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id="toc-Ferroxidase_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ferroxidase_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ferroxidase activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ferroxidase_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immune_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immune_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Immune response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immune_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Stress response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mitochondria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitochondria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Mitochondria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitochondria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yolk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yolk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Yolk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yolk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tissue_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tissue_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tissue distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tissue_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnostic_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnostic_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Diagnostic uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnostic_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diagnostic uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnostic_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Normal_ranges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Normal_ranges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Normal ranges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Normal_ranges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Deficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excess" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excess"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Excess</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excess-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_chronic_liver_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_chronic_liver_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>In chronic liver diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_chronic_liver_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Discovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ferritin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="فيريتين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيريتين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%86%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A9%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Արեան ֆերիթին – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Արեան ֆերիթին" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferritin" title="Ferritin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ferritin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feritin" title="Feritin – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Feritin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferritina" title="Ferritina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ferritina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferritin" title="Ferritin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ferritin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferritin" title="Ferritin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ferritin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Φερριτίνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φερριτίνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferritina" title="Ferritina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ferritina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferritino" title="Ferritino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ferritino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferritina" title="Ferritina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ferritina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="فریتین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فریتین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferritine" title="Ferritine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ferritine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferritina" title="Ferritina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ferritina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%A6%AC%ED%8B%B4" title="페리틴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페리틴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Ֆերիտին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆերիտին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feritin" title="Feritin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Feritin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feritin" title="Feritin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Feritin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferritina" title="Ferritina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ferritina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F" title="פריטין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פריטין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferritine" title="Ferritine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ferritine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3" title="フェリチン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フェリチン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferritin" title="Ferritin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ferritin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrytyna" title="Ferrytyna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ferrytyna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferritina" title="Ferritina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ferritina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Ферритин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ферритин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feritin" title="Feritin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Feritin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feritin" title="Feritin – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Feritin" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feritin" title="Feritin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Feritin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferritiini" title="Ferritiini – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ferritiini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferritin" title="Ferritin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ferritin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="เฟอร์ริติน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เฟอร์ริติน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Феритин – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Феритин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferritin" title="Ferritin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ferritin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="鐵蛋白 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鐵蛋白" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q22327449#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ferritin" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Iron-carrying protein</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Protein family</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Ferritin</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferritin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ferritin.png/220px-Ferritin.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ferritin.png/330px-Ferritin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ferritin.png/440px-Ferritin.