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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cold_War_peacekeeping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War_peacekeeping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cold War peacekeeping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War_peacekeeping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_1991" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_1991"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Since 1991</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_1991-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Participation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Participation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Participation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Participation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Participation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Participation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Results</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crimes_by_peacekeepers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crimes_by_peacekeepers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Crimes by peacekeepers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Crimes_by_peacekeepers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Crimes by peacekeepers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Crimes_by_peacekeepers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peacekeeping,_human_trafficking,_and_forced_prostitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peacekeeping,_human_trafficking,_and_forced_prostitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Peacekeeping, human trafficking, and forced prostitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peacekeeping,_human_trafficking,_and_forced_prostitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights_violations_in_United_Nations_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights_violations_in_United_Nations_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Human rights violations in United Nations missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights_violations_in_United_Nations_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Proposed reform</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proposed_reform-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Proposed reform subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Proposed_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brahimi_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brahimi_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Brahimi analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brahimi_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rapid_reaction_force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rapid_reaction_force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Rapid reaction force</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rapid_reaction_force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restructuring_of_the_UN_secretariat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restructuring_of_the_UN_secretariat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Restructuring of the UN secretariat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restructuring_of_the_UN_secretariat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">United Nations peacekeeping</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%AD%D2%9B%D3%99%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B8%D2%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B6%D1%8C%D0%B0%D2%9F%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%99_%D0%BC%D1%87%D2%9B%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Еиду Амилаҭқәа Реиҿкаара абжьаҟазаратә мчқәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Еиду Амилаҭқәа Реиҿкаара абжьаҟазаратә мчқәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%B8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="قوات حفظ السلام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قوات حفظ السلام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuercies_de_Paz_de_Naciones_Xun%C3%ADes" title="Fuercies de Paz de Naciones Xuníes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fuercies de Paz de Naciones Xuníes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMT_S%C3%BClhm%C9%99raml%C4%B1_Q%C3%BCvv%C9%99l%C9%99ri" title="BMT Sülhməramlı Qüvvələri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="BMT Sülhməramlı Qüvvələri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="জাতিসংঘের শান্তিরক্ষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জাতিসংঘের শান্তিরক্ষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%87%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%90%D0%9D" title="Міратворчыя сілы ААН – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Міратворчыя сілы ААН" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%87%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%90%D0%9D" title="Міратворчыя сілы ААН – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Міратворчыя сілы ААН" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%9D_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Международни сили на ООН за поддържане на мира – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Международни сили на ООН за поддържане на мира" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascos_Blaus_de_les_Nacions_Unides" title="Cascos Blaus de les Nacions Unides – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cascos Blaus de les Nacions Unides" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADrov%C3%A9_s%C3%ADly_OSN" title="Mírové síly OSN – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mírové síly OSN" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/FN%27s_fredsbevarende_styrker" title="FN's fredsbevarende styrker – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="FN's fredsbevarende styrker" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedenstruppen_der_Vereinten_Nationen" title="Friedenstruppen der Vereinten Nationen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Friedenstruppen der Vereinten Nationen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bich%CA%BCah_Doot%C5%82%CA%BCizhii" title="Bichʼah Dootłʼizhii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Bichʼah Dootłʼizhii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9CRO_rahuvalve" title="ÜRO rahuvalve – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="ÜRO rahuvalve" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%94%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9F%CE%97%CE%95" title="Ειρηνευτική Δύναμη του ΟΗΕ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ειρηνευτική Δύναμη του ΟΗΕ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuerzas_de_paz_de_las_Naciones_Unidas" title="Fuerzas de paz de las Naciones Unidas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fuerzas de paz de las Naciones Unidas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pactrupoj_de_Unui%C4%9Dintaj_Nacioj" title="Pactrupoj de Unuiĝintaj Nacioj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pactrupoj de Unuiĝintaj Nacioj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazio_Batuen_kasko_urdin" title="Nazio Batuen kasko urdin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nazio Batuen kasko urdin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%B8_%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF" title="عملیات حفظ صلح سازمان ملل متحد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عملیات حفظ صلح سازمان ملل متحد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_de_maintien_de_la_paix_des_Nations_unies" title="Force de maintien de la paix des Nations unies – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Force de maintien de la paix des Nations unies" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forzas_de_Paz_da_ONU" title="Forzas de Paz da ONU – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Forzas de Paz da ONU" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4_%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%98_%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE" title="સંયુક્ત રાષ્ટ્રસંઘ શાંતિસ્થાપના – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સંયુક્ત રાષ્ટ્રસંઘ શાંતિસ્થાપના" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%97%94_%ED%8F%89%ED%99%94_%EC%9C%A0%EC%A7%80_%ED%99%9C%EB%8F%99" title="유엔 평화 유지 활동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유엔 평화 유지 활동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D4%B1%D4%BF-%D5%AB_%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B0_%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AA%D5%A5%D6%80" title="ՄԱԿ-ի խաղաղապահ ուժեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ՄԱԿ-ի խաղաղապահ ուժեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8" title="संयुक्त राष्ट्र शांतिस्थापन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संयुक्त राष्ट्र शांतिस्थापन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paco-trupi_dil_Unionita_Nacioni" title="Paco-trupi dil Unionita Nacioni – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Paco-trupi dil Unionita Nacioni" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasukan_pemelihara_perdamaian_PBB" title="Pasukan pemelihara perdamaian PBB – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pasukan pemelihara perdamaian PBB" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fri%C3%B0arg%C3%A6slusveitir_Sameinu%C3%B0u_%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0anna" title="Friðargæslusveitir Sameinuðu þjóðanna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Friðargæslusveitir Sameinuðu þjóðanna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Peacekeeping" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%97%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA" title="כוחות שמירת השלום של האומות המאוחדות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כוחות שמירת השלום של האומות המאוחדות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="გაეროს სამშვიდობო ძალები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გაეროს სამშვიდობო ძალები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D2%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D2%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D2%AF%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Біріккен Ұлттар Ұйымының бітімгершілік күштері – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Біріккен Ұлттар Ұйымының бітімгершілік күштері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walinzi_wa_amani_wa_UM" title="Walinzi wa amani wa UM – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Walinzi wa amani wa UM" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milites_pro_pace" title="Milites pro pace – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Milites pro pace" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungtini%C5%B3_Taut%C5%B3_taikdaryst%C4%97" title="Jungtinių Tautų taikdarystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jungtinių Tautų taikdarystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpitandro_ny_Fandriam-pahaleman%27_ny_Firenena_Mikambana" title="Mpitandro ny Fandriam-pahaleman' ny Firenena Mikambana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mpitandro ny Fandriam-pahaleman' ny Firenena Mikambana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AD_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A8" title="ഐക്യരാഷ്ട്രസഭ സമാധാന സേന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഐക്യരാഷ്ട്രസഭ സമാധാന സേന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasukan_Pengaman_Pertubuhan_Bangsa-Bangsa_Bersatu" title="Pasukan Pengaman Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pasukan Pengaman Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/VN-vredesmacht" title="VN-vredesmacht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="VN-vredesmacht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88%E5%B9%B3%E5%92%8C%E7%B6%AD%E6%8C%81%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95" title="国際連合平和維持活動 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国際連合平和維持活動" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/FNs_fredsbevarende_styrker" title="FNs fredsbevarende styrker – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="FNs fredsbevarende styrker" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC" title="امن فوج – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="امن فوج" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C5%82y_pokojowe_ONZ" title="Siły pokojowe ONZ – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Siły pokojowe ONZ" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%A7as_de_manuten%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_paz_das_Na%C3%A7%C3%B5es_Unidas" title="Forças de manutenção da paz das Nações Unidas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Forças de manutenção da paz das Nações Unidas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%9D" title="Миротворческие силы ООН – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Миротворческие силы ООН" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paqeruajtja_e_Kombeve_t%C3%AB_Bashkuara" title="Paqeruajtja e Kombeve të Bashkuara – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Paqeruajtja e Kombeve të Bashkuara" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirovne_misije_Organizacije_zdru%C5%BEenih_narodov" title="Mirovne misije Organizacije združenih narodov – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mirovne misije Organizacije združenih narodov" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%A3%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Мировне операције Уједињених нација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мировне операције Уједињених нација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauhanturvaaminen" title="Rauhanturvaaminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rauhanturvaaminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/FN:s_fredsbevarande_styrkor" title="FN:s fredsbevarande styrkor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="FN:s fredsbevarande styrkor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="การรักษาสันติภาพของสหประชาชาติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การรักษาสันติภาพของสหประชาชาติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birle%C5%9Fmi%C5%9F_Milletler_Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_G%C3%BCc%C3%BC" title="Birleşmiş Milletler Barış Gücü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Birleşmiş Milletler Barış Gücü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birle%C5%9Fen_Milletler_Guramasy_G%C3%BCc%C3%BC" title="Birleşen Milletler Guramasy Gücü – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Birleşen Milletler Guramasy Gücü" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%87%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%9D" title="Миротворчі сили ООН – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Миротворчі сили ООН" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC" title="عالمی امن فوج – Urdu" lang="ur" 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title="UN Peacekeeping">UN Peacekeeping</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Monitoring and observation of peace processes in post-conflict areas</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">United Nations Peacekeeping</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Nations_Peacekeeping_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/United_Nations_Peacekeeping_Logo.svg/300px-United_Nations_Peacekeeping_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/United_Nations_Peacekeeping_Logo.svg/450px-United_Nations_Peacekeeping_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/United_Nations_Peacekeeping_Logo.svg/600px-United_Nations_Peacekeeping_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="113" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1945<span class="noprint">; 79 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1945</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://peacekeeping.un.org">peacekeeping<wbr />.un<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_leadership" title="Category:Military leadership">Leadership</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commander-in-chief</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Peace_Operations#List_of_Heads" title="United Nations Department of Peace Operations">Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Lacroix_(diplomat)" title="Jean-Pierre Lacroix (diplomat)">Jean-Pierre Lacroix</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Personnel</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Active personnel</th><td class="infobox-data">81,820 total<sup id="cite_ref-peacekeeping.un.org-31Aug20_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peacekeeping.un.org-31Aug20-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Expenditure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_budget" title="Military budget">Budget</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$6.7 billion</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Related articles</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions" title="List of United Nations peacekeeping missions">United Nations peacekeeping missions</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations System</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg/200px-Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="436" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> Principal Organs</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat" title="United Nations Secretariat">United Nations Secretariat</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council" title="United Nations Economic and Social Council">United Nations Economic and Social Council</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Trusteeship_Council" title="United Nations Trusteeship Council">United Nations Trusteeship Council</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Peacekeeping by the United Nations</b> is a role of the UN's <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Peace_Operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Peace Operations">Department of Peace Operations</a> as an "instrument developed by the organization as a way to help countries torn by conflict to create the conditions for lasting peace".