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<span>University of California, Berkeley</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_of_California,_Berkeley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cornell_University" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cornell_University"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Cornell University</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cornell_University-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University_of_Illinois" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_of_Illinois"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>University of Illinois</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_of_Illinois-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-California_Institute_of_Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#California_Institute_of_Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>California Institute of Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-California_Institute_of_Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harvard_University" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harvard_University"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Harvard University</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harvard_University-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Awards and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American educator and physicist</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Thomas Eugene Everhart</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Everhart_1987.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Thomas_Everhart_1987.png/220px-Thomas_Everhart_1987.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Thomas_Everhart_1987.png/330px-Thomas_Everhart_1987.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Thomas_Everhart_1987.png/440px-Thomas_Everhart_1987.png 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="909" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Everhart in 1987</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">5th President of the <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1987–1997</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Goldberger" class="mw-redirect" title="Marvin Goldberger">Marvin Goldberger</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">4th Chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1984–1987</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_E._Cribbet" title="John E. Cribbet">John E. Cribbet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Morton_W._Weir" title="Morton W. Weir">Morton W. Weir</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1932-02-15</span>) </span>February 15, 1932<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 92)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/B._A." class="mw-redirect" title="B. A.">BA</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a> (<a href="/wiki/M._S." class="mw-redirect" title="M. S.">MS</a>)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Clare_College,_Cambridge" title="Clare College, Cambridge">Clare College, Cambridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Centennial_Medal" title="IEEE Centennial Medal">IEEE Centennial Medal</a> <small>(1984)</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Clark_Kerr_Award" title="Clark Kerr Award">Clark Kerr Award</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992)</span><br />ASEE Centennial Medallion <span style="font-size:85%;">(1993)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Founders_Medal" title="IEEE Founders Medal">IEEE Founders Medal</a> <small>(2002)</small><br />Okawa Prize <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical Engineering">Electrical Engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Applied_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Applied Physics">Applied Physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idiscover.lib.cam.ac.uk/permalink/f/t9gok8/44CAM_ALMA21431167930003606">Contrast formation in the scanning electron microscope</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1958)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Oatley" title="Charles Oatley">Charles Oatley</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Thomas Eugene Everhart</b> <a href="/wiki/FREng" class="mw-redirect" title="FREng">FREng</a> (born February 15, 1932, Kansas City, Missouri)<sup id="cite_ref-OralHistoryCHF_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OralHistoryCHF-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an American educator and <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a>. His area of expertise is the physics of <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> beams. Together with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_F._M._Thornley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard F. M. Thornley (page does not exist)">Richard F. M. Thornley</a> he designed the <a href="/wiki/Everhart%E2%80%93Thornley_detector" title="Everhart–Thornley detector">Everhart–Thornley detector</a>. These detectors are still in use in <a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">scanning electron microscopes</a>, even though the first such detector was made available as early as 1956. </p><p>Everhart was elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a> in 1978 for contributions to the electron optics of the scanning electron microscope and to its use in electronics and biology. He was appointed an International <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">Fellow</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Engineering" title="Royal Academy of Engineering">Royal Academy of Engineering</a> in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-Fellows_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fellows-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served as chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign</a> from 1984 to 1987 and as the president of the <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> from 1987 to 1997. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Eugene_Everhart&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Everhart's parents were William E. Everhart and Elizabeth A. West. Everhart received his <a href="/wiki/A.B." class="mw-redirect" title="A.B.">A.B.</a> in physics from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> in 1953, and his <a href="/wiki/M.S." class="mw-redirect" title="M.S.">M.S.</a> in applied physics from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a>, in 1955. He held a <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Scholarship" title="Marshall Scholarship">Marshall Scholarship</a> at <a href="/wiki/Clare_College,_Cambridge" title="Clare College, Cambridge">Clare College, Cambridge</a>, where he completed a PhD in Physics under Professor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Oatley" title="Charles Oatley">Charles Oatley</a> in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-OralHistoryCHF_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OralHistoryCHF-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Eugene_Everhart&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Everhart-Thornley_detector">Everhart-Thornley detector</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Eugene_Everhart&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Everhart-Thornley detector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Everhart began working on electron detection and the design of <a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scanning electron microscopes">scanning electron microscopes</a> (SEMs) as a student with Charles Oatley at Cambridge in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodenburg_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodenburg-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An initial prototype, the SEM1, had been developed by Dennis McMullen, who published his dissertation <i>Investigations relating to the design of electron microscopes</i> in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodenburg_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodenburg-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ratinac_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ratinac-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was further modified by Ken C. A. Smith, who developed a way to efficiently detect low-energy secondary electrons.