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Structure of the murine ferritin complex<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12459904_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12459904-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd; color:inherit;">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; color:inherit;">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; color:inherit;">Ferritin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a></th><td class="infobox-data pfam" style="background-color: #eee; color:inherit;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/pfam/PF00210">PF00210</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a> clan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; color:inherit;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/set/pfam/CL0044/">CL0044</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/InterPro" title="InterPro">InterPro</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; color:inherit;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR008331">IPR008331</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Structural_Classification_of_Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural Classification of Proteins">SCOP2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; color:inherit;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scop2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/search?t=txt;q=1fha">1fha</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scop.berkeley.edu/pdb/code=1fha">SCOPe</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://supfam.org/SUPERFAMILY/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search_field=1fha">SUPFAM</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee; color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd; color:inherit;">Available protein structures:</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; color:inherit; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a>  </th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; color:inherit; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pfam.xfam.org/family/PF00210?tab=pdbBlock">structures</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prodata.swmed.edu/ecod/complete/search?kw=PF00210">ECOD</a>  </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; color:inherit; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; color:inherit; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=rcsb_polymer_entity_annotation.annotation_id:PF00210%20AND%20rcsb_polymer_entity_annotation.type:Pfam">RCSB PDB</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/search/index?pfam_accession:PF00210">PDBe</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdbj.org/search/pdb?other_db_select=PFam&other_db_field=PF00210">PDBj</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; color:inherit; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/PDBsum" title="PDBsum">PDBsum</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; color:inherit; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPfamStr.pl?pfam_id=PF00210">structure summary</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><a href="/wiki/Ferritin_light_chain" title="Ferritin light chain">ferritin, light polypeptide</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/Ferritin_light_chain" title="Ferritin light chain">FTL</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information#Gene" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI gene</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=2512&rn=1">2512</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/HUGO_Gene_Nomenclature_Committee" title="HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee">HGNC</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/HGNC:3999">3999</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/134790">134790</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/RefSeq" title="RefSeq">RefSeq</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NM_000146">NM_000146</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Swiss-Prot" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss-Prot">UniProt</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P02792">P02792</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Other data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Locus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_19_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 19 (human)">Chr. 19</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/search/?index=geneMap&search=19q13.3–13.4">q13.3–13.4</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Search for</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Structures</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/P02792">Swiss-model</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Domains</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/protein/P02792">InterPro</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><a href="/wiki/FTH1" title="FTH1">ferritin, heavy polypeptide 1</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/FTH1" title="FTH1">FTH1</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Alt. symbols</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">FTHL6</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information#Gene" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI gene</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=2495&rn=1">2495</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/HUGO_Gene_Nomenclature_Committee" title="HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee">HGNC</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/HGNC:3976">3976</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/134770">134770</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/RefSeq" title="RefSeq">RefSeq</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NM_002032">NM_002032</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Swiss-Prot" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss-Prot">UniProt</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P02794">P02794</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Other data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Locus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_11_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 11 (human)">Chr. 11</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/search/?index=geneMap&search=11q13">q13</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Search for</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Structures</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/P02794">Swiss-model</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Domains</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/protein/P02794">InterPro</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">ferritin mitochondrial</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitochondrial_Ferritin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mitochondrial_Ferritin.png/220px-Mitochondrial_Ferritin.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mitochondrial_Ferritin.png/330px-Mitochondrial_Ferritin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mitochondrial_Ferritin.png/440px-Mitochondrial_Ferritin.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Crystallographic structure of mitochondrial ferritin.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15201052_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15201052-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">FTMT</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information#Gene" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI gene</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=94033&rn=1">94033</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/HUGO_Gene_Nomenclature_Committee" title="HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee">HGNC</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/HGNC:17345">17345</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/608847">608847</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/RefSeq" title="RefSeq">RefSeq</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NM_177478">NM_177478</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Swiss-Prot" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss-Prot">UniProt</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8N4E7">Q8N4E7</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Other data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Locus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_5_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 5 (human)">Chr. 5</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/search/?index=geneMap&search=5q23.1">q23.1</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Search for</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Structures</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/Q8N4E7">Swiss-model</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Domains</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/protein/Q8N4E7">InterPro</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ferritin</b> is a universal intracellular and extracellular <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> that stores <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and releases it in a controlled fashion. The protein is produced by almost all living organisms, including <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Higher_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher plants">higher plants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>. It is the primary <i>intracellular iron-storage protein</i> in both <a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">prokaryotes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a>, keeping iron in a soluble and non-toxic form. In humans, it acts as a buffer against <a href="/wiki/Iron_deficiency" title="Iron deficiency">iron deficiency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_overload" title="Iron overload">iron overload</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ferritin is found in most tissues as a <a href="/wiki/Cytosol" title="Cytosol">cytosolic</a> protein, but small amounts are secreted into the <a href="/wiki/Serum_(blood)" title="Serum (blood)">serum</a> where it functions as an iron carrier. Plasma ferritin is also an indirect <a href="/wiki/Biomarker" title="Biomarker">marker</a> of the total amount of iron stored in the body; hence, serum ferritin is used as a <a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Diagnostic test">diagnostic test</a> for <a href="/wiki/Iron-deficiency_anemia" title="Iron-deficiency anemia">iron-deficiency anemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_overload" title="Iron overload">iron overload</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20304033_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20304033-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aggregated ferritin transforms into a water insoluble, crystalline and amorphous form of storage iron called <a href="/wiki/Hemosiderin" title="Hemosiderin">hemosiderin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ferritin is a <a href="/wiki/Globular_protein" title="Globular protein">globular protein</a> complex consisting of 24 <a href="/wiki/Protein_subunit" title="Protein subunit">protein subunits</a> forming a hollow spherical nanocage with multiple metal–protein interactions.