101" id="hsph-script-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/wp-content/plugins/plugin-design-system/assets/js/hsph-bootstrap.bundle.min.js?ver=1.4.12" id="hsph-bootstrap-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://stats.wp.com/e-202448.js" id="jetpack-stats-js" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack-stats-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ _stq = window._stq || []; _stq.push([ "view", JSON.parse("{\"v\":\"ext\",\"blog\":\"44963119\",\"post\":\"0\",\"tz\":\"-5\",\"srv\":\"www.hsph.harvard.edu\",\"j\":\"1:13.3.1\"}") ]); _stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "44963119", "0" ]); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRJS-26d49e9cd1d82010791","applicationID":"529647296","transactionName":"YlBRN0pRWBUDBU1dWFsacgBMWVkITRZYU1I=","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":314,"atts":"ThdSQQJLSxs=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>