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapter_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapter-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oatley and his students used SEM to develop a variety of new techniques for studying surface topography.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodenburg_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodenburg-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holt_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Everhart developed techniques to detect low-energy secondaries. His Ph.D. thesis, in 1958, was <i>Contrast formation in the scanning electron microscope</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holt_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analyzing the electrons detected by the SEM, he reported that about 67% of the signal measured could be attributed to low energy secondaries from the specimen.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawkes_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawkes-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 3% was due to higher-energy reflected electrons.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapter_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapter-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also presented equations to model the noise introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodenburg_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodenburg-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hawkes_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawkes-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Use of the term "voltage contrast" to describe the relationship between the voltage applied to a specimen and the resulting image contrast, is attributed to Everhart.<sup id="cite_ref-Breton_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oatley_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oatley-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 1959, Everhart produced the first voltage-contrast images of p-n junctions of biased silicon diodes.<sup id="cite_ref-Everhart1959_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Everhart1959-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voltage contrast, the ability to detect variations in surface electrical potentials on a specimen, is now one of several imaging modes used for the characterization, diagnosis and failure analysis of semiconductors. As many as half of the SEMs sold are believed to be used in semiconductor applications.<sup id="cite_ref-Newbury_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newbury-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Everhart studied contrast mechanisms in detail and developed a new theory of reflection of electrons from solids.<sup id="cite_ref-Everhart1960_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Everhart1960-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also made some of the first quantitative studies of the effects of beam penetration on image formation in the SEM. </p><p>In 1960 Everhart and Richard F. M. Thornley published a description for the improved design of a secondary electron detector, since known as the <a href="/wiki/Everhart%E2%80%93Thornley_detector" title="Everhart–Thornley detector">Everhart–Thornley detector</a>. Everhart and Thornley increased the efficiency of existing detectors by adding a light pipe to carry the photon signal from the scintillator inside the evacuated specimen chamber of the scanning electron microscopes to the photomultiplier outside the chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-Detector_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Detector-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This strengthened the signal collected and improved the signal-to-noise ratio. In 1963, Pease and Nixon incorporated the Everhart-Thornley detector into their prototype for the first commercial SEM, later developed as the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Scientific_Instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Scientific Instruments">Cambridge Scientific Instruments</a> Mark I <i>Stereoscan</i>. This type of secondary electron and back-scattered electron detector is still used in modern <a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scanning electron microscopes">scanning electron microscopes</a> (SEMs).<sup id="cite_ref-Bogner_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bogner-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By using various types of detectors with SEM, it becomes possible to map the topography, crystallography and composition of specimens being examined.<sup id="cite_ref-Ratinac_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ratinac-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1960s, Wells, Everhart, and Matta built an advanced SEM for semiconductor studies and microfabrication at Westinghouse Laboratories in Pittsburgh. They were able to combine signals so to more effectively examine multiple layers in active devices, an early example of EBIC imaging.<sup id="cite_ref-Wells1965_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wells1965-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Everhart1971_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Everhart1971-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University_of_California,_Berkeley"><span id="University_of_California.2C_Berkeley"></span>University of California, Berkeley</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Eugene_Everhart&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: University of California, Berkeley"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1958-1978 Everhart was a professor and latterly department chairman of engineering and computer science, at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_at_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California at Berkeley">University of California at Berkeley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OralHistoryCHF_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OralHistoryCHF-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There he supported the construction of the first scanning electron microscope in a U.S. university.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cornell_University">Cornell University</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Eugene_Everhart&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cornell University"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 1979, he became Joseph Silbert Dean of the college of engineering at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>, Ithaca, New York.<sup id="cite_ref-Kavli_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kavli-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University_of_Illinois">University of Illinois</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Eugene_Everhart&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: University of Illinois"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Everhart served as chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign</a> from 1984 to 1987. As chancellor, Everhart was involved in proposals for and development of the <a href="/wiki/Beckman_Institute_for_Advanced_Science_and_Technology" title="Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology">Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology</a>, an interdisciplinary research institute substantially funded by an appeal to <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Orville_Beckman" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold Orville Beckman">Arnold Orville Beckman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown2009_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9–14">: 9–14 </span></sup> In a formal invitation to proposed members of the Administrative Committee for the Beckman Institute, Everhart wrote that creation of the Beckman Institute was "an exceptional opportunity, perhaps the most dramatic and exciting one that we will see in our working lifetimes."