<sup id="cite_ref-Theil2012_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theil2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferritin with iron removed is called <b>apoferritin</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kresge_2004_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kresge_2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: e10">: e10 </span></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gene">Gene</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferritin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Gene"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ferritin genes are highly <a href="/wiki/Conserved_sequence" title="Conserved sequence">conserved</a> between species. All vertebrate ferritin genes have three <a href="/wiki/Intron" title="Intron">introns</a> and four <a href="/wiki/Exon" title="Exon">exons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11986201_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11986201-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In human ferritin, introns are present between <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> <a href="/wiki/Residue_(chemistry)#Biochemistry" title="Residue (chemistry)">residues</a> 14 and 15, 34 and 35, and 82 and 83; in addition, there are one to two hundred <a href="/wiki/Untranslated_region" title="Untranslated region">untranslated bases</a> at either end of the combined exons.<sup id="cite_ref-Theil1987_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theil1987-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">tyrosine</a> residue at amino acid position 27 is thought to be associated with <a href="/wiki/Biomineralization" title="Biomineralization">biomineralization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-deZoysa2007_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deZoysa2007-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protein_structure">Protein structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferritin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Protein structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ferritin is a hollow <a href="/wiki/Globular_protein" title="Globular protein">globular protein</a> of mass 474 <a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">kDa</a> and comprising 24 subunits. Typically it has internal and external diameters of about 8 and 12 nm, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nature of these subunits varies by class of organism: </p> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>, the subunits are of two types, <a href="/wiki/Ferritin_light_chain" title="Ferritin light chain">light (L)</a> and <a href="/wiki/FTH1" title="FTH1">heavy (H)</a>, which have apparent molecular mass of 19 kDa and 21 kDa, respectively; their sequences are <a href="/wiki/Sequence_homology" title="Sequence homology">homologous</a> (about 50% identical).<sup id="cite_ref-Theil1987_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theil1987-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">Amphibians</a> have an additional ("M") type of ferritin.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews1992_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews1992-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> have a single ferritin; it most closely resembles the vertebrate H-type.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews1992_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews1992-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Gastropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropod">gastropods</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Lymnaea" title="Lymnaea">Lymnaea</a></i>, two types have been recovered, from <a href="/wiki/Somatic_(biology)" title="Somatic (biology)">somatic</a> cells and the <a href="/wiki/Yolk" title="Yolk">yolk</a>, respectively (see below).<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews1992_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews1992-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the pearl oyster <i><a href="/wiki/Pinctada_fucata" title="Pinctada fucata">Pinctada fucata</a></i>, an additional subunit resembling <i>Lymnaea</i> soma ferritin is associated with shell formation.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2003_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2003-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the parasite <i><a href="/wiki/Schistosoma" title="Schistosoma">Schistosoma</a></i>, two types are present: one in males, the other in females.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews1992_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews1992-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>All the aforementioned ferritins are similar, in terms of their primary sequence, with the vertebrate H-type.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews1992_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews1992-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>E. coli</i>, a 20% similarity to human H-ferritin is observed.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews1992_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews1992-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some ferritin complexes in vertebrates are <a href="/wiki/Hetero-oligomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hetero-oligomer">hetero-oligomers</a> of two highly related <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> products with slightly different <a href="/wiki/Physiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological">physiological</a> properties. The ratio of the two <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologous</a> proteins in the complex depends on the relative expression levels of the two genes. </p><p><i>Cytosolic ferritin</i> shell (apoferritin) is a heteropolymer of 24 subunits of heavy (H) and light (L) peptides that form a hollow spherical nanocage that covers an iron core composed of <a href="/wiki/Crystallite" title="Crystallite">crystallites</a> together with <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">hydroxide</a> ions. The resulting particle is similar to <a href="/wiki/Ferrihydrite" title="Ferrihydrite">ferrihydrite</a> (5Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>·9H<sub>2</sub>O). Each ferritin complex can store about 4500 iron (Fe<sup>3+</sup>) ions.<sup id="cite_ref-Theil1987_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theil1987-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andrews1992_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews1992-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proportion of H to L subunits varies in ferritin from different tissues, explaining its heterogeneity on isoelectric focusing. L-rich ferritins (from spleen and liver) are more basic than H-rich ferritins (from heart and red blood cells). </p><p><i>Serum ferritin</i>, which is typically iron-poor, consists almost exclusively of L subunits. Serum ferritin is heterogeneous due to glycosylation. The glycosylation and direct relationship of serum ferritin concentration to iron storage in macrophages suggest it is secreted by macrophages in response to changing iron levels. </p><p><i>Human <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_ferritin" title="Mitochondrial ferritin">mitochondrial ferritin</a></i>, MtF, was found to express as a <a href="/wiki/Protein_precursor" title="Protein precursor">pro-protein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11323407_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11323407-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a mitochondrion takes it up, it processes it into a mature protein similar to the ferritins found in the <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a>, which it assembles to form functional ferritin shells. Unlike other human ferritins, it is a homopolymer of H type ferritin and appears to have no introns (intronless) in its genetic code. The mitochondrial ferritin's <a href="/wiki/Ramachandran_plot" title="Ramachandran plot">Ramachandran plot</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid12557186_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12557186-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shows its structure to be mainly <a href="/wiki/Alpha_helix" title="Alpha helix">alpha helical</a> with a low prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Beta_sheet" title="Beta sheet">beta sheets</a>. It accumulates in large amounts in the erythroblasts of subjects with impaired heme synthesis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferritin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_storage">Iron storage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferritin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Iron storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferritin_3foldchannel.