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">peacebuilding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peacemaking" title="Peacemaking">peacemaking</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peace_enforcement" title="Peace enforcement">peace enforcement</a> although the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> does acknowledge that all activities are "mutually reinforcing" and that overlap between them is frequent in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeepers</a> monitor and observe peace processes in post-conflict areas and assist ex-combatants in implementing the <a href="/wiki/Peace_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace agreement">peace agreements</a> they may have signed. Such assistance comes in many forms, including separating former combatants, confidence-building measures, power-sharing arrangements, electoral assistance, strengthening the rule of law, and economic and social development. Accordingly, UN peacekeepers (often referred to as <b>Blue Berets</b> or <b>Blue Helmets</b> because of their light blue <a href="/wiki/Beret" title="Beret">berets</a> or helmets) can include soldiers, police officers, and civilian personnel. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chapter_VII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter">Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter</a> gives the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> the power and responsibility to take <a href="/wiki/Collective_action" title="Collective action">collective action</a> to maintain international <a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">peace</a> and security.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these operations are established and implemented by the United Nations itself, with troops obeying UN operational control. In these cases, peacekeepers remain members of their respective armed forces, and do not constitute an independent "UN army", as the UN does not have such a force. In cases where direct UN involvement is not considered appropriate or feasible, the Council authorizes regional organizations such as <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a>, or coalitions of willing countries to perform peacekeeping or peace-enforcement tasks. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Lacroix_(diplomat)" title="Jean-Pierre Lacroix (diplomat)">Jean-Pierre Lacroix</a> is the Head of the Department of Peace Operations; he took over from the former Under-Secretary-General Hervé Ladsous on 1 April 2017. Since 1997, all directors have been French. DPKO's highest level doctrine document, entitled "United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines" was issued in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_peacekeeping&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sqn_Ldr_Rista_Binte_Siddique,_Officer-in-Charge_of_the_Emergency_Crash_and_Rescue_Section_of_MONUSCO_Force,_in_Bunia,_Ituri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Sqn_Ldr_Rista_Binte_Siddique%2C_Officer-in-Charge_of_the_Emergency_Crash_and_Rescue_Section_of_MONUSCO_Force%2C_in_Bunia%2C_Ituri.jpg/220px-Sqn_Ldr_Rista_Binte_Siddique%2C_Officer-in-Charge_of_the_Emergency_Crash_and_Rescue_Section_of_MONUSCO_Force%2C_in_Bunia%2C_Ituri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Sqn_Ldr_Rista_Binte_Siddique%2C_Officer-in-Charge_of_the_Emergency_Crash_and_Rescue_Section_of_MONUSCO_Force%2C_in_Bunia%2C_Ituri.jpg/330px-Sqn_Ldr_Rista_Binte_Siddique%2C_Officer-in-Charge_of_the_Emergency_Crash_and_Rescue_Section_of_MONUSCO_Force%2C_in_Bunia%2C_Ituri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Sqn_Ldr_Rista_Binte_Siddique%2C_Officer-in-Charge_of_the_Emergency_Crash_and_Rescue_Section_of_MONUSCO_Force%2C_in_Bunia%2C_Ituri.jpg/440px-Sqn_Ldr_Rista_Binte_Siddique%2C_Officer-in-Charge_of_the_Emergency_Crash_and_Rescue_Section_of_MONUSCO_Force%2C_in_Bunia%2C_Ituri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption> Bangladesh Emergency Crash and Rescue Section of MONUSCO Force, in Bunia, Ituri</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guard_of_Honour_during_UN_Medal_Awarding_Parade_at_Bunia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Guard_of_Honour_during_UN_Medal_Awarding_Parade_at_Bunia.jpg/220px-Guard_of_Honour_during_UN_Medal_Awarding_Parade_at_Bunia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Guard_of_Honour_during_UN_Medal_Awarding_Parade_at_Bunia.jpg/330px-Guard_of_Honour_during_UN_Medal_Awarding_Parade_at_Bunia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Guard_of_Honour_during_UN_Medal_Awarding_Parade_at_Bunia.jpg/440px-Guard_of_Honour_during_UN_Medal_Awarding_Parade_at_Bunia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Guard_of_honour" title="Guard of honour">Guard of Honor</a> during UN Medal Awarding Parade at Bunia, Orientale, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_UN_Peacekeeping_Force" title="Bangladesh UN Peacekeeping Force">Bangladesh UN Peacekeeping Force</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UN_battalion_Bastille_Day_2008_n2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/UN_battalion_Bastille_Day_2008_n2.jpg/220px-UN_battalion_Bastille_Day_2008_n2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/UN_battalion_Bastille_Day_2008_n2.jpg/330px-UN_battalion_Bastille_Day_2008_n2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/UN_battalion_Bastille_Day_2008_n2.jpg/440px-UN_battalion_Bastille_Day_2008_n2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>A multinational UN battalion at the 2008 <a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day_military_parade" title="Bastille Day military parade">Bastille Day military parade</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Once a peace treaty has been negotiated, the parties involved might ask the United Nations for a peacekeeping force to supervise various elements of the agreed upon plan. This is often done because a group controlled by the United Nations is less likely to favor the interests of any one party since it itself is controlled by many groups namely the 15-member Security Council and the intentionally diverse <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat" title="United Nations Secretariat">United Nations Secretariat</a>. </p><p>If the Security Council approves the creation of a mission, then the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Peacekeeping_Operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Peacekeeping Operations">Department of Peacekeeping Operations</a> begins planning for the necessary elements. At this time, the senior command team is selected.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The department will then seek contributions from member nations. Since the UN has no standing force or supplies, it must form ad hoc coalitions for every task undertaken. Doing so results in both the possibility of failure to form a suitable force, and a general slowdown in procurement once the operation is in the field. <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_Dallaire" title="Roméo Dallaire">Roméo Dallaire</a>, force commander in Rwanda during the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a> there, described the problems this poses by comparison to more traditional military deployments: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He told me the UN was a "pull" system, not a "push" system like I had been used to with NATO, because the UN had absolutely no pool of resources to draw on. You had to make a request for everything you needed, and then you had to wait while that request was analyzed... For instance, soldiers everywhere have to eat and drink. In a push system, food and water for the number of soldiers deployed is automatically supplied. In a pull system, you have to ask for those rations, and no common sense seems to ever apply.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>(<i><a href="/wiki/Shake_Hands_with_the_Devil_(book)" title="Shake Hands with the Devil (book)">Shake Hands With the Devil</a></i>, Dallaire, pp. 99–100)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>It has been shown that contributors deploy their troops with varying speed.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the peacekeeping force is being assembled, a variety of diplomatic activities are being undertaken by UN staff. The exact size and strength of the force must be agreed to by the government of the nation whose territory the conflict is on. The <a href="/wiki/Rules_of_Engagement" class="mw-redirect" title="Rules of Engagement">Rules of Engagement</a> must be developed and approved by both the parties involved and the Security Council. These give the specific mandate and scope of the mission (e.g. when may the peacekeepers, if armed, use force, and where may they go within the host nation). Often, it will be mandated that peacekeepers have host government minders with them whenever they leave their base. This complexity has caused problems in the field. When all agreements have been completed, the required personnel are assembled, and final approval has been given by the Security Council, the peacekeepers are deployed to the region in question. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financing">Financing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_peacekeeping&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Financing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_timor_independence_un2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/East_timor_independence_un2.jpg/220px-East_timor_independence_un2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/East_timor_independence_un2.jpg/330px-East_timor_independence_un2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/East_timor_independence_un2.jpg/440px-East_timor_independence_un2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Australian peacekeepers in <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></figcaption></figure><p> The financial resources of UN Peacekeeping operations are the <a href="/wiki/Collective_responsibility" title="Collective responsibility">collective responsibility</a> of UN Member States. <a href="/wiki/Group_decision-making" title="Group decision-making">Decisions</a> about the establishment, maintenance or expansion of peacekeeping operations are taken by the Security Council. According to UN Charter every Member State is obligated legally to pay their respective share for peacekeeping. Peacekeeping expenses are divided by the General Assembly based upon a formula established by Member States which takes into account the relative economic wealth of Member States among other factors.<sup id="cite_ref-un2016_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the UN agreed to reduce the peacekeeping budget by $600 million after the US initially proposed a larger decrease of approximately $900 million.<sup id="cite_ref-reut1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reut1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Funding sources by country/source </th> <th>Description </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td>2015–2016 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>$8.3bn<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016–2017 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> 28.57%<br /> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> 10.29%<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> 9.68%<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> 6.39%<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> 6.31%<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> 5.80%<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> 4.01%<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> 3.75%<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> 2.92%<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> 2.44% </p> </td> <td>Less than 0.5% of <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by military expenditures">world military expenditures</a> (estimated at $1,747 billion in 2013). The resources financed 14 of the 16 United Nations peacekeeping missions with the two remaining ones getting financed through the UN regular budget. <p>Many countries have also voluntarily made additional resources available to support UN Peacekeeping efforts such as by transportation, supplies, personnel and financial contributions beyond their assessed share of peacekeeping costs.<sup id="cite_ref-un2016_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td>$7.87bn<sup id="cite_ref-un2016_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017–2018 </td> <td> </td> <td>While many have praised <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire">the Ivory Coast UN peacekeeping mission</a>'s stabilizing effects on the country, the mission was ended on 30 June 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-abc1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>$7.3bn<sup id="cite_ref-reut1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reut1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The General Assembly approves resource expenditures for peacekeeping operations on a yearly basis. Financing covers the period from 1 July to 30 June of the next year. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Operation-Level Budgets (<a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Acronym</th> <th class="unsortable">Operation</th> <th>2017–2018</th> <th>2018–2019 </th></tr> <tr> <td>UNMISS</td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_South_Sudan" title="United Nations Mission in South Sudan">Mission in South Sudan</a></td> <td>$1,071,000,000</td> <td>$1,124,960,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>MONUSCO</td> <td><a href="/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO">Stabilization Mission in the Congo</a></td> <td>$1,141,848,100</td> <td>$1,114,619,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>MINUSMA</td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Multidimensional_Integrated_Stabilization_Mission_in_Mali" title="United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali">Stabilization Mission in Mali</a></td> <td>$1,048,000,000</td> <td>$1,074,718,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td>MINUSCA</td> <td><a href="/wiki/MINUSCA" title="MINUSCA">Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic</a></td> <td>$882,800,000</td> <td>$930,211,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td>UNSOS</td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Support_Office_for_AMISOM" title="United Nations Support Office for AMISOM">Support Office in Somalia</a></td> <td>$582,000,000</td> <td>$558,152,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td>UNIFIL</td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Force_in_Lebanon" title="United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon">Interim Force in Lebanon</a></td> <td>$483,000,000</td> <td>$474,406,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td>UNAMID</td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations%E2%80%93African_Union_Mission_in_Darfur" title="United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur">Mission in Darfur</a></td> <td>$486,000,000</td> <td>$385,678,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>UNISFA</td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Security_Force_for_Abyei" title="United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei">Interim Security Force for Abyei</a></td> <td>$266,700,000</td> <td>$263,858,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>UNMIL</td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Liberia" title="United Nations Mission in Liberia">Mission in Liberia</a></td> <td>$110,000,000</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>MINUJUSTH</td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_Justice_Support_in_Haiti" title="United Nations Mission for Justice Support in Haiti">Mission for Justice Support in Haiti</a></td> <td>$90,000,000</td> <td>$121,455,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td>UNDOF</td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Disengagement_Observer_Force" title="United Nations Disengagement Observer Force">Disengagement Observer Force</a></td> <td>$57,653,700</td> <td>$60,295,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>UNFICYP</td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Peacekeeping_Force_in_Cyprus" title="United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus">Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus</a></td> <td>$54,000,000</td> <td>$52,938,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td>MINURSO</td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara</a></td> <td>$52,000,000</td> <td>$52,350,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td>UNMIK</td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo</a></td> <td>$37,898,200</td> <td>$37,192,700 </td></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th style="text-align: left;">Year Total</th> <th>$6,362,900,000</th> <th>$6,250,839,700 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_peacekeeping&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Peace_Operations" title="United Nations Department of Peace Operations">United Nations Department of Peace Operations</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Military_Observer" title="United Nations Military Observer">United Nations Military Observer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Police" title="United Nations Police">United Nations Police</a></div> <p>A United Nations peacekeeping mission has three power centers. The first is the Special Representative of the <a href="/wiki/UN_Secretary_General" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Secretary General">Secretary-General</a>, the official leader of the mission. This person is responsible for all political and diplomatic activity, overseeing relations with both the parties to the peace treaty and the UN member-states in general. They are often a senior member of the Secretariat. The second is the Force Commander, who is responsible for the military forces deployed. They are a senior officer of their nation's armed services, and are often from the nation committing the highest number of troops to the project. Finally, the Chief Administrative Officer oversees supplies and logistics, and coordinates the procurement of any supplies needed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_peacekeeping&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Total_size_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_forces,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Total_size_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_forces%2C_OWID.svg/350px-Total_size_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_forces%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Total_size_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_forces%2C_OWID.svg/525px-Total_size_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_forces%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Total_size_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_forces%2C_OWID.svg/700px-Total_size_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_forces%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Total size of United Nations peacekeeping forces, 1947 to 2014<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2007, a peacekeeper volunteer was required to be older than age 25 with no maximum age limit.