<sup id="cite_ref-Brown2009_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 97">: 97 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="California_Institute_of_Technology">California Institute of Technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Eugene_Everhart&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: California Institute of Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Everhart was president of the <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> from 1987 to 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-Woo_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woo-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Caltech's president, Everhart authorized the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) project, a large-scale experiment that seeks to detect gravitational waves and use them for fundamental research in physics and astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-CaltechHistory_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaltechHistory-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While at Caltech, Everhart was involved in substantial expansion of the university, heading a $350-million fund-raising drive. In 1989, he helped dedicate the <a href="/wiki/Beckman_Institute_at_Caltech" title="Beckman Institute at Caltech">Beckman Institute at Caltech</a>, a research center for biology, chemistry, and related sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-BeckmanCaltech_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeckmanCaltech-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the second of five research centers supported by <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Orville_Beckman" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold Orville Beckman">Arnold Orville Beckman</a> and his wife Mabel. Everhart also was involved in the development of the <a href="/wiki/W._M._Keck_Observatory" title="W. M. Keck Observatory">W. M. Keck Observatory</a> in Hawaii, supported by the <a href="/wiki/W._M._Keck_Foundation" title="W. M. Keck Foundation">W. M. Keck Foundation</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Copman_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Copman-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Gordon and Betty Moore Laboratory of Engineering, supported by <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Moore" title="Gordon Moore">Gordon Moore</a> of <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Flanigan_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flanigan-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Fairchild Engineering Library, supported by the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Fairchild_Foundation" title="Sherman Fairchild Foundation">Sherman Fairchild Foundation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Woo_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woo-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fairchild_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fairchild-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Everhart promoted efforts to hire more female faculty and increase the enrollment of women. In his final year at Caltech the number of women in the freshmen class was double that of the year he joined Caltech.<sup id="cite_ref-Woo_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woo-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1998, Everhart has served as a trustee of the <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sits on the boards of directors of <a href="/wiki/Raytheon" title="Raytheon">Raytheon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kavli_Foundation_(United_States)" title="Kavli Foundation (United States)">Kavli Foundation</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-Kavli_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kavli-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harvard_University">Harvard University</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Eugene_Everhart&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Harvard University"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1999, Everhart was elected to a six-year terms as Overseer of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. In 2001 he became a member of the Overseers executive committee. He was one of three overseers who participated in the university's presidential search committee in 2000-01. In 2004, he was elected president of Harvard's Board of Overseers for 2004-05.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvard2004_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvard2004-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Eugene_Everhart&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Everhart has been elected to a number of scientific societies, including the following:<sup id="cite_ref-OralHistoryCHF_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OralHistoryCHF-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1969, Fellow, <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a></li> <li>1978, Member, <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a></li> <li>1984, Scientific Member, Böhmische Physical Society</li> <li>1988, Fellow, <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="American Association for the Advancement of Sciences">American Association for the Advancement of Sciences</a></li> <li>1990, Foreign Member, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Engineering" title="Royal Academy of Engineering">Royal Academy of Engineering</a></li></ul> <p>Everhart has received a number of awards, including the following:<sup id="cite_ref-OralHistoryCHF_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OralHistoryCHF-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1984, <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Centennial_Medal" title="IEEE Centennial Medal">IEEE Centennial Medal</a></li> <li>1992, <a href="/wiki/Clark_Kerr_Award" title="Clark Kerr Award">Clark Kerr Award</a></li> <li>1993, ASEE Centennial Medallion</li> <li>2002, <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Founders_Medal" title="IEEE Founders Medal">IEEE Founders Medal</a></li> <li>2002, Okawa Prize</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Eugene_Everhart&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OralHistoryCHF-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OralHistoryCHF_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OralHistoryCHF_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OralHistoryCHF_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OralHistoryCHF_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OralHistoryCHF_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrockMody2011" class="citation book cs1">Brock, David C.; Mody, Cyrus (3 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oh.sciencehistory.org/sites/default/files/interview_pdf_abstract/everhart_te_0689_suppl.pdf"><i>Thomas E. Everhart, Transcript of an Interview Conducted by David C. Brock and Cyrus Mody as a phone interview and in Santa Barbara, California on 28 March 2007 and 3 May 2011</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Philadelphia, PA: <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Heritage_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical Heritage Foundation">Chemical Heritage Foundation</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+E.+Everhart%2C+Transcript+of+an+Interview+Conducted+by+David+C.+Brock+and+Cyrus+Mody+as+a+phone+interview+and+in+Santa+Barbara%2C+California+on+28+March+2007+and+3+May+2011&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pub=Chemical+Heritage+Foundation&rft.date=2011-05-03&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft.au=Mody%2C+Cyrus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foh.sciencehistory.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Finterview_pdf_abstract%2Feverhart_te_0689_suppl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Eugene+Everhart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fellows-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fellows_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raeng.org.uk/about-us/people-council-committees/the-fellowship/list-of-fellows?fa=e&p=2">"List of Fellows"</a>. <i>Royal Academy of Engineering</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Academy+of+Engineering&rft.atitle=List+of+Fellows&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raeng.org.uk%2Fabout-us%2Fpeople-council-committees%2Fthe-fellowship%2Flist-of-fellows%3Ffa%3De%26p%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Eugene+Everhart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rodenburg-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rodenburg_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodenburg_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodenburg_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodenburg_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodenburg1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Rodenburg" title="John Rodenburg">Rodenburg, J.M.