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ferritin_3foldchannel.png/220px-Ferritin_3foldchannel.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ferritin_3foldchannel.png/330px-Ferritin_3foldchannel.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ferritin_3foldchannel.png/440px-Ferritin_3foldchannel.png 2x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>Iron uptake through the 3-fold channel of ferritin</figcaption></figure> <p>Ferritin is present in every cell type.<sup id="cite_ref-Theil1987_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theil1987-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It serves to store iron in a non-toxic form, to deposit it in a safe form, and to transport it to areas where it is required.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The function and structure of the expressed ferritin protein varies in different cell types. This is controlled primarily by the amount and stability of <a href="/wiki/Messenger_RNA" title="Messenger RNA">messenger RNA</a> (mRNA), but also by changes in how the mRNA is stored and how efficiently it is transcribed.<sup id="cite_ref-Theil1987_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theil1987-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One major trigger for the production of many ferritins is the mere presence of iron;<sup id="cite_ref-Theil1987_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theil1987-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an exception is the yolk ferritin of <i>Lymnaea sp.</i>, which lacks an iron-responsive unit.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews1992_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews1992-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Free iron is <a href="/wiki/Toxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic">toxic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> as it acts as a <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalyst</a> in the formation of <a href="/wiki/Free_radical" class="mw-redirect" title="Free radical">free radicals</a> from <a href="/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species" title="Reactive oxygen species">reactive oxygen species</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Fenton_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenton reaction">Fenton reaction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence vertebrates have an elaborate set of protective mechanisms to bind iron in various <a href="/wiki/Biological_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological tissue">tissue</a> compartments<sup class="noprint selfreference">[<i><a href="/wiki/Talk:Ferritin" title="Talk:Ferritin">discuss</a></i>]</sup>. Within cells, iron is stored in a protein complex as ferritin or the related complex <a href="/wiki/Hemosiderin" title="Hemosiderin">hemosiderin</a>. Apoferritin binds to free ferrous iron and stores it in the ferric state. As ferritin accumulates within cells of the <a href="/wiki/Reticuloendothelial_system" title="Reticuloendothelial system">reticuloendothelial system</a>, protein aggregates are formed as hemosiderin. Iron in ferritin or hemosiderin can be extracted for release by the RE cells, although hemosiderin is less readily available. Under <a href="/wiki/Steady_state" title="Steady state">steady-state</a> conditions, the level of ferritin in the <a href="/wiki/Blood_serum" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood serum">blood serum</a> correlates with total body stores of iron; thus, the serum ferritin FR5Rl is the most convenient laboratory test to estimate iron stores.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Because iron is an important mineral in mineralization, ferritin is employed in the shells of organisms such as <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a> to control the concentration and distribution of iron, thus sculpting shell morphology and colouration.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson2007_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson2007-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also plays a role in the <a href="/wiki/Haemolymph" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemolymph">haemolymph</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Polyplacophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyplacophora">polyplacophora</a>, where it serves to rapidly transport iron to the mineralizing <a href="/wiki/Radula" title="Radula">radula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iron is released from ferritin for use by ferritin degradation, which is performed mainly by <a href="/wiki/Lysosome" title="Lysosome">lysosomes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20406137_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20406137-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ferroxidase_activity">Ferroxidase activity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferritin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ferroxidase activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vertebrate ferritin consists of two or three subunits which are named based on their molecular weight: L "light", H "heavy", and M "middle" subunits. The M subunit has only been reported in bullfrogs. In bacteria and archaea, ferritin consists of one subunit type.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> H and M subunits of eukaryotic ferritin and all subunits of bacterial and archaeal ferritin are H-type and have ferroxidase activity, which means they are able to convert iron from the ferrous (Fe<sup>2+</sup>) to ferric (Fe<sup>3+</sup>) forms. This limits the deleterious reaction which occurs between ferrous iron and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a> known as the Fenton reaction which produces the highly damaging <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">hydroxyl radical</a>. The ferroxidase activity occurs at a diiron binding site in the middle of each H-type subunits.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After oxidation of Fe(II), the Fe(III) product stays metastably in the ferroxidase center and is displaced by Fe(II),<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a mechanism that appears to be common among ferritins of all three domains of life.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The light chain of ferritin has no ferroxidase activity but may be responsible for the electron transfer across the protein cage.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25348725_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25348725-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immune_response">Immune response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferritin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Immune response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ferritin concentrations increase drastically in the presence of an infection or cancer. <a href="/wiki/Endotoxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Endotoxins">Endotoxins</a> are an up-regulator of the gene coding for ferritin, thus causing the concentration of ferritin to rise. By contrast, organisms such as <i>Pseudomonas</i>, although possessing endotoxin, cause plasma ferritin levels to drop significantly within the first 48 hours of infection. Thus, the iron stores of the infected body are denied to the infective agent, impeding its metabolism.<sup id="cite_ref-Ong2005_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ong2005-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress_response">Stress response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferritin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Stress response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concentration of ferritin has been shown to increase in response to stresses such as <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">anoxia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which implies that it is an <a href="/wiki/Acute_phase_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute phase protein">acute phase protein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mitochondria">Mitochondria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferritin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mitochondria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_ferritin" title="Mitochondrial ferritin">Mitochondrial ferritin</a> has many roles pertaining to molecular function. It participates in ferroxidase activity, binding, iron ion binding, oxidoreductase activity, ferric iron binding, metal ion binding as well as transition metal binding. Within the realm of biological processes it participates in oxidation-reduction, iron ion transport across membranes and cellular iron ion homeostasis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yolk">Yolk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferritin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Yolk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some snails, the protein component of the egg yolk is primarily ferritin.