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peacekeeping forces are contributed by member states on a voluntary basis. As of 30 June 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_peacekeeping&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there are 100,411 people serving in UN peacekeeping operations (86,145 uniformed, 12,932 civilian, and 1,334 volunteers).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> European nations contribute nearly 6,000 people to this total. Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh are among the largest individual contributors with about 8,000 people each. African nations contributed nearly half the total, almost 44,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every peacekeeping mission is authorized by the Security Council. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_peacekeeping&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="History of United Nations peacekeeping">History of United Nations peacekeeping</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War_peacekeeping">Cold War peacekeeping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_peacekeeping&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cold War peacekeeping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panhard_AML_in_the_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Blind%C3%A9s,_France,_pic-1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Panhard_AML_in_the_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Blind%C3%A9s%2C_France%2C_pic-1.JPG/250px-Panhard_AML_in_the_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Blind%C3%A9s%2C_France%2C_pic-1.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Panhard_AML_in_the_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Blind%C3%A9s%2C_France%2C_pic-1.JPG/375px-Panhard_AML_in_the_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Blind%C3%A9s%2C_France%2C_pic-1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Panhard_AML_in_the_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Blind%C3%A9s%2C_France%2C_pic-1.JPG/500px-Panhard_AML_in_the_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Blind%C3%A9s%2C_France%2C_pic-1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Peacekeepers' <a href="/wiki/Panhard_AML" title="Panhard AML">Panhard armoured car</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Blind%C3%A9s" title="Musée des Blindés">Musée des Blindés</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saumur" title="Saumur">Saumur</a>, France. These vehicles have served with the UN since the inception of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Peacekeeping_Force_in_Cyprus" title="United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus">UNFICYP</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Convoy_trip_in_Mogadishu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Convoy_trip_in_Mogadishu.jpg/250px-Convoy_trip_in_Mogadishu.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Convoy_trip_in_Mogadishu.jpg/375px-Convoy_trip_in_Mogadishu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Convoy_trip_in_Mogadishu.jpg/500px-Convoy_trip_in_Mogadishu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption>A Pakistani UNOSOM armed convoy making the rounds in Mogadishu</figcaption></figure> <p>United Nations peacekeeping was initially developed during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> as a means of resolving conflicts between states by deploying unarmed or lightly armed military personnel from a number of countries, commanded by the UN, to areas where warring parties were in need of a neutral party to observe the peace process. Peacekeepers could be activated when the major international powers (<a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">the five permanent members of the Security Council</a>) tasked the UN with helping to end conflicts threatening regional stability and international peace and security. These included a number of so-called "<a href="/wiki/Proxy_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Proxy wars">proxy wars</a>" waged by client states of the <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpowers</a>. As of December 2019, there have been <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_UN_peacekeeping_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of UN peacekeeping missions">72 UN peacekeeping operations</a> since 1948, with seventeen operations ongoing. Suggestions for new missions are made every year. </p><p>The first peacekeeping mission was initiated in 1948. This mission, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Truce_Supervision_Organization" title="United Nations Truce Supervision Organization">United Nations Truce Supervision Organization</a> (UNTSO), was sent to the newly created <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a>, where a conflict between the Israelis and the Arab states concerning the creation of Israel had just reached a <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a>. The UNTSO remains in operation to this day, although the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a> has persisted. Almost a year later, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Military_Observer_Group_in_India_and_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan">United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan</a> (UNMOGIP) was authorized to monitor relations between the two nations, which were divided from each other after the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom's</a> <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. </p><p>As the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> ended with the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Armistice_Agreement" title="Korean Armistice Agreement">Korean Armistice Agreement</a> in 1953,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UN forces remained along the south side of <a href="/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone" title="Korean Demilitarized Zone">demilitarized zone</a> until 1967, when <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military">American</a> and South Korean forces took over.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Returning its attention to the conflict between Israel and its Arab neighbors, the United Nations <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Emergency_Force" title="United Nations Emergency Force">responded</a> to <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> of 1956, a war between the alliance of the United Kingdom, France, and Israel, versus Egypt, which was supported by other Arab nations. When a ceasefire was declared in 1957, Canadian <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Canada)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)">Secretary of State for External Affairs</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (and future Prime Minister) <a href="/wiki/Lester_Bowles_Pearson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lester Bowles Pearson">Lester Bowles Pearson</a> suggested that the United Nations station a peacekeeping force in the <a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a> in order to ensure that the ceasefire was honored by both sides. Pearson had initially suggested that the force consist of mainly <a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeepers" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian peacekeepers">Canadian peacekeepers</a>, but the Egyptians were suspicious of having a <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> nation defend them against the United Kingdom and its allies. In the end, a wide variety of national forces were drawn upon to ensure national diversity. Pearson would win the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> for this work.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1988, the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> was awarded to the United Nations peacekeeping forces. The press release stated that the forces "represent the manifest will of the community of nations" and have "made a decisive contribution" to the resolution of conflict around the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_1991">Since 1991</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_peacekeeping&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Since 1991"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangladesh_forces_under_MINUSMA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bangladesh_forces_under_MINUSMA.jpg/180px-Bangladesh_forces_under_MINUSMA.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bangladesh_forces_under_MINUSMA.jpg/270px-Bangladesh_forces_under_MINUSMA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bangladesh_forces_under_MINUSMA.jpg/360px-Bangladesh_forces_under_MINUSMA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1376" data-file-height="1109" /></a><figcaption> Bangladesh forces under MINUSMA Mali</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evstafiev-bosnia-sarajevo-un-holds-head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Evstafiev-bosnia-sarajevo-un-holds-head.jpg/180px-Evstafiev-bosnia-sarajevo-un-holds-head.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Evstafiev-bosnia-sarajevo-un-holds-head.jpg/270px-Evstafiev-bosnia-sarajevo-un-holds-head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Evstafiev-bosnia-sarajevo-un-holds-head.jpg/360px-Evstafiev-bosnia-sarajevo-un-holds-head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> Peacekeeper during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo" title="Siege of Sarajevo">Siege of Sarajevo</a>, 1992–1993</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_Soldats_de_la_Paix_du_bataillon_indien_lors_d%27une_patrouille_de_domination_de_terrain_%C3%A0_travers_la_for%C3%AAt_de_Pitakongo_(15143910694).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Les_Soldats_de_la_Paix_du_bataillon_indien_lors_d%27une_patrouille_de_domination_de_terrain_%C3%A0_travers_la_for%C3%AAt_de_Pitakongo_%2815143910694%29.jpg/180px-Les_Soldats_de_la_Paix_du_bataillon_indien_lors_d%27une_patrouille_de_domination_de_terrain_%C3%A0_travers_la_for%C3%AAt_de_Pitakongo_%2815143910694%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Les_Soldats_de_la_Paix_du_bataillon_indien_lors_d%27une_patrouille_de_domination_de_terrain_%C3%A0_travers_la_for%C3%AAt_de_Pitakongo_%2815143910694%29.jpg/270px-Les_Soldats_de_la_Paix_du_bataillon_indien_lors_d%27une_patrouille_de_domination_de_terrain_%C3%A0_travers_la_for%C3%AAt_de_Pitakongo_%2815143910694%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Les_Soldats_de_la_Paix_du_bataillon_indien_lors_d%27une_patrouille_de_domination_de_terrain_%C3%A0_travers_la_for%C3%AAt_de_Pitakongo_%2815143910694%29.jpg/360px-Les_Soldats_de_la_Paix_du_bataillon_indien_lors_d%27une_patrouille_de_domination_de_terrain_%C3%A0_travers_la_for%C3%AAt_de_Pitakongo_%2815143910694%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> patrol under <a href="/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO">UN mission in Congo, Africa</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Blue_Berets,_We_Care_(15847021980).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/The_Blue_Berets%2C_We_Care_%2815847021980%29.jpg/180px-The_Blue_Berets%2C_We_Care_%2815847021980%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/The_Blue_Berets%2C_We_Care_%2815847021980%29.jpg/270px-The_Blue_Berets%2C_We_Care_%2815847021980%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/The_Blue_Berets%2C_We_Care_%2815847021980%29.jpg/360px-The_Blue_Berets%2C_We_Care_%2815847021980%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> doctors attend to a child in <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The end of the Cold War precipitated a dramatic shift in UN and multilateral peacekeeping. In a new spirit of cooperation, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">Security Council</a> established larger and more complex UN peacekeeping missions, often to help implement comprehensive peace agreements between belligerents in intra-State conflicts and <a href="/wiki/Civil_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil wars">civil wars</a>. Furthermore, peacekeeping came to involve more and more non-military elements that ensured the proper functioning of civic functions, such as elections. The UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations was created in 1992 to assist this increased demand for such missions. </p><p>By and large, the new operations were successful. In <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, for example, peacekeeping provided ways to achieve self-sustaining peace. Some efforts failed, perhaps as the result of an overly optimistic assessment of what UN peacekeeping could accomplish. While complex missions in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> and Mozambique were ongoing, the Security Council dispatched peacekeepers to conflict zones like <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, where neither ceasefires nor the consent of all the parties in conflict had been secured. These operations did not have the manpower, nor were they supported by the required political will, to implement their mandates. The failures—most notably the 1994 <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">1995 massacre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Srebrenica" title="Srebrenica">Srebrenica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>—resulted in a period of retrenchment and self-examination in UN peacekeeping. As a result, the relatively small United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Administration_for_Eastern_Slavonia,_Baranja_and_Western_Sirmium" title="United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium">UNTAES</a>) transitional administration in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavonia,_Baranja_and_Western_Syrmia_(1995%E2%80%931998)" title="Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia (1995–1998)">Eastern Slavonia</a> received a high degree of commitment and became a "proving ground for ideas, methods, and procedures".<sup id="cite_ref-Boothby_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boothby-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It turned out to be considered the most successful UN mission, and was followed by other more ambitious transitional administrations in Kosovo (United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo, or <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">UNMIK</a>) and East Timor (United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor, or <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Administration_in_East_Timor" title="United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor">UNTAET</a>). </p><p>That period resulted, in part, in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Peacebuilding_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Peacebuilding Commission">United Nations Peacebuilding Commission</a>, which works to implement stable peace through some of the same civic functions that peacekeepers also work on, such as elections. The commission currently works with six countries, all in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The UN Peacekeeping's commitment to protecting <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">cultural heritage</a> dates back to 2012, when there was extensive destruction in Mali. In this matter, the protection of a country's cultural heritage was included in the mandate of a United Nations mission (Resolution 2100) for the first time in history. In addition to many other advances, Italy signed an agreement with <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in February 2016 to create the world's first emergency task force for culture, composed of civilian experts and the Italian Carabinieri. The UN peace mission <a href="/wiki/UNIFIL" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIFIL">UNIFIL</a> (together with <a href="/wiki/Blue_Shield_International" title="Blue Shield International">Blue Shield International</a>) in 2019 sought to protect the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage">UNESCO World Heritage</a> in Lebanon.