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tN-4AwLMr0EC&pg=PA11"><i>Electron microscopy and analysis 1997 : proceedings of the Institute of Physics Electron Microscopy and Analysis Group conference, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 2-5 September 1997</i></a>. Bristol: Institute of Physics Pub. pp. 11–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0750304412" title="Special:BookSources/978-0750304412"><bdi>978-0750304412</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electron+microscopy+and+analysis+1997+%3A+proceedings+of+the+Institute+of+Physics+Electron+Microscopy+and+Analysis+Group+conference%2C+Cavendish+Laboratory%2C+University+of+Cambridge%2C+2-5+September+1997&rft.place=Bristol&rft.pages=11-16&rft.pub=Institute+of+Physics+Pub.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0750304412&rft.aulast=Rodenburg&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtN-4AwLMr0EC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Eugene+Everhart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ratinac-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ratinac_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ratinac_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRatinac2008" class="citation book cs1">Ratinac, Kyle R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Okm7zPWnsvIC&pg=PA73">"Great moment 9: Scanning electron microscopy"</a>. In Ratinac, Kyle R. (ed.). <i>50 great moments : celebrating the golden jubilee of the University of Sydney's Electron Microscope Unit</i>. University of Sydney, N.S.W.: Sydney University Press. pp. 71–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781920898762" title="Special:BookSources/9781920898762"><bdi>9781920898762</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Great+moment+9%3A+Scanning+electron+microscopy&rft.btitle=50+great+moments+%3A+celebrating+the+golden+jubilee+of+the+University+of+Sydney%27s+Electron+Microscope+Unit&rft.place=University+of+Sydney%2C+N.S.W.&rft.pages=71-81&rft.pub=Sydney+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781920898762&rft.aulast=Ratinac&rft.aufirst=Kyle+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOkm7zPWnsvIC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Eugene+Everhart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chapter-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chapter_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapter_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverhart2004" class="citation book cs1">Everhart, T. E. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UaWPclp1K2QC&pg=PA202">"Contrast formation in the scanning electron microscope"</a>. In Hawkes, Peter W. (ed.). <i>Advances in imaging and electron physics: Volume 133, Sir Charles Oatley and the Scanning Electron Microscope</i> (1st ed.). Oxford: Elsevier Academic Press. pp. 137–145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0123859853" title="Special:BookSources/978-0123859853"><bdi>978-0123859853</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Contrast+formation+in+the+scanning+electron+microscope&rft.btitle=Advances+in+imaging+and+electron+physics%3A+Volume+133%2C+Sir+Charles+Oatley+and+the+Scanning+Electron+Microscope&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=137-145&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Elsevier+Academic+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0123859853&rft.aulast=Everhart&rft.aufirst=T.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUaWPclp1K2QC%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Eugene+Everhart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holt-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holt_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holt_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltJoy1989" class="citation book cs1">Holt, D. B.; Joy, D. C. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w81GBQAAQBAJ&pg=PR11"><i>SEM Microcharacterization of Semiconductors</i></a>. Elsevier Science. pp. xi–xii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780123538550" title="Special:BookSources/9780123538550"><bdi>9780123538550</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SEM+Microcharacterization+of+Semiconductors&rft.pages=xi-xii&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780123538550&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=D.+B.&rft.au=Joy%2C+D.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw81GBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Eugene+Everhart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawkes-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hawkes_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawkes_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkes2004" class="citation book cs1">Hawkes, Peter W. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UaWPclp1K2QC&pg=PA202"><i>Advances in imaging and electron physics: Volume 133, Sir Charles Oatley and the Scanning Electron Microscope</i></a> (1st ed.). Oxford: Elsevier Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0123859853" title="Special:BookSources/978-0123859853"><bdi>978-0123859853</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advances+in+imaging+and+electron+physics%3A+Volume+133%2C+Sir+Charles+Oatley+and+the+Scanning+Electron+Microscope&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Elsevier+Academic+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0123859853&rft.aulast=Hawkes&rft.aufirst=Peter+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUaWPclp1K2QC%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Eugene+Everhart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Breton-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Breton_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreton" class="citation web cs1">Breton, Bernie C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-g.eng.cam.ac.uk/125/achievements/oatley/history.html">"The Early History and Development of The Scanning Electron Microscope"</a>. <i>University of Cambridge</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Cambridge&rft.atitle=The+Early+History+and+Development+of+The+Scanning+Electron+Microscope&rft.aulast=Breton&rft.aufirst=Bernie+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-g.eng.cam.ac.uk%2F125%2Fachievements%2Foatley%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Eugene+Everhart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oatley-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oatley_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOatleyEverhart1957" class="citation journal cs1">Oatley, CW; Everhart, TE (1957). "The examination of p-n junctions in the scanning electron microscope". <i>Journal of Electronics</i>. <b>2</b> (6): 568–570. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00207215708937060">10.1080/00207215708937060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Electronics&rft.atitle=The+examination+of+p-n+junctions+in+the+scanning+electron+microscope&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=568-570&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00207215708937060&rft.aulast=Oatley&rft.aufirst=CW&rft.au=Everhart%2C+TE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Eugene+Everhart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Everhart1959-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Everhart1959_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverhartWellsOatley1959" class="citation journal cs1">Everhart, T.E.; Wells, O.C.; Oatley, C.W. (1959). 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Caltech<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Division+of+Engineering+and+Applied+Science&rft.atitle=Sherman+Fairchild+Library%3A+Ten+Years+Later&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=Kimberly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eas.caltech.edu%2Fengenious%2Fsix%2Fcampus_resource&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Eugene+Everhart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caltech.edu/news/former-caltech-president-tom-everhart-elected-board-299">"Former Caltech President Tom Everhart Elected to Board"</a>. <i>Caltech News and Events</i>. 