<sup id="cite_ref-Bottke1988_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bottke1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a different ferritin, with a different genetic sequence, from the somatic ferritin. It is produced in the midgut glands and secreted into the haemolymph, whence it is transported to the eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-Bottke1988_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bottke1988-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tissue_distribution">Tissue distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferritin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tissue distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In vertebrates, ferritin is usually found within cells, although it is also present in smaller quantities in the plasma.<sup id="cite_ref-Ong2005_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ong2005-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnostic_uses">Diagnostic uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferritin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Diagnostic uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">Serum</a> ferritin levels are measured in <a href="/wiki/Medical_laboratory" title="Medical laboratory">medical laboratories</a> as part of the iron studies workup for <a href="/wiki/Iron-deficiency_anemia" title="Iron-deficiency anemia">iron-deficiency anemia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Theil2012_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theil2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are measured in nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL) or micrograms per liter (μg/L); the two units are equivalent. </p><p>The ferritin levels measured usually have a direct correlation with the total amount of iron stored in the body. However, ferritin levels may be artificially high in cases of <a href="/wiki/Anemia_of_chronic_disease" title="Anemia of chronic disease">anemia of chronic disease</a>, where ferritin is elevated in its capacity as an inflammatory <a href="/wiki/Acute_phase_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute phase protein">acute phase protein</a> and not as a marker for iron overload.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Normal_ranges">Normal ranges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferritin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Normal ranges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A normal ferritin blood level, referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Reference_interval" class="mw-redirect" title="Reference interval">reference interval</a> is determined by many <a href="/wiki/Medical_laboratory" title="Medical laboratory">testing laboratories</a>. The ranges for ferritin can vary between laboratories but typical ranges would be between 40 and 300 ng/mL (=μg/L) for males, and 20–200 ng/mL (=μg/L) for females.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM_Camaschella2015_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM_Camaschella2015-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Normal ferritin blood levels according to sex and age<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Adult males</b></td> <td>40–300 ng/mL (μg/L)<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM_Camaschella2015_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM_Camaschella2015-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Adult females</b></td> <td>20–200 ng/mL (μg/L)<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM_Camaschella2015_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM_Camaschella2015-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Children</b> (6 months to 15 years)</td> <td>50–140 ng/mL (μg/L) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Infants</b> (1 to 5 months)</td> <td>50–200 ng/mL (μg/L) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Neonates</b></td> <td>25–200 ng/mL (μg/L) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deficiency">Deficiency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferritin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Deficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a 2014 review in the <i>New England Journal of Medicine</i> stated that a ferritin level below 30 ng/mL indicates <a href="/wiki/Iron_deficiency" title="Iron deficiency">iron deficiency</a>, while a level below 10 ng/mL indicates iron-deficiency anemia.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM_Camaschella2015_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM_Camaschella2015-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2020 World Health Organization guideline states that ferritin indicates iron deficiency below 12 ng/mL in apparently-healthy children under 5 and 15 ng/mL in apparently-healthy individuals of 5 and over.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some studies suggest that women with <a href="/wiki/Fatigue" title="Fatigue">fatigue</a> and ferritin below 50 ng/mL see reduced fatigue after iron supplementation.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the setting of anemia, low serum ferritin is the most specific lab finding for <a href="/wiki/Iron-deficiency_anemia" title="Iron-deficiency anemia">iron-deficiency anemia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However it is less sensitive, since its levels are increased in the blood by infection or any type of chronic inflammation,<sup id="cite_ref-Firkin1997_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firkin1997-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and these conditions may convert what would otherwise be a low level of ferritin from lack of iron, into a value in the normal range. For this reason, low ferritin levels carry more information than those in the normal range. A <i>falsely low</i> blood ferritin (equivalent to a <a href="/wiki/False_positive" class="mw-redirect" title="False positive">false positive</a> test) is very uncommon,<sup id="cite_ref-Firkin1997_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firkin1997-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but can result from a <a href="/wiki/Hook_effect" title="Hook effect">hook effect</a> of the measuring tools in extreme cases.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Low ferritin may also indicate <a href="/wiki/Hypothyroidism" title="Hypothyroidism">hypothyroidism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">vitamin C deficiency</a> or <a href="/wiki/Celiac_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Celiac disease">celiac disease</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Low serum ferritin levels are seen in some patients with <a href="/wiki/Restless_legs_syndrome" title="Restless legs syndrome">restless legs syndrome</a>, not necessarily related to anemia, but perhaps due to low iron stores short of anemia.<sup id="cite_ref-sleepmed3_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sleepmed3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a> is not a cause of low serum ferritin levels, according to the American Dietetic Association's position in 2009: "Incidence of iron-deficiency anemia among vegetarians is similar to that of non-vegetarians. Although vegetarian adults have lower iron stores than non-vegetarians, their serum ferritin levels are usually within the normal range."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excess">Excess</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferritin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Excess"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If ferritin is high, there is iron in excess or else there is an acute inflammatory reaction in which ferritin is mobilized without iron excess. For example, ferritins may be high in infection without signaling body iron overload. </p><p>Ferritin is also used as a <a href="/wiki/Biomarker" title="Biomarker">marker</a> for <a href="/wiki/Iron_overload" title="Iron overload">iron overload disorders</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Hemochromatosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemochromatosis">hemochromatosis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hemosiderosis" title="Hemosiderosis">hemosiderosis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adult-onset_Still%27s_disease" title="Adult-onset Still's disease">Adult-onset Still's disease</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Porphyrias" class="mw-redirect" title="Porphyrias">porphyrias</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hemophagocytic_lymphohistiocytosis" title="Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis">hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Macrophage_activation_syndrome" title="Macrophage activation syndrome">macrophage activation syndrome</a> are diseases in which the ferritin level may be abnormally raised. </p><p>As ferritin is also an <a href="/wiki/Acute_phase_proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute phase proteins">acute-phase reactant</a>, it is often elevated in the course of disease. A normal <a href="/wiki/C-reactive_protein" title="C-reactive protein">C-reactive protein</a> can be used to exclude elevated ferritin caused by acute phase reactions. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Ferritin has been shown to be elevated in some cases of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> and may correlate with worse clinical outcome.