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women">Women</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_peacekeeping&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_peacekeeping" title="Women in peacekeeping">Women in peacekeeping</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3_peacekeepers_witnessed_by_Lieutenant_General_Ot%C3%A1vio_Rodrigues_De_Miranda_Filho,_Laila_Bourhil_and_Lieutenant_General_Constant_Ndima_Kongba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/3_peacekeepers_witnessed_by_Lieutenant_General_Ot%C3%A1vio_Rodrigues_De_Miranda_Filho%2C_Laila_Bourhil_and_Lieutenant_General_Constant_Ndima_Kongba.jpg/220px-3_peacekeepers_witnessed_by_Lieutenant_General_Ot%C3%A1vio_Rodrigues_De_Miranda_Filho%2C_Laila_Bourhil_and_Lieutenant_General_Constant_Ndima_Kongba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/3_peacekeepers_witnessed_by_Lieutenant_General_Ot%C3%A1vio_Rodrigues_De_Miranda_Filho%2C_Laila_Bourhil_and_Lieutenant_General_Constant_Ndima_Kongba.jpg/330px-3_peacekeepers_witnessed_by_Lieutenant_General_Ot%C3%A1vio_Rodrigues_De_Miranda_Filho%2C_Laila_Bourhil_and_Lieutenant_General_Constant_Ndima_Kongba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/3_peacekeepers_witnessed_by_Lieutenant_General_Ot%C3%A1vio_Rodrigues_De_Miranda_Filho%2C_Laila_Bourhil_and_Lieutenant_General_Constant_Ndima_Kongba.jpg/440px-3_peacekeepers_witnessed_by_Lieutenant_General_Ot%C3%A1vio_Rodrigues_De_Miranda_Filho%2C_Laila_Bourhil_and_Lieutenant_General_Constant_Ndima_Kongba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7058" data-file-height="4708" /></a><figcaption> Three female UN Peacekeepers celebrate <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_United_Nations_Peacekeepers" title="International Day of United Nations Peacekeepers">International Day of the UN peacekeeper</a> 2023 (on 25 May) in Goma, North Kivu, DRC</figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Women_in_peacekeeping" title="Women in peacekeeping">Women</a> have regularly participated in global <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a> efforts, including through the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Women_in_peacekeeping_:14_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women_in_peacekeeping_:14-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although participation greatly increased in the last decade of the 20th century and the first two decades of 21st century, women remained significantly underrepresented in peacekeeping operations in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-Women_in_peacekeeping_UN_Women_–_Headquarters_2023_g407_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women_in_peacekeeping_UN_Women_–_Headquarters_2023_g407-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The participation of women in peacekeeping operations differs significantly between military contingents, military observers, staff officers versus police units.<sup id="cite_ref-Women_in_peacekeeping_Crawford_Lebovic_Macdonald_2015_pp._257–281_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women_in_peacekeeping_Crawford_Lebovic_Macdonald_2015_pp._257–281-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gender stereotypes and discrimination often limit women's opportunities for advancement and leadership roles within international organizations and military institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-Women_in_peacekeeping_Raymond_2020_q914_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women_in_peacekeeping_Raymond_2020_q914-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, women often face discrimination and harassment in male-dominated peacekeeping environments.<sup id="cite_ref-Women_in_peacekeeping_Kumalo_2021_p._34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women_in_peacekeeping_Kumalo_2021_p.-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inclusion of women in peacekeeping operations provides access to places and people inaccessible to men and improves communication quality with civilian communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Women_in_peacekeeping_Bigio_2018_m572_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women_in_peacekeeping_Bigio_2018_m572-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peacekeeping missions with a higher percentage of female personnel have more often been effective in reducing violence and achieving long-lasting peace agreements than those with lower percentages.<sup id="cite_ref-Women_in_peacekeeping_Rudberg_2023_j334_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women_in_peacekeeping_Rudberg_2023_j334-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Women_in_peacekeeping_Meetings_Coverage_and_Press_Releases_2019_n339_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women_in_peacekeeping_Meetings_Coverage_and_Press_Releases_2019_n339-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Women_in_peacekeeping_Osland_Nortvedt_Røysamb_2020_p._38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women_in_peacekeeping_Osland_Nortvedt_Røysamb_2020_p.-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Women_in_peacekeeping_Huber_2022_p._39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women_in_peacekeeping_Huber_2022_p.-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women peacekeepers have been instrumental in addressing issues such as sexual violence, human trafficking, and gender-based discrimination, which are prevalent in conflict-affected areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Women_in_peacekeeping_Secretary-General_2002_p._40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women_in_peacekeeping_Secretary-General_2002_p.-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women peacekeepers also serve as role models for women and girls in these areas, showing them that women can be powerful and influential agents of change.<sup id="cite_ref-Women_in_peacekeeping_Fafo_g414_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women_in_peacekeeping_Fafo_g414-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> In October 2000, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1325" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325</a> (S/RES/1325) on women, peace, and security was adopted unanimously by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a>, after recalling resolutions <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1261" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1261">1261</a> (1999), <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1265" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1265">1265</a> (1999), <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1296" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1296">1296</a> (2000), and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1314" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1314">1314</a> (2000). The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_resolution" title="United Nations Security Council resolution">resolution</a> acknowledged the disproportionate and unique impact of <a href="/wiki/Armed_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed conflict">armed conflict</a> on women and girls. It calls for the adoption of a <a href="/wiki/Gender_mainstreaming" title="Gender mainstreaming">gender perspective</a> to consider the special needs of women and girls during conflict, <a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">repatriation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">resettlement</a>, rehabilitation, <a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">reintegration</a>, and post-conflict reconstruction.<sup id="cite_ref-Women_in_peacekeeping_GAC_2017_g085_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women_in_peacekeeping_GAC_2017_g085-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Women_in_peacekeeping_Karim_Beardsley_2017_p._2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women_in_peacekeeping_Karim_Beardsley_2017_p._2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Women_in_peacekeeping_USIP_UNSCR1325_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women_in_peacekeeping_USIP_UNSCR1325-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Participation">Participation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_peacekeeping&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Participation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell212C-GRNR.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bell212C-GRNR.JPG/220px-Bell212C-GRNR.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bell212C-GRNR.JPG/330px-Bell212C-GRNR.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bell212C-GRNR.JPG/440px-Bell212C-GRNR.JPG 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>Alpine Helicopters contract <a href="/wiki/Bell_212" title="Bell 212">Bell 212</a> on UN peacekeeping duty in <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, 1998</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/UN_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Charter">UN Charter</a> stipulates that to assist in maintaining peace and security around the world, all member states of the UN should make available to the Security Council necessary armed forces and facilities. Since 1948, almost 130 nations have contributed military and civilian police personnel to peace operations. While detailed records of all personnel who have served in peacekeeping missions since 1948 are not available, it is estimated that as many as one million soldiers, police officers and civilians have served as UN peacekeepers during the last 56 years. </p><p>As of June 2022, 120 countries were contributing a total of 74,892 personnel in Peacekeeping Operations, with <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> leading the tally (6,700), followed by <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (5,832), <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> (5,794), <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> (5,283) and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (4,399).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to military and police personnel, 5,187 international civilian personnel, 2,031 UN Volunteers and 12,036 local civilian personnel worked in UN peacekeeping missions as of March 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PKW_Syria_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/PKW_Syria_3.jpg/220px-PKW_Syria_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/PKW_Syria_3.jpg/330px-PKW_Syria_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/PKW_Syria_3.jpg/440px-PKW_Syria_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> peacekeeper in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Through October 2018, 3,767 people from more than 100 countries had been killed while serving on peacekeeping missions.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of those came from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (163), <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (153), <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (150), <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> (146), and <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> (138).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thirty percent of the fatalities during the first 55 years of UN peacekeeping occurred in the years 1993–1995. </p><p>The rate of reimbursement by the UN for troop-contributing countries per peacekeeper per month include: $1,028 for pay and allowances; $303 supplementary pay for specialists; $68 for personal clothing, gear and equipment; and $5 for personal weaponry.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_peacekeeping&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Canadian peacekeeping</a></div> <p>Canada has served in over 50 peacekeeping missions, including every UN peacekeeping effort from its inception until 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_2013_y796_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_2013_y796-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada provided the most UN peacekeepers <a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_Cold_War" title="Canada in the Cold War">during the Cold War</a> with approximately 80,000 personnel – equivalent to 10 percent of total UN forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorn_Libben_2018_pp._257–281_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorn_Libben_2018_pp._257–281-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAOC_2019_v753_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAOC_2019_v753-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all, more than 125,000 Canadian men and women military personnel, civilians, diplomats – including over 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Law enforcement in Canada">Canadian police officers</a> – have served in peacekeeping operations.<sup id="cite_ref-Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police_2024_f342_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police_2024_f342-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 130 Canadians have died in service of peacekeeping operations, with 123 of these deaths occurring during UN missions.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_2013_y796_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_2013_y796-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seven Canadians have been UN force commanders and two Canadians have been commanders of UN observer missions.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_2013_y796_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_2013_y796-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_peacekeeping&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, the Bill Clinton and George W. Bush administrations began with differing philosophies but came to adopt remarkably similar policies using peace operations to assist American foreign policy. Initial ideological concerns were replaced by pragmatic decisions about how to assist UN peace operations. Both administrations were reluctant to contribute large contingents of ground troops to UN-commanded operations, even as both administrations endorsed increases in the number and scale of UN missions.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results">Results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_peacekeeping&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to scholar Page Fortna, there is strong evidence that the presence of peacekeepers significantly reduces the risk of renewed warfare; more peacekeeping troops results in fewer battlefield and civilian deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also evidence that the promise to deploy peacekeepers can help international organizations in bringing combatants to negotiate and increase the likelihood that they will agree to a cease-fire.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, there have been several reports during UN peacekeeping missions of human rights abuse by UN soldiers, notably in the Central African Republic in 2015. The cost of these missions is also significant, with the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_South_Sudan" title="United Nations Mission in South Sudan">UNMISS</a>) costing $1 billion per year for 12,500 UN soldiers unable to prevent the country's civil war. Often missions require approval from local governments before deploying troops which can also limit the effectiveness of UN missions.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nicholas Sambanis asserts that the presence of a UN peacekeeping mission is correlated with a positive effect on the achievement of peace, especially in the short-term. However, he notes that this effect is lessened over time. Thus, the longer that peacekeepers remain in a country, the greater the likelihood that peace will maintain. Acknowledging the success that UN peacekeeping operations have achieved in increasing political participation, Sambanis claims that a greater emphasis on economic development would further increase the efficacy of peacekeeping efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another study suggests that doubling the peacekeeping operation budget, stronger peacekeeping operation mandates and a doubling of the PKO budget would reduce armed conflicts by as much as two thirds relative to a scenario without PKOs.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An analysis of 47 peace operations by <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Page_Fortna" title="Virginia Page Fortna">Virginia Page Fortna</a> of <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> found that the involvement of UN personnel generally resulted in enduring peace.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political scientists Hanne Fjelde, Lisa Hultman and Desiree Nilsson of <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a> studied twenty years of data on peacekeeping missions, including in Lebanon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the Central African Republic, and concluded that they were more effective at reducing civilian casualties than counterterrorism operations by nation states.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2021 study in the <i>American Political Science Review</i> found that the presence of UN peacekeeping missions had a weak correlation with rule of law while conflict is ongoing, but a robust correlation during periods of peace. The study also found that "the relationship is stronger for civilian than uniformed personnel, and is strongest when UN missions engage host states in the process of reform".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a> professor Lise Howard argues that UN peacekeeping operations are more effective by virtue of their lack of compelling force; rather, their use of nonviolent methods such as "verbal persuasion, financial inducements and coercion short of offensive military force, including surveillance and arrest" are likelier to pacify warring parties.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2021 study in the <i>American Journal of Political Science</i> found that UN peacekeeping in South Sudan had a positive effect on the local economy.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2011 study, UN peacekeeping missions were most likely to be successful if they had assistance and consent from domestic actors in the host state.