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Caltech+News+and+Events&rft.atitle=Former+Caltech+President+Tom+Everhart+Elected+to+Board&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.caltech.edu%2Fnews%2Fformer-caltech-president-tom-everhart-elected-board-299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Eugene+Everhart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvard2004-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harvard2004_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/2004/06.10/09-overseers.html">"Everhart named Overseers president for 2004-05"</a>. <i>Harvard Gazette</i>. June 10, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Gazette&rft.atitle=Everhart+named+Overseers+president+for+2004-05&rft.date=2004-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.harvard.edu%2Fgazette%2F2004%2F06.10%2F09-overseers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Eugene+Everhart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Eugene_Everhart&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Thomas Eugene Everhart</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Everhart%2C+Thomas+E.">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Everhart%2C+Thomas+E.&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Thomas Eugene Everhart</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=&au=Everhart%2C+Thomas+E.">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=&au=Everhart%2C+Thomas+E.&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCenter_for_Oral_History" class="citation web cs1">Center for Oral History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oh.sciencehistory.org/oral-histories/everhart-thomas-e">"Thomas E. Everhart"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_History_Institute" title="Science History Institute">Science History Institute</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+History+Institute&rft.atitle=Thomas+E.+Everhart&rft.au=Center+for+Oral+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foh.sciencehistory.org%2Foral-histories%2Feverhart-thomas-e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Eugene+Everhart" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockMody2011" class="citation book cs1">Brock, David C.; Mody, Cyrus (3 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oh.sciencehistory.org/sites/default/files/interview_pdf_abstract/everhart_te_0689_suppl.pdf"><i>Thomas E. Everhart, Transcript of an Interview Conducted by David C. Brock and Cyrus Mody as a phone interview and in Santa Barbara, California on 28 March 2007 and 3 May 2011</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Philadelphia, PA: <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Heritage_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical Heritage Foundation">Chemical Heritage Foundation</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+E.+Everhart%2C+Transcript+of+an+Interview+Conducted+by+David+C.+Brock+and+Cyrus+Mody+as+a+phone+interview+and+in+Santa+Barbara%2C+California+on+28+March+2007+and+3+May+2011&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pub=Chemical+Heritage+Foundation&rft.date=2011-05-03&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft.au=Mody%2C+Cyrus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foh.sciencehistory.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Finterview_pdf_abstract%2Feverhart_te_0689_suppl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Eugene+Everhart" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_E._Cribbet" title="John E. Cribbet">John E. Cribbet</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>4th Chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign</a> </b><br />1984 – 1987 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Morton_W._Weir" title="Morton W. Weir">Morton W. Weir</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Goldberger" class="mw-redirect" title="Marvin Goldberger">Marvin Goldberger</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>5th President of the <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> </b><br />1987 – 1997 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="IEEE_Founders_Medal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:IEEE_Founders_Medal" title="Template:IEEE Founders Medal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IEEE_Founders_Medal" title="Template talk:IEEE Founders Medal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IEEE_Founders_Medal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IEEE Founders Medal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="IEEE_Founders_Medal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Founders_Medal" title="IEEE Founders Medal">Founders Medal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1953–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff">David Sarnoff</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Norton_Goldsmith" title="Alfred Norton Goldsmith">Alfred Norton Goldsmith</a> (1954)</li> <li><i>No award</i> (1955)</li> <li><i>No award</i> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_A._Heising" title="Raymond A. Heising">Raymond A. Heising</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ransom_Gail_Baker" title="Walter Ransom Gail Baker">Walter Ransom Gail Baker</a> (1958)</li> <li><i>No award</i> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haraden_Pratt" title="Haraden Pratt">Haraden Pratt</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bown" title="Ralph Bown">Ralph Bown</a> (1961)</li> <li><i>No award</i> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Terman" title="Frederick Terman">Frederick Terman</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_McNaughton" title="Andrew McNaughton">Andrew McNaughton</a> (1964)</li> <li><i>No award</i> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_William_Engstrom" title="Elmer William Engstrom">Elmer William Engstrom</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Fletcher" title="Harvey Fletcher">Harvey Fletcher</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_E._Haggerty" title="Patrick E. Haggerty">Patrick E. Haggerty</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Finley_Carter" title="E. Finley Carter">E. Finley Carter</a> (1969)</li> <li>Morris D. Hooven (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Weber_(engineer)" title="Ernst Weber (engineer)">Ernst Weber</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masaru_Ibuka" title="Masaru Ibuka">Masaru Ibuka</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Hewlett" title="Bill Hewlett">Bill Hewlett</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Packard" title="David Packard">David Packard</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_A._Hyland" title="Lawrence A. Hyland">Lawrence A. Hyland</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Grist_Brainerd" title="John Grist Brainerd">John G. Brainerd</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Edward W. Herold (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Wiesner" title="Jerome Wiesner">Jerome Wiesner</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_G._Fink" title="Donald G. Fink">Donald G. Fink</a> (1978)</li> <li>Hanzo Omi (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Ramo" title="Simon Ramo">Simon Ramo</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hillier" title="James Hillier">James Hillier</a> (1981)</li> <li>Shigeru Yonezawa (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Pettit" title="Joseph M. Pettit">Joseph M. Pettit</a> (1983)</li> <li>Koji Kobayashi (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Norris_(CEO)" title="William Norris (CEO)">William Norris</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Heilmeier" title="George H. Heilmeier">George H. Heilmeier</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Owens" title="James B. Owens">James B. Owens</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Munro_Ross" title="Ian Munro Ross">Ian Munro Ross</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_A._Getting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan A. Getting">Ivan A. Getting</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Bloch" title="Erich Bloch">Erich Bloch</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Dorros" title="Irwin Dorros">Irwin Dorros</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_W._Schmitt" title="Roland W. Schmitt">Roland W. Schmitt</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Olsen" title="Ken Olsen">Ken Olsen</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akio_Morita" title="Akio Morita">Akio Morita</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_R._Currie" title="Malcolm