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferritin and <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_6" title="Interleukin 6">IL-6</a> are considered to be possible immunological biomarkers for severe and fatal cases of COVID-19. Ferritin and C-reactive protein may be possible screening tools for early diagnosis of <a href="/wiki/Systemic_inflammatory_response_syndrome" title="Systemic inflammatory response syndrome">systemic inflammatory response syndrome</a> in cases of COVID-19.<sup id="cite_ref-Melo_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melo-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dance_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dance-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a study of <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">anorexia nervosa</a> patients, ferritin can be elevated during periods of acute <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnourishment</a>, perhaps due to iron going into storage as intravascular volume and thus the number of red blood cells falls.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another study suggests that due to the catabolic nature of anorexia nervosa, isoferritins may be released. Furthermore, ferritin has significant non-storage roles within the body, such as protection from <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidative damage">oxidative damage</a>. The rise of these isoferritins may contribute to an overall increase in ferritin concentration. The measurement of ferritin through <a href="/wiki/Immunoassay" title="Immunoassay">immunoassay</a> or immunoturbidimeteric methods may also be picking up these isoferritins thus not a true reflection of iron storage status.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies reveal that a transferrin saturation (serum iron concentration ÷ total iron binding capacity) over 60 percent in men and over 50 percent in women identified the presence of an abnormality in iron metabolism (<a href="/wiki/Hereditary_hemochromatosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary hemochromatosis">hereditary hemochromatosis</a>, heterozygotes, and homozygotes) with approximately 95 percent accuracy. This finding helps in the early diagnosis of hereditary hemochromatosis, especially while serum ferritin still remains low. The retained iron in hereditary hemochromatosis is primarily deposited in parenchymal cells, with reticuloendothelial cell accumulation occurring very late in the disease. This is in contrast to transfusional iron overload in which iron deposition occurs first in the reticuloendothelial cells and then in parenchymal cells. This explains why ferritin levels remain relative low in hereditary hemochromatosis, while transferrin saturation is high.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21452290_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21452290-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_chronic_liver_diseases">In chronic liver diseases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferritin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In chronic liver diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hematological abnormalities often associate with chronic liver diseases. Both iron overload and iron deficient anemia have been reported in patients with liver cirrhosis.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former is mainly due to reduced <a href="/wiki/Hepcidin" title="Hepcidin">hepcidin</a> level caused by the decreased synthetic capacity of the liver, while the latter is due to acute and chronic bleeding caused by <a href="/wiki/Portal_hypertension" title="Portal hypertension">portal hypertension</a>. Inflammation is also present in patients with advanced chronic liver disease. As a consequence, elevated hepatic and serum ferritin levels are consistently reported in chronic liver diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies showed association between high serum ferritin levels and increased risk of short-term mortality in cirrhotic patients with acute decompensation<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and acute-on-chronic liver failure.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An other study found association between high serum ferritin levels and increased risk of long-term mortality in compensated and stable decompensated cirrhotic patients.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same study demonstrated that increased serum ferritin levels could predict the development of bacterial infection in stable decompensated cirrhotic patients, while in compensated cirrhotic patients the appearance of the very first acute decompensation episode showed higher incidence in patients with low serum ferritin levels. This latter finding was explained by the association between chronic bleeding and increased portal pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferritin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ferritin was discovered in 1937 by the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakian</a> scientist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vil%C3%A9m_Laufberger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vilém Laufberger (page does not exist)">Vilém Laufberger</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vil%C3%A9m_Laufberger" class="extiw" title="cs:Vilém Laufberger">cs</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kresge_2004_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kresge_2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: e9">: e9 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Granick" title="Sam Granick">Sam Granick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonor_Michaelis" title="Leonor Michaelis">Leonor Michaelis</a> produced apoferritin in 1942<sup id="cite_ref-Kresge_2004_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kresge_2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: e10">: e10 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferritin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ferritin is used in <a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials science</a> as a precursor in making iron <a href="/wiki/Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle">nanoparticles</a> (NP) for <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanotube" title="Carbon nanotube">carbon nanotube</a> growth by <a href="/wiki/Chemical_vapor_deposition" title="Chemical vapor deposition">chemical vapor deposition</a>. It has also been shown to effectively store electrons for hours and <sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to facilitate electron tunneling under ambient conditions,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> properties that may be involved in biological processes.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cavities formed by ferritin and mini-ferritins (<a href="/wiki/Dps_(DNA-binding_proteins_from_starved_cells)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dps (DNA-binding proteins from starved cells)">Dps</a>) proteins have been successfully used as the reaction chamber for the fabrication of metal nanoparticles.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Protein</a> shells served as a template to restrain particle growth and as a coating to prevent coagulation/aggregation between NPs. Using various sizes of protein shells, various sizes of NPs can be easily synthesized for chemical, physical and bio-medical applications.<sup id="cite_ref-Theil2012_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theil2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Experimental COVID-19 vaccines have been produced that display the <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_spike_protein" title="Coronavirus spike protein">spike protein</a>'s receptor binding domain on the surface of ferritin nanoparticles.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferritin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The primary peptide sequence of human ferritin is:<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span>MTTASTSQVR QNYHQDSEAA INRQINLELY ASYVYLSMSY YFDRDDVALK NFAKYFLHQS HEEREHAEKL MKLQNQRGGR IFLQDIKKPD CDDWESGLNA MECALHLEKN VNQSLLEFPS PISPSPSCWH HYTTNRPQPQ HHLLRPRRRK RPHSIPTPIL IFRSP. </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferritin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacterioferritin" title="Bacterioferritin">Bacterioferritin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA-binding_protein_from_starved_cells" title="DNA-binding protein from starved cells">DNA-binding protein from starved cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferritin_light_chain" title="Ferritin light chain">Ferritin light chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transferrin" title="Transferrin">Transferrin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferritin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pmid12459904-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid12459904_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1lb3">1lb3</a></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGranierLanglois_d'EstaintotGalloisChevalier2003" class="citation journal cs1">Granier T, Langlois d'Estaintot B, Gallois B, Chevalier JM, Précigoux G, Santambrogio P, et al. 