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crimes_by_peacekeepers">Crimes by peacekeepers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_peacekeeping&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Crimes by peacekeepers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peacekeeping,_human_trafficking,_and_forced_prostitution"><span id="Peacekeeping.2C_human_trafficking.2C_and_forced_prostitution"></span>Peacekeeping, human trafficking, and forced prostitution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_peacekeeping&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Peacekeeping, human trafficking, and forced prostitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping#Peacekeeping,_human_trafficking,_and_forced_prostitution" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping § Peacekeeping, human trafficking, and forced prostitution</a></div> <p>Reporters witnessed a rapid increase of prostitution in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> after UN peacekeeping forces moved in. In the 1996 UN study "The Impact of Armed Conflict on Children", the former first lady of Mozambique Graça Machel documented: "In 6 out of 12 country studies on sexual exploitation of children in situations of armed conflict prepared for the present report, the arrival of peacekeeping troops has been associated with a rapid rise in child prostitution."<sup id="cite_ref-unicef.org_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gita_Sahgal" title="Gita Sahgal">Gita Sahgal</a> spoke out in 2004 about the fact that prostitution and <a href="/wiki/Sex_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex abuse">sex abuse</a> occurs wherever <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_intervention" title="Humanitarian intervention">humanitarian intervention</a> efforts are established. She observed: "The issue with the <a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">UN</a> is that <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Peacekeeping operation">peacekeeping operations</a>, unfortunately, seems to be doing the same thing that other militaries do. Even the guardians have to be guarded."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights_violations_in_United_Nations_missions">Human rights violations in United Nations missions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_peacekeeping&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Human rights violations in United Nations missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table chart illustrates confirmed accounts of crimes and human rights violations committed by United Nations soldiers, peacekeepers, and employees.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>A comparison of incidents involving United Nations peacekeepers, troops, and employees. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Conflict </th> <th>United Nations Mission </th> <th>Sexual abuse </th> <th>Murder </th> <th>Extortion/Theft </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo">United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo</a> </td> <td align="right">150 </td> <td align="right">3 </td> <td align="right">44 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_Somalia_II" title="United Nations Operation in Somalia II">United Nations Operation in Somalia II</a> </td> <td align="right">5 </td> <td align="right">24 </td> <td align="right">5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Civil_War" title="Sierra Leone Civil War">Sierra Leone Civil War</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Sierra_Leone" title="United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone">United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone</a> </td> <td align="right">50 </td> <td align="right">7 </td> <td align="right">15 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eritrean-Ethiopian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Eritrean-Ethiopian War">Eritrean-Ethiopian War</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea" title="United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea">United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea</a> </td> <td align="right">70 </td> <td align="right">15 </td> <td align="right">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Burundi_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Burundi Civil War">Burundi Civil War</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_Burundi" title="United Nations Operation in Burundi">United Nations Operation in Burundi</a> </td> <td align="right">80 </td> <td align="right">5 </td> <td align="right">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rwanda_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Rwanda Civil War">Rwanda Civil War</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Observer_Mission_Uganda-Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda">United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda</a> </td> <td align="right">65 </td> <td align="right">15 </td> <td align="right">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Liberian_Civil_War" title="Second Liberian Civil War">Second Liberian Civil War</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Liberia" title="United Nations Mission in Liberia">United Nations Mission in Liberia</a> </td> <td align="right">30 </td> <td align="right">4 </td> <td align="right">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Second Sudanese Civil War</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Sudan" title="United Nations Mission in Sudan">United Nations Mission in Sudan</a> </td> <td align="right">400 </td> <td align="right">5 </td> <td align="right">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Côte d'Ivoire Civil War">Côte d'Ivoire Civil War</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire">United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire</a> </td> <td align="right">500 </td> <td align="right">2 </td> <td align="right">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2004_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2004 Haitian coup d'état">2004 Haitian coup d'état</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Stabilization_Mission_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti">United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti</a> </td> <td align="right">110 </td> <td align="right">57 </td> <td align="right">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo</a> </td> <td align="right">800 </td> <td align="right">70 </td> <td align="right">100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Lebanese_conflict" title="Israeli–Lebanese conflict">Israeli–Lebanese conflict</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Force_in_Lebanon" title="United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon">United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon</a> </td> <td align="right">0 </td> <td align="right">6 </td> <td align="right">0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_reform">Proposed reform</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_peacekeeping&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Proposed reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brahimi_analysis">Brahimi analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_peacekeeping&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Brahimi analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In response to criticism, particularly of the cases of sexual abuse by peacekeepers, the UN has taken steps toward reforming its operations. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Report_of_the_Panel_of_United_Nations_Peacekeeping&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Report of the Panel of United Nations Peacekeeping (page does not exist)">Brahimi Report</a> was the first of many steps to recap former peacekeeping missions, isolate flaws, and take steps to patch these mistakes to ensure the efficiency of future peacekeeping missions. The UN has vowed to continue to put these practices into effect when performing peacekeeping operations in the future. The technocratic aspects of the reform process have been continued and revitalised by the DPKO in its "Peace Operations 2010" reform agenda. This included an increase in personnel, the harmonization of the conditions of service of field and headquarters staff, the development of guidelines and standard operating procedures, and improving the partnership arrangement between the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), African Union and European Union. 2008 capstone doctrine entitled "United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines"<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> incorporates and builds on the Brahimi analysis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rapid_reaction_force">Rapid reaction force</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_peacekeeping&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Rapid reaction force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One suggestion to account for delays such as the one in Rwanda is a <a href="/wiki/Rapid_reaction_force" title="Rapid reaction force">rapid reaction force</a>, a peacekeeping force similar to a <a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">standing army</a> capable of quickly deploying to crises such as genocides, administered by the UN and deployed by the Security Council. The UN rapid reaction force would consist of military personnel from Security Council members or UN member states who would be stationed in their home countries, but would have the same training, equipment, and procedures, and would conduct <a href="/wiki/Joint_exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint exercise">joint exercises</a> with other forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Report_of_the_Panel_on_United_Nations_Peace_Operations_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report_of_the_Panel_on_United_Nations_Peace_Operations-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restructuring_of_the_UN_secretariat">Restructuring of the UN secretariat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_peacekeeping&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Restructuring of the UN secretariat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The UN peacekeeping capacity was enhanced in 2007 by augmenting the DPKO with the new Department of Field Support (DFS). Whereas the new entity serves as a key enabler by co-ordinating the administration and logistics in UN peacekeeping operations, DPKO concentrates on policy planning and providing strategic directions.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_peacekeeping&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/International_Day_of_United_Nations_Peacekeepers" title="International Day of United Nations Peacekeepers">International Day of United Nations Peacekeepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions" title="List of United Nations peacekeeping missions">List of United Nations peacekeeping missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_UN_peacekeepers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by number of UN peacekeepers">List of countries by number of UN peacekeepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_Force_and_Observers" title="Multinational Force and Observers">Multinational Force and Observers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_UN_peacekeeping_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of UN peacekeeping missions">Timeline of UN peacekeeping missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-UN_peacekeeping_missions" title="List of non-UN peacekeeping missions">List of non-UN peacekeeping 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Apr 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fafo&rft.atitle=Women%27s+participation+in+UN+peacekeeping+operations%3A+agents+of+change+or+stranded+symbols%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.files.ethz.ch%2Fisn%2F137505%2FWomen%25E2%2580%2599s%2520participation%2520in%2520UN%2520peacekeeping.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+peacekeeping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Women_in_peacekeeping_GAC_2017_g085-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Women_in_peacekeeping_GAC_2017_g085_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/issues_development-enjeux_developpement/gender_equality-egalite_des_genres/women_peace_security-femmes_paix_securite.aspx?lang=eng">"Women, peace and security"</a>. <i>GAC</i>. Feb 21, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Apr 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GAC&rft.atitle=Women%2C+peace+and+security&rft.date=2017-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.international.gc.ca%2Fworld-monde%2Fissues_development-enjeux_developpement%2Fgender_equality-egalite_des_genres%2Fwomen_peace_security-femmes_paix_securite.aspx%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+peacekeeping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Women_in_peacekeeping_Karim_Beardsley_2017_p._2-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Women_in_peacekeeping_Karim_Beardsley_2017_p._2_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarimBeardsley2017" class="citation book cs1">Karim, S.; Beardsley, K. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xvhKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2"><i>Equal Opportunity Peacekeeping: Women, Peace, and Security in Post-Conflict States</i></a>. Oxford Studies in Gender and International Relations. Oxford University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-060243-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-060243-7"><bdi>978-0-19-060243-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Equal+Opportunity+Peacekeeping%3A+Women%2C+Peace%2C+and+Security+in+Post-Conflict+States&rft.series=Oxford+Studies+in+Gender+and+International+Relations&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-060243-7&rft.aulast=Karim&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Beardsley%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxvhKDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+peacekeeping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Women_in_peacekeeping_USIP_UNSCR1325-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Women_in_peacekeeping_USIP_UNSCR1325_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usip.org/gender_peacebuilding/about_UNSCR_1325">"What is UNSCR 1325?"</a>. <i>United States Institute of Peace</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Institute+of+Peace&rft.atitle=What+is+UNSCR+1325%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usip.org%2Fgender_peacebuilding%2Fabout_UNSCR_1325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+peacekeeping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/01_contributions_to_un_peacekeeping_operations_by_country_and_post_51_june_2022_rev1.pdf">"United Nations Peacekeeping Contribution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UN Peacekeeping<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Nations+Peacekeeping+Contribution&rft.pub=UN+Peacekeeping&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeacekeeping.un.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F01_contributions_to_un_peacekeeping_operations_by_country_and_post_51_june_2022_rev1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+peacekeeping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/bnote.htm">"Background Note – United Nations Peacekeeping Operations"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Background+Note+%E2%80%93+United+Nations+Peacekeeping+Operations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FDepts%2Fdpko%2Fdpko%2Fbnote.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+peacekeeping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/fatalities">"Fatalities"</a>. <i>United Nations Peacekeeping</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Peacekeeping&rft.atitle=Fatalities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeacekeeping.un.org%2Fen%2Ffatalities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+peacekeeping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UN Peacekeeping, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/statsbynationalitymission_2_15.pdf">"Fatalities by Nationality and Mission up to 8/31/2018"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180927204159/https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/statsbynationalitymission_2_15.pdf">Archived</a> 27 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/faq/q10.htm">"United Nations Peacekeepers - How are peacekeepers compensated?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Nations+Peacekeepers+-+How+are+peacekeepers+compensated%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FDepts%2Fdpko%2Fdpko%2Ffaq%2Fq10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+peacekeeping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_2013_y796-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_2013_y796_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_2013_y796_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_2013_y796_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/peacekeeping">"Canada and Peacekeeping"</a>. <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i>. Jun 30, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240226043915/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/peacekeeping">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Mar 14,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Canada+and+Peacekeeping&rft.date=2023-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fpeacekeeping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+peacekeeping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dorn_Libben_2018_pp._257–281-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dorn_Libben_2018_pp._257–281_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDornLibben2018" class="citation journal cs1">Dorn, A. Walter; Libben, Joshua (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26499686">"Preparing for peace: Myths and realities of Canadian peacekeeping training"</a>. <i>International Journal</i>. <b>73</b> (2). [Sage Publications, Inc., Sage Publications, Ltd., Canadian International Council]: 257–281. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0020702018788552">10.1177/0020702018788552</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7020">0020-7020</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26499686">26499686</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149978007">149978007</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240229165415/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26499686">Archived</a> from the original on February 29, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal&rft.atitle=Preparing+for+peace%3A+Myths+and+realities+of+Canadian+peacekeeping+training&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=257-281&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=0020-7020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149978007%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26499686%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0020702018788552&rft.aulast=Dorn&rft.aufirst=A.+Walter&rft.au=Libben%2C+Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26499686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+peacekeeping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAOC_2019_v753-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NAOC_2019_v753_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://natoassociation.ca/the-fall-of-canadian-peacekeeping-should-it-be-revived/">"The Fall of Canadian Peacekeeping: Should It Be Revived?"</a>. <i>NAOC</i>. 2019-07-31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240314001819/https://natoassociation.ca/the-fall-of-canadian-peacekeeping-should-it-be-revived/">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-14</span></span>. <q>This event began the era of Canadian domination of peacekeeping. Canada ranks first in the amount of peacekeepers provided during the Cold War. During this time, Canada was also the only country to be a part of every UN peacekeeping operation. Canada provided 80,000 peacekeepers (10 percent of the UN total) before UN peacekeepers won the 1988 Nobel Peace Prize. All these accomplishments show that Canada used to be a world leader in peacekeeping.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NAOC&rft.atitle=The+Fall+of+Canadian+Peacekeeping%3A+Should+It+Be+Revived%3F&rft.date=2019-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnatoassociation.ca%2Fthe-fall-of-canadian-peacekeeping-should-it-be-revived%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+peacekeeping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police_2024_f342-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police_2024_f342_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/en/gazette/the-benefits-policing-canadian-borders">"The benefits of policing beyond Canadian borders"</a>. <i>Royal Canadian Mounted Police</i>. 2024-01-15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240229203408/https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/en/gazette/the-benefits-policing-canadian-borders">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Canadian+Mounted+Police&rft.atitle=The+benefits+of+policing+beyond+Canadian+borders&rft.date=2024-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcmp-grc.gc.ca%2Fen%2Fgazette%2Fthe-benefits-policing-canadian-borders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+peacekeeping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Victoria K. Holt, and Michael G. Mackinnon. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hrw.org&rft.atitle=Trafficking+%E2%80%93+Women+%E2%80%93+Girls+%E2%80%93+Bosnia+%E2%80%93+Herzegovina+%E2%80%93Forced+Prostitution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Flegacy%2Freports%2F2002%2Fbosnia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+peacekeeping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> : compiled from the corresponding Wikipedia articles. When a range was given, the median was used.</li> <li><sup>2</sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.unwire.org/unwire/20030411/33133_story.asp">http://www.unwire.org/unwire/20030411/33133_story.asp</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212212444/http://unwire.org/unwire/20030411/33133_story.asp">Archived</a> 2009-02-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> United Nations Foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Report_of_the_Panel_on_United_Nations_Peace_Operations-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Report_of_the_Panel_on_United_Nations_Peace_Operations_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/55/305">Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations</a>, 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerafino1995" class="citation book cs1">Serafino, Nina M. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/50077294"><i>A U.N. Rapid Reaction Force? A Discussion of the Issues and Considerations for U.S. Policymakers</i></a>. Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50077294">50077294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+U.N.+Rapid+Reaction+Force%3F+A+Discussion+of+the+Issues+and+Considerations+for+U.S.+Policymakers&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50077294&rft.aulast=Serafino&rft.aufirst=Nina+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F50077294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+peacekeeping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/pdfs_terrorism-directory_6-DPKO.pdf">https://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/pdfs_terrorism-directory_6-DPKO.pdf</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_peacekeeping&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Blocq, Daniel. 2009. "Western Soldiers and the Protection of Local Civilians in UN Peacekeeping Operations: Is a Nationalist Orientation in the Armed Forces Hindering Our Preparedness to Fight?" <i><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_%26_Society" title="Armed Forces & Society">Armed Forces & Society</a></i>,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/0095327X08330816v1">abstract</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090406061546/http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/0095327X08330816v1">Archived</a> 2009-04-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Bridges, Donna and Debbie Horsfall. 2009. "Increasing Operational Effectiveness in UN Peacekeeping: Toward a Gender-Balanced Force." <i><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_%26_Society" title="Armed Forces & Society">Armed Forces & Society</a></i>, May 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/0095327X08327818v1">abstract</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBureš2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bureš, Ronkęš (June 2006). "Regional Peacekeeping Operations: Complementing or Undermining the United Nations Security Council?". <i><a href="/wiki/Global_Change,_Peace_%26_Security" title="Global Change, Peace & Security">Global Change, Peace & Security</a></i> (in Nepali). <b>66</b> (2): 83–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14781150600687775">10.1080/14781150600687775</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154982851">154982851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Change%2C+Peace+%26+Security&rft.atitle=Regional+Peacekeeping+Operations%3A+Complementing+or+Undermining+the+United+Nations+Security+Council%3F&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=83-99&rft.date=2006-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14781150600687775&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154982851%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bure%C5%A1&rft.aufirst=Ronk%C4%99%C5%A1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+peacekeeping" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDandekerGow1997" class="citation journal cs1">Dandeker, Christopher; Gow, James (1997). 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href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations">Deputy Secretary-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amina_J._Mohammed" title="Amina J. Mohammed">Amina J. Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="President of the United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Francis_(diplomat)" title="Dennis Francis (diplomat)"> Dennis Francis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_System" title="United Nations System">UN System</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">Charter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Preamble to the United Nations Charter">Preamble</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principal organs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat" title="United Nations Secretariat">Secretariat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_secretary-general_selection" title="United Nations secretary-general selection">selections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations">Deputy Secretary-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under-Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations">Under-Secretary-General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="President of the United Nations General Assembly">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice" title="Statute of the International Court of Justice">Statute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">Security Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_elections" title="United Nations Security Council elections">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="List of members of the United Nations Security Council">Members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Presidency of the United Nations Security Council">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Reform of the United Nations Security Council">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power" title="United Nations Security Council veto power">Veto power</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council" title="United Nations Economic and Social Council">Economic and Social Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council" title="President of the United Nations Economic and Social Council">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Trusteeship_Council" title="United Nations Trusteeship Council">Trusteeship Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_System#Funds_and_programmes,_research_and_training_institutes,_and_other_bodies" title="United Nations System">Funds, programmes,<br />and other bodies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Peace" title="Culture of Peace">Culture of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">IAEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">IPCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Centre" title="International Trade Centre">ITC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">MINURSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">OHCHR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Court_for_Sierra_Leone" title="Special Court for Sierra Leone">SCSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS" title="Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS">UNAIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Capital_Development_Fund" title="United Nations Capital Development Fund">UNCDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_International_Trade_Law" title="United Nations Commission on International Trade Law">UNCITRAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Trade_and_Development" title="UN Trade and Development">UNCTAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Global_Communications" title="United Nations Department of Global Communications">UNDGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">UNDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Peace_Operations" title="United Nations Department of Peace Operations">UNDPO</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">UNEP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UNEP_OzonAction" title="UNEP OzonAction">OzonAction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRID-Arendal" title="GRID-Arendal">UNEP/GRID-Arendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Conservation_Monitoring_Centre" title="World Conservation Monitoring Centre">UNEP-WCMC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">UNFPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Settlements_Programme" title="United Nations Human Settlements Programme">UN-HABITAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">UNHCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">UNHRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interregional_Crime_and_Justice_Research_Institute" title="United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute">UNICRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Institute_for_Disarmament_Research" title="United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research">UNIDIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Institute_for_Training_and_Research" title="United Nations Institute for Training and Research">UNITAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations-Oceans" title="United Nations-Oceans">UN-Oceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">UNODC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Project_Services" title="United Nations Office for Project Services">UNOPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNOSAT" title="UNOSAT">UNOSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Research_Institute_for_Social_Development" title="United Nations Research Institute for Social Development">UNRISD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNRWA" title="UNRWA">UNRWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Sustainable_Development_Group" title="United Nations Sustainable Development Group">UNSDG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_System_Staff_College" title="United Nations System Staff College">UNSSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_University" title="United Nations University">UNU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UNU-CRIS" title="UNU-CRIS">UNU-CRIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNU-OP" title="UNU-OP">UNU-OP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Volunteers" title="United Nations Volunteers">UNV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Women" title="UN Women">UN Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">WFP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_specialized_agencies_of_the_United_Nations" title="List of specialized agencies of the United Nations">Specialized agencies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">ICAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development" title="International Fund for Agricultural Development">IFAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">ILO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">IMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">IOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">ITU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Tourism" title="UN Tourism">UN Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organization" title="United Nations Industrial Development Organization">UNIDO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">UPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Engineering_Organizations" title="World Federation of Engineering Organizations">WFEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">WIPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">WMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">IBRD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">IDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">IFC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat" title="United Nations Secretariat">Secretariat offices<br />and departments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations" title="Headquarters of the United Nations">Headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference Building">Conference Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Building" title="United Nations General Assembly Building">General Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat_Building" title="United Nations Secretariat Building">Secretariat Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Peace_Operations" title="United Nations Department of Peace Operations">Department of Peace Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Political_and_Peacebuilding_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs">Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld_Library" title="Dag Hammarskjöld Library">Dag Hammarskjöld Library</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_for_Safety_and_Security" title="United Nations Department for Safety and Security">Department for Safety and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Division_for_Palestinian_Rights" title="United Nations Division for Palestinian Rights">Division for Palestinian Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Geneva" title="United Nations Office at Geneva">Office at Geneva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Nations" title="Palace of Nations">Palace of Nations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Nairobi" title="United Nations Office at Nairobi">Office at Nairobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Vienna" title="United Nations Office at Vienna">Office at Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Disarmament_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs">Office for Disarmament Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Outer_Space_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs">Office for Outer Space Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Partnerships" title="United Nations Office for Partnerships">Office for Partnerships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_Internal_Oversight_Services" title="United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services">Office of Internal Oversight Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_Legal_Affairs" title="United Nations Office of Legal Affairs">Office of Legal Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_the_High_Representative_for_the_Least_Developed_Countries,_Landlocked_Developing_Countries_and_Small_Island_Developing_States" title="United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States">Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Secretary-General%27s_Envoy_on_Youth" title="Office of the Secretary-General's Envoy on Youth">Office of the Secretary-General's Envoy on Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Special_Representative_of_the_Secretary-General_on_Sexual_Violence_in_Conflict" title="Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict">Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Spokesperson_for_the_Secretary-General" title="Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General">Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Sport_for_Development_and_Peace" title="United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace">Office on Sport for Development and Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_organizations_by_location" title="List of United Nations organizations by location">UN organizations by location</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">Members<br />and observers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_United_Nations#1940s" title="Enlargement of the United Nations">Founding members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations#Current_members" title="Member states of the United Nations">Full members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">Security Council Permanent members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_representative_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent representative to the United Nations">Permanent representatives to the UN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_permanent_representatives_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of current permanent representatives to the United Nations">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers" title="United Nations General Assembly observers">General Assembly Observers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_and_the_United_Nations" title="European Union and the United Nations">European Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Nations" title="History of the United Nations">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preceding years</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telegraph Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">Universal Postal Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration" title="Permanent Court of Arbitration">Permanent Court of Arbitration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Office_of_Public_Hygiene" title="International Office of Public Hygiene">International Office of Public Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_archives" title="League of Nations archives">archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Covenant of the League of Nations">covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Organisation of the League of Nations">organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Member states of the League of Nations">member states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preparatory years</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_St_James%27s_Palace" title="Declaration of St James's Palace">Declaration of St James's Palace</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conference_(1943)" title="Moscow Conference (1943)">Moscow Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_Conference" title="Bretton Woods Conference">Bretton Woods Conference</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Conference" title="Dumbarton Oaks Conference">Dumbarton Oaks Conference</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_International_Organization" title="United Nations Conference on International Organization">Conference on International Organization</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a> (1948)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_United_Nations" title="Enlargement of the United Nations">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="History of United Nations peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions" title="List of United Nations peacekeeping missions">missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions" title="Timeline of United Nations peacekeeping missions">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_territories_governed_by_the_United_Nations" title="List of territories governed by the United Nations">governed territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Police" title="United Nations Police">UNPOL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drafting_of_the_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights">drafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Day" title="Human Rights Day">Human Rights Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Convention" title="World Heritage Convention">World Heritage Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Committee on the Rights of the Child">committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Permanent_Forum_on_Indigenous_Issues" title="United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues">Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Caucus" title="Indigenous Caucus">Indigenous Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">Declaration on the Rights of Peasants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_resolution" title="United Nations resolution">Resolutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vetoed_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions" title="List of vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions">Security Council vetoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_resolution" title="United Nations General Assembly resolution">General Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_resolutions_at_the_sixty-sixth_session_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="List of resolutions at the sixty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly">66th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_resolutions_at_the_sixty-seventh_session_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="List of resolutions at the sixty-seventh session of the United Nations General Assembly">67th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_resolution" title="United Nations Security Council resolution">Security Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Cyprus" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Iran" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Iraq" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Israel" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_relating_to_Lebanon" title="List of United Nations resolutions relating to Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_on_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_North_Korea" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Palestine" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Syria" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Western_Sahara" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Yemen" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_secretary-general_selection" title="United Nations secretary-general selection">Secretary-General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_United_Nations_Secretary-General_selection" title="2021 United Nations Secretary-General selection">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Nations_Secretary-General_selection" title="2016 United Nations Secretary-General selection">2016</a></li></ul></li> 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International Court of Justice judges election">2011</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Nations_General_Assembly_presidential_election" title="2016 United Nations General Assembly presidential election">General Assembly President (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Nations_Security_Council_election" title="2016 United Nations Security Council election">Security Council (2016)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_Nations" title="Outline of the United Nations">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Advisory_Committee_of_Local_Authorities" title="United Nations Advisory Committee of Local Authorities">Advisory Committee of Local Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Art_Collection" title="United Nations Art 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class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Template talk:Nobel Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1901_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1901 Nobel Peace Prize">1901</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dunant" title="Henry Dunant">Henry Dunant</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Passy" title="Frédéric Passy">Frédéric Passy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Ducommun" title="Élie Ducommun">Élie Ducommun</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_Gobat" title="Charles Albert Gobat">Charles Gobat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Randal_Cremer" title="Randal Cremer">Randal Cremer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_Droit_International" title="Institut de Droit International">Institut de Droit International</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Bertha_von_Suttner" title="Bertha von Suttner">Bertha von Suttner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Teodoro_Moneta" title="Ernesto Teodoro Moneta">Ernesto Moneta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Renault_(jurist)" title="Louis Renault (jurist)">Louis Renault</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Klas_Pontus_Arnoldson" title="Klas Pontus Arnoldson">Klas Arnoldson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Bajer" title="Fredrik Bajer">Fredrik Bajer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Beernaert" title="Auguste Beernaert">A. M. F. Beernaert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Henri_Balluet_d%27Estournelles_de_Constant" title="Paul Henri Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant">Paul Estournelles de Constant</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Bureau" title="International Peace Bureau">International Peace Bureau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Asser" title="Tobias Asser">Tobias Asser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hermann_Fried" title="Alfred Hermann Fried">Alfred Fried</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Henri_La_Fontaine" title="Henri La Fontaine">Henri La Fontaine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1914</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1915</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1918</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Léon Bourgeois</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Hjalmar Branting</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christian_Lous_Lange" title="Christian Lous Lange">Christian Lange</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1923</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1924</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles Dawes</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Gustav Stresemann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Buisson" title="Ferdinand Buisson">Ferdinand Buisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Quidde" title="Ludwig Quidde">Ludwig Quidde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1928</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Frank B. Kellogg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Nathan_S%C3%B6derblom" title="Nathan Söderblom">Nathan Söderblom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Nicholas Butler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1932</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Angell" title="Norman Angell">Norman Angell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Ossietzky" title="Carl von Ossietzky">Carl von Ossietzky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Saavedra_Lamas" title="Carlos Saavedra Lamas">Carlos Saavedra Lamas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Viscount_Cecil_of_Chelwood" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood">Robert Cecil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Nansen_International_Office_for_Refugees" title="Nansen International Office for Refugees">Nansen International Office for Refugees</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1939</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1943</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Emily_Greene_Balch" title="Emily Greene Balch">Emily Balch</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Mott" title="John Mott">John Mott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness" title="Quaker Peace and Social Witness">Friends Service Council</a> / <a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1948</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/John_Boyd_Orr" title="John Boyd Orr">John Boyd Orr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Jouhaux" title="Léon Jouhaux">Léon Jouhaux</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1955</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1956</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Pire" title="Dominique Pire">Georges Pire</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Noel-Baker" title="Philip Noel-Baker">Philip Noel-Baker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Luthuli" title="Albert Luthuli">Albert Luthuli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> / <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">League of Red Cross Societies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1964 Nobel Peace Prize">1964</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1965_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1965 Nobel Peace Prize">1965</a>: <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575"><a href="/wiki/1966_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1966 Nobel Peace Prize">1966</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575"><a href="/wiki/1967_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1967 Nobel Peace Prize">1967</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1968_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1968 Nobel Peace Prize">1968</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cassin" title="René Cassin">René Cassin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1969_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1969 Nobel Peace Prize">1969</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1970_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1970 Nobel Peace Prize">1970</a>: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1971_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1971 Nobel Peace Prize">1971</a>: <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1972</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1973_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1973 Nobel Peace Prize">1973</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%E1%BB%8D" title="Lê Đức Thọ">Lê Đức Thọ</a> (declined award)</i> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_MacBride" title="Seán MacBride">Seán MacBride</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eisaku_Sat%C5%8D" title="Eisaku Satō">Eisaku Satō</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Betty_Williams" title="Betty Williams">Betty Williams</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mairead_Maguire" title="Mairead Maguire">Mairead Corrigan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_P%C3%A9rez_Esquivel" title="Adolfo Pérez Esquivel">Adolfo Pérez Esquivel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Alva Myrdal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Garc%C3%ADa_Robles" title="Alfonso García Robles">Alfonso García Robles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/International_Physicians_for_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War" title="International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War">International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Elie_Wiesel" title="Elie Wiesel">Elie Wiesel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias">Óscar Arias</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">UN Peacekeeping Forces</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Rigoberta_Mench%C3%BA" title="Rigoberta Menchú">Rigoberta Menchú</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs" title="Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs">Pugwash Conferences</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Filipe_Ximenes_Belo" title="Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo">Carlos Belo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta" title="José Ramos-Horta">José Ramos-Horta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines" title="International Campaign to Ban Landmines">International Campaign to Ban Landmines</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jody_Williams" title="Jody Williams">Jody Williams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/John_Hume" title="John Hume">John Hume</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Trimble" title="David Trimble">David Trimble</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2001_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Nobel Peace Prize">2001</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Nobel Peace Prize">2002</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2003_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 Nobel Peace Prize">2003</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi" title="Shirin Ebadi">Shirin Ebadi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Nobel Peace Prize">2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2005_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2005 Nobel Peace Prize">2005</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2006_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Nobel Peace Prize">2006</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grameen_Bank" title="Grameen Bank">Grameen Bank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2007 Nobel Peace Prize">2007</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Nobel Peace Prize">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">2009</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2010_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2010 Nobel Peace Prize">2010</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2011 Nobel Peace