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Between 1860 and 1905, over two hundred thirty women received government approval for such activity.' As the numbers of literate women grew, so did publications addressing their interests, but for the most part these focused on traditionally accepted subjects, such as fashion, food, charity, and childrearing.2 Several more \"serious\" journals for women attempted to move beyond socially prescribed realms, but they proved short-lived, financially precarious, and unable to attract subscribers. Thick journals, appealing to both men and women of the progressive intelligentsia, did publish articles by and about women. Indeed in the 1890s, with Liubov' Gurevich at its helm, Severnyi vestnik (Northern H:erald), filled with women's writing, was dubbed \"Zhenskii vestnik\" (Women's Herald).3 But it was not until the turn of the twentieth century, spurred by social and political upheavals in Russian society and the rise of the international women's movement, that a longer-lasting and more visible feminist press emerged. By this I mean publications promoting full equality for women and projecting their vision of the emancipated woman. Feminist publishing was nowhere easy, even in countries without censorship. The U.S. suffragist leaders Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton's The Revolution survived two and a half years under a constant cloud of debt and a struggle for advertisers, subscribers and backers 4 French feminist physician Madeleine Pelletier's La Suffragiste (The Suffragist) remained in print from","publication_date":"2006,,","publication_name":"The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"100244970"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Feminist Publications and Publishers Inst. 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Petersburg, 1899-1917”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/100244970/mini_magick20230325-1-hudoi8.png?1679715710" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Feminist Publications and Publishers Inst. Petersburg, 1899-1917</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46586432" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RochelleRuthchild"><img alt="Profile image of Rochelle Ruthchild" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Rochelle Ruthchild</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2006, The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">22 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 99057616; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=99057616"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Editing and publishing periodicals by women was not unusual in Russia. Between 1860 and 1905, over two hundred thirty women received government approval for such activity.' As the numbers of literate women grew, so did publications addressing their interests, but for the most part these focused on traditionally accepted subjects, such as fashion, food, charity, and childrearing.2 Several more "serious" journals for women attempted to move beyond socially prescribed realms, but they proved short-lived, financially precarious, and unable to attract subscribers. Thick journals, appealing to both men and women of the progressive intelligentsia, did publish articles by and about women. Indeed in the 1890s, with Liubov' Gurevich at its helm, Severnyi vestnik (Northern H:erald), filled with women's writing, was dubbed "Zhenskii vestnik" (Women's Herald).3 But it was not until the turn of the twentieth century, spurred by social and political upheavals in Russian society and the rise of the international women's movement, that a longer-lasting and more visible feminist press emerged. By this I mean publications promoting full equality for women and projecting their vision of the emancipated woman. Feminist publishing was nowhere easy, even in countries without censorship. The U.S. suffragist leaders Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton's The Revolution survived two and a half years under a constant cloud of debt and a struggle for advertisers, subscribers and backers 4 French feminist physician Madeleine Pelletier's La Suffragiste (The Suffragist) remained in print from</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":100244970,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/99057616/Feminist_Publications_and_Publishers_Inst_Petersburg_1899_1917"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":100244970,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/99057616/Feminist_Publications_and_Publishers_Inst_Petersburg_1899_1917"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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From the 1860s, consciousness about the role of women was a signifi cant element of proposals to restructure Russian society; Nicholas Chernyshevsky's 1863 novel, What is to Be Done , the Uncle Tom's Cabin of the Russian intelligentsia, had as a central theme the liberation of women from low-wage work and domestic slavery. In the middle of the nineteenth century, Russian women pioneered in winning access to higher education, founding battered women's shelters, and gaining the right to practice medicine. In 1917, feminist demonstrators forced the Provisional Government to grant women the vote and the right to run for offi ce. Russia was the fi rst major power to do so. When Lenin and the Bolsheviks took power, they viewed themselves as extending the tradition of radical commitment to women's liberation, which they defi ned as complete transformation of women's role in society. Th ey also explicitly distanced themselves from feminism, which they portrayed, inaccurately, as being solely concerned with political rights. Alexandra Kollontai, the foremost Bolshevik advocate for women's liberation, and an antifeminist polemicist, claimed that "Th e woman question-say the feminists-is a question of 'rights and justice'. Th e woman question-say the proletarian women-'is a question of a piece of bread. '" 7 Under Bolshevik rule, prerevolutionary feminist activists fl ed the country or went underground. Th ose who stayed, supportive of the Soviet commitment to women's liberation, worked in literacy campaigns, served as physicians in clinics for the poor, and were oft en decorated by the state for their service. But mention of previous feminist activity was dangerous, and these women were silenced. New generations of feminist activists, when they did appear, found inspiration from the West, or from Bolshevik women activists like Kollontai. Th eir own history had been erased. Th e newest wave, ranging from Pussy Riot to the "Feministki, " while proudly proclaiming themselves feminists, claim inspiration from Western thinkers or groups, such as Shulamith Firestone, Julia Kristeva, bell hooks, and Redstockings. Th is enables opponents to label feminism as an alien, Western import. Yet Soviet Russia has a history of feminist activism. Sadly, it is little known in Russia today, and ignored in the West. 8 Sixty years aft er Lenin's 1919 boast, quoted at the beginning of this chapter, the