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On: SciTechDaily. January 10, 2021. Source: Stanford University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWangHuangZhuTan2021" class="citation journal cs1">Wang W, Huang B, Zhu Y, Tan W, Zhu M (March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7880661">"Ferritin nanoparticle-based SARS-CoV-2 RBD vaccine induces a persistent antibody response and long-term memory in mice"</a>. <i>Cellular & Molecular Immunology</i>. <b>18</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">749–</span>751. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41423-021-00643-6">10.1038/s41423-021-00643-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7880661">7880661</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33580169">33580169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cellular+%26+Molecular+Immunology&rft.atitle=Ferritin+nanoparticle-based+SARS-CoV-2+RBD+vaccine+induces+a+persistent+antibody+response+and+long-term+memory+in+mice&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E749-%3C%2Fspan%3E751&rft.date=2021-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7880661%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33580169&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41423-021-00643-6&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=W&rft.au=Huang%2C+B&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Y&rft.au=Tan%2C+W&rft.au=Zhu%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7880661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerritin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8TD27">"Ferritin - Homo sapiens (Human)"</a>. <i>UniProt</i>. Q8TD27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UniProt&rft.atitle=Ferritin+-+Homo+sapiens+%28Human%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uniprot.org%2Funiprot%2FQ8TD27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerritin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferritin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ferritin" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ferritin">ferritin</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/apoferritin" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:apoferritin">apoferritin</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Ferritins">Ferritins</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/ferritin/tab/test">Ferritin</a> at Lab Tests Online</li> <li>Overview of all the structural information available in the <a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a> for <a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a>: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/pdbe-kb/proteins/P02792">P02792</a></i> (Ferritin light chain) at the <a href="/wiki/PDBe-KB" title="PDBe-KB">PDBe-KB</a>.</li> <li>Overview of all the structural information available in the <a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a> for <a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a>: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/pdbe-kb/proteins/P02794">P02794</a></i> (Ferritin heavy chain) at the <a href="/wiki/PDBe-KB" title="PDBe-KB">PDBe-KB</a>.</li> <li>Overview of all the structural information available in the <a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a> for <a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a>: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/pdbe-kb/proteins/Q8N4E7">Q8N4E7</a></i> (Ferritin, mitochondrial) at the <a href="/wiki/PDBe-KB" title="PDBe-KB">PDBe-KB</a>.</li></ul> <div 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title="Carrier protein">Carrier proteins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metalloprotein" title="Metalloprotein">metalloproteins</a>: <a href="/wiki/Non-heme_iron_protein" title="Non-heme iron protein">Non-heme iron protein</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">heme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ferritin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacterioferritin" title="Bacterioferritin">Bacterioferritin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactoferrin" title="Lactoferrin">Lactoferrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transferrin" title="Transferrin">Transferrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">nonheme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemerythrin" title="Hemerythrin">Hemerythrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inositol_oxygenase" title="Inositol oxygenase">Inositol oxygenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_protein" title="Iron–sulfur protein">Iron–sulfur protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipoxygenase" title="Lipoxygenase">Lipoxygenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine_hydroxylase" title="Tyrosine hydroxylase">Tyrosine hydroxylase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metabolism:_Metal_metabolism94" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">Transition metal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Iron_metabolism98" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">Absorption in<br />duodenum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">Iron(II) oxide</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DMT1" class="mw-redirect" title="DMT1">DMT1 (SLC11A2)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ferritin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephaestin" title="Hephaestin">Hephaestin</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ferroportin" title="Ferroportin">Ferroportin (SLC11A3/SLC40A1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transferrin" title="Transferrin">Transferrin</a> to <a href="/wiki/Transferrin_receptor" title="Transferrin receptor">Transferrin receptor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transferrin_receptor" title="Transferrin receptor">TFR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transferrin_receptor" title="Transferrin receptor">TFR2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide" title="Iron(III) oxide">Iron(III) oxide</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duodenal_cytochrome_B" title="Duodenal cytochrome B">Duodenal cytochrome B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrin" title="Integrin">Integrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calreticulin" title="Calreticulin">Calreticulin/mobilferrin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ferritin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Iron-binding_proteins:26" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iron-binding_proteins" title="Iron-binding proteins">Iron-binding proteins</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ferritin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepcidin" title="Hepcidin">Hepcidin</a>/<a href="/wiki/HAMP" class="mw-redirect" title="HAMP">HAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemojuvelin" title="Hemojuvelin">Hemojuvelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron-responsive_element-binding_protein" title="Iron-responsive element-binding protein">Iron-responsive element-binding protein</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aconitase" title="Aconitase">Aconitase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceruloplasmin" title="Ceruloplasmin">Ceruloplasmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HFE_(gene)" title="HFE (gene)">HFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemosiderin" title="Hemosiderin">Hemosiderin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactoferrin" title="Lactoferrin">Lactoferrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copper_in_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper in health">Copper metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATP7A" title="ATP7A">ATP7A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_disease_protein" title="Wilson disease protein">ATP7B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceruloplasmin" title="Ceruloplasmin">Ceruloplasmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC31A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC31A1">SLC31A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATOX1" title="ATOX1">ATOX1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zinc_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc metabolism">Zinc metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TMC6" title="TMC6">TMC6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMC8" title="TMC8">TMC8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC30A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC30A1">SLC30A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC39A4" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC39A4">SLC39A4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">Electrolyte</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium metabolism">Sodium metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Na%2B/K%2B-ATPase" class="mw-redirect" title="Na+/K+-ATPase">Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phosphate_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphate metabolism">Phosphate metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acids_and_phosphates" title="Phosphoric acids and phosphates">Phosphoric acids and phosphates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_transporter" title="Magnesium transporter">Magnesium