Prize">2011</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf" title="Ellen Johnson Sirleaf">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leymah_Gbowee" title="Leymah Gbowee">Leymah Gbowee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tawakkol_Karman" title="Tawakkol Karman">Tawakkol Karman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2012 Nobel Peace Prize">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2013 Nobel Peace Prize">2013</a>: <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2014 Nobel Peace Prize">2014</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kailash_Satyarthi" title="Kailash Satyarthi">Kailash Satyarthi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2015 Nobel Peace Prize">2015</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_National_Dialogue_Quartet" title="Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet">Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2016_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2016 Nobel Peace Prize">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santos" title="Juan Manuel Santos">Juan Manuel Santos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2017 Nobel Peace Prize">2017</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Abolish_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons">International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2018 Nobel Peace Prize">2018</a>: <a href="/wiki/Denis_Mukwege" title="Denis Mukwege">Denis Mukwege</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nadia_Murad" title="Nadia Murad">Nadia Murad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2019 Nobel Peace Prize">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">Abiy Ahmed</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2020 Nobel Peace Prize">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2021 Nobel Peace Prize">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Muratov" title="Dmitry Muratov">Dmitry Muratov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2022 Nobel Peace Prize">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ales_Bialiatski" title="Ales Bialiatski">Ales Bialiatski</a> / <a href="/wiki/Memorial_(society)" title="Memorial (society)">Memorial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Civil_Liberties_(human_rights_organization)" title="Center for Civil Liberties (human rights organization)">Center for Civil Liberties</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2023 Nobel Peace Prize">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Narges_Mohammadi" title="Narges Mohammadi">Narges Mohammadi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2024_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2024 Nobel Peace Prize">2024</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nihon_Hidankyo" title="Nihon Hidankyo">Nihon Hidankyo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1988_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1988_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1988 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1988_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1988 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1988_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1988 Nobel Prize in Literature">1988</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz" title="Naguib Mahfouz">Naguib Mahfouz</a> (Egypt)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Nations peacekeeping</a> (United Nations)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Leon M. Lederman</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Melvin Schwartz</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Jack Steinberger</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Black_(pharmacologist)" title="James Black (pharmacologist)">James W. Black</a> (Great Britain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude B. Elion</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Hitchings" title="George H. Hitchings">George H. Hitchings</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Allais" title="Maurice Allais">Maurice Allais</a> (France)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1983_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1983 Nobel Prize winners">1983</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1984_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1984 Nobel Prize winners">1984</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1985_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1985 Nobel Prize winners">1985</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1986_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1986 Nobel Prize winners">1986</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1987_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1987 Nobel Prize winners">1987</a></dd> <dd><b>1988 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1989_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1989 Nobel Prize winners">1989</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1990_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1990 Nobel Prize winners">1990</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1991_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1991 Nobel Prize winners">1991</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1992_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1992 Nobel Prize winners">1992</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1993_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1993 Nobel Prize winners">1993</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_United_Nations_Peacekeeping_Operations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UN_Peacekeeping_Operations" title="Template:UN Peacekeeping Operations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UN_Peacekeeping_Operations" title="Template talk:UN Peacekeeping Operations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UN_Peacekeeping_Operations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UN Peacekeeping Operations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_United_Nations_Peacekeeping_Operations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peacekeeping Operations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">MINURSO</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Organization_Stabilization_Mission_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">MONUSCO</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Security_Force_for_Abyei" title="United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei">UNISFA</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_South_Sudan" title="United Nations Mission in South Sudan">UNMISS</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Multidimensional_Integrated_Stabilization_Mission_in_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic">MINUSCA</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Integrated_Transition_Assistance_Mission_in_Sudan" title="United Nations Integrated Transition Assistance Mission in Sudan">UNITAM</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Inactive</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia & Pacific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Military_Observer_Group_in_India_and_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan">UNMOGIP</a> (1949)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Peacekeeping_Force_in_Cyprus" title="United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus">UNFICYP</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">UNMIK</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">WestAsia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Truce_Supervision_Organization" title="United Nations Truce Supervision Organization">UNTSO</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Disengagement_Observer_Force" title="United Nations Disengagement Observer Force">UNDOF</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Force_in_Lebanon" title="United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon">UNIFIL</a> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo" title="United Nations Operation in the Congo">ONUC</a> (1960–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transition_Assistance_Group" title="United Nations Transition Assistance Group">UNTAG</a> (1989–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Angola_Verification_Mission_I" title="United Nations Angola Verification Mission I">UNAVEM I</a> (1989–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Angola_Verification_Mission_II" title="United Nations Angola Verification Mission II">UNAVEM II</a> (1991–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_Somalia_I" title="United Nations Operation in Somalia I">UNOSOM I</a> (1992–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_Mozambique" title="United Nations Operation in Mozambique">ONUMOZ</a> (1992–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_Somalia_II" title="United Nations Operation in Somalia II">UNOSOM II</a> (1993–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Observer_Mission_Uganda-Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda">UNOMUR</a> (1993–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Observer_Mission_in_Liberia" title="United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia">UNOMIL</a> (1993–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Assistance_Mission_for_Rwanda" title="United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda">UNAMIR</a> (1993–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Aouzou_Strip_Observer_Group" title="United Nations Aouzou Strip Observer Group">UNASOG</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Angola_Verification_Mission_III" title="United Nations Angola Verification Mission III">UNAVEM III</a> (1995–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Observer_Mission_in_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Observer Mission in Angola">MONUA</a> (1997–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic">MINURCA</a> (1998–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Observer_Mission_in_Sierra_Leone" title="United Nations Observer Mission in Sierra Leone">UNOMSIL</a> (1998–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Sierra_Leone" title="United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone">UNAMSIL</a> (1999–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Organization_Mission_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">MONUC</a> (1999–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea" title="United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea">UNMEE</a> (2000–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="United Nations Mission in Côte d'Ivoire">MINUCI</a> (2003–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Liberia" title="United Nations Mission in Liberia">UNMIL</a> (2003–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_C%C3%B4te_d%E2%80%99Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire">UNOCI</a> (2004–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_Burundi" title="United Nations Operation in Burundi">ONUB</a> (2004–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_the_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Mission in the Sudan">UNMIS</a> (2005–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_the_Central_African_Republic_and_Chad" title="United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad">MINURCAT</a> (2007–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union-United_Nations_Hybrid_Operation_in_Darfur" class="mw-redirect" title="African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur">UNAMID</a> (2007–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Multidimensional_Integrated_Stabilization_Mission_in_Mali" title="United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali">MINUSMA</a> (2013–2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DOMREP" title="DOMREP">DOMREP</a> (1965–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ONUCA" title="ONUCA">ONUCA</a> (1989–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ONUSAL" title="ONUSAL">ONUSAL</a> (1991–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Haiti" title="United Nations Mission in Haiti">UNMIH</a> (1993–1996)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Support_Mission_in_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Nations Support Mission in Haiti (page does not exist)">UNSMIH</a> (1996–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Verification_Mission_in_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Verification Mission in Guatemala">MINUGUA</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Transition_Mission_in_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Nations Transition Mission in Haiti (page does not exist)">UNTMIH</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Civilian_Police_Mission_in_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti (page does not exist)">MIPONUH</a> (1997–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Stabilization_Mission_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti">MINUSTAH</a> (2004–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_Justice_Support_in_Haiti" title="United Nations Mission for Justice Support in Haiti">MINUJUSTH</a> (2017–2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia & Pacific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Temporary_Executive_Authority" title="United Nations Temporary Executive Authority">UNSF</a> (1962–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_India-Pakistan_Observation_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations India-Pakistan Observation Mission">UNIPOM</a> (1965–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Good_Offices_Mission_in_Afghanistan_and_Pakistan" title="United Nations Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan">UNGOMAP</a> (1988–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Advance_Mission_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Advance Mission in Cambodia">UNAMIC</a> (1991–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Authority_in_Cambodia" title="United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia">UNTAC</a> (1992–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_of_Observers_in_Tajikistan" title="United Nations Mission of Observers in Tajikistan">UNMOT</a> (1994–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_of_Support_to_East_Timor" title="United Nations Mission of Support to East Timor">UNMISET</a> (2002–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Integrated_Mission_in_East_Timor" title="United Nations Integrated Mission in East Timor">UNMIT</a> (2006–2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Protection_Force" title="United Nations Protection Force">UNPROFOR</a> (1992–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Observer_Mission_in_Georgia" title="United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia">UNOMIG</a> (1993–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Confidence_Restoration_Operation_in_Croatia" title="United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation in Croatia">UNCRO</a> (1995–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Preventive_Deployment_Force" title="United Nations Preventive Deployment Force">UNPREDEP</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina">UNMIBH</a> (1995–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Administration_for_Eastern_Slavonia,_Baranja_and_Western_Sirmium" title="United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium">UNTAES</a> (1996–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_of_Observers_in_Prevlaka" title="United Nations Mission of Observers in Prevlaka">UNMOP</a> (1996–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Civilian_Police_Support_Group" title="United Nations Civilian Police Support Group">UNCPSG</a> (1996–2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">WestAsia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_United_Nations_Emergency_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="First United Nations Emergency Force">UNEF I</a> (1956–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Observation_Group_in_Lebanon" title="United Nations Observation Group in Lebanon">UNOGIL</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Yemen_Observation_Mission" title="United Nations Yemen Observation Mission">UNYOM</a> (1963–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_United_Nations_Emergency_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Second United Nations Emergency Force">UNEF II</a> (1973–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Iran-Iraq_Military_Observer_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group">UNIIMOG</a> (1988–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Iraq-Kuwait_Observation_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission">UNIKOM</a> (1991–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Supervision_Mission_in_Syria" title="United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria">UNSMIS</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="History of United Nations peacekeeping">History of UN peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions" title="List of United Nations peacekeeping missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions" title="Timeline of United Nations peacekeeping missions">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_involvement_in_international_peacekeeping" title="Latin American involvement in international peacekeeping">Latin American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Peace_Operations" title="United Nations Department of Peace Operations">United Nations Department of Peace Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Medal" title="United Nations Medal">United Nations Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Military_Observer" title="United Nations Military Observer">United Nations Military Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Police" title="United Nations Police">United Nations Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_peacekeeping" title="Women in peacekeeping">Women in peacekeeping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" 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