fi rst Soviet "free journal for women" appeared in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg), the cradle of the Bolshevik Revolution. Th e fi rst issue, entitled Woman and Russia: An Almanac for Women about Women , consisted of ten copies, carefully hand lettered and typed. Printed clandestinely (the only way it could be printed given Soviet censorship), the journal proclaimed "support for the forgotten cause of women's liberation. " It included poetry, art, and essays covering a range of subjects, from patriarchy to prisons, from matriarchy to marriage, from theology to abortion. Seeking to appeal to a wider audience, the editors solicited contributions from their readers, stating their intention to "examine the position of women in the family, at work, in hospitals and maternity homes, the lives our children lead, and the question of women's moral rights. " 9 Although Woman and Russia managed to circulate samizdat (underground) fashion, from hand to hand, Soviet authorities quickly seized most of the copies (some had</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Feminist Dissidents in the “Motherland of Women’s Liberation”","attachmentId":100244969,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/99057618/Feminist_Dissidents_in_the_Motherland_of_Women_s_Liberation_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/99057618/Feminist_Dissidents_in_the_Motherland_of_Women_s_Liberation_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="3403670" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3403670/A_Library_of_Our_Own_Feminist_Translations_From_English_into_Russian_">A Library of Our Own? Feminist Translations From English into Russian*</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1914716" href="https://nsu-ru.academia.edu/TatianaBarchunova">Tatiana Barchunova</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Library of Our Own? Feminist Translations From English into Russian*","attachmentId":31188402,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3403670/A_Library_of_Our_Own_Feminist_Translations_From_English_into_Russian_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3403670/A_Library_of_Our_Own_Feminist_Translations_From_English_into_Russian_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="125672493" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/125672493/Review_of_Feminist_Media_history_Suffrage_Periodicals_and_the_Public_Sphere_by_Maria_Dicenzo_with_L_Delap_and_L_Ryann">Review of Feminist Media history: Suffrage, Periodicals and the Public Sphere, by Maria Dicenzo with L. Delap and L. Ryann</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="72348980" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SowonPark4">Sowon Park</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Review of Feminist Media history: Suffrage, Periodicals and the Public Sphere, by Maria Dicenzo with L. Delap and L. Ryann","attachmentId":119673158,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/125672493/Review_of_Feminist_Media_history_Suffrage_Periodicals_and_the_Public_Sphere_by_Maria_Dicenzo_with_L_Delap_and_L_Ryann","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/125672493/Review_of_Feminist_Media_history_Suffrage_Periodicals_and_the_Public_Sphere_by_Maria_Dicenzo_with_L_Delap_and_L_Ryann"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="101672596" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/101672596/The_Political_Economy_of_Early_Feminist_Journalism">The Political Economy of Early Feminist Journalism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="28103412" href="https://neiu.academia.edu/TimothyScherman">Timothy Scherman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This essay traces the origins of the first woman's rights journal, The Una, to an initiative spearheaded by Elizabeth Oakes Smith and Paulina Wright Davis in response to the fact that even newspapers supportive of Woman's Rights issues in general like the New York Tribune could not be depended upon to prioritize their publications and positions. In the latter half of 1851, Oakes Smith wrote the prospectus for The Egeria, an organ dedicated to the full range of issues bearing on women in the US that would be written, edited and owned by women, with Davis supporting the idea at the National Convention for 1851 and 1852, and writing to correspondents that she was engaged in this project as a priority over others. The present essay documents this effort along with Davis's break with Oakes Smith over financial issues. Ironically, while the projected journal would make claims for women's economic independence, the exigencies of printing and publishing a journal were such that Oakes Smith (and others) could not afford to dedicate themselves fully to a project that offered no remuneration.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Political Economy of Early Feminist Journalism","attachmentId":102148910,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/101672596/The_Political_Economy_of_Early_Feminist_Journalism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/101672596/The_Political_Economy_of_Early_Feminist_Journalism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="10903430" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10903430/Rabotnitsa_The_Paradoxical_Success_of_a_Soviet_Womens_Magazine">Rabotnitsa: The Paradoxical Success of a Soviet Women's Magazine</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="23687023" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NataliaTolstikova">Natalia Tolstikova</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Rabotnitsa, the oldest Russian magazine for women, has a long history. It started in 1914 before the October Revolutin and not only survived rigid Communist Party censorship but became the most popular publication in the Soviet Union. This article looks at the strengths and the strategies that made this long and successful history possible, paying attention to the various topics that were written about in the magazine as well as the types of photographs that appeared and the changes that occurred over time. It concludes that women readers not only wanted to compare their lives with those of other women, but they sought standards and social ideals that they could emulate while adhering to party requirements. In Rabotnitsa, Soviet women found a friend, an adviser, a consultant, and an entertainer</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Rabotnitsa: The Paradoxical Success of a Soviet Women's Magazine","attachmentId":36683859,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10903430/Rabotnitsa_The_Paradoxical_Success_of_a_Soviet_Womens_Magazine","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10903430/Rabotnitsa_The_Paradoxical_Success_of_a_Soviet_Womens_Magazine"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":100244970,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":100244970,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_100244970" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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