transporter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_metabolism" title="Calcium metabolism">Calcium metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium-sensing_receptor" title="Calcium-sensing receptor">Calcium-sensing receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium-binding_protein" title="Calcium-binding protein">Calcium-binding protein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Clinical_biochemistry_blood_tests250" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Clinical_biochemistry_blood_tests" title="Template:Clinical biochemistry blood tests"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Clinical_biochemistry_blood_tests" title="Template talk:Clinical biochemistry blood tests"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clinical_biochemistry_blood_tests" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Clinical biochemistry blood tests"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Clinical_biochemistry_blood_tests250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Clinical biochemistry <a href="/wiki/Blood_test" title="Blood test">blood tests</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">Electrolytes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serum_sodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Serum sodium">Sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serum_chloride" title="Serum chloride">Chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal function">Renal function</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creatinine" title="Creatinine">Creatinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_urea_nitrogen" title="Blood urea nitrogen">Urea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BUN-to-creatinine_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="BUN-to-creatinine ratio">BUN-to-creatinine ratio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_osmolality" title="Plasma osmolality">Plasma osmolality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serum_osmolal_gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Serum osmolal gap">Serum osmolal gap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_homeostasis" title="Acid–base homeostasis">Acid-base</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anion_gap" title="Anion gap">Anion gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arterial_blood_gas_test" title="Arterial blood gas test">Arterial blood gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_excess" title="Base excess">Base excess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">Bicarbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CO2_content" title="CO2 content">CO<sub>2</sub> content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid#Blood_testing" title="Lactic acid">Lactate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iron_tests" title="Iron tests">Iron tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ferritin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serum_iron" title="Serum iron">Serum iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transferrin_saturation" title="Transferrin saturation">Transferrin saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_iron-binding_capacity" title="Total iron-binding capacity">Total iron-binding capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transferrin" title="Transferrin">Transferrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transferrin_receptor" title="Transferrin receptor">Transferrin receptor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Hormones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACTH_stimulation_test" title="ACTH stimulation test">ACTH stimulation test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_function_tests" title="Thyroid function tests">Thyroid function tests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid-stimulating_hormone" title="Thyroid-stimulating hormone">Thyroid-stimulating hormone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">Metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_glucose" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood glucose">Blood glucose</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycated_hemoglobin" title="Glycated hemoglobin">Hemoglobin A1c</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipid_panel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipid panel">Lipid panel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein" title="Low-density lipoprotein">LDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-density_lipoprotein" title="High-density lipoprotein">HDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triglyceride#Role_in_disease" title="Triglyceride">Triglycerides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol#Clinical_significance" title="Cholesterol">Total cholesterol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_metabolic_panel" title="Basic metabolic panel">Basic metabolic panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_metabolic_panel" title="Comprehensive metabolic panel">Comprehensive metabolic panel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular system">Cardiovascular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_marker" title="Cardiac marker">Cardiac marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troponin_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Troponin test">Troponin test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPK-MB_test" title="CPK-MB test">CPK-MB test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactate_dehydrogenase" title="Lactate dehydrogenase">Lactate dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myoglobin" title="Myoglobin">Myoglobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycogen_phosphorylase_isoenzyme_BB" title="Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB">Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liver_function_tests" title="Liver function tests">Liver function tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Proteins <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_serum_albumin" title="Human serum albumin">Human serum albumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serum_total_protein" title="Serum total protein">Serum total protein</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_phosphatase" title="Alkaline phosphatase">ALP</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Transaminase" title="Transaminase">transaminases</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alanine_transaminase" title="Alanine transaminase">ALT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartate_transaminase" title="Aspartate transaminase">AST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AST/ALT_ratio" title="AST/ALT ratio">AST/ALT ratio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-glutamyltransferase#Medical_applications" title="Gamma-glutamyltransferase">GGT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilirubin" title="Bilirubin">Bilirubin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilirubin#Unconjugated" title="Bilirubin">Unconjugated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilirubin#Conjugated" title="Bilirubin">Conjugated</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amylase" title="Amylase">Amylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipase" title="Lipase">Lipase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_lipase" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancreatic lipase">Pancreatic lipase</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Small_molecule" title="Small molecule">Small molecules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blood_sugar_level" title="Blood sugar level">Blood sugar level</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypoglycemia" title="Hypoglycemia">Hypoglycemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperglycemia" title="Hyperglycemia">Hyperglycemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nitrogenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azotemia" title="Azotemia">Azotemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperuricemia" title="Hyperuricemia">Hyperuricemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypouricemia" title="Hypouricemia">Hypouricemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Proteins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liver_function_tests" title="Liver function tests">LFT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elevated_transaminases" title="Elevated transaminases">Elevated transaminases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevated_alkaline_phosphatase" title="Elevated alkaline phosphatase">Elevated ALP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoproteinemia" title="Hypoproteinemia">Hypoproteinemia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypoalbuminemia" title="Hypoalbuminemia">Hypoalbuminemia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperproteinemia" title="Hyperproteinemia">Hyperproteinemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elevated_alpha-fetoprotein" title="Elevated alpha-fetoprotein">Elevated alpha-fetoprotein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferritin&oldid=1274769327">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferritin&oldid=1274769327</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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