R. Currie">Malcolm R. Currie</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_R._Augustine" title="Norman R. Augustine">Norman R. Augustine</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Moore" title="Gordon Moore">Gordon Moore</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_W._Rudge" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan W. Rudge">Alan W. Rudge</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_M._Rosen" title="Benjamin M. Rosen">Benjamin M. Rosen</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Galvin" title="Bob Galvin">Bob Galvin</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Frosch" title="Robert A. Frosch">Robert A. Frosch</a> (2001)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Eugene Everhart</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Stata" title="Ray Stata">Ray Stata</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Dresselhaus" title="Mildred Dresselhaus">Mildred Dresselhaus</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wong" title="Eugene Wong">Eugene Wong</a> (2005)</li> <li>Toshiharu Aoki (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_K._Jones" title="Anita K. Jones">Anita K. Jones</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Sample" title="Steven Sample">Steven Sample</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Barrett_(chief_executive)" title="Craig Barrett (chief executive)">Craig Barrett</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_E._Gray" title="Paul E. Gray">Paul E. Gray</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Gibbons" title="James F. Gibbons">James F. Gibbons</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._C._Kohli" title="F. C. Kohli">F. C. Kohli</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Beranek" title="Leo Beranek">Leo Beranek</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Schmidt" title="Eric Schmidt">Eric Schmidt</a> (2014)</li> <li>James Plummer (2015)</li> <li><i>No award</i> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takeo_Kanade" title="Takeo Kanade">Takeo Kanade</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._R._Narayana_Murthy" title="N. R. Narayana Murthy">N. R. Narayana Murthy</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Saxby" title="Robin Saxby">Robin Saxby</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen-Hsun_Huang" class="mw-redirect" title="Jen-Hsun Huang">Jen-Hsun Huang</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Samueli" title="Henry Samueli">Henry Samueli</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brooks_Slaughter" title="John Brooks Slaughter">John Brooks Slaughter</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Brooks" title="Rodney Brooks">Rodney Brooks</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsu-Jae_King_Liu" title="Tsu-Jae King Liu">Tsu-Jae King Liu</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_California_Institute_of_Technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="color:white;background:#FF6600;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Caltech_presidents" title="Template:Caltech presidents"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Caltech_presidents" title="Template talk:Caltech presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Caltech_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Caltech presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_California_Institute_of_Technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Presidents of the <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology"><span style="color:white;">California Institute of Technology</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Early_Throop_leaders_(before_Caltech)"><b>Early Throop leaders</b> (before Caltech)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Keyes" title="Charles Henry Keyes">Charles Keyes</a> (1891–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Alison_Edwards" title="Walter Alison Edwards">Walter Edwards</a> (1897–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Augustin_Brown_Scherer" title="James Augustin Brown Scherer">James Scherer</a> (1908–1920)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Presidents_of_Caltech"><b>Presidents of Caltech</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert Millikan</a> (1921–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Alvin_DuBridge" title="Lee Alvin DuBridge">Lee DuBridge</a> (1946–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Brown_(Secretary_of_Defense)" title="Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense)">Harold Brown</a> (1969–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Christy" title="Robert F. Christy">Robert Christy</a> # (1977–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Leonard_Goldberger" title="Marvin Leonard Goldberger">Marvin Goldberger</a> (1978–1987)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Everhart</a> (1987–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a> (1997–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Lou_Chameau" title="Jean-Lou Chameau">Jean-Lou Chameau</a> (2006–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rosenbaum" title="Thomas Rosenbaum">Thomas Rosenbaum</a> (2014–present)</li></ul> <p><i># denotes an acting or interim president</i> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_University_of_Illinois" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #13294b; color: #FFFFFF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leaders_of_the_University_of_Illinois" title="Template:Leaders of the University of Illinois"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: #FFFFFF">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leaders_of_the_University_of_Illinois" title="Template talk:Leaders of the University of Illinois"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: #FFFFFF">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders_of_the_University_of_Illinois" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders of the University of Illinois"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: #FFFFFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_University_of_Illinois" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_system" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois system"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">University of Illinois</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #13294b; color: #FFFFFF;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_University_of_Illinois_system" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of the University of Illinois system"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">System presidents</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Milton_Gregory" title="John Milton Gregory">Gregory</a> (1867–1880)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Selim_Peabody" title="Selim Peabody">Peabody</a> (1880–1891)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jonathan_Burrill" title="Thomas Jonathan Burrill">Burrill</a> (1891–1894)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_S._Draper" title="Andrew S. Draper">Draper</a> (1894–1904)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_J._James" title="Edmund J. James">James</a> (1904–1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Kinley" title="David Kinley">Kinley</a> (1920–1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Woodburn_Chase" title="Harry Woodburn Chase">Chase</a> (1930–1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_H._Daniels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur H. Daniels (page does not exist)">Daniels</a><sup>#</sup> (1933–1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cutts_Willard" title="Arthur Cutts Willard">Willard</a> (1934–1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_D._Stoddard" title="George D. Stoddard">Stoddard</a> (1946–1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Morey" title="Lloyd Morey">Morey</a><sup>†</sup> (1954–1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_D._Henry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David D. Henry (page does not exist)">Henry</a> (1955–1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_E._Corbally" title="John E. Corbally">Corbally</a> (1971—1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_O._Ikenberry" title="Stanley O. Ikenberry">Ikenberry</a> (1979—1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_J._Stukel" title="James J. Stukel">Stukel</a> (1995—2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/B._Joseph_White" title="B. Joseph White">White</a> (2005—2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_O._Ikenberry" title="Stanley O. Ikenberry">Ikenberry</a><sup>#</sup> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hogan_(academic)" title="Michael Hogan (academic)">Hogan</a> (2010—2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Easter" title="Robert A. Easter">Easter</a> (2012–2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_L._Killeen" title="Timothy L. Killeen">Killeen</a> (2015–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #13294b; color: #FFFFFF;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chancellors_of_the_University_of_Illinois_Chicago" title="List of chancellors of the University of Illinois Chicago"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">UIC chancellors</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donald_N._Langenberg" title="Donald N. Langenberg">Langenberg</a> (1983–1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_J._Stukel" title="James J. Stukel">Stukel</a><sup>†</sup> (1990–1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_C._Broski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David C. Broski (page does not exist)">Broski</a><sup>†</sup> (1995–1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylvia_Manning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sylvia Manning (page does not exist)">Manning</a><sup>†</sup> (1999–2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rick_Gislason&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rick Gislason (page does not exist)">Gislason</a><sup>#</sup> (2008–2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paula_Allen-Meares" title="Paula Allen-Meares">Allen-Meares</a> (2009–2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rick_Gislason&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rick Gislason (page does not exist)">Gislason</a><sup>#</sup> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_D._Amiridis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael D. Amiridis (page does not exist)">Amiridis</a> (2015–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #13294b; color: #FFFFFF;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chancellors_of_the_University_of_Illinois_Springfield" title="List of chancellors of the University of Illinois Springfield"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">UIS chancellors</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Naomi_B._Lynn" title="Naomi B. Lynn">Lynn</a> (1995–2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_D._Ringeisen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard D. Ringeisen (page does not exist)">Ringeisen</a> (2001–2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_J._Koch_(academic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susan J. Koch (academic) (page does not exist)">Koch</a> (2011–2020)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karen_M._Whitney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karen M. Whitney (page does not exist)">Whitney</a><sup>#</sup> (2020–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #13294b; color: #FFFFFF;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chancellors_of_the_University_of_Illinois_Urbana-Champaign" title="List of chancellors of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">UIUC chancellors</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jack_W._Peltason" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack W. Peltason">Peltason</a> (1967–1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Morton_W._Weir" title="Morton W. Weir">Weir</a><sup>#</sup> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_P._Gerberding" title="William P. Gerberding">Gerberding</a> (1978–1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_E._Cribbet" title="John E. Cribbet">Cribbet</a><sup>†</sup> (1979–1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Everhart</a> (1984–1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Morton_W._Weir" title="Morton W. Weir">Weir</a><sup>†</sup> (1987–1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Aiken" title="Michael Aiken">Aiken</a> (1993–2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Cantor" title="Nancy Cantor">Cantor</a> (2001–2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Herman" title="Richard Herman">Herman</a> (2004–2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Easter" title="Robert A. Easter">Easter</a><sup>#</sup> (2009–2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Wise" title="Phyllis Wise">Wise</a> (2011–2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_J._Wilson" title="Barbara J. Wilson">Wilson</a><sup>#</sup> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Jones" title="Robert J. Jones">Jones</a> (2016–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #13294b; color: #FFFFFF"><div><sup>#</sup> <i>denotes an acting or interim role</i> — <sup>†</sup> <i>denotes having served as interim before serving in a permanent capacity</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electron_microscopy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electron_microscopy" title="Template:Electron microscopy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electron_microscopy" title="Template talk:Electron microscopy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electron_microscopy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electron microscopy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electron_microscopy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electron_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron microscopy">Electron microscopy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron microscopy">Electron microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_electron_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of electron microscopy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micrograph" title="Micrograph">Micrograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">Microscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_microscope_technology" title="Timeline of microscope technology">Timeline of microscope technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">Electron</a> interaction<br />with matter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auger_effect" title="Auger effect">Auger effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremsstrahlung" title="Bremsstrahlung">Bremsstrahlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_diffraction" title="Electron diffraction">Electron diffraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_scattering" title="Electron scattering">Electron scattering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikuchi_lines_(physics)" title="Kikuchi lines (physics)">Kikuchi lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_electrons" title="Secondary electrons">Secondary electrons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_fluorescence" title="X-ray fluorescence">X-ray fluorescence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detectors_for_transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Detectors for transmission electron microscopy">Detectors for transmission electron microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_gun" title="Electron gun">Electron gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everhart%E2%80%93Thornley_detector" title="Everhart–Thornley detector">Everhart–Thornley detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_electron_emission" title="Field electron emission">Field electron emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_emission_gun" title="Field emission gun">Field emission gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_lens" title="Magnetic lens">Magnetic lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigmator" title="Stigmator">Stigmator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microscopes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_microprobe" title="Electron microprobe">EM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Correlative_light-electron_microscopy" title="Correlative light-electron microscopy">Correlative light EM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_electron_microscopy" title="Cryogenic electron microscopy">Cryo-EM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_microprobe" title="Electron microprobe">EMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid-Phase_Electron_Microscopy" title="Liquid-Phase Electron Microscopy">Liquid-Phase EM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-energy_electron_microscopy" title="Low-energy electron microscopy">Low-energy EM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoemission_electron_microscopy" title="Photoemission electron microscopy">Photoemission EM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">SEM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_scanning_electron_microscope" title="Environmental scanning electron microscope">Environmental SEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_cryomicroscopy" title="Scanning electron cryomicroscopy">CryoSEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanning_confocal_electron_microscopy" title="Scanning confocal electron microscopy">Confocal SEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEM-XRF" title="SEM-XRF">SEM-XRF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Transmission electron microscopy">TEM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_cryomicroscopy" title="Transmission electron cryomicroscopy">Cryo-TEM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron_cryotomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron cryotomography">Cryo-ET</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_filtered_transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Energy filtered transmission electron microscopy">EFTEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-resolution_transmission_electron_microscopy" title="High-resolution transmission electron microscopy">HRTEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanning_transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Scanning transmission electron microscopy">STEM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4D_scanning_transmission_electron_microscopy" title="4D scanning transmission electron microscopy">4D STEM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aberration-Corrected_Transmission_Electron_Microscopy" title="Aberration-Corrected Transmission Electron Microscopy">Aberration-Corrected TEM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4D_scanning_transmission_electron_microscopy" title="4D scanning transmission electron microscopy">4D STEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annular_dark-field_imaging" title="Annular dark-field imaging">Annular dark-field imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathodoluminescence" title="Cathodoluminescence">Cathodoluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_contrast_imaging" title="Charge contrast imaging">Charge contrast imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_beam_electron_diffraction" title="Convergent beam electron diffraction">CBED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_electron_microscopy" title="Cryogenic electron microscopy">cryoEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark-field_microscopy" title="Dark-field microscopy">Dark-field microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy-dispersive_X-ray_spectroscopy" title="Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy">EDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_backscatter_diffraction" title="Electron backscatter diffraction">EBSD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Kikuchi_diffraction" title="Transmission Kikuchi diffraction">TKD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_channelling_contrast_imaging" title="Electron channelling contrast imaging">ECCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_energy_loss_spectroscopy" title="Electron energy loss spectroscopy">EELS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_beam-induced_current" title="Electron beam-induced current">EBIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_holography" title="Electron holography">Electron holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_tomography" title="Electron tomography">Electron tomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focused_ion_beam" title="Focused ion beam">FIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluctuation_electron_microscopy" title="Fluctuation electron microscopy">FEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immune_electron_microscopy" title="Immune electron microscopy">Immune electron microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_phase_analysis" title="Geometric phase analysis">Geometric phase analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photon-Induced_Near-field_Electron_Microscopy" title="Photon-Induced Near-field Electron Microscopy">PINEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precession_electron_diffraction" title="Precession electron diffraction">Precession electron diffraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_block-face_scanning_electron_microscopy" title="Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy">Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelength-dispersive_X-ray_spectroscopy" title="Wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy">WDXS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak-beam_dark-field_microscopy" title="Weak-beam dark-field microscopy">WBDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Developers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Crewe" title="Albert Crewe">Albert Crewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_von_Borries" title="Bodo von Borries">Bodo von Borries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Dennis Gabor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_G._Bauer" title="Ernst G. Bauer">Ernst G. Bauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ernst Ruska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerasimos_Danilatos" title="Gerasimos Danilatos">Gerasimos Danilatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Rose" title="Harald Rose">Harald Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hillier" title="James Hillier">James Hillier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_von_Ardenne" title="Manfred von Ardenne">Manfred von Ardenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Knoll" title="Max Knoll">Max Knoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Haider" title="Maximilian Haider">Maximilian Haider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_J._Zaluzec" title="Nestor J. Zaluzec">Nestor J. Zaluzec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ondrej_Krivanek" title="Ondrej Krivanek">Ondrej Krivanek</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Eugene Everhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Ellis_Cosslett" title="Vernon Ellis Cosslett">Vernon Ellis Cosslett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG" title="Carl Zeiss AG">Carl Zeiss AG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FEI_Company" title="FEI Company">FEI Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi High-Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEOL" title="JEOL">JEOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leica_Microsystems" title="Leica Microsystems">Leica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nion_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Nion Company">Nion Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TESCAN" title="TESCAN">TESCAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific" title="Thermo Fisher Scientific">Thermo Fisher Scientific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gegi.usherbrooke.ca/casino/index.html">CASINO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrysTBox" title="CrysTBox">CrysTBox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EM_Data_Bank" title="EM Data Bank">EM Data Bank</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/EMsoft-org/EMsoft">EMsoft</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gatan.com/products/tem-analysis/gatan-microscopy-suite-software">Digital Micrograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_methods_(electron_microscopy)" title="Direct methods (electron microscopy)">Direct methods</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucr.org/resources/commissions/electron-crystallography/software">IUCr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTEX" title="MTEX">MTEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multislice" title="Multislice">Multislice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Electron_microscopy